Dose responsive efficacy of umbelliferone on lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant, and xenobiotic metabolism in DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis

Gastrointestinal Cancer Therapeutics via Triggering Unfolded Protein Response and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by 2-Arylbenzofuran

Gastrointestinal cancers are a major global health challenge, with high mortality rates. This study investigated the anti-cancer activities of 30 monomers extracted from Morus alba L. (mulberry) against gastrointestinal cancers. Toxicological assessments revealed that most of the compounds, particularly immunotoxicity, exhibit some level of toxicity, but it is generally not life-threatening under normal conditions. Among these components, Sanggenol L, Sanggenon C, Kuwanon H, 3'-Geranyl-3-prenyl-5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone, Morusinol, Mulberrin, Moracin P, Kuwanon E, and Kuwanon A demonstrate significant anti-cancer properties against various gastrointestinal cancers, including colon, pancreatic, and gastric cancers. The anti-cancer mechanism of these chemical components was explored in gastric cancer cells, revealing that they inhibit cell cycle and DNA replication-related gene expression, leading to the effective suppression of tumor cell growth. Additionally, they induced unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, potentially resulting in DNA damage, autophagy, and cell death. Moracin P, an active monomer characterized as a 2-arylbenzofuran, was found to induce ER stress and promote apoptosis in gastric cancer cells, confirming its potential to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Morus alba L. monomers in gastrointestinal cancers, especially focusing on Moracin P as a potent inducer of ER stress and apoptosis.

Umbelliferon: a review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics

Coumarin, a plant secondary metabolite, has various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant stress and anti-inflammatory effects. Umbelliferone, a common coumarin compound found in almost all higher plants, has been extensively studied for its pharmacological effects in different disease models and doses with complex action mechanisms. This review aims to summarize these studies and provide useful information to relevant scholars. The pharmacological studies demonstrate that umbelliferone has diverse effects such as anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-infection, anti-rheumatoid arthritis, neuroprotection, and improvement of liver, kidney, and myocardial tissue damage. The action mechanisms of umbelliferone include inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, improvement of insulin resistance, myocardial hypertrophy, and tissue fibrosis, in addition to regulation of blood glucose and lipid metabolism. Among the action mechanisms, the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation is the most critical. In short, these pharmacological studies disclose that umbelliferone is expected to treat many diseases, and more research should be conducted.

Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles-loaded ion-crosslinked bilayer films with excellent mechanical properties and high bioavailability for buccal delivery

Mucoadhesive buccal films (MBFs) become the most promising buccal mucosal delivery system duo to its advantageous properties, including simple preparation technique and better patient compliance. The mechanical properties and mucoadhesion of MBFs are crucial in their successful performance as well as manufacturing and administration. In this study, we prepared hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles-loaded ion-crosslinked bilayer films (CCS-PVA-TPP-FSM@HMSNs) using carboxymethyl chitosan (CCS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for buccal delivery of furosemide (FSM). The FSM-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FSM@HMSNs) were firstly characterized by SEM, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. Then, we constructed an ion-crosslinked network using CCS and PVA employed with the solution casting method, and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) was used as a hydrogen bond crosslinking agent. The formulation was optimized through Box-Behnken design, where the impact of the proportion of the ingredients on the quality of the films was evaluated entirely. Herein, folding endurance, swelling, tensile strength, and adhesion force were selected as response variables. Morphology, mechanical, spectroscopic, thermal, and safety of CCS-PVA-TPP-FSM@HMSNs films were also investigated. The release and permeability behaviors of CCS-PVA-TPP-FSM@HMSNs films were evaluated by in vitro drug release, across isolated porcine buccal and TR146 cell model. The CCS-PVA-TPP-FSM@HMSNs films showed outstanding mechanical properties, suitable bioadhesion, high drug loading, significant sustained-release properties, and improved permeability. In pharmacokinetic study with golden hamster models, the relative bioavailability was increased by 191.54%, and the absolute bioavailability was 82.20%. In summary, this study provides evidence that this innovative CCS-PVA-TPP-FSM@HMSNs films could be a promising and industrialized buccal drug delivery system.

Anticancer and antioxidant profiling effects of Nerolidol against DMBA induced oral experimental carcinogenesis

The objective of this study is to examine the chemopreventive effects of Nerolidol (NER) on hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis (HBC) induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in male golden Syrian hamsters. In this study, oral squamous cell carcinoma was developed in the buccal pouch of an oral painted hamster with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times weekly for 12 weeks. To assess DMBA-induced hamster buccal tissue carcinogenesis, biochemical endpoints such as Phase I and II detoxification enzymes, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products, and renal function markers, as well as histopathological examinations, were used. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical studies of interleukin-6 were investigated to find the inflammatory link in the HBC carcinogenesis. In our results, DMBA alone exposed hamsters showed 100% tumor growth, altered levels of antioxidants, detoxification agents, LPO, and renal function identifiers as compared to the control hamsters. The outcome in  present biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry studies has been found a reverse in NER-treated hamsters against the tumor. This study concluded that NER modulated the biochemical profiles (antioxidants, detoxification, LPO, and renal function markers) and inhibited tumor development in DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis.

Modulator effect of mangiferin on biochemical characterization in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced oral cancer in experimental hamsters

BACKGROUND

Newly, chemo-preventive technique might be a hopeful advancement in developing countries for treating cancers with the aid of toxic less natural based constituents. Malignancy urges to augment effectual chemo-preventive agents that are look forward to suppress the tumours which may be stimulated by chewing and smoking of tobacco and over alcohol consumption related with the high prevalence of human oral cancer (OC) patients.

METHODS

In the present research, we examined to assess antioxidants, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and detoxification enzymes levels of anticancer activity of mangiferin on 0.5% 7.12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) provoked hamster cheek pouch carcinoma (HCPC). OC on hamster buccal pouch (HBP) was incited by DMBA treatment for thrice per week for over 14 weeks.

RESULTS

100% well defined OC establishment with body weight (bw), tumour burden (TB), antioxidant, LPO and liver marker enzymes and also histological changes were observed on DMBA-challenged buccal pouch carcinoma (BPC) in hamsters. Orally treated mangiferin at an effective dosage of 50 mg/kg bw, to DMBA painted hamsters were significantly averted the body weight, succession of tumour, the biochemical as well as histopathological changes.

CONCLUSION

Findings of this work clearly suggest that the anti-carcinoma effect of mangiferin possesses the modulator effects on potent antioxidant, anti-LPO and detoxification agents to expel the metabolites of malignant cells, on DMBA-provoked BPC in hamsters.

Chemomodulatory effect of neferine on DMBA-induced squamous cell carcinogenesis: Biochemical and molecular approach

BACKGROUND

Neferine (NEF) is nontoxic, bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid is derived from the seed embryo of lotus, a familiar medicinal plant. Although several mechanisms have been planned, an evident antitumor action pathway of NEF on the oral tumor is still not known. In the current study, we aimed at investigating the protecting effect of NEF against experimental oral carcinoma and clarify its possible mechanism through the induction of apoptosis, proliferation, and inflammatory signaling pathways.

METHODS

The experimental hamsters were divided into four groups (I-IV) containing six hamsters each. The group I was control group, group II and III hamsters treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) (0.5%) alone, thrice in a week for 10 weeks, and group III and IV hamsters received oral supplementation of NEF at a concentration of 15 mg/kg bw. All the hamsters were sacrificed after 16 weeks.

RESULTS

Our results revealed that DMBA treated hamsters exhibited 100% oral tumor cell formation with high-tumor incidence (TI), tumor number (TN), tumor volume (TV), decreased levels of antioxidants, increased status of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and modulated the activities of liver marker agents as well as NF-kB, cell proliferation (PCNA), and p53 proteins. NEF supplementation in DMBA treated hamsters, resulted in delayed lesion synthesis, and brought back the levels of the biochemical parameters. In addition, immunostaining of NF-kB, PCNA, and p53 showed that they were inhibited by NEF.

CONCLUSION

Thus, NEF might be considered a better chemopreventive drug in an experimental model of home-based primary care (HBPC). More research is necessary to study other pathways implicated in oral carcinomas and their modulation by NEF.

7-Acetoxycoumarin Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Synthesis by IκBα Degradation and MAPK Activation in Macrophage Cells

Acetylation involves the chemical introduction of an acetyl group in place of an active hydrogen group into a compound. In this study, we synthesized 7-acetoxycoumarin (7AC) from acetylation of umbelliferone (UMB). We examined the anti-inflammatory properties of 7AC in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of 7AC on viability of treated cells was assessed by measuring the level of expression of NO, PGE₂ and pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in 7AC-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The 7AC was nontoxic to cells and inhibited the production of cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, its treatment suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner and concomitantly decreased the protein and mRNA expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, the levels of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family proteins such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were reduced by 7AC. In conclusion, we generated an anti-inflammatory compound through acetylation and demonstrated its efficacy in cell-based in vitro assays.

Umbelliferone Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bone Loss and Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Attenuating Akt-c-Fos-NFATc1 Signaling

Excessive bone resorption plays a central role in the development of inflammatory bone diseases, including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, identification of agents that can effectively suppress excessive osteoclast formation and function is crucial for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bone loss. Umbelliferone (Umb), a derivative of coumarin, is a natural bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the effect of Umb on metabolic bone diseases is unknown. In this study, we found that Umb exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory bone loss in vivo. Histological analysis confirmed that Umb prevented trabecular bone matrix degradation and osteoclast formation in bone tissue. In addition, Umb suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and abrogated bone resorption. We found that the anti-osteoclastic and anti-resorptive activities of Umb are mediated via suppression of the RANKL-induced Akt-c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling pathway and the attenuation of osteoclast-specific genes, such as TRAP, OSCAR, ATP6v0d2, and CtsK. In particular, Umb downregulated the stability of c-Fos and NFATc1 proteins, but did not suppress the expression of their mRNAs. These results indicate that Umb may be a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory bone diseases associated with abnormal osteoclast formation and function.

Effect of umbelliferone on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by MAPK/NF-κB pathway

Purpose

Umbelliferone (Umb), a member of coumarin family, is found in many plants and is a promising molecule with potential anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor activities. However, the effect of Umb on arthritis remains unclear.

Methods

A rat model with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis was developed and used to test the efficacy of Umb on arthritis rats. Rats were given an intragastric injection of Umb (20 and 40 mg/kg) once daily from days 21 to 28 after the administration of FCA. Hind paw volume was assessed using a volume meter. The pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and prostaglandin E2 (PEG2) level in serum and synovial fluid were detected by ELISA. HE staining was used to determine representative histological changes in joint tissues, and Western blot analysis was employed to study the effects of Umb on MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Results

Our results showed that Umb suppressed the release of IL-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and PEG2. In addition, Umb could also dramatically ameliorate the pathological changes observed in rat joints. Based on the results of Western blot, we also observed that Umb could strikingly suppress the expression of MAPK/NF-κB pathway molecules.

Conclusion

These results proved that treatment with Umb is very effective for arthritis and inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of arthritis.

Preventive effect of D-carvone during DMBA induced mouse skin tumorigenesis by modulating xenobiotic metabolism and induction of apoptotic events

The structural integrity and excellent immune system of the skin makes it a protective covering, inspite of its exposure to hazardous compounds. In the present study, the chemopreventive efficacy of D-carvone was studied in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced skin carcinogenesis. DMBA (25 μg in 0.1 m L^-1acetone) was used to induce skin cancer in Swiss albino mice. Animals were randomly divided into six groups of six animals in each. Different concentrations of D-carvone (10, 20, 30 mg/kg body weight) were used to assess its anticancer effect. Tumor incidence, tumor volume, tumor burden, histological examination and levels of phase I and phase II detoxification agents were analyzed in experimental animals. Further, expression of p53 and various apoptotic proteins including- Bcl-2, Bax was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and enzymatic expression of apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and caspase-9 was carried out by using ELISA. We observed 100% tumor incidence in DMBA-painted animals and our results showed that D-carvone at 20 mg dose significantly prevents skin carcinogenesis. Our results also showed decreased levels of phase I enzymes (Cyt P450 and-Cyt b5) with increased levels of phase II enzymes (GR, GST and GSH) and increased expression of Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 with decreased expression of mutated p53 and Bcl-2 in animals treated with DMBA and D-carvone at 20 mg dose. The results of the present study suggest that D-carvone can be used as a chemopreventive agent against skin cancer, as it induces apoptosis in cancer. However, further studies are warranted to check chemopreventive efficacy of D-carvone on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis before going to human trial.

Pickering emulsions stabilized nanocellulosic-based nanoparticles for coumarin and curcumin nanoencapsulations: In vitro release, anticancer and antimicrobial activities

Coumarin and curcumin have a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer but hindered therapeutic applications due to low stability and poor solubility in water. The main objective of the current study was to overcome these drawbacks via improved bioavailability by nanoencapsulated emulsions. Pickering emulsion (PE) via oil-in-water approach were stabilized by aminated nanocellulose (ANC) particles through application of a full factorial optimization design for nanoemulsions containing different composition of oil phase with medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and Tween 80. The fabricated nanoemulsions and PEs with average particle sizes (≤150 nm) were obtained. Influencing factors such as ANC concentration, storage time and pH on the stability of emulsions were examined alongside zeta potentials. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) of coumarin and curcumin were determined as >90%. Release kinetic profiles for encapsulated PEs displayed sustained release with supposed increase bioavailability. Higher release percent were detected for curcumin encapsulated PE in contrast to coumarin. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation for coumarin and curcumin loaded PEs were further investigated for anticancer and antimicrobial activities using human cell lines (L929 and MCF-7) and different microorganisms (Gram (+), Gram (-) and fungi), respectively. The results clearly demonstrated PE coumarin and curcumin as promising candidates to inhibit microbial growth and to prevent preferential killing of cancer cells compared to normal cells.

The protective effect of umbelliferone ameliorates myocardial injury following ischemia‑reperfusion in the rat through suppression NLRP3 inflammasome and upregulating the PPAR-γ

The present study investigated whether the protective effect of umbelliferone could regulate myocardial injury following ischemia‑reperfusion and improve mitochondrial respiratory function, thereby relieving myocardial injury following ischemia‑reperfusion in rats. In the present study, the extent of inflammation and oxidative stress were analyzed using ELISA. Western blot analysis was employed to investigate the protein expression levels of the PYD domains‑containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor-γ (PPAR‑γ). Compared with the myocardial injury following ischemia‑reperfusion group, umbelliferone significantly prevented myocardial injury, inhibited oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde), reduced inflammation (tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑6) and myocardial apoptosis levels (caspase‑3/9 and apoptosis regular B‑cell lymphoma‑2‑associated X protein) in the myocardial injury following ischemia‑reperfusion group of rats. Umbelliferone treatment also suppressed NACHT, LRR and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and induced PPAR‑γ expression. The results of the present study suggested that the protective effect of umbelliferone may ameliorate myocardial injury following ischemia‑reperfusion in the rat through the suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and upregulating PPAR‑γ expression.

Data on efficacy of umbelliferone on glycoconjugates and immunological marker in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced oral carcinogenesis

Umbelliferone, a phenolic coumarin and dietary agent is believed to play a key role in pharmacological activities including anti-cancer and anti-oxidants effect in various in vitro and in vivo models. In present data on the pre-treatment of umbelliferone (30 mg/kg b.w.) for 16 weeks to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced hamsters provides protection on cellular integrity by observing the status of cell surface glycoconjugates in the circulation and buccal mucosa and cytokeratin immunoexpression in the buccal mucosa of experimental animals. Data presented in this article brief that umbelliferone exhibits potent to clear cell surface abnormalities in buccal tissues and circulation during carcinogenesis and restored the expression of cytokeratin effect against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, which is attributes to its inhibitory role on glycoprotein synthesis or on the activity of the glycosyltransferase. In an article associates with this data set given the relevance to the research article entitled "Dose responsive efficacy of umbelliferone on lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant, and xenobiotic metabolism in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced oral carcinogenesis" namely Vijayalakshmi and Sindhu, 2017 assessed 100% tumour formation in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene treated hamsters and oral administration of umbelliferone at a dose of 30 mg/kg b.w to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene treated hamsters prevents tumour incidence, restores the status of the biochemical markers in circulation and buccal mucosa and also dysregulation in the expression of molecular markers. Given the relevance to this article entitled "Berberine protects cellular integrity during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced oral carcinogenesis in golden Syrian hamsters" namely Sindhu and Manoharan 2010, which were based on spectrophotometry and florescence microscope analysis.