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Bi W, Mu X, Li Y, Sun Q, Xiang L, Hu M, Liu H. Delivery of neurotrophin-3 by RVG-Lamp2b-modified mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviates facial nerve injury. Hum Cell 2024:10.1007/s13577-024-01086-7. [PMID: 38858338 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We aim to investigate the effect of RVG-Lamp2b-modified exosomes (exos) loaded with neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on facial nerve injury. Exos were collected from control cells (Ctrl Exo) or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells co-transfected with RVG-Lamp2b and NT-3 plasmids (RVG-NT-3 Exo) by gradient centrifugation and identified by western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Effect of RVG-NT-3 Exo on oxidative stress damage was determined by analysis of the morphology, viability, and ROS production of neurons. Effect of RVG-NT-3 Exo on facial nerve axotomy (FNA) was determined by detecting ROS production, neuroinflammatory reaction, microglia activation, facial motor neuron (FMN) death, and myelin sheath repair. Loading NT-3 and modifying with RVG-Lamp2b did not alter the properties of the exos. Moreover, RVG-NT-3 Exo could effectively target neurons to deliver NT-3. Treatment with RVG-NT-3 Exo lowered H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in primary neurons and Nsc-34 cells. RVG-NT-3 Exo treatment significantly decreased ROS production, neuroinflammatory response, FMN death, and elevated microglia activation and myelin sheath repair in FNA rat models. Our findings suggested that RVG-NT-3 Exo-mediated delivery of NT-3 is effective for the treatment of facial nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Bi
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xiaodan Mu
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Department of Stomatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Hu B, Zhao Y, Chen C, Wu B, Zhang H, Liu B, Zheng R, Fang F. Research hotspots and trends of microRNAs in spinal cord injury: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1406977. [PMID: 38836004 PMCID: PMC11149023 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1406977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a nervous system disease leading to motor and sensory dysfunction below the injury level, and can result in paralysis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in SCI treatment, and related research provides insights for SCI diagnosis and treatment. Bibliometrics is an important tool for literature statistics and evaluation, objectively summarizing multidimensional information. This study comprehensively overviews the field through bibliometric analysis of miRNA and SCI research, providing contemporary resources for future collaboration and clinical treatment. Materials and methods In this study, we searched the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. After careful screening and data import, we extracted annual publications, citation counts, countries, institutions, authors, journals, highly cited articles, co-cited articles, keywords, and H-index. Bibliometrics and visualization analyses employed VOSviewer, CiteSpace, the R package "bibliometrix," and online analytic platforms. Using Arrowsmith, we determined miRNA-SCI relationships and discussed potential miRNA mechanisms in SCI. Results From 2008 to 2024, the number of related papers increased annually, reaching 754. The number of yearly publications remained high and entered a period of rapid development. Researchers from 50 countries/regions, 802 institutions, 278 journals, and 3,867 authors participated in the field. Currently, China has advantages in the number of national papers, citations, institutions, and authors. However, it is necessary to strengthen cooperation among different authors, institutions, and countries to promote the production of important academic achievements. The research in the field currently focuses on nerve injury, apoptosis, and gene expression. Future research directions mainly involve molecular mechanisms, clinical trials, exosomes, and inflammatory reactions. Conclusion Overall, this study comprehensively analyzes the research status and frontier of miRNAs in SCI. A systematic summary provides a complete and intuitive understanding of the relationship between SCI and miRNAs. The presented findings establish a basis for future research and clinical application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyang Hu
- Spinal Surgery, Tongliao People's Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Computer Network Information Center, Tongliao People's Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Spinal Surgery, Tongliao People's Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Spinal Surgery, Tongliao People's Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Spinal Surgery, Tongliao People's Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Spinal Surgery, Tongliao People's Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Runquan Zheng
- Bone Trauma Surgery, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Spinal Surgery, Tongliao People's Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
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Zhang X, Wang X, Yuan P, Ma C, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Wang P, Zhao Y, Wu W. A 3D-Printed Cuttlefish Bone Elastomeric Sponge Rapidly Controlling Noncompressible Hemorrhage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307041. [PMID: 38072798 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Developing a self-expanding hemostatic sponge with high blood absorption and rapid shape recovery for noncompressible hemorrhage remains a challenge. In this study, a 3D-printed cuttlefish bone elastomeric sponge (CBES) is fabricated, which combined ordered channels and porous structures, presented tunable mechanical strength, and shape memory potentials. The incorporation of cuttlefish bone powder (CBp) plays key roles in concentrating blood components, promoting aggregation of red blood cells and platelets, and activating platelets, which makes CBES show enhanced hemostatic performance compared with commercial gelatin sponges in vivo. Moreover, CBES promotes more histiocytic infiltration and neovascularization in the early stage of degradation than gelatin sponges, which is conducive to the regeneration and repair of injured tissue. To conclude, CBp loaded 3D-printed elastomeric sponges can promote coagulation, present the potential to guide tissue healing, and broaden the hemostatic application of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xuqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Pingping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zheqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Pengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Yin W, Yang C, Liu D, Cha S, Cai L, Ye G, Song X, Zhang J, Qiu X. Mussel shell-derived pro-regenerative scaffold with conductive porous multi-scale-patterned microenvironment for spinal cord injury repair. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:035041. [PMID: 38626779 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3f63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
It is well-established that multi-scale porous scaffolds can guide axonal growth and facilitate functional restoration after spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we developed a novel mussel shell-inspired conductive scaffold for SCI repair with ease of production, multi-scale porous structure, high flexibility, and excellent biocompatibility. By utilizing the reducing properties of polydopamine, non-conductive graphene oxide (GO) was converted into conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and crosslinkedin situwithin the mussel shells.In vitroexperiments confirmed that this multi-scale porous Shell@PDA-GO could serve as structural cues for enhancing cell adhesion, differentiation, and maturation, as well as promoting the electrophysiological development of hippocampal neurons. After transplantation at the injury sites, the Shell@PDA-GO provided a pro-regenerative microenvironment, promoting endogenous neurogenesis, triggering neovascularization, and relieving glial fibrosis formation. Interestingly, the Shell@PDA-GO could induce the release of endogenous growth factors (NGF and NT-3), resulting in the complete regeneration of nerve fibers at 12 weeks. This work provides a feasible strategy for the exploration of conductive multi-scale patterned scaffold to repair SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510910, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhan Cha
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Genlan Ye
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510910, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510910, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
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Wang P, Zhu P, Yin W, Wu J, Zhang S. ICA/SDF-1α/PBMSCs loaded onto alginate and gelatin cross-linked scaffolds promote damaged cartilage repair. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18236. [PMID: 38509746 PMCID: PMC10955157 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A three-dimensional alginate-coated scaffold (GAIS) was constructed in the present study to showcase the multidifferentiation potential of peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells (PBMSCs) and to investigate the role and mechanism by which Icariin (ICA)/stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1α)/PBMSCs promote damaged articular repair. In addition, the ability of ICA, in combination with SDF-1α, to promote the migration and proliferation of stem cells was validated through the utilization of CCK-8 and migration experiments. The combination of ICA and SDF-1α inhibited the differentiation of PBMSCs into cartilage, as demonstrated by in vivo experiments and histological staining. Both PCR and western blot experiments showed that GAIS could upregulate the expression of particular genes in chondrocytes. In comparison to scaffolds devoid of alginate (G0), PBMSCs seeded into GAIS scaffolds exhibited a greater rate of proliferation, and the conditioned medium derived from scaffolds containing SDF-1α enhanced the capacity for cell migration. Moreover, after a 12-week treatment period, GAIS, when successfully transplanted into osteochondral defects of mice, was found to promote cartilage regeneration and repair. The findings, therefore, demonstrate that GAIS enhanced the in vitro capabilities of PBMSCs, including proliferation, migration, homing and chondrogenic differentiation. In addition, ICA and SDF-1α effectively collaborated to support cartilage formation in vivo. Thus, the ICA/SDF-1α/PBMSC-loaded biodegradable alginate-gelatin scaffolds showcase considerable potential for use in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhen Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic SurgeryGuangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of EducationJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Pingping Zhu
- Department of NeurologyGuangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Wenhui Yin
- Department of CardiologyGuangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyGuangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shaoheng Zhang
- Department of CardiologyGuangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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Kim WK, Kang BJ. Transplantation of Heat-Shock Preconditioned Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Combined with RGD-Functionalised Hydrogel Promotes Spinal Cord Functional Recovery in a Rat Hemi-Transection Model. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:283-300. [PMID: 37821771 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) transplantation in spinal cord injury (SCI) is a potential treatment that supports regeneration by promoting neuroprotection, remyelination, and neurite outgrowth. However, glial scarring hinders neuroregeneration and reduces the efficiency of cell transplantation. The present study aimed to enhance this neuroregeneration by surgically removing the glial scar and transplanting heat-shock (HS) preconditioned NSPCs in combination with Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-functionalised hydrogel in a rat spinal cord hemi-transection model. METHODS Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats underwent spinal cord hemi-transection and were randomly divided into three treatment groups: hydrogel implantation (control group), NSPC-encapsulated hydrogel implantation, and HS-NSPC-encapsulated hydrogel implantation. HS preconditioning was applied to the NSPCs to reinforce cell retention and an RGD-functionalised hydrogel was used as a biomatrix. RESULTS In vitro culture showed that preconditioned NSPCs highly differentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes and exhibited higher proliferation and neurite outgrowth in hydrogels. Rats in the HS-NSPC-encapsulated hydrogel implantation group showed significantly improved functional recovery, neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation of transplanted cells, remyelination, and low fibrotic scar formation. CONCLUSIONS The surgical removal of the glial scar in combination with HS-preconditioning and RGD-functionalised hydrogels should be considered as a new paradigm in NSPC transplantation for spinal cord regeneration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Keyoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Zou J. Controlled release of dexamethasone from fibrin sealant for intratympanic administration in inner ear therapy. J Otol 2024; 19:55-58. [PMID: 38313763 PMCID: PMC10837558 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to show the sustainability of fibrin sealant in releasing dexamethasone and adjust the protocol for clinical application of the novel method in the treatment of Meniere's disease (MD) and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL). Gelation occurred shortly after mixing dexamethasone-containing fibrinogen with thrombin. Dexamethasone was constantly released for at least 16 d at a stable level after 7 d in protocol 1 (low-dose), while it was robustly released within 4 d and slowed afterward until 10 d in protocol 2 (high-dose). There were significant differences among the time points in Protocol 2 (p < 0.01, ANOVA), and the exponential model with the formula y = 15.299 * e-0.483 *t fits the association. The estimated concentration of dexamethasone released on 7 d in protocol 2 was slightly lower than that observed in protocol 1. The fibrin sealant is capable of constantly releasing dexamethasone with adjustable dynamics. Targeted and minimally invasive administration of the material can be achieved in the clinic by sequential injections of the fluids using a soft-tipped catheter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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8
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Tripathi AS, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA, Dubey BK, Singh P, Rind L, Yadav RK. Material matters: exploring the interplay between natural biomaterials and host immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269960. [PMID: 37936689 PMCID: PMC10627157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are widely used for various medical purposes, for instance, implants, tissue engineering, medical devices, and drug delivery systems. Natural biomaterials can be obtained from proteins, carbohydrates, and cell-specific sources. However, when these biomaterials are introduced into the body, they trigger an immune response which may lead to rejection and failure of the implanted device or tissue. The immune system recognizes natural biomaterials as foreign substances and triggers the activation of several immune cells, for instance, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. These cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which recruit other immune cells to the implantation site. The activation of the immune system can lead to an inflammatory response, which can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the type of natural biomaterial and the extent of the immune response. These biomaterials can also influence the immune response by modulating the behavior of immune cells. For example, biomaterials with specific surface properties, such as charge and hydrophobicity, can affect the activation and differentiation of immune cells. Additionally, biomaterials can be engineered to release immunomodulatory factors, such as anti-inflammatory cytokines, to promote a tolerogenic immune response. In conclusion, the interaction between biomaterials and the body's immune system is an intricate procedure with potential consequences for the effectiveness of therapeutics and medical devices. A better understanding of this interplay can help to design biomaterials that promote favorable immune responses and minimize adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bidhyut Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhjot Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Laiba Rind
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
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Shu J, Wang C, Tao Y, Wang S, Cheng F, Zhang Y, Shi K, Xia K, Wang R, Wang J, Yu C, Chen J, Huang X, Xu H, Zhou X, Wu H, Liang C, Chen Q, Yan S, Li F. Thermosensitive hydrogel-based GPR124 delivery strategy for rebuilding blood-spinal cord barrier. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10561. [PMID: 37693060 PMCID: PMC10486335 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, leading to secondary damage, such as hemorrhagic infiltration, inflammatory response, and neuronal cell death. It is of great significance to rebuild the BSCB at the early stage of SCI to alleviate the secondary injury for better prognosis. Yet, current research involved in the reconstruction of BSCB is insufficient. Accordingly, we provide a thermosensitive hydrogel-based G protein-coupled receptor 124 (GPR124) delivery strategy for rebuilding BSCB. Herein, we firstly found that the expression of GPR124 decreased post-SCI and demonstrated that treatment with recombinant GPR124 could partially alleviate the disruption of BSCB post-SCI by restoring tight junctions (TJs) and promoting migration and tube formation of endothelial cells. Interestingly, GPR124 could also boost the energy metabolism of endothelial cells. However, the absence of physicochemical stability restricted the wide usage of GPR124. Hence, we fabricated a thermosensitive heparin-poloxamer (HP) hydrogel that demonstrated sustained GPR124 production and maintained the bioactivity of GPR124 (HP@124) for rebuilding the BSCB and eventually enhancing functional motor recovery post-SCI. HP@124 hydrogel can encapsulate GPR124 at the lesion site by injection, providing prolonged release, preserving wounded tissues, and filling injured tissue cavities. Consequently, it induces synergistically efficient integrated regulation by blocking BSCB rupture, decreasing fibrotic scar formation, minimizing inflammatory response, boosting remyelination, and regenerating axons. Mechanistically, giving GPR124 activates energy metabolism via elevating the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2), and eventually restores the poor state of endothelial cells. This research demonstrated that early intervention by combining GPR124 with bioactive multifunctional hydrogel may have tremendous promise for restoring locomotor recovery in patients with central nervous system disorders, in addition to a translational approach for the medical therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Shu
- International Institutes of MedicineThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Tao
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shaoke Wang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kesi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ronghao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jiangjie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xianpeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haobo Wu
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shigui Yan
- International Institutes of MedicineThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
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10
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Zeng X, Wei QS, Ye JC, Rao JH, Zheng MG, Ma YH, Peng LZ, Ding Y, Lai BQ, Li G, Cheng SX, Ling EA, Han I, Zeng YS. A biocompatible gelatin sponge scaffold confers robust tissue remodeling after spinal cord injury in a non-human primate model. Biomaterials 2023; 299:122161. [PMID: 37236138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We previously constructed a three-dimensional gelatin sponge (3D-GS) scaffold as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic cells and trophic factors in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), and this study aimed to assess the biosafety and efficacy of the scaffold in a non-human primate SCI model. However, because it has only been tested in rodent and canine models, the biosafety and efficacy of the scaffold should ideally be assessed in a non-human primate SCI model before its use in the clinic. No adverse reactions were observed over 8 weeks following 3D-GS scaffold implantation into in a Macaca fascicularis with hemisected SCI. Scaffold implantation also did not add to neuroinflammatory or astroglial responses already present at the injured site, suggesting good biocompatibility. Notably, there was a significant reduction in α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive cells at the injury/implantation interface, leading to alleviation of fibrotic compression of the residual spinal cord tissue. The regenerating tissue in the scaffold showed numerous cells migrating into the implant secreting abundant extracellular matrix, resulting in a pro-regenerative microenvironment. Consequently, nerve fiber regeneration, myelination, vascularization, neurogenesis, and electrophysiological improvements were achieved. These results indicated that the 3D-GS scaffold had good histocompatibility and effectiveness in the structural repair of injured spinal cord tissue in a non-human primate and is suitable for use in the treatment of patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Lab of Stem Cell Biology and Innovative Research of Chinese Medicine; National Institute for Stem Cell Clinical Research, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qing-Shuai Wei
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ji-Chao Ye
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun-Hua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Mei-Guang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Zhi Peng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shi-Xiang Cheng
- Healthina Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (HAB-TEDA) and XinCheng Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 301999, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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11
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Siddiqui AM, Thiele F, Stewart RN, Rangnick S, Weiss GJ, Chen BK, Silvernail JL, Strickland T, Nesbitt JJ, Lim K, Schwarzbauer JE, Schwartz J, Yaszemski MJ, Windebank AJ, Madigan NN. Open-Spaced Ridged Hydrogel Scaffolds Containing TiO 2-Self-Assembled Monolayer of Phosphonates Promote Regeneration and Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10250. [PMID: 37373396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord has a poor ability to regenerate after an injury, which may be due to cell loss, cyst formation, inflammation, and scarring. A promising approach to treating a spinal cord injury (SCI) is the use of biomaterials. We have developed a novel hydrogel scaffold fabricated from oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) as a 0.08 mm thick sheet containing polymer ridges and a cell-attractive surface on the other side. When the cells are cultured on OPF via chemical patterning, the cells attach, align, and deposit ECM along the direction of the pattern. Animals implanted with the rolled scaffold sheets had greater hindlimb recovery compared to that of the multichannel scaffold control, which is likely due to the greater number of axons growing across it. The immune cell number (microglia or hemopoietic cells: 50-120 cells/mm2 in all conditions), scarring (5-10% in all conditions), and ECM deposits (Laminin or Fibronectin: approximately 10-20% in all conditions) were equal in all conditions. Overall, the results suggest that the scaffold sheets promote axon outgrowth that can be guided across the scaffold, thereby promoting hindlimb recovery. This study provides a hydrogel scaffold construct that can be used in vitro for cell characterization or in vivo for future neuroprosthetics, devices, or cell and ECM delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad M Siddiqui
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Frederic Thiele
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Human Medicine, Paracelsus Medical Private University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rachel N Stewart
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Simone Rangnick
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Human Medicine, Paracelsus Medical Private University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georgina J Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Human Medicine, Paracelsus Medical Private University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Bingkun K Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Tammy Strickland
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Kelly Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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12
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Huang LY, Sun X, Pan HX, Wang L, He CQ, Wei Q. Cell transplantation therapies for spinal cord injury focusing on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: Advances and challenges. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:385-399. [PMID: 37342219 PMCID: PMC10277963 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i5.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with complex pathological mechanisms that lead to sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction below the site of injury. To date, no effective therapy is available for the treatment of SCI. Recently, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) have been considered to be the most promising source for cellular therapies following SCI. The objective of the present review is to summarize the most recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanism using BMMSC therapy to treat SCI. In this work, we review the specific mechanism of BMMSCs in SCI repair mainly from the following aspects: Neuroprotection, axon sprouting and/or regeneration, myelin regeneration, inhibitory microenvironments, glial scar formation, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis. Additionally, we summarize the latest evidence on the application of BMMSCs in clinical trials and further discuss the challenges and future directions for stem cell therapy in SCI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yi Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong-Xia Pan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cheng-Qi He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Quan Wei
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Sichuan Province, China
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13
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Huang X, An Y, Yuan S, Chen C, Shan H, Zhang M. Silk fibroin carriers with sustained release capacity for treating neurological diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1117542. [PMID: 37214477 PMCID: PMC10196044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1117542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases such as traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease usually occur in the central and peripheral nervous system and result in nervous dysfunction, such as cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. Long-term clinical intervention is necessary for neurological diseases where neural stem cell transplantation has made substantial progress. However, many risks remain for cell therapy, such as puncture bleeding, postoperative infection, low transplantation success rate, and tumor formation. Sustained drug delivery, which aims to maintain the desired steady-state drug concentrations in plasma or local injection sites, is considered as a feasible option to help overcome side effects and improve the therapeutic efficiency of drugs on neurological diseases. Natural polymers such as silk fibroin have excellent biocompatibility, which can be prepared for various end-use material formats, such as microsphere, gel, coating/film, scaffold/conduit, microneedle, and enables the dynamic release of loaded drugs to achieve a desired therapeutic response. Sustained-release drug delivery systems are based on the mechanism of diffusion and degradation by altering the structures of silk fibroin and drugs, factors, and cells, which can induce nerve recovery and restore the function of the nervous system in a slow and persistent manner. Based on these desirable properties of silk fibroin as a carrier with sustained-release capacity, this paper discusses the role of various forms of silk fibroin-based drug delivery materials in treating neurological diseases in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Huang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yumei An
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengye Yuan
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongtai People’s Hospital, Dongtai, China
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Zhou H, He Y, Xiong W, Jing S, Duan X, Huang Z, Nahal GS, Peng Y, Li M, Zhu Y, Ye Q. MSC based gene delivery methods and strategies improve the therapeutic efficacy of neurological diseases. Bioact Mater 2023; 23:409-437. [PMCID: PMC9713256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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15
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Liu X, Wu C, Zhang Y, Chen S, Ding J, Chen Z, Wu K, Wu X, Zhou T, Zeng M, Wei D, Sun J, Fan H, Zhou L. Hyaluronan-based hydrogel integrating exosomes for traumatic brain injury repair by promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 306:120578. [PMID: 36746568 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With wide clinical demands, therapies for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are far from satisfactory. Combining the merits of stem cells but avoiding the risk of immunologic rejection, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BME) attract increasing interests and have been proved effective for TBI repair by intravenous or in situ injection. However, difficulties in sustained delivery or aggregation in lesion sites remain obstacle to using BME for TBI. Inspired by that hydrogels are promising to bridge the destroyed neural gap and provide neural niches, we raised a novel strategy of incorporating BME into hyaluronan-collagen hydrogel (DHC-BME) to achieve both mimicking of brain matrix and steady release of exosomes, and thus realizing TBI repair. External characterizations proved that the BME and DHC synergistically promoted neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes while inhibited astrocytes differentiation. DHC-BME induced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, from endogenous NSC recruitment to neuronal differentiation and vascularization to synergistically promote axonal regeneration, remyelination, synapse formation and even brain structural remodeling, and lastly, neurological functional recovery of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China; Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Suping Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingze Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Yu H, Yang S, Li H, Wu R, Lai B, Zheng Q. Activating Endogenous Neurogenesis for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Neurospine 2023; 20:164-180. [PMID: 37016865 PMCID: PMC10080446 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2245184.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), endogenous neural stem cells are activated and migrate to the injury site where they differentiate into astrocytes, but they rarely differentiate into neurons. It is difficult for brain-derived information to be transmitted through the injury site after SCI because of the lack of neurons that can relay neural information through the injury site, and the functional recovery of adult mammals is difficult to achieve. The development of bioactive materials, tissue engineering, stem cell therapy, and physiotherapy has provided new strategies for the treatment of SCI and shown broad application prospects, such as promoting endogenous neurogenesis after SCI. In this review, we focus on novel approaches including tissue engineering, stem cell technology, and physiotherapy to promote endogenous neurogenesis and their therapeutic effects on SCI. Moreover, we explore the mechanisms and challenges of endogenous neurogenesis for the repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangbin Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Rongjie Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Biqin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Co-corresponding Author Biqin Lai Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Corresponding Author Qiujian Zheng Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Su QS, Zhuang DL, Nasser MI, Sai X, Deng G, Li G, Zhu P. Stem Cell Therapies for Restorative Treatments of Central Nervous System Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:491-510. [PMID: 35129759 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is a catastrophic postoperative complication of aortic occlusion subsequent to cardiovascular surgery that can cause brain impairment and sometimes even paraplegia. Over recent years, numerous studies have investigated techniques for protecting and revascularizing the nervous system during intraoperative ischemia; however, owing to a lack of knowledge of the physiological distinctions between the brain and spinal cord, as well as the limited availability of testing techniques and treatments for ischemia-reperfusion injury, the cause of brain and spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury remains poorly understood, and no adequate response steps are currently available in the clinic. Given the limited ability of the CNS to repair itself, it is of great clinical value to make full use of the proliferative and differentiation potential of stem cells to repair nerves in degenerated and necrotic regions by stem cell transplantation or mobilization, thereby introducing a novel concept for the treatment of severe CNS ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review summarizes the most recent advances in stem cell therapy for ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain and spinal cord, aiming to advance basic research and the clinical use of stem cell therapy as a promising treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Song Su
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Lin Zhuang
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China.,College of Medicine, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Moussa Ide Nasser
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyalatu Sai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao City, 028000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China. .,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China. .,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,College of Medicine, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China. .,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao City, 028000, Inner Mongolia, China.
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18
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Chin JS, Milbreta U, Becker DL, Chew SY. Targeting connexin 43 expression via scaffold mediated delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide preserves neurons, enhances axonal extension, reduces astrocyte and microglial activation after spinal cord injury. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314221145789. [PMID: 36798907 PMCID: PMC9926388 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221145789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) provokes an inflammatory reaction and secondary damage that result in further tissue damage and destruction of neurons away from the injury site. Upon injury, expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein, upregulates and is responsible for the spread and amplification of cell death signals through these gap junctions. In this study, we hypothesise that the downregulation of Cx43 by scaffold-mediated controlled delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (asODN), would minimise secondary injuries and cell death, and thereby support tissue regeneration after nerve injuries. Specifically, using spinal cord injury (SCI) as a proof-of-principle, we utilised a fibre-hydrogel scaffold for sustained delivery of Cx43asODN, while providing synergistic topographical cues to guide axonal ingrowth. Correspondingly, scaffolds loaded with Cx43asODN, in the presence of NT-3, suppressed Cx43 up-regulation after complete transection SCI in rats. These scaffolds facilitated the sustained release of Cx43asODN for up to 25 days. Importantly, asODN treatment preserved neurons around the injury site, promoted axonal extension, decreased glial scarring, and reduced microglial activation after SCI. Our results suggest that implantation of such scaffold-mediated asODN delivery platform could serve as an effective alternative SCI therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Shin Chin
- Nanyang Institute of Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Skin Research Institute Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Sing Yian Chew, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 639798, Singapore.
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19
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Suzuki H, Imajo Y, Funaba M, Ikeda H, Nishida N, Sakai T. Current Concepts of Biomaterial Scaffolds and Regenerative Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032528. [PMID: 36768846 PMCID: PMC9917245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic condition associated with significant neurological deficit and social and financial burdens. It is currently being managed symptomatically, with no real therapeutic strategies available. In recent years, a number of innovative regenerative strategies have emerged and have been continuously investigated in preclinical research and clinical trials. In the near future, several more are expected to come down the translational pipeline. Among ongoing and completed trials are those reporting the use of biomaterial scaffolds. The advancements in biomaterial technology, combined with stem cell therapy or other regenerative therapy, can now accelerate the progress of promising novel therapeutic strategies from bench to bedside. Various types of approaches to regeneration therapy for SCI have been combined with the use of supportive biomaterial scaffolds as a drug and cell delivery system to facilitate favorable cell-material interactions and the supportive effect of neuroprotection. In this review, we summarize some of the most recent insights of preclinical and clinical studies using biomaterial scaffolds in regenerative therapy for SCI and summarized the biomaterial strategies for treatment with simplified results data. One hundred and sixty-eight articles were selected in the present review, in which we focused on biomaterial scaffolds. We conducted our search of articles using PubMed and Medline, a medical database. We used a combination of "Spinal cord injury" and ["Biomaterial", or "Scaffold"] as search terms and searched articles published up until 30 April 2022. Successful future therapies will require these biomaterial scaffolds and other synergistic approaches to address the persistent barriers to regeneration, including glial scarring, the loss of a structural framework, and biocompatibility. This database could serve as a benchmark to progress in future clinical trials for SCI using biomaterial scaffolds.
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Yin T, Li Y, Sung P, Chiang JY, Shao P, Yip H, Lee MS. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing prion improve outcomes via the NLRP3 inflammasome/DAMP signalling after spinal cord injury in rat. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:482-495. [PMID: 36660907 PMCID: PMC9930430 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly destructive disease in human neurological functions. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) have tissue regenerations and anti-inflammations, especially with prion protein overexpression (PrPcOE ). Therefore, this study tested whether PrPcOE -ADMSCs therapy offered benefits in improving outcomes via regulating nod-like-receptor-protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/DAMP signalling after acute SCI in rats. Compared with ADMSCs only, the capabilities of PrPcOE -ADMSCs were significantly enhanced in cellular viability, anti-oxidative stress and migration against H2 O2 and lipopolysaccharide damages. Similarly, PrPcOE -ADMSCs significantly inhibited the inflammatory patterns of Raw264.7 cells. The SD rats (n = 32) were categorized into group 1 (Sham-operated-control), group 2 (SCI), group 3 (SCI + ADMSCs) and group 4 (SCI + PrPcOE -ADMSCs). Compared with SCI group 2, both ADMSCs and PrPcOE -ADMSCs significantly improved neurological functions. Additionally, the circulatory inflammatory cytokines levels (TNF-α/IL-6) and inflammatory cells (CD11b/c+/MPO+/Ly6G+) were highest in group 2, lowest in group 1, and significantly higher in group 3 than in group 4. By Day 3 after SCI induction, the protein expressions of inflammasome signalling (HGMB1/TLR4/MyD88/TRIF/c-caspase8/FADD/p-NF-κB/NEK7/NRLP3/ASC/c-caspase1/IL-ß) and by Day 42 the protein expressions of DAMP-inflammatory signalling (HGMB1/TLR-4/MyD88/TRIF/TRAF6/p-NF-κB/TNF-α/IL-1ß) in spinal cord tissues displayed an identical pattern as the inflammatory patterns. In conclusion, PrPcOE -ADMSCs significantly attenuated SCI in rodents that could be through suppressing the inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung‐Cheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Center for General EducationCheng Shiu UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Chen Li
- Clinical Medicine Research CenterNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Center of Cell TherapyNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Institute of Clinical MedicineCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue EngineeringKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,Institute for Translational Research in BiomedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - John Y. Chiang
- Department of Computer Science & EngineeringNational Sun Yat‐sen UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical InformaticsKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Lin Shao
- Department of NursingAsia UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Hon‐Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue EngineeringKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,Institute for Translational Research in BiomedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of NursingAsia UniversityTaichungTaiwan,Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineXiamen Chang Gung HospitalXiamenChina
| | - Mel S. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Orthopedic SurgeryPao‐Chien HospitalPingtungTaiwan
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21
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Verstappen K, Aquarius R, Klymov A, Wever KE, Damveld L, Leeuwenburgh SCG, Bartels RHMA, Hooijmans CR, Walboomers XF. Systematic Evaluation of Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models in the Field of Biomaterials. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:1169-1179. [PMID: 34915758 PMCID: PMC9805871 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The large number of animal models used in spinal cord injury (SCI) research complicates the objective selection of the most appropriate model to investigate the efficacy of biomaterial-based therapies. This systematic review aims to identify a list of relevant animal models of SCI by evaluating the confirmation of SCI and animal survival in all published SCI models used in biomaterials research up until April 2021. A search in PubMed and Embase based on "spinal cord injury," "animal models," and "biomaterials" yielded 4606 papers, 393 of which were further evaluated. A total of 404 individual animal experiments were identified based on type of SCI, level of SCI, and the sex, species, and strain of the animals used. Finally, a total of 149 unique animal models were comparatively evaluated, which led to the generation of an evidence-based list of well-documented mid-thoracic rat models of SCI. These models were used most often, clearly confirmed SCI, and had relatively high survival rates, and therefore could serve as a future starting point for studying novel biomaterial-based therapies for SCI. Furthermore, the review discusses (1) the possible risk of bias in SCI animal models, (2) the difficulty in replication of such experiments due to frequent poor reporting of the methods and results, and (3) the clinical relevance of the currently utilized models. Systematic review registration: The study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO, registration number CRD42019141162. Impact statement Studies on biomaterial-based therapies within the field of spinal cord injury (SCI) research show a large inconsistency concerning the selection of animal models. This review goes beyond summarizing the existing gaps between experimental and clinical SCI by systematically evaluating all animal models used within this field. The models identified by this work were used most often, clearly confirmed SCI, and had a relatively high survival rate. This evidence-based list of well-documented animal models will serve as a practical guideline in future research on innovative biomaterial-based therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kest Verstappen
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René Aquarius
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey Klymov
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley E. Wever
- SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyan Damveld
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carlijn R. Hooijmans
- SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X. Frank Walboomers
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Address correspondence to: X. Frank Walboomers, PhD, Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101 (309), Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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22
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Wu Y, Tang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu S. Restoration of spinal cord injury: From endogenous repairing process to cellular therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1077441. [PMID: 36523818 PMCID: PMC9744968 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1077441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts neurological pathways and impacts sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve function. There is no effective treatment for SCI currently. Numerous endogenous cells, including astrocytes, macrophages/microglia, and oligodendrocyte, are involved in the histological healing process following SCI. By interfering with cells during the SCI repair process, some advancements in the therapy of SCI have been realized. Nevertheless, the endogenous cell types engaged in SCI repair and the current difficulties these cells confront in the therapy of SCI are poorly defined, and the mechanisms underlying them are little understood. In order to better understand SCI and create new therapeutic strategies and enhance the clinical translation of SCI repair, we have comprehensively listed the endogenous cells involved in SCI repair and summarized the six most common mechanisms involved in SCI repair, including limiting the inflammatory response, protecting the spared spinal cord, enhancing myelination, facilitating neovascularization, producing neurotrophic factors, and differentiating into neural/colloidal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shengwen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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23
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A Simple Preparation Method of Gelatin Hydrogels Incorporating Cisplatin for Sustained Release. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122601. [PMID: 36559095 PMCID: PMC9786307 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a new preparation method for cisplatin (CDDP)-incorporated gelatin hydrogels without using chemical crosslinking nor a vacuum heating instrument for dehydrothermal crosslinking. By simply mixing CDDP and gelatin, CDDP-crosslinked gelatin hydrogels (CCGH) were prepared. CDDP functions as a crosslinking agent of gelatin to form the gelatin hydrogel. Simultaneously, CDDP is incorporated into the gelatin hydrogel as a controlled release carrier. CDDP's in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy after incorporation into CCGH was evaluated. In the in vitro system, the CDDP was released gradually due to CCGH degradation with an initial burst release of approximately 16%. CDDP metal-coordinated with the degraded fragment of gelatin was released from CCGH with maintaining the anticancer activity. After intraperitoneal administration of CCGH, CDDP was detected in the blood circulation while its toxicity was low. Following intraperitoneal administration of CCGH in a murine peritoneal dissemination model of human gastric cancer MKN45-Luc cell line, the survival time was significantly prolonged compared with free CDDP solution. It is concluded that CCGH prepared by the CDDP-based crosslinking of gelatin is an excellent sustained release system of CDDP to achieve superior anticancer effects with minimal side effects compared with free CDDP solution.
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24
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Stem Cell Strategies in Promoting Neuronal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112996. [PMID: 36361786 PMCID: PMC9657320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with a significant medical and socioeconomic impact. To date, no effective treatment is available that can enable neuronal regeneration and recovery of function at the damaged level. This is thought to be due to scar formation, axonal degeneration and a strong inflammatory response inducing a loss of neurons followed by a cascade of events that leads to further spinal cord damage. Many experimental studies demonstrate the therapeutic effect of stem cells in SCI due to their ability to differentiate into neuronal cells and release neurotrophic factors. Therefore, it appears to be a valid strategy to use in the field of regenerative medicine. This review aims to provide an up-to-date summary of the current research status, challenges, and future directions for stem cell therapy in SCI models, providing an overview of this constantly evolving and promising field.
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25
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Yousefifard M, Askarian-Amiri S, Nasseri Maleki S, Rafiei Alavi SN, Madani Neishaboori A, Haghani L, Vaccaro AR, Harrop JS, Lu Y, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Hosseini M. Combined application of neural stem/progenitor cells and scaffolds on locomotion recovery following spinal cord injury in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45:3469-3488. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Hu J, Shangguan J, Askar P, Xu J, Sun H, Zhou S, Zhu C, Su W, Gu Y. Decellularization alters the unfavorable regenerative adverse microenvironment of the injured spinal cord to support neurite outgrowth. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:934. [PMID: 36172103 PMCID: PMC9511201 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Acellular tissue has been transplanted into the injury site as an external microenvironment to intervene with imbalance microenvironment that occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stimulating axonal regeneration, although the mechanism is unclear. Given decellularization is the key means to obtain acellular tissues, we speculated changes in the internal components of tissue caused by decellularization may be the key reason why acellular tissues affect remodeling of the microenvironment. Methods Complete spinal cord crush in a mouse model was established, and the dynamic of extracellular matrix (ECM) expression and distribution during SCI was studied with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Normal spinal cord (NSC) and 14-day injury spinal cord (ISC) were obtained to prepare the decellularized NSC (DNSC) and decellularized ISC (DISC) through a well-designed decellularization method, and the decellularization effects were evaluated by residual DNA content determination, hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and IHC. Rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were co-cultured with NSC, ISC, DNSC, and DISC to evaluate their effect on neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which decellularized tissue promotes axonal growth were explored with proteomics analysis of the protein components and function of 14-day ISC and DISC. Results We found the expression of the four main ECM components (collagen type I and IV, fibronectin, and laminin) gradually increased with the progression of SCI compared to NSC, peaking at 14 days of injury then slightly decreasing at 21 days, and the distribution of the four ECM proteins in the ISC also changed dynamically. H&E staining, residual DNA content determination, and IHC showed decellularization removed cellular components and preserved an intact ECM. The results of co-cultured DRG with NSCs, ISCs, DNSCs, and DISCs showed DNSCs and DISCs had a stronger ability in supporting neurite outgrowth than NSC and ISC. We found through proteomics that decellularization could remove proteins associated with inflammatory responses, scarring, and other pathological factors, while completely retaining the ECM proteins. Conclusions Taken together, our findings demonstrate decellularization can optimize the imbalanced microenvironment after SCI by removing components that inhibit spinal cord regeneration, providing a theoretical basis for clinical application of acellular tissue transplantation to repair SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianghong Shangguan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Parizat Askar
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinghui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Changlai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenfeng Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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27
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Su Q, Nasser MI, He J, Deng G, Ouyang Q, Zhuang D, Deng Y, Hu H, Liu N, Li Z, Zhu P, Li G. Engineered Schwann Cell-Based Therapies for Injury Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:865266. [PMID: 35602558 PMCID: PMC9120533 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.865266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with the central nervous system, the adult peripheral nervous system possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity, which is due to the strong plasticity of Schwann cells (SCs) in peripheral nerves. After peripheral nervous injury, SCs de-differentiate and transform into repair phenotypes, and play a critical role in axonal regeneration, myelin formation, and clearance of axonal and myelin debris. In view of the limited self-repair capability of SCs for long segment defects of peripheral nerve defects, it is of great clinical value to supplement SCs in necrotic areas through gene modification or stem cell transplantation or to construct tissue-engineered nerve combined with bioactive scaffolds to repair such tissue defects. Based on the developmental lineage of SCs and the gene regulation network after peripheral nerve injury (PNI), this review summarizes the possibility of using SCs constructed by the latest gene modification technology to repair PNI. The therapeutic effects of tissue-engineered nerve constructed by materials combined with Schwann cells resembles autologous transplantation, which is the gold standard for PNI repair. Therefore, this review generalizes the research progress of biomaterials combined with Schwann cells for PNI repair. Based on the difficulty of donor sources, this review also discusses the potential of “unlimited” provision of pluripotent stem cells capable of directing differentiation or transforming existing somatic cells into induced SCs. The summary of these concepts and therapeutic strategies makes it possible for SCs to be used more effectively in the repair of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisong Su
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moussa Ide Nasser
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming He
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donglin Zhuang
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Haoyun Hu
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Nanbo Liu
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhetao Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Zhu,
| | - Ge Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Ge Li,
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28
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Tu Z, Zhong Y, Hu H, Shao D, Haag R, Schirner M, Lee J, Sullenger B, Leong KW. Design of therapeutic biomaterials to control inflammation. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:557-574. [PMID: 35251702 PMCID: PMC8884103 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the response to danger signals arising from damage to our body and in restoring homeostasis. Dysregulated inflammatory responses occur in many diseases, including cancer, sepsis and autoimmunity. The efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs, developed for the treatment of dysregulated inflammation, can be potentiated using biomaterials, by improving the bioavailability of drugs and by reducing side effects. In this Review, we first outline key elements and stages of the inflammatory environment and then discuss the design of biomaterials for different anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies. Biomaterials can be engineered to scavenge danger signals, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cell-free DNA, in the early stages of inflammation. Materials can also be designed to prevent adhesive interactions of leukocytes and endothelial cells that initiate inflammatory responses. Furthermore, nanoscale platforms can deliver anti-inflammatory agents to inflammation sites. We conclude by discussing the challenges and opportunities for biomaterial innovations in addressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxu Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiling Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Hanze Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Dan Shao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schirner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | | | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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Chen C, Xu HH, Liu XY, Zhang YS, Zhong L, Wang YW, Xu L, Wei P, Chen YX, Liu P, Hao CR, Jia XL, Hu N, Wu XY, Gu XS, Chen LQ, Li XH. 3D printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds carrying the secretome of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells ameliorated neurological dysfunction after spinal cord injury in rats. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac014. [PMID: 35480857 PMCID: PMC9036898 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Although implantation of biomaterials carrying mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is considered as a promising strategy for ameliorating neural function after spinal cord injury (SCI), there are still some challenges including poor cell survival rate, tumorigenicity and ethics concerns. The performance of the secretome derived from MSCs was more stable, and its clinical transformation was more operable. Cytokine antibody array demonstrated that the secretome of MSCs contained 79 proteins among the 174 proteins analyzed. 3D printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds carrying MSCs secretome improved hindlimb locomotor function according to the BBB scores, the inclined-grid climbing test and electrophysiological analysis. Parallel with locomotor function recovery, 3D printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds carrying MSCs secretome could further facilitate nerve fiber regeneration, enhance remyelination and accelerate the establishment of synaptic connections at the injury site compared to 3D printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds alone group according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion Tensor imaging (DTI), hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Bielschowsky’s silver staining immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results indicated the implantation of 3D printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds carrying MSCs secretome might be a potential treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Hai-Huan Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Liu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Hematology, the first affiliated hospital of Chengdu medical college, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - You-Wei Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Medical Psychology Section, Hubei General Hospital of Armed Police Force, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Pan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital Of Long Quan yi District, Cheng Du 610000, Si Chuan, China
| | - Ya-Xing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chen-Ru Hao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Li Jia
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Song Gu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Li-Qun Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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30
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Zeng YS, Ding Y, Xu HY, Zeng X, Lai BQ, Li G, Ma YH. Electro-acupuncture and its combination with adult stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury treatment: A summary of current laboratory findings and a review of literature. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:635-647. [PMID: 35174644 PMCID: PMC8981476 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and disability rate of spinal cord injury (SCI) worldwide are high, imposing a heavy burden on patients. Considerable research efforts have been directed toward identifying new strategies to effectively treat SCI. Governor Vessel electro‐acupuncture (GV‐EA), used in traditional Chinese medicine, combines acupuncture with modern electrical stimulation. It has been shown to improve the microenvironment of injured spinal cord (SC) by increasing levels of endogenous neurotrophic factors and reducing inflammation, thereby protecting injured neurons and promoting myelination. In addition, axons extending from transplanted stem cell‐derived neurons can potentially bridge the two severed ends of tissues in a transected SC to rebuild neuronal circuits and restore motor and sensory functions. However, every single treatment approach to severe SCI has proven unsatisfactory. Combining different treatments—for example, electro‐acupuncture (EA) with adult stem cell transplantation—appears to be a more promising strategy. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress over the past two decades by our team especially in the use of GV‐EA for the repair of SCI. By this strategy, we have shown that EA can stimulate the nerve endings of the meningeal branch. This would elicit the dorsal root ganglion neurons to secrete excess amounts of calcitonin gene‐related peptide centrally in the SC. The neuropeptide then activates the local cells to secrete neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), which mediates the survival and differentiation of donor stem cells overexpressing the NT‐3 receptor, at the injury/graft site of the SC. Increased local production of NT‐3 facilitates reconstruction of host neural tissue such as nerve fiber regeneration and myelination. All this events in sequence would ultimately strengthen the cortical motor‐evoked potentials and restore the motor function of paralyzed limbs. The information presented herein provides a basis for future studies on the clinical application of GV‐EA and adult stem cell transplantation for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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31
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Li P, Cao L, Sang F, Zhang B, Meng Z, Pan L, Hao J, Yang X, Ma Z, Shi C. Polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate composite sponge with 3D ordered/disordered porous structure for rapidly controlling noncompressible hemorrhage. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 134:112698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Gao X, Cheng W, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Ding Z, Zhou X, Lu Q, Kaplan DL. Nerve Growth Factor-Laden Anisotropic Silk Nanofiber Hydrogels to Regulate Neuronal/Astroglial Differentiation for Scarless Spinal Cord Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3701-3715. [PMID: 35006667 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scarless spinal cord regeneration remains a challenge due to the complicated microenvironment at lesion sites. In this study, the nerve growth factor (NGF) was immobilized in silk protein nanofiber hydrogels with hierarchical anisotropic microstructures to fabricate bioactive systems that provide multiple physical and biological cues to address spinal cord injury (SCI). The NGF maintained bioactivity inside the hydrogels and regulated the neuronal/astroglial differentiation of neural stem cells. The aligned microstructures facilitated the migration and orientation of cells, which further stimulated angiogenesis and neuron extensions both in vitro and in vivo. In a severe rat long-span hemisection SCI model, these hydrogel matrices reduced scar formation and achieved the scarless repair of the spinal cord and effective recovery of motor functions. Histological analysis confirmed the directional regenerated neuronal tissues, with a similar morphology to that of the normal spinal cord. The in vitro and in vivo results showed promising utility for these NGF-laden silk hydrogels for spinal cord regeneration while also demonstrating the feasibility of cell-free bioactive matrices with multiple cues to regulate endogenous cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Medical Collagen of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaozhao Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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33
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Zhao X, Wang H, Zou Y, Xue W, Zhuang Y, Gu R, Shen H, Dai J. Optimized, visible light-induced crosslinkable hybrid gelatin/hyaluronic acid scaffold promotes complete spinal cord injury repair. Biomed Mater 2021; 17. [PMID: 34937000 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac45ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe microenvironmental changes after spinal cord injury (SCI) present serious challenges in neural regeneration and tissue repair. Gelatin (GL)- and hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels are attractive scaffolds because they are major components of the extracellular matrix and can provide a favorable adjustable microenvironment for neurogenesis and motor function recovery. In this study, three-dimensional hybrid GL/HA hydrogel scaffolds were prepared and optimized. The hybrid hydrogels could undergo in-situ gelation and fit the defects perfectly via visible light- induced crosslinking in the complete SCI rats. We found that the transplantation of the hybrid hydrogel scaffold significantly reduced the inflammatory responses and suppressed glial scar formation in an HA concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the hybrid hydrogel with GL/HA ratios less than 8/2 effectively promoted endogenous neural stem cell migration and neurogenesis, as well as improved neuron maturation and axonal regeneration. The results showed locomotor function improved 60 days after transplantation, thus suggesting that GL/HA hydrogels can be considered as a promising scaffold for complete SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Zhao
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, CHINA
| | - Huiru Wang
- Suzhou Institute of NanoTech and NanoBionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, CHINA
| | - Yunlong Zou
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, CHINA
| | - Weiwei Xue
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, Beijing, 100101, CHINA
| | - Yang Zhuang
- Suzhou Institute of NanoTech and NanoBionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, CHINA
| | - Rui Gu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, CHINA
| | - He Shen
- Suzhou Institute of NanoTech and NanoBionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, CHINA
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, Beijing, 100101, CHINA
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34
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Nii T. Strategies Using Gelatin Microparticles for Regenerative Therapy and Drug Screening Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226795. [PMID: 34833885 PMCID: PMC8617939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin, a denatured form of collagen, is an attractive biomaterial for biotechnology. In particular, gelatin particles have been noted due to their attractive properties as drug carriers. The drug release from gelatin particles can be easily controlled by the crosslinking degree of gelatin molecule, responding to the purpose of the research. The gelatin particles capable of drug release are effective in wound healing, drug screening models. For example, a sustained release of growth factors for tissue regeneration at the injured sites can heal a wound. In the case of the drug screening model, a tissue-like model composed of cells with high activity by the sustained release of drug or growth factor provides reliable results of drug effects. Gelatin particles are effective in drug delivery and the culture of spheroids or cell sheets because the particles prevent hypoxia-derived cell death. This review introduces recent research on gelatin microparticles-based strategies for regenerative therapy and drug screening models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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35
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Lai BQ, Zeng X, Han WT, Che MT, Ding Y, Li G, Zeng YS. Stem cell-derived neuronal relay strategies and functional electrical stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121211. [PMID: 34710795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The inability of adult mammals to recover function lost after severe spinal cord injury (SCI) has been known for millennia and is mainly attributed to a failure of brain-derived nerve fiber regeneration across the lesion. Potential approaches to re-establishing locomotor function rely on neuronal relays to reconnect the segregated neural networks of the spinal cord. Intense research over the past 30 years has focused on endogenous and exogenous neuronal relays, but progress has been slow and the results often controversial. Treatments with stem cell-derived neuronal relays alone or together with functional electrical stimulation offer the possibility of improved repair of neuronal networks. In this review, we focus on approaches to recovery of motor function in paralyzed patients after severe SCI based on novel therapies such as implantation of stem cell-derived neuronal relays and functional electrical stimulation. Recent research progress offers hope that SCI patients will one day be able to recover motor function and sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei-Tao Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ming-Tian Che
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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36
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Chen X, Wang Y, Zhou G, Hu X, Han S, Gao J. The combination of nanoscaffolds and stem cell transplantation: Paving a promising road for spinal cord injury regeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112233. [PMID: 34649357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), one of the most devastating traumas, has caused long-term disability in millions of people worldwide. The pathophysiology of SCI primarily occurs in two stages classified as primary injury and secondary injury. Due to the rupture of axons and the apoptosis of neurons, patients lose their motor, sensory, and reflex functions, which also imposes a huge burden on families and society. However, traditional surgery does not facilitate neuronal regeneration. Although neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential for multidirectional differentiation, the probability of differentiation into neurons and survival are still low. Surprisingly, the unique properties of nanotechnologies enable targeted drug delivery while reducing adverse reactions, assisting NSCs in differentiating into neurons. Here, recent studies on promising nanoscaffolds are highlighted, and their strengths and drawbacks are evaluated. Although the treatment of SCI remains fraught with challenges, the combination of nanoscaffolds and NSCs pave a promising road for SCI regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyuan Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Li S, Shi X, Xu B, Zhen P, Li S. [Progress in the application of silk fibroin in tissue engineered drug delivery system]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2021; 35:1192-1199. [PMID: 34523288 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202103066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective The properties and characteristics of different types of silk fibroin (SF) drug-loaded sustained-release carriers and their effects on the drug release behavior were reviewed, and the existing problems and development prospects of SF drug-loaded sustained-release carriers in tissue engineering drug delivery system were discussed. Methods The literatures about drug-loaded SF sustained-release carriers in recent years were extensively consulted, and the types of sustained-release carriers, characteristics of drug release, range of applications, advantages and disadvantages, and solutions were summarized and analyzed. Results At present, the SF drug-loaded sustained-release carriers are mainly divided into SF microparticles, SF scaffolds, SF membranes, SF hydrogels, SF nanofibers, SF sponges, and so on. These types of SF drug-loaded sustained-release carriers have their own advantages and problems, of which the most prominent problem is the burst release of drugs at the initial stage. While, the initial burst release of drugs can be effectively solved by improving the preparation process and adjusting the material ratio. Different types of drug-loaded sustained-release carriers can be prepared by combining different materials to achieve different application scopes and drug release behaviors under different conditions. Conclusion SF is a good drug-loaded carrier for tissue engineering, the burst release of drugs at the initial stage can be solved by improving the preparation process and changing the material structure; through the combination of the advantages of various types of SF drug-loaded sustained-release carriers, it is expected to prepare SF drug-loaded sustained-release carriers that meet different clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, P.R.China.,Department of Orthopaedics, the 940 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou Gansu, 730050, P.R.China
| | - Xuewen Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, the 940 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou Gansu, 730050, P.R.China
| | - Bo Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730000, P.R.China.,Department of Orthopaedics, the 940 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou Gansu, 730050, P.R.China
| | - Ping Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedics, the 940 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou Gansu, 730050, P.R.China
| | - Songkai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the 940 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou Gansu, 730050, P.R.China
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38
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Liu XY, Chen C, Xu HH, Zhang YS, Zhong L, Hu N, Jia XL, Wang YW, Zhong KH, Liu C, Zhu X, Ming D, Li XH. Integrated printed BDNF/collagen/chitosan scaffolds with low temperature extrusion 3D printer accelerated neural regeneration after spinal cord injury. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab047. [PMID: 34513004 PMCID: PMC8417565 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that 3D printed scaffolds integrated with growth factors can guide the growth of neurites and promote axon regeneration at the injury site. However, heat, organic solvents or cross-linking agents used in conventional 3D printing reduce the biological activity of growth factors. Low temperature 3D printing can incorporate growth factors into the scaffold and maintain their biological activity. In this study, we developed a collagen/chitosan scaffold integrated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (3D-CC-BDNF) by low temperature extrusion 3D printing as a new type of artificial controlled release system, which could prolong the release of BDNF for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Eight weeks after the implantation of scaffolds in the transected lesion of T10 of the spinal cord, 3D-CC-BDNF significantly ameliorate locomotor function of the rats. Consistent with the recovery of locomotor function, 3D-CC-BDNF treatment could fill the gap, facilitate nerve fiber regeneration, accelerate the establishment of synaptic connections and enhance remyelination at the injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin 300162, China.,National Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Hai-Huan Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Li Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - You-Wei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kun-Hong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Pingjin Hospital Brain Center, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Shu J, Cheng F, Gong Z, Ying L, Wang C, Yu C, Zhou X, Xiao M, Wang J, Xia K, Huang X, Tao Y, Shi K, Liu Y, Liang C, Chen Q, Feng X, Li F. Transplantation Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury Based on Microenvironment Modulation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 15:522-530. [PMID: 32316901 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200421112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is different from peripheral nerve injury; it results in devastating and permanent damage to the spine, leading to severe motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunction. SCI produces a complex microenvironment that can result in hemorrhage, inflammation and scar formation. Not only does it significantly limit regeneration, but it also challenges a multitude of transplantation strategies. In order to promote regeneration, researchers have recently begun to focus their attention on strategies that manipulate the complicated microenvironment produced by SCI. And some have achieved great therapeutic effects. Hence, reconstructing an appropriate microenvironment after transplantation could be a potential therapeutic solution for SCI. In this review, first, we aim to summarize the influential compositions of the microenvironment and their different effects on regeneration. Second, we highlight recent research that used various transplantation strategies to modulate different microenvironments produced by SCI in order to improve regeneration. Finally, we discuss future transplantation strategies regarding SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liwei Ying
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mu Xiao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianpeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqing Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kesi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuemei Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhua Feng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
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40
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Cao J, Wu J, Mu J, Feng S, Gao J. The design criteria and therapeutic strategy of functional scaffolds for spinal cord injury repair. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4591-4606. [PMID: 34018520 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00361e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a therapeutic challenge in clinic. Current drug and cell therapeutics have obtained significant efficacy but are still in the early stages for complete neural and functional recovery. In the past few decades, functional scaffolds (FSs) have been rapidly developed to bridge the lesion and provide a framework for tissue regeneration in SCI repair. Moreover, a FS can act as an adjuvant for locally delivering drugs in the lesion with a designed drug release profile, and supplying a biomimetic environment for implanted cells. In this review, the design criteria of FSs for SCI treatment are summarized according to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, morphology, architecture, and biodegradability. Subsequently, FSs designed for SCI repair in the scope of drug delivery, cell implantation and combination therapy are introduced, respectively. And how a FS promotes their therapeutic efficacy is analyzed. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and potential of FSs for SCI treatment are discussed. Hopefully, this review may inspire the future development of potent FSs to facilitate SCI repair in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
| | - Jiafu Mu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R. China. and International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin, 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China. and Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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Li G, Zhang B, Sun JH, Shi LY, Huang MY, Huang LJ, Lin ZJ, Lin QY, Lai BQ, Ma YH, Jiang B, Ding Y, Zhang HB, Li MX, Zhu P, Wang YQ, Zeng X, Zeng YS. An NT-3-releasing bioscaffold supports the formation of TrkC-modified neural stem cell-derived neural network tissue with efficacy in repairing spinal cord injury. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3766-3781. [PMID: 33898877 PMCID: PMC8044869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying neurogenesis during embryonic spinal cord development involves a specific ligand/receptor interaction, which may be help guide neuroengineering to boost stem cell-based neural regeneration for the structural and functional repair of spinal cord injury. Herein, we hypothesized that supplying spinal cord defects with an exogenous neural network in the NT-3/fibroin-coated gelatin sponge (NF-GS) scaffold might improve tissue repair efficacy. To test this, we engineered tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC)-modified neural stem cell (NSC)-derived neural network tissue with robust viability within an NF-GS scaffold. When NSCs were genetically modified to overexpress TrkC, the NT-3 receptor, a functional neuronal population dominated the neural network tissue. The pro-regenerative niche allowed the long-term survival and phenotypic maintenance of the donor neural network tissue for up to 8 weeks in the injured spinal cord. Additionally, host nerve fibers regenerated into the graft, making synaptic connections with the donor neurons. Accordingly, motor function recovery was significantly improved in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) that received TrkC-modified NSC-derived neural network tissue transplantation. Together, the results suggested that transplantation of the neural network tissue formed in the 3D bioactive scaffold may represent a valuable approach to study and develop therapies for SCI. A NT-3 sustained-release scaffold confers a microenvironment partially simulating the developmental spinal cord. The NT-3 microenvironment boosts neuronal differentiation of TrkC-modified NSCs by interactions between ligand and receptor. TrkC-NSCs is self-organized into a neural network tissue with typical neural excitability in 3D bioactive scaffold in vitro. The grafted neural network tissue can survive and maintain neural property, and improve motor function of paralyzed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Meng-Yao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zi-Jing Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Lin
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Miao-Xin Li
- Laboratory of Precision Medical Genomics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Wang
- Department of Electron Microscope, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Ma T, Wu J, Mu J, Gao J. Biomaterials reinforced MSCs transplantation for spinal cord injury repair. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 17:4-19. [PMID: 35261642 PMCID: PMC8888140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanism, spinal cord injury (SCI) has become one of the most intractable central nervous system (CNS) diseases to therapy. Stem cell transplantation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) particularly, appeals to more and more attention along with the encouraging therapeutic results for the functional regeneration of SCI. However, traditional cell transplantation strategies have some limitations, including the unsatisfying survival rate of MSCs and their random diffusion from the injection site to ambient tissues. The application of biomaterials in tissue engineering provides a new horizon. Biomaterials can not only confine MSCs in the injured lesions with higher cell viability, but also promote their therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes the strategies and advantages of biomaterials reinforced MSCs transplantation to treat SCI in recent years, which are clarified in the light of various therapeutic effects in pathophysiological aspects of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jiafu Mu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author.
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43
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Yang Y, Xu HY, Deng QW, Wu GH, Zeng X, Jin H, Wang LJ, Lai BQ, Li G, Ma YH, Jiang B, Ruan JW, Wang YQ, Ding Y, Zeng YS. Electroacupuncture facilitates the integration of a grafted TrkC-modified mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural network into transected spinal cord in rats via increasing neurotrophin-3. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:776-791. [PMID: 33763978 PMCID: PMC8193704 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study was aimed to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) would increase the secretion of neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) from injured spinal cord tissue, and, if so, whether the increased NT‐3 would promote the survival, differentiation, and migration of grafted tyrosine kinase C (TrkC)‐modified mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐derived neural network cells. We next sought to determine if the latter would integrate with the host spinal cord neural circuit to improve the neurological function of injured spinal cord. Methods After NT‐3‐modified Schwann cells (SCs) and TrkC‐modified MSCs were co‐cultured in a gelatin sponge scaffold for 14 days, the MSCs differentiated into neuron‐like cells that formed a MSC‐derived neural network (MN) implant. On this basis, we combined the MN implantation with EA in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI) and performed immunohistochemical staining, neural tracing, electrophysiology, and behavioral testing after 8 weeks. Results Electroacupuncture application enhanced the production of endogenous NT‐3 in damaged spinal cord tissues. The increase in local NT‐3 production promoted the survival, migration, and maintenance of the grafted MN, which expressed NT‐3 high‐affinity TrkC. The combination of MN implantation and EA application improved cortical motor‐evoked potential relay and facilitated the locomotor performance of the paralyzed hindlimb compared with those of controls. These results suggest that the MN was better integrated into the host spinal cord neural network after EA treatment compared with control treatment. Conclusions Electroacupuncture as an adjuvant therapy for TrkC‐modified MSC‐derived MN, acted by increasing the local production of NT‐3, which accelerated neural network reconstruction and restoration of spinal cord function following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Wen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hui Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai-Jian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wen Ruan
- Department of Acupuncture, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Wang
- Department of Electron Microscope, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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MicroRNA-92a-3p enhances functional recovery and suppresses apoptosis after spinal cord injury via targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222664. [PMID: 32297644 PMCID: PMC7199448 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disease commonly caused by traumatic events on spinal cords. MiRNA-92a-3p is reported to be down-regulated after SCI. Our study investigated the effects of up-regulated miR-92a-3p on SCI and the underlying mechanisms. SCI mice model was established to evaluate the functional recovery of hindlimbs of mice through open-field locomotion and scored by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale. Apoptosis of spinal cord cells was determined by flow cytometry. The effects of miR-92a-3p on SCI were detected by intrathecally injecting miR-92a-3p agomiR (agomiR-92) into the mice prior to the establishment of SCI. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was predicted as a target of miR-29a-3p by TargetScan. We further assessed the effects of agomiR-92 or/and overexpressed PTEN on apoptosis rates and apoptotic protein expressions in SCI mice. Moreover, the activation of protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was determined by Western blot. The results showed that compared with the sham-operated mice, SCI mice had much lower BBB scores, and theapoptosis rate of spinal cord cells was significantly increased. After SCI, the expression of miR-92a-3p was down-regulated, and increased expression of miR-92a-3p induced by agomiR-92 further significantly increased the BBB score and decreased apoptosis. PTEN was specifically targeted by miR-92a-3p. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR were up-regulated under the treatment of agomiR-92. Our data demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of miR-92a-3p on spinal cord safter SCI were highly associated with the activation of the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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45
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Li JJ, Liu H, Zhu Y, Yan L, Liu R, Wang G, Wang B, Zhao B. Animal Models for Treating Spinal Cord Injury Using Biomaterials-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:79-100. [PMID: 33267667 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Orthopedics and Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruxing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guishan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics and Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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46
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Jeong HJ, Yun Y, Lee SJ, Ha Y, Gwak SJ. Biomaterials and strategies for repairing spinal cord lesions. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104973. [PMID: 33497713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes intractable disease and leads to inevitable physical, financial, and psychological burdens on patients and their families. SCI is commonly divided into primary and secondary injury. Primary injury occurs upon direct impact to the spinal cord, which leads to cell necrosis, axon disruption, and vascular loss. This triggers pathophysiological secondary injury, which has several phases: acute, subacute, intermediate, and chronic. These phases are dependent on post-injury time and pathophysiology and have various causes, such as the infiltration of inflammatory cells and release of cytokines that can act as a barrier to neural regeneration. Another unique feature of SCI is the glial scar produced from the reactive proliferation of astrocytes, which acts as a barrier to axonal regeneration. Interdisciplinary research is investigating the use of biomaterials and tissue-engineered fabrication to overcome SCI. In this review, we discuss representative biomaterials, including natural and synthetic polymers and nanomaterials. In addition, we describe several strategies to repair spinal cord injuries, such as fabrication and the delivery of therapeutic biocomponents. These biomaterials and strategies may offer beneficial information to enhance the repair of spinal cord lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Jin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 54538, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeomin Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 54538, Iksan, Republic of Korea; Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Wonkwang University, 54538, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Gwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 54538, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
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Siebert JR, Osterhout DJ. Select neurotrophins promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell process outgrowth in the presence of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1009-1023. [PMID: 33453083 PMCID: PMC7986866 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Axonal damage and the subsequent interruption of intact neuronal pathways in the spinal cord are largely responsible for the loss of motor function after injury. Further exacerbating this loss is the demyelination of neighboring uninjured axons. The post-injury environment is hostile to repair, with inflammation, a high expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) around the glial scar, and myelin breakdown. Numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment with the enzyme chondroitinase ABC (cABC) creates a permissive environment around a spinal lesion that permits axonal regeneration. Neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophic factor-3 (NT-3), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) have been used to promote neuronal survival and stimulate axonal growth. CSPGs expressed near a lesion also inhibit migration and differentiation of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the spinal cord, and cABC treatment can neutralize this inhibition. This study examined the neurotrophins commonly used to stimulate axonal regeneration after injury and their potential effects on OPCs cultured in the presence of CSPGs. The results reveal differential effects on OPCs, with BDNF and GDNF promoting process outgrowth and NT-3 stimulating differentiation of OPCs, while CNTF appears to have no observable effect. This finding suggests that certain neurotrophic agents commonly utilized to stimulate axonal regeneration after a spinal injury may also have a beneficial effect on the endogenous oligodendroglial cells as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Siebert
- Physician Assistant Program, Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, PA, USA
| | - Donna J Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Bai YR, Lai BQ, Han WT, Sun JH, Li G, Ding Y, Zeng X, Ma YH, Zeng YS. Decellularized optic nerve functional scaffold transplant facilitates directional axon regeneration and remyelination in the injured white matter of the rat spinal cord. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2276-2283. [PMID: 33818513 PMCID: PMC8354131 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration and remyelination of the damaged region is the most common repair strategy for spinal cord injury. However, achieving good outcome remains difficult. Our previous study showed that porcine decellularized optic nerve better mimics the extracellular matrix of the embryonic porcine optic nerve and promotes the directional growth of dorsal root ganglion neurites. However, it has not been reported whether this material promotes axonal regeneration in vivo. In the present study, a porcine decellularized optic nerve was seeded with neurotrophin-3-overexpressing Schwann cells. This functional scaffold promoted the directional growth and remyelination of regenerating axons. In vitro, the porcine decellularized optic nerve contained many straight, longitudinal channels with a uniform distribution, and microscopic pores were present in the channel wall. The spatial micro topological structure and extracellular matrix were conducive to the adhesion, survival and migration of neural stem cells. The scaffold promoted the directional growth of dorsal root ganglion neurites, and showed strong potential for myelin regeneration. Furthermore, we transplanted the porcine decellularized optic nerve containing neurotrophin-3-overexpressing Schwann cells in a rat model of T10 spinal cord defect in vivo. Four weeks later, the regenerating axons grew straight, the myelin sheath in the injured/transplanted area recovered its structure, and simultaneously, the number of inflammatory cells and the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were reduced. Together, these findings suggest that porcine decellularized optic nerve loaded with Schwann cells overexpressing neurotrophin-3 promotes the directional growth of regenerating spinal cord axons as well as myelin regeneration. All procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University (approval No. SYSU-IACUC-2019-B034) on February 28, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Bai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Tao Han
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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49
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Muheremu A, Shu L, Liang J, Aili A, Jiang K. Sustained delivery of neurotrophic factors to treat spinal cord injury. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:494-511. [PMID: 34900347 PMCID: PMC8633588 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in tremendous physical and psychological harm and a series of socioeconomic problems. Although neurons in the spinal cord need neurotrophic factors for their survival and development to reestablish their connections with their original targets, endogenous neurotrophic factors are scarce and the sustainable delivery of exogeneous neurotrophic factors is challenging. The widely studied neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor have a relatively short cycle that is not sufficient enough for functionally significant neural regeneration after SCI. In the past decades, scholars have tried a variety of cellular and viral vehicles as well as tissue engineering scaffolds to safely and sustainably deliver those necessary neurotrophic factors to the injury site, and achieved satisfactory neural repair and functional recovery on many occasions. Here, we review the neurotrophic factors that have been used in trials to treat SCI, and vehicles that were commonly used for their sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikeremujiang Muheremu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39 Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39, Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abudunaibi Aili
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39 Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
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Liu L, Wan J, Dai M, Ye X, Liu C, Tang C, Zhu L. Effects of oxygen generating scaffolds on cell survival and functional recovery following acute spinal cord injury in rats. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:115. [PMID: 33247423 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent local oxygen delivery is crucial to create a microenvironment for cell survival and nerve regeneration in acute spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to fabricate calcium peroxide-based microspheres incorporated into a 3-D construct scaffold as a novel oxygen release therapy for SCI. The scaffolds were able to generate oxygen over the course of 21 days when incubated under hypoxic conditions. In vitro, GFP-labeled bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were planted into the scaffolds. We observed that scaffolds could enhance MSC survival under hypoxic conditions for more than 21 days. Oxygen generating scaffolds were transplanted into spinal cord injury sites of rats in vivo. Twelve weeks following transplantation, cavity areas in the injury/graft site were significantly reduced due to tissue regeneration. Additionally, the oxygen generating scaffolds improved revascularization as observed through vWF immunostaining. A striking feature was the occurrence of nerve fiber regeneration in the lesion sites, which eventually led to significant locomotion recovery. The present results indicate that the oxygen generating scaffolds have the property of sustained local oxygen release, thus facilitating regeneration in injured spinal cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangle Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedic Medical Center,Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
- Rui'an People's Hospital & the third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Junming Wan
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hanzhou, 310002, China
| | - Minghai Dai
- Rui'an People's Hospital & the third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Xiuzhi Ye
- Rui'an People's Hospital & the third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedic Medical Center,Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengxuan Tang
- Rui'an People's Hospital & the third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, China.
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedic Medical Center,Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
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