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Xie QY, Shu X, Liu T, Chen LL, Luo LP. Ethanol Extract of Propolis Attenuates Liver Lipid Metabolism Disorder in High-Fat Diet-Fed SAMP8 Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024:e2400297. [PMID: 39165040 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE The prevalence of high-fat diet (HFD) consumption is increasing among middle-aged and older adults, which accelerates the aging process of this population and is more likely to induce lipid metabolism disorders. But the alleviation of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on lipid metabolism disorders during aging remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS This study assesseed the impact of EEP intervention (200 mg kg-1 bw) on aging and lipid metabolism disorders in HFD-fed senescence accelerate mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. Findings indicate that EEP ameliorates hair luster degradation and weight gain, reduces systemic inflammation and metabolism levels, enhances hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, and improves the hepatic expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype and aging-related genes in HFD-fed SAMP8 mice. Histological staining demonstrates that EEP improves hepatic lipid deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration. Transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis reveal that EEP promotes fatty acid β-oxidation by activating PPAR pathway, resulting in reduced hepatic lipid deposition, and attenuates bile acid (BA) accumulation by improving BA metabolism, which were ensured through qPCR validation of key genes and immunoblot validation of key proteins. CONCLUSIONS : EEP can regulate lipid metabolic dysregulation during aging accompanied by an HFD, potentially delaying the onset and progression of age-related diseases. This provides new approach for supporting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Yuan Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xin Shu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Li-Ping Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
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2
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El-Hashash S, Gaballah WA, Faramawy AA, Rizk NI, Alsuwat MA, Alshehri MA, Sayed SM, Shukry M. Mitigating Acetaminophen-Induced Kidney Injury: The Protective Role of Grape Seed and Peanut Skin Extracts through the iNOS/CYP2E1 Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:35154-35169. [PMID: 39157129 PMCID: PMC11325491 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The rising number of acute kidney injury cases worldwide due to acetaminophen (APAP) emphasizes the critical need for effective prevention strategies to counteract APAP's detrimental effects. This study examined the kidney-protective capabilities of ethanolic extracts from grape seeds and peanut skins (GSEE and PSEE, respectively) in comparison with silymarin in rats that experienced an APAP overdose. The phenolic compounds in these extracts were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the experiment, Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups of 12. The Control group received 0.5 mL of saline via a gastric tube. Group II received acetaminophen (APAP, 640 mg/kg per day via a gastric tube) to induce renal injury, following Ucar et al. and Islam et al. Groups III, IV, and V received silymarin (50 mg/kg), grape seed extract (200 mg/kg), and peanut skin extract (200 mg/kg), respectively, along with 640 mg of APAP/kg per day for 21 days. Post APAP treatment, significant increases in serum urea and creatinine levels were noted, along with notable decreases in the percentage of body weight gain. Furthermore, there were increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the kidney tissues, including heightened mRNA expressions of renal iNOS and CYP2E1, which were confirmed through histological studies. The administration of GSEE, PSEE, and silymarin mitigated these adverse effects, likely due to their high phenolic content, which is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. GSEE, in particular, showed efficacy comparable to that of silymarin. Molecular docking studies revealed that APAP impeded critical enzymes essential for cellular antioxidant defense, whereas the bioactive compounds in the grape seed and peanut skin extracts effectively inhibited key enzymes and receptors involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that GSEE and PSEE could serve as viable alternative treatments for kidney damage induced by APAP. Further research to isolate and identify these effective compounds is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah
A. El-Hashash
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Nawag, Tanta City, P.O. Box 31732, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A. Gaballah
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Nawag, Tanta City, P.O. Box 31732, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Antar Faramawy
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Nawag, Tanta City, P.O. Box 31732, Egypt
| | - Nermin I. Rizk
- Medical
Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin
el Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Meshari A. Alsuwat
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Alshehri
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy M. Sayed
- Department
of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department
of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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3
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Sarkar B, Rana N, Singh C, Singh A. Medicinal herbal remedies in neurodegenerative diseases: an update on antioxidant potential. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5483-5511. [PMID: 38472370 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
It has been widely documented that medicinal herbal remedies are effective, have fewer side effects than conventional medicine, and have a synergistic effect on health collaborations in the fight against complicated diseases. Traditional treatments for neurological problems in ancient times sometimes involved the use of herbal remedies and conventional methods from East Asian countries including India, Japan, China, and Korea. We collected and reviewed studies on plant-derived neuroprotective drugs and tested them in neurotoxic models. Basic research, preclinical and clinical transgene research can benefit from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations. Research, summaries of the extracts, fractions, and herbal ingredients were compiled from popular scientific databases, which were then examined according to origin and bioactivity. Given the complex and varied causes of neurodegeneration, it may be beneficial to focus on multiple mechanisms of action and a neuroprotection approach. This approach aims to prevent cell death and restore function to damaged neurons, offering promising strategies for preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative illnesses can potentially be treated with natural compounds that have been identified as neuroprotective agents. To gain deeper insights into the neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective and therapeutic properties of naturally occurring antioxidant phytochemical compounds in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, this study aims to comprehensively review such compounds, focusing on their modulation of apoptotic markers such as caspase, Bax, Bcl-2, and proinflammatory markers. In addition, we delve into a range of efficacies of antioxidant phytochemical compounds as neuroprotective agents in animal models. They reduce the oxidative stress of the brain and have been shown to have anti-apoptotic effects. Many researches have demonstrated that plant extracts or bioactive compounds can fight neurodegenerative disorders. Herbal medications may offer neurodegenerative disease patients' new treatments. This may be a cheaper and more culturally appropriate alternative to standard drugs for millions of people with age-related NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Nitasha Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Distt. Tehri Garhwal, Srinagar, 249161, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India.
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4
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Scorza C, Goncalves V, Finsterer J, Scorza F, Fonseca F. Exploring the Prospective Role of Propolis in Modifying Aging Hallmarks. Cells 2024; 13:390. [PMID: 38474354 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging populations worldwide are placing age-related diseases at the forefront of the research agenda. The therapeutic potential of natural substances, especially propolis and its components, has led to these products being promising agents for alleviating several cellular and molecular-level changes associated with age-related diseases. With this in mind, scientists have introduced a contextual framework to guide future aging research, called the hallmarks of aging. This framework encompasses various mechanisms including genomic instability, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, impaired nutrient sensing, and altered intercellular communication. Propolis, with its rich array of bioactive compounds, functions as a potent functional food, modulating metabolism, gut microbiota, inflammation, and immune response, offering significant health benefits. Studies emphasize propolis' properties, such as antitumor, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects, as well as its ability to mitigate inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and pathogenic gut bacteria growth. This article underscores current scientific evidence supporting propolis' role in controlling molecular and cellular characteristics linked to aging and its hallmarks, hypothesizing its potential in geroscience research. The aim is to discover novel therapeutic strategies to improve health and quality of life in older individuals, addressing existing deficits and perspectives in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Valeria Goncalves
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | | | - Fúlvio Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fonseca
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André 09060-650, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema 09972-270, Brazil
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5
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Li J, Liu J, Zhang Y, Qiu H, Zheng J, Xue J, Jin J, Ni F, Zhang C, Chen C, Sun X, Wang H, Zhang D. Effects of paternal ionizing radiation exposure on fertility and offspring's health. Reprod Med Biol 2024; 23:e12567. [PMID: 38528990 PMCID: PMC10961711 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The intergenerational effects of ionizing radiation remain controversial. Extensive insights have been revealed for DNA mutations and cancer incidence in progeny, yet many of these results were obtained by immediate post-radiation mating. However, conception at short times after radiation exposure is likely to be avoided. After a long period of fertility recovery, whether unexposed sperm derived from exposed spermatogonia would challenge the health of the offspring is not yet clearly demonstrated. Methods Ten-week-old C57BL/6J males underwent whole-body acute γ irradiation at 0 and 6.4 Gy. Testes and sperm were collected at different times after radiation to examine reproductive changes. The reproductive, metabolic, and neurodevelopmental parameters were measured in the offspring of controls and the offspring derived from irradiated undifferentiated spermatogonia. Results Paternal fertility was lost after acute 6.4 Gy γ radiation and recovered at 10-11 weeks post irradiation in mice. The reproductive, metabolic, and neurodevelopmental health of offspring born to irradiated undifferentiated spermatogonia were comparable to those of controls. Conclusion The male mice could have healthy offspring after recovery from the damage caused by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Yanye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Hong Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell BiologyLife Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Junyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Jinglei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Jiani Jin
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Feida Ni
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Chunxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Chuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Huiquan Wang
- The School of Aeronautics and AstronauticsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
- Clinical Research Center on Birth Defect Prevention and Intervention of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouChina
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6
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Jiménez AG. Inflammaging in domestic dogs: basal level concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in serum of healthy dogs of different body sizes and ages. Biogerontology 2023:10.1007/s10522-023-10037-y. [PMID: 37195482 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammaging, a "hallmark of aging," refers to a chronic, progressive increase in the proinflammatory status of mammals as they age, and this phenotype has been associated with many age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, arthritis and cancer. Though, inflammaging research is common in humans, there is a lack of data for this process for the domestic dog. Here, serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in healthy dogs of different body sizes and ages were measured to determine whether inflammaging may play a mechanistic role in aging rates in dogs, similar to those found in humans. Using a four-way ANOVA, a significant decrease in IL-6 concentrations in young dogs with the rest of the age categories showing increased IL-6 concentrations was found, similar to humans. However, only young dogs have decreased IL-6 concentrations, with adult dogs having similar IL-6 concentrations to senior and geriatric dogs, implying differences in aging rates between humans and dogs. And, there was a marginally significant interaction between sex*spayed or neutered status and IL-1β concentrations with intact females having the lowest IL-1β concentrations compared with intact males, and spayed and neutered dogs. The presence of estrogen in intact females may, overall, decrease inflammatory pathways. This implies that age at spaying or neutering may be an important aspect to consider for inflammaging pathways in dogs. Furthermore, sterilized dogs often die of immune-related diseases, which could be linked to the increases in IL-1β in sterilized dogs found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabriela Jiménez
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA.
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7
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Xuan X, Zhang J, Fan J, Zhang S. Research progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in targeting inflammation and lipid metabolism disorder for arteriosclerosis intervention: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33748. [PMID: 37144986 PMCID: PMC10158879 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic disease caused by inflammation and lipid deposition. Immune cells are extensively activated in the lesions, producing excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines, which accompany the entire pathological process of AS. In addition, the accumulation of lipid-mediated lipoproteins under the arterial intima is a crucial event in the development of AS, leading to vascular inflammation. Improving lipid metabolism disorders and inhibiting inflammatory reactions are the primary treatment methods currently used in medical practice to delay AS progression. With the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), more mechanisms of action of the monomer of TCM, Chinese patent medicine, and compound prescription have been studied and explored. Research has shown that some Chinese medicines can participate in treating AS by targeting and improving lipid metabolism disorders and inhibiting inflammatory reactions. This review explores the research on Chinese herbal monomers, compound Chinese medicines, and formulae that improve lipid metabolism disorders and inhibit inflammatory reactions to provide new supplements for treating AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xuan
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jilin Fan
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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An S, Ko H, Jang H, Park IG, Ahn S, Hwang SY, Gong J, Oh S, Kwak SY, Lee Y, Kim H, Noh M. Prenylated Chrysin Derivatives as Partial PPARγ Agonists with Adiponectin Secretion-Inducing Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:425-431. [PMID: 37077388 PMCID: PMC10107909 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased circulating adiponectin levels are associated with an increased risk of human metabolic diseases. The chemical-mediated upregulation of adiponectin biosynthesis has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach to managing hypoadiponectinemia-associated diseases. In preliminary screening, the natural flavonoid chrysin (1) exhibited adiponectin secretion-inducing activity during adipogenesis in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). Here, we provide the 7-prenylated chrysin derivatives, chrysin 5-benzyl-7-prenylether compound 10 and chrysin 5,7-diprenylether compound 11, with the improved pharmacological profile compared with chrysin (1). Nuclear receptor binding and ligand-induced coactivator recruitment assays revealed that compounds 10 and 11 functioned as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ partial agonists. These findings were supported by molecular docking simulation, followed by experimental validation. Notably, compound 11 showed PPARγ binding affinity as potent as that of the PPARγ agonists pioglitazone and telmisartan. This study presents a novel PPARγ partial agonist pharmacophore and suggests that prenylated chrysin derivatives have therapeutic potential in various human diseases associated with hypoadiponectinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungchan An
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Ko
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjun Jang
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - In Guk Park
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Ahn
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Young Hwang
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junpyo Gong
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Oh
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kwak
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Lee
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsu Kim
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Natural
Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Yuvaraj S, Ajeeth AK, Puhari SSM, Abhishek A, Ramprasath T, Vasudevan V, Vignesh N, Selvam GS. Chrysin protects cardiac H9c2 cells against H 2O 2-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by up-regulating the Nrf2/PERK pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:539-553. [PMID: 35943656 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated cardiac apoptosis is an essential pathological process in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Chrysin (Chy) is a natural flavonoid that exerts several health benefits, particularly anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects. However, its protective effect against CVDs and its mechanism of action at a molecular level remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the interaction of ER stress response protein with Chy by computational analysis and molecular action in H2O2-induced oxidative and ER stress in cardiomyoblast cells. H9c2 cells were pre-treated with 50 μM of Chy for 24 h and exposed to H2O2 for 1 h. Explore the Chy-mediated Nrf2 signalling on ER stress reduction, H9c2 cell lines were transfected with Nrf2 siRNA for 48 h and further treated with Chy for 24 h and subjected to H2O2 for 1 h. Chy pre-treatment increased the Nrf2-regulated gene expression, reduced the ER stress signalling genes such as CHOP and GRP78, and increased the PERK and AFT6 expression compared to H2O2-treated cells. Chy preincubation down-regulated the expression of PI3K, NF-κB, and caspase-3. Fluorescence staining revealed that Chy reduced intracellular ROS generation, ER stress, apoptosis, and increased MMP. This beneficial effect of Chy was abolished when silencing Nrf2 in H9c2 cells. Overall, the present study confirmed that Chy showed the cardioprotective effect by attenuating ER stress via the activation of Nrf2 signalling. Therefore, the study concluded that improving Nrf2 signalling by Chy supplementation could provide a promising therapeutic target in oxidative and ER stress-mediated CVDs complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Yuvaraj
- Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Arumugam Kalaiselvi Ajeeth
- Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Shanavas Syed Mohamed Puhari
- Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Albert Abhishek
- Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Tharmarajan Ramprasath
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Varadaraj Vasudevan
- Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Narasimman Vignesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Govindan Sadasivam Selvam
- Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India.
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10
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Hassan R, Sabry D, Rabea AA. Assessment of Ultra-structure, Viability and Function of Lipopolysaccharides-Stimulated Human Dermal Fibroblasts Treated with Chrysin and Exosomes (In Vitro Study). Saudi Dent J 2022; 34:346-354. [PMID: 35814848 PMCID: PMC9263745 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulate production of inflammatory cytokines. Chrysin is flavonoid beneficial for treatment of inflammatory conditions. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) exosomes have regenerative ability in different tissues. Objective To assess potential role of chrysin and BM-MSC exosomes on ultra-structure, viability and function of human dermal fibroblasts-adult (HDFa) stimulated by LPS. Methods HDFa cells were divided into: Group I: Cells received no treatment. Group II: Cells were stimulated with LPS. Group III: LPS stimulated cells were treated with chrysin. Group IV: LPS stimulated cells were treated with exosomes. Results After 48 h, ultrastructural examination of HDFa cells in Group I revealed intact plasma membrane and numerous cytoplasmic organelles. Group II displayed destructed plasma membrane and apoptotic bodies. Group III showed intact plasma membrane with loss of its integrity at some areas. Group IV demonstrated intact plasma membrane that showed fusion with exosomes at some areas. Statistical analysis of MTT represented highest mean value of cell viability% in Group IV followed by Groups III, I and II respectively. Statistical analysis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed the highest mean value of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was in Group II followed by Groups III, IV and I, while highest mean values of interleukin-10 (IL-10), nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) proteins were in Group I, followed by Groups IV, III and II respectively. Conclusions LPS have harmful consequences on ultra-structure, viability and function of HDFa cells. BM-MSC exosomes have better regenerative action on inflamed fibroblasts in comparison to chrysin.
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11
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Soliman MM, Aldhahrani A, Gaber A, Alsanie WF, Mohamed WA, Metwally MMM, Elbadawy M, Shukry M. Ameliorative impacts of chrysin against gibberellic acid-induced liver and kidney damage through the regulation of antioxidants, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis biomarkers. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:235-244. [PMID: 35237428 PMCID: PMC8882807 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3), a widely known plant growth regulator, has been mostly used in agriculture. Little is known regarding its toxicity or the impact of its metabolic mechanism on human health. The current study examined the protective impact of chrysin against GA3-induced liver and kidney dysfunctions at biochemical, molecular, and histopathological levels. Forty male albino rats were allocated into 4 groups. The control group received saline; the chrysin group received 50 mg/kg/BW orally daily for 4 weeks; the GA3 group received 55 mg/kg/BW GA3 via daily oral gavage for 4 weeks, and the protective group (chrysin + GA3) was administered both chrysin and GA3 at the same dosage given in chrysin and GA3 groups. Chrysin was administered 1 h earlier than GA3. The GA3 induced liver and kidney injuries as proven by the elevation of hepatic and renal markers with a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels. Furthermore, a decrease of catalase and glutathione was reported in the GA3-administered rats. Pre-administration of chrysin significantly protected the hepatorenal tissue against the deleterious effects of GA3. Chrysin restored the hepatorenal functions and their antioxidant ability to normal levels. Moreover, chrysin modulated the hepatorenal toxic effects of GA3 at the molecular level via the upregulation of the antiapoptotic genes, interleukin-10 (IL-10), hemoxygenase-1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expressions; the downregulation of the kidney injury molecule-1 and caspase-3 mRNA expressions; and a decrease in IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α secretions. Additionally, the pre-administration of chrysin effectively attenuated the GA3-induced hepatorenal histopathological changes by regulating the immunoexpression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and pregnane X receptor, resulting in normal values at the cellular level. In conclusion, chrysin attenuated GA3-induced oxidative hepatorenal injury by inhibiting free-radical production and cytokine expression as well as by modulating the antioxidant, apoptotic, and antiapoptotic activities. Chrysin is a potent hepatorenal protective agent to antagonize oxidative stress induced by GA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Biomedical Sciences Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Center of Biomedical Sciences Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Abdou Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalioubiya 13736, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, P.O.Box 33516, Egypt
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13
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Shimada T, Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Sawai A, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Takenaka S. Oxidation of 3'-methoxyflavone, 4'-methoxyflavone, and 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone and their derivatives having 5,7-dihydroxyl moieties by human cytochromes P450 1B1 and 2A13. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:134-145. [PMID: 35387543 PMCID: PMC9896170 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2062486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of 3'-methoxyflavone, 4'-methoxyflavone, and 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone and their derivatives containing 5,7-dihydroxyl groups by human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 1B1 and 2A13 was determined using LC-MS/MS systems.3'-Methoxyflavone and 4'-methoxyflavone were mainly O-demethylated to form 3'-hydroxyflavone and 4'-hydroxyflavone, respectively, and then 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone at higher rates with CYP1B1 than with CYP2A13. 4'-Methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone (acacetin) was found to be demethylated by CYP1B1 and 2A13 to form 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone (apigenin) at rates of 0.098-1 and 0.42 min-1, respectively. 3'-Methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone was also demethylated by both P450s, with CYP2A13 being more active.3',4'-Dimethoxyflavone was a good substrate for CYP1B1 but not for CYP2A13 and was found to be mainly O-demethylated to form 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone (at a rate of 4.2 min-1) and also several ring-oxygenated products having m/z 299 fragments. Molecular docking analysis supported the proper orientation for formation of these products by CYP1B1.Our present results showed that 3'- and 4'-methoxyflavone can be oxidised to their O-demethylated products and, to a lesser extent, to ring oxidation products by both P450s 1B1 and 2A13 and that 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone is a good substrate for CYP1B1 in forming both O-demethylated and ring-oxidation products. Introduction of a 57diOHF moiety into these methoxylated flavonoids caused decreased in oxidation by CYP1B1 and 2A13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- Laboratory of Food Sanitation, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuki Sawai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
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Talebi M, Talebi M, Farkhondeh T, Simal-Gandara J, Kopustinskiene DM, Bernatoniene J, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Samarghandian S. Promising Protective Effects of Chrysin in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:458-470. [PMID: 34636295 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666211005113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) have a great burden in terms of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vicious cycle of CMD consists of type II diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and atherosclerosis interacting and feedbacking each other. The natural flavonoid chrysin has been displayed to own a broad spectrum of therapeutic impacts for human health. Herein, we did an in-depth investigation of the novel mechanisms of chrysin's cardioprotection against cardiometabolic disorder. Studies have shown that chrysin protects the cardiovascular system by enhancing the intrinsic antioxidative defense system. This antioxidant boost by chrysin protects against several risk factors of cardiometabolic disorders including atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation and dysfunction, platelet aggregation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiotoxicity, myocardial infarction, injury and remodeling, diabetes-induced injuries, and obesity. Chrysin also exhibited anti-inflammatory mechanisms through inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3k/Akt. Furthermore, chrysin modulated NO pathway, RAS system, AGE/RAGE pathway, PPARs pathway which contributed to the risk factors of cardiometabolic disorders. Taken together, the mechanisms in which chrysin protects against cardiometabolic disorder are more than merely antioxidation and anti-inflammation in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Talebi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381. Iran
| | - Mohsen Talebi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019. United States
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand. Iran
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense. Spain
| | - Dalia M Kopustinskiene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas. Lithuania
| | - Jurga Bernatoniene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas. Lithuania
| | | | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur. Iran
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Whelan LC, Geary M, Healy J. A Novel, Simple Rapid Reverse-Phase HPLC-DAD Analysis, for the Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Compounds and Abscisic Acid Commonly Found in Foodstuff and Beverages. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:648-654. [PMID: 34553229 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel, simple, rapid, 7-minute HPLC-DAD method for the determination of 10 phenolic compounds and abscisic acid commonly found in teas, wines, fruit and honey was successfully developed and validated according to the International Council of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. This reverse-phase (RP) HPLC-DAD method boasts rapid separation and excellent resolution while introducing green chemistry techniques. The Agilent 1200 series diode array detector SL coupled with a reverse-phase Advanced Materials Technology Halo C18 column (100 × 3.0 mm i.d., 2.7 μm) contributed to the rapid analyses. This, together with a 0.1% formic acid in water (v/v) and methanol mobile phase, a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and the utilization of a meticulous gradient elution resulted in a validated method for the determination of 10 phenolic compounds and abscisic acid commonly found in various foodstuffs. The resulting method proved to be rapid, accurate, precise and linear with sensitive detection limits from 0.025 μg/mL to 0.500 μg/mL and percentage recoveries of 98.07%-101.94%. Phenolic compounds have been acknowledged throughout literature for their therapeutic properties, interalia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiaging due to free radical scavenging potentials. However, resulting analysis, can be frequently complicated and long and very often discounts green chemistry techniques. The developed and validated method successfully and rapidly analyses, gallic acid, caffeic acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, rutin, myricetin, abscisic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and chrysin with excellent resolution and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Curtin Whelan
- Department of Applied Science, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish, Park, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
| | - Michael Geary
- Department of Applied Science, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish, Park, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
| | - Jim Healy
- Department of Applied Science, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish, Park, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
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Xue F, Li X, Qin L, Liu X, Li C, Adhikari B. Anti-aging properties of phytoconstituents and phyto-nanoemulsions and their application in managing aging-related diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113886. [PMID: 34314783 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is spontaneous and inevitable process in all living beings. It is a complex natural phenomenon that manifests as a gradual decline of physiological functions and homeostasis. Aging inevitably leads to age-associated injuries, diseases, and eventually death. The research on aging-associated diseases aimed at delaying, preventing or even reversing the aging process are of great significance for healthy aging and also for scientific progress. Numerous plant-derived compounds have anti-aging effects, but their therapeutic potential is limited due to their short shelf-life and low bioavailability. As the novel delivery system, nanoemulsion can effectively improve this defect. Nanoemulsions enhance the delivery of drugs to the target site, maintain the plasma concentration for a longer period, and minimize adverse reaction and side effects. This review describes the importance of nanoemulsions for the delivery of phyto-derived compounds and highlights the importance of nanoemulsions in the treatment of aging-related diseases. It also covers the methods of preparation, fate and safety of nanoemulsions, which will provide valuable information for the development of new strategies in treatment of aging-related diseases.
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AL-Ishaq RK, Liskova A, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Enzymatic Metabolism of Flavonoids by Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Gastrointestinal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3934. [PMID: 34439088 PMCID: PMC8394324 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a prevalent global health disease with a massive burden on health care providers. Internal and external factors such as obesity, smoking, diet (red meat), low socioeconomic status and infection with Helicobacter pylori are the critical risk factors of GI cancers. Flavonoids are natural phenolic compounds found abundantly in fruits and vegetables. Upon ingestion, 90% of flavonoids consumed require further enzymatic metabolism by the gut microbiome to enhance their bioavailability and absorption. Several epidemiological studies reported that consumption of flavonoids and their enzymatic conversion by gut microbes is strongly associated with the reduced risk of GI cancer development. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the enzymatic conversion of flavonoids by the human gut microbiome. It also addresses the underlying anti-GI cancer effects on metabolic pathways such as apoptosis and cellular proliferation. Overall, metabolites produced from flavonoid's enzymatic conversion illustrate anti-GI cancer effects, but the mechanisms of action need further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
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18
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Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Kim V, Kim D, Komori M, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Roles of cytochrome P450 2A6 in the oxidation of flavone, 4'-hydroxyflavone, and 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones by human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:995-1009. [PMID: 34224301 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1950866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nine forms of recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes were used to study roles of individual P450 enzymes in the oxidation of flavone and some other flavonoids, 4'-hydroxyflavone and 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones, by human liver microsomes using LC-MS/MS analysis.As has been reported previously , 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones were preferentially O-demethylated by human liver P450 enzymes to form 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-hydroxylated flavones and also 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone from the former two substrates.In comparisons of product formation by oxidation of these methoxylated flavones, CYP2A6 was found to be a major enzyme catalysing flavone 4'- and 3'-hydroxylations by human liver microsomes but did not play significant roles in 2'-hydroxylation of flavone, O-demethylations of three methoxylated flavones, and the oxidation of 4'-hydroxyflavone to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone.The effects of anti-CYP2A6 IgG and chemical P450 inhibitors suggested that different P450 enzymes, as well as CYP2A6, catalysed oxidation of these flavonoids at different positions by liver microsomes.These studies suggest that CYP2A6 catalyses flavone 4'- and 3'-hydroxylations in human liver microsomes and that other P450 enzymes have different roles in oxidizing these flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Laboratory of Food Sanitation, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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Samini M, Farkhondeh T, Azimi-Nezhad M, Samarghandian S. Chrysin's Impact on Oxidative and Inflammation Damages in the Liver of Aged Male Rats. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:743-748. [PMID: 32679027 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200717162304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of chrysin on one of the natural antioxidants on aging progression in an animal model. BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation increase in hepatic tissue during aging, leading to liver dysfunction. OBJECTIVE The current research was conducted to show the effect of chrysin on the activities of antioxidant enzyme (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), serum nitric oxide (NO), and lipid peroxidation as well as inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) of aging rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats of different ages, 2, 10, and 20 months, were randomly divided into six groups as follows (n=8, per each group): young control rats (C2), young CH-treated rats (CH2), middle- aged control rats (C10), middle-aged CH-treated group (CH10), aged control group (C20), and aged CH-treated group (CH20). Chrysin (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once a day for 30 days. RESULT Present findings indicated that chrysin treatment ameliorated the increased liver levels of lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, and IL-1β as well as serum levels of NO. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that chrysin could be effective against the progression of ageinduced damage by modulation of oxidant-antioxidant system and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samini
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Abedi F, Ghasemi S, Farkhondeh T, Azimi-Nezhad M, Shakibaei M, Samarghandian S. Possible Potential Effects of Honey and Its Main Components Against Covid-19 Infection. Dose Response 2021; 19:1559325820982423. [PMID: 33867892 PMCID: PMC8020257 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820982423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pneumonia that is spreading rapidly worldwide. The main feature of this disease is a severe acute respiratory syndrome and caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are several unknowns about the pathogenesis and therapeutically treatment of COVID-19 infection. In addition, available treatment protocols have not been effective in managing COVID-19 infection. It is proposed that natural anti-oxidants such as lemon, green tea, saffron, curcuma longa, etc. with high flavonoids like safranal, crocin, crocetin, catechins, resveratrol, calebin A, curcumin have therapeutic potential against viral infections. In this context, honey and its main components are being investigated as an option for patients with COVID-19. The present study may indicate that honey and its main components inhibit the entry of the virus into the host cell and its replication as well as modulate the inflammatory cascade. This review provides basic information for the possible potential effects of honey and its main components for fighting with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Abedi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ghasemi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- UMR INSERM U 1122, IGE-PCV, Interactions Gène-Environment En Physiopathologie Cardiovascular Université De Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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21
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Talebi M, Talebi M, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Molecular mechanism-based therapeutic properties of honey. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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22
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Liu B, Yin X, Wei H, Wang Z, Tang H, Qiu Y, Hao Y, Zhang X, Bi H, Guo D. Quantitative proteomic analysis of rat retina with experimental autoimmune uveitis based on tandem mass tag (TMT) peptide labeling coupled with LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1153:122293. [PMID: 32750637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a recurrent, inflammatory eye disease that occurs in the retina, iris, ciliary body and choroid. Currently, the detailed mechanism is still unclear. Proteomics can offer a powerful set of tools for the direct high-throughput study and a key contribution to the understanding of protein functions. This approach can also allow us to compare the protein profiling of the cells in healthy and diseased states that can be used to identify proteins associated with disease development and progression. In the present study, we first established an autoimmune uveitis (EAU) rat model. On day 12 after immunization, we isolated the rat retinas from both normal and EAU animals to collect total proteins. Using tandem mass tag (TMT) peptide labeling coupled with LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics technique, we identified the differentially expressed proteins in EAU rat retinas, performed bioinformatics analyses, validated the expression of the COX1, NADH1, C3, and C9 proteins, and determined the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The results indicated that there were 190 upregulated and 103 downregulated proteins in EAU rat retinas. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in acute inflammatory response, visual perception and eye photoreceptor cell differentiation that were mainly related to complement and coagulation cascades, phagosome, PI3K-Akt signaling, and metabolic pathways. In conclusion, based on the TMT-based quantitative proteomics technique, the differentially expressed proteins in EAU rat retinas were mainly associated with complement and coagulation cascades and metabolic pathways. Our findings will facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis of uveitis and will be useful for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China; Linyi People's Hospital, No. 27#, Jiefang Road, Linyi 276005, China
| | - Xuewei Yin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Huixia Wei
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zaozhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zaozhuang 277000, China
| | - Hongying Tang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yixian Hao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, China; Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, China; Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, China.
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Song Y, Wu W, Sheng L, Jiang B, Li X, Cai K. Chrysin ameliorates hepatic steatosis induced by a diet deficient in methionine and choline by inducing the secretion of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α-dependent very low-density lipoprotein. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22497. [PMID: 32220030 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of chrysin (CHR) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. The NAFLD mouse model was established using a diet deficient in methionine and choline (MCD). CHR was shown to attenuate MCD-induced hepatic fat accumulation, increase very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and decrease hepatic oxidative stress in NAFLD mice. Inhibition of oxidative stress or direct suppression of protein kinase C (PKC) by CHR significantly reduced PKC activity in the liver, leading to a decrease in inhibitory phosphorylation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). The resulting activation of HNF4α led to induced transcription of apolipoprotein B and VLDL secretion. Together, these results show that CHR effectively ameliorates MCD-induced fatty liver in NAFLD mice by targeting the hepatic oxidative stress/PKC/HNF4α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Wangfei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Bijie Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keshu Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Effects of Propolis Extract and Propolis-Derived Compounds on Obesity and Diabetes: Knowledge from Cellular and Animal Models. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234394. [PMID: 31805752 PMCID: PMC6930477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a natural product resulting from the mixing of bee secretions with botanical exudates. Since propolis is rich in flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives, the application of propolis extracts has been tried in therapies against cancer, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. As metabolic diseases develop relatively slowly in patients, the therapeutic effects of propolis in humans should be evaluated over long periods of time. Moreover, several factors such as medical history, genetic inheritance, and living environment should be taken into consideration in human studies. Animal models, especially mice and rats, have some advantages, as genetic and microbiological variables can be controlled. On the other hand, cellular models allow the investigation of detailed molecular events evoked by propolis and derivative compounds. Taking advantage of animal and cellular models, accumulating evidence suggests that propolis extracts have therapeutic effects on obesity by controlling adipogenesis, adipokine secretion, food intake, and energy expenditure. Studies in animal and cellular models have also indicated that propolis modulates oxidative stress, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and adipose tissue inflammation, all of which contribute to insulin resistance or defects in insulin secretion. Consequently, propolis treatment may mitigate diabetic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review describes the beneficial effects of propolis on metabolic disorders.
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Chrysin mitigated obesity by regulating energy intake and expenditure in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 10:577-585. [PMID: 33134134 PMCID: PMC7588347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Chrysin is a flavonoid found in plant extracts from Passiflora species, honey and propolis. It has demonstrated anti-adipogenic activity in vitro but there are no studies substantiating the anti-obesity activity of chrysin in vivo. Experimental procedure The pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory potential of chrysin was determined by preliminary in silico screening and further confirmed by in vitro PL inhibitory assay and oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). The effect of chrysin on acute feed intake and sucrose preference test was determined in normal rats. Obesity was induced by feeding of high fructose diet (HFD) to the rats. The rats were divided into six groups: normal control, HFD control, orlistat and three doses of chrysin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight). Body weight, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference/thoracic circumference (AC/TC) ratio, calorie intake, adiposity index, fecal cholesterol, locomotor activity and histopathology of the adipose tissue of the rats were evaluated. Results Chrysin showed good affinity to PL with competitive type of inhibition. It significantly reduced serum triglycerides in OFTT. Chrysin also significantly reduced acute feed intake and sucrose preference in rats. Chrysin significantly decreased the body weight, BMI, AC/TC ratio, adiposity index, calorie intake while it significantly increased the fecal cholesterol and locomotor activity of the rats. Chrysin was found to reduce the size of the adipocytes when compared to the HFD control group. Conclusion Thus, chrysin exerted anti-obesity effect by inhibiting PL, reducing sucrose preference, reducing calorie intake and increasing the locomotor activity of rats.
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Key Words
- AC/TC, ratio-abdominal circumference to thoracic circumference ratio
- AUC, area under the curve
- Adipose tissue
- BMI, body mass index
- C100, chrysin 100 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- C25, chrysin 25 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- C50, chrysin 50 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- GLP, 1-glucagon like peptide 1
- HFD, high fructose diet
- Locomotion
- NC, normal control
- OFTT, oral fat tolerance test
- Orli, orlistat
- PL, pancreatic lipase
- Pancreatic lipase
- SEM, standard error of mean
- Sucrose preference
- TG, triglycerides
- VC, vehicle control
- p-NPP, p-nitrophenyl palmitate
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Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Tsujino M, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Lim YR, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Oxidation of Flavone, 5-Hydroxyflavone, and 5,7-Dihydroxyflavone to Mono-, Di-, and Tri-Hydroxyflavones by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1268-1280. [PMID: 30964977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active plant flavonoids, including 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (57diOHF, chrysin), 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone (4'57triOHF, apigenin), and 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone (567triOHF, baicalein), have important pharmacological and toxicological significance, e.g., antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antitumorgenic properties. In order to better understand the metabolism of these flavonoids in humans, we examined the oxidation of flavone, 5-hydroxyflavone (5OHF), and 57diOHF to various products by human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) and liver microsomal enzymes. Individual human P450s and liver microsomes oxidized flavone to 6-hydroxyflavone, small amounts of 5OHF, and 11 other monohydroxylated products at different rates and also produced several dihydroxylated products (including 57diOHF and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone) from flavone. We also found that 5OHF was oxidized by several P450 enzymes and human liver microsomes to 57diOHF and further to 567triOHF, but the turnover rates in these reactions were low. Interestingly, both CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 converted 57diOHF to 567triOHF at turnover rates (on the basis of P450 contents) of >3.0 min-1, and CYP1A1 and 1A2 produced 567triOHF at rates of 0.51 and 0.72 min-1, respectively. CYP2A13 and 2A6 catalyzed the oxidation of 57diOHF to 4'57triOHF at rates of 0.7 and 0.1 min-1, respectively. Our present results show that different P450s have individual roles in oxidizing these phytochemical flavonoids and that these reactions may cause changes in their biological and toxicological properties in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Masaki Tsujino
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , 3-7-30 , Habikino , Osaka 583-8555 , Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
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