Salvadora persica attenuates DMBA-induced mammary cancer through downregulation oxidative stress, estrogen receptor expression and proliferation and augmenting apoptosis

Skimmianine Modulates Tumor Proliferation and Immune Dynamics in Breast Cancer by Targeting PCNA and TNF-α

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer continues to be a major global health challenge, driving the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. This study evaluates the anticancer and immunomodulatory potential of skimmianine in breast cancer through a comprehensive approach, integrating biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and bioinformatics analyses. Methods: Thirty-six female Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer, and DMBA + skimmianine (n = 12/group). Breast cancer was induced with a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg DMBA in sesame oil. After 16 weeks, skimmianine (40 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for four weeks. Serum CA15-3 levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological assessment was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated immunohistochemically. Pathway and hub gene analyses were performed using Cytoscape, functional annotation with Enrichr, and immune analyses via the Tumor and Immune System Interaction Database (TISIDB) and Sangerbox. Results: The tumor burden in the animals increased after DMBA induction compared to the control groups (0.00 ± 0.00% vs. 89.00 ± 6.60%, respectively, p < 0.001), while skimmianine treatment significantly reduced the tumor burden in the animals (49.00 ± 9.40%, vs. DMBA group, p = 0.191). Histopathological analysis showed DMBA-induced structural disorganization and malignant clustering, whereas skimmianine preserved ductal structures and mitigated the damage. Compared to the control group, DMBA administration markedly elevated serum CA15-3 levels (0.23 ± 0.06 ng/mL vs. 8.57 ± 1.01 ng/mL, respectively), along with PCNA (13.0 ± 3.0% vs. 25.0 ± 4.0%, respectively) and TNF-α (8.4 ± 1.7% vs. 34.0 ± 5.3%, respectively) expression, indicating active tumor progression. Skimmianine treatment significantly reduced CA15-3 (3.72 ± 0.58 ng/mL), PCNA (20.0 ± 4.1%), and TNF-α (25.0 ± 3.9%) levels (p < 0.001). In silico analyses indicated skimmianine's effects on PCNA influence cell cycle pathways, while TNF-α suppression impacts toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling (adjusted p < 0.05). PCNA- and TNF-α-related anticancer effects were especially notable in basal molecular and C2 immune subtypes (p < 0.05). Related hub proteins may regulate immune dynamics by reducing immunosuppression and tumor-promoting inflammation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Skimmianine shows promise as a breast cancer therapy by simultaneously targeting tumor growth and immune regulation, with PCNA and TNF-α identified as potential key players.

Dual ligand functionalized pH-sensitive liposomes for metastatic breast cancer treatment: in vitro and in vivo assessment

This research demonstrates the design and development of a novel dual-targeting, pH-sensitive liposomal (pSL) formulation of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), i.e., (5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL) to manage breast cancer (BC). The motivation to explore this formulation is to overcome the challenges of systemic toxicity and non-specific targeting of 5-FU, a conventional chemotherapeutic agent. The proposed formulation also combines folic acid (FA) and iRGD peptides as targeting ligands to enhance tumor cell specificity and penetration, while the pH-sensitive liposomes ensure the controlled drug release in the acidic tumor microenvironment. The physicochemical characterization revealed that 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL possesses optimal size, low polydispersity index, and favorable zeta potential, enhancing its stability and targeting capabilities. In vitro studies demonstrated significantly enhanced cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and inhibition of cell migration in MCF-7 BC cells compared to free 5-FU and non-targeted liposomal formulations. DAPI staining revealed significant apoptotic features, including chromatin condensation (CC) and nuclear fragmentation (NF), with 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL inducing more pronounced apoptosis compared to 5-FU-pSL. Furthermore, in vivo analysis in a BC rat model showed superior anti-tumor efficacy, reduced systemic toxicity, and improved safety profile of the 5-FU-iRGD-FA-pSL formulation. This dual-targeting pSL system presents a promising approach for enhancing the therapeutic index of 5-FU, offering a potential strategy for more effective BC treatment.

Nano-spanlastics-loaded dissolving microneedle patches for ketotifen fumarate: advanced strategies for allergic conjunctivitis treatment and molecular insights

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is the most common inflammatory disease affecting the eye's ocular surface, lid, conjunctiva, and cornea. However, effective ocular drug delivery remains challenging due to physiological barriers such as the corneal barrier. Ketotifen (KF), a widely used antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer, for treating AC and atopic asthma but belongs to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS II) have poor solubility. This study developed a multiple strategies approach for the first time, utilizing the spanlastics nano-vesicular carriers' system (SP) containing KF using an ethanol injection method. The optimized KF-SP exhibited the smallest particle size, largest zeta-potential and entrapment efficiency ∼232.5 ± 1.9 nm, -28 ± 0.51 and 73 ± 0.02%, respectively were further incorporated into PVA/PVP polymeric dissolving microneedles (MNs) by using a micromolding technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed well-defined tips and morphology, and in vitro studies showed a controlled 93% cumulative release over 72 h, with a zero-order kinetic release profile, providing stable therapeutic levels. Pharmacodynamic evaluation using the Ovalbumin/Aluminium hydroxide-induced AC model demonstrated significant reductions in IgE, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels by 68.7%, 71.3%, and 67.6%, respectively, while TGF-β and IL-10 levels increased by 70.1% and 62.7% using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Gene expression analysis (IGF-1, Annexin A1, and Bcl2) further supported the therapeutic potential of this system. In this study, we proved the topical application of the multiple strategies approach KF-SP loaded PVA/PVP MNs patch offers a targeted, sustained release treatment for AC, with promising implications for prolonged ocular therapy.

Chitosan-Functionalized Fluorescent Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticle Loaded with Methotrexate: Future Theranostics for Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Herein, fluorescent calcium carbonate nanoclusters encapsulated with methotrexate (Mtx) and surface functionalized with chitosan (25 nm) (@Calmat) have been developed for the imaging and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). These biocompatible, pH-sensitive nanoparticles demonstrate significant potential for targeted therapy and diagnostic applications. The efficacy of nanoparticles (NPs) was evaluated in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell lines. The enhanced permeability and retention effect facilitated the accumulation of NPs, in tumor-bearing rats, as confirmed by in vivo fluorescence imaging. Treatment with @Calmat resulted in a marked reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, with levels of IL-6 (1225 ± 67 pg/mL), IL-1β (379 ± 69 pg/mL), and TNF-α (14.1 ± 2 pg/mL), in contrast to the diseased control group (IL-6: 2223 ± 99; IL-1β: 1632 ± 90; TNF-α: 40 ± 3 pg/mL). A similar trend was observed for liver and kidney function biomarkers. Mechanistic studies revealed that @Calmat treatment activates the Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and subsequent late-phase apoptosis. As a result, the tumor inhibition rate reached 88%, with 80% of treated rats surviving beyond 100 days. These findings highlight the strong potential of @Calmat as a dual-function theranostic agent for the management of TNBC.

Chemopreventive effect of Pistacia vera leaf extract against mammary carcinoma induced by dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene in vivo and in vitro: Potential role of antioxidant, antiinflammatory and immune mechanisms

This study aimed to define the antitumor effect of ethanolic extract of Pistacia vera leaves (PEE) toward breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo using dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast tumor in adult female rats. PEE showed a potent antioxidant effect toward both DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radicals with IC50 values of 72.6 and 107.4 μg/mL, respectively. PEE exerted its cytotoxicity in dose-dependent manners with favorable selectivity toward MCF-7 and MDA cancer cells, sparing normal WI-38 cells. Through considerable decreases in blood CA15.3, CEA, CA19.9, TNF-α, IL1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 levels, as well as mammary MDA and NO levels, PEE administration effectively improved the damage caused by breast cancer. Additionally, PEE exhibited remarkable increasing in mammary GSH content, GPx, SOD and CAT activities. The histopathological findings demonstrated the therapeutic potential of PEE that successfully improved the mammary gland alterations induced by DMBA and aborted cancer development. PEE has shown intriguing potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drug by targeting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators, which has helped to successfully treat malignancies in clinical settings. Collectively, our findings support chemo-preventive potential of PEE against DMBA-induced breast tumor in rats via enhancing apoptosis and immune response.

Chitosan Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Alstonia venenata R.Br. Root Methanolic Extract: A Promising Strategy for Breast Cancer Therapy in DMBA-Induced Breast Cancer in Sprague Dawley Rats

Alstonia venenata R.Br., a plant native to the Western Ghats, is recognized for its diverse medicinal properties. The plant's extracts, particularly rich in alkaloids and other bioactive compounds, have shown potential anticancer activity. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with the root methanolic extract (RME) of A. venenata in combating breast cancer induced by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in female Sprague Dawley rats. The RME-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (RME-EnCNPs) were synthesized and characterized, and their in vivo efficacy was evaluated. Treatment with RME-EnCNPs significantly inhibited tumor progression, which is evidenced by reduced tumor volume, burden, and incidence. Moreover, the nanoparticles demonstrated a sustained release of the active compounds, leading to marked improvements in various biochemical, enzymatic, and histopathological parameters. The study found that both RME and RME-EnCNPs effectively suppressed tumor growth, with RME-EnCNPs showing superior efficacy in modulating tumor progression. Antioxidant assays revealed that treatment with RME-EnCNPs (500 mg/kg) resulted in significant increases in total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels, alongside a marked reduction in lipid peroxidation (LPO) (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that RME-EnCNPs exert a potent antioxidant effect, mitigating oxidative stress within the tumor microenvironment. The root extract of A. venenata and its nanoparticle formulation hold promise as a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer, warranting further investigation to isolate active bioactive compounds and elucidate their mechanisms of action.

Enhancing Photothermal Therapy for Antibiofilm Wound Healing: Insights from Graphene Oxide-Cranberry Nanosheet Loaded Hydrogel in vitro, in silico, and in vivo Evaluation

Background

Diabetic foot ulcers present a formidable challenge due to colonization by biofilm-forming microorganisms, heightened oxidative stress, and continuous wound maceration caused by excessive exudation.

Methods

To address these issues, we developed a robust, stretchable, electro-conductive, self-healing, antioxidant, and antibiofilm hydrogel. This hydrogel was synthesized through the crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CH) with boric acid. To enhance its antimicrobial efficacy, graphene oxide (GO), produced via electrochemical exfoliation in a zinc ion-based electrolyte medium, was incorporated. For optimal antibiofilm performance, GO was functionalized with cranberry (CR) phenolic extracts, forming a graphene oxide-cranberry nanohybrid (GO-CR).

Results

The incorporation of GO-CR into the hydrogel significantly improved its stretchability (280% for PVA/CH/GO-CR compared to 200% for PVA/CH). Additionally, the hydrogel demonstrated efficient photothermal conversion under near-infrared (NIR) light, enabling dynamic exudate removal, which is expected to minimize retained exudate between the wound and the dressing, reducing the risk of wound maceration. The hydrogel effectively reduced levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced skin inflammation markers, significantly lowering the expression of NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β by 39.2%, 31.9%, 41%, and 52.3%, respectively. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses further confirmed reduced inflammation and enhanced wound healing.

Conclusion

The PVA/CH/GO-CR hydrogel exhibits multifunctional properties that enhance wound healing ulcers. Its superior mechanical, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties and ability to promote angiogenesis make it a promising candidate for effective wound management in diabetic patients.

Tiron enhances the anti-cancer activity of doxorubicin in DMBA-induced breast cancer: Role of Notch signaling/apoptosis/autophagy/oxidative stress

Existing work intended to investigate the outcomes of the localized mitochondrial antioxidant tiron (TR) alone or in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats and the mechanistic pathways behind these effects. Also, to examine the preventive role of TR against DOX-related cardiotoxicity. 64 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 8 groups: CTRL, DOX, TR, DMBA, DMBA + DOX, DMBA + TR100, DMBA + TR200, and DMBA + DOX + TR200. Rats received TR (100 and 200 mg/kg), DOX (2mg/kg), and DMBA (7.5 mg/kg) for four consecutive weeks. TR alone or combined with DOX not only inhibited oxidative status-related parameters and Notch pathway proteins but also attenuated proliferation markers, and enhanced apoptosis, and autophagy-related genes. Consistently, the histopathological analysis showed better scores in mammary tissues isolated from groups treated with TR only or combined with DOX. Additionally, TR dramatically decreased relative heart weight, myocardial injury biomarkers, and heart oxidative stress parameters while maintaining the myocardial histological integrity. Here we provided evidence that TR acts via modulating Notch signaling/apoptosis/autophagy/oxidative stress to elicit anti-tumor activity and combination with DOX revealed a higher efficacy as a novel anticancer strategy. Moreover, TR could be a potential cardio-protective candidate during DOX-chemotherapy, possibly via its antioxidant activity.

A novel quinazoline derivative exhibits potent anticancer cytotoxicity via apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis in DMBA-induced mammary gland carcinoma

Mammary gland carcinoma is one of the most prevalent and deadly diseases among women globally. It is a type of solid malignant tumor. In this malignant tumor, the microenvironment becomes hypoxic in rapidly proliferating cancer cells. These cells undergo adaptive changes through the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) which is regulated by factor inhibiting HIF-1α (FIH-1). Considering this, we hypothesized that the chemical activation of FIH-1 would inhibit the hypoxic activity of HIF-1α in mammary gland carcinoma. A library of 67,609 chemical compounds was virtually screened against FIH-1 based on Lipinski's rule from the ZINC database. The BBAP-8 has been selected based on an excellent docking score (-8.352 Kcal/mol), favorable ADMET, and potential FIH-1 activator profile. Further, its in-vitro cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity were scrutinized against MCF-7 cells and in-vivo activity against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary gland carcinoma in Wistar rats. It exhibited significant cytotoxicity (IC50 = 16.59 ± 0.49 μM) and activated apoptosis when scrutinized through DAPI, AO/EB, and JC-1 staining. Also, oral administration of BBAP-8 restored hemodynamic changes, normalized tissue architecture, and corrected metabolic abnormalities. The western blot analysis and mRNA expression analysis validated that BBAP-8 has the potential to activate FIH-1 with the downregulation of GLUT-1, VEGF, and Twist-1. Moreover, BBAP-8 fostered apoptosis, when evaluated through BCL-2, BAX, Caspase-8, and Caspase-3. Based on research findings, this implies that BBAP-8 activates FIH-1 and can be effective in chemotherapeutic treatment of mammary gland carcinoma.

Sustainable Fabrication of Luminescent Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles From Cucumis melo Fruit Peel Extract as Prospective Photocatalytic and Antigermicidal Agent

The focus of current advances in nanotechnology has shifted significantly towards environmentally conscious methods that use harmless ingredients and moderated reaction circumstances to promote equitable development. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) currently grabbed attention of multiple medical fields owing to their unique ability to safeguard against cellular damage and alleviate serious human diseases via processes related to metabolism. This work focused on the generation of ZnO NPs using the peel of Cucumis melo fruit. The NPs were then analyzed and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results indicated that at a wavelength of 352 nm, it was proven that the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs had occurred. The XRD pattern indicated the presence of dense crystal structures. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) picture confirmed the existence of polygonal-shaped ZnO NPs. The findings indicate that the produced ZnO NPs possess tough antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. When the ZnO NPs were exposed to direct sunshine for 80 min, they showed an 89% dye breakdown efficiency. This research specifically focused on the decomposition of reactivity dyes, with methylene blue dye being used as the target dye. The work demonstrates that the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs has a crucial and versatile role in the biological and environmental sectors.

Intranasal bilosomes in thermosensitive hydrogel: advancing desvenlafaxine succinate delivery for depression management

Depression, the second biggest cause of disability worldwide, is widespread. Many antidepressant medications, including Desvenlafaxine Succinate (D.V.S.), function by elevating neurotransmitter levels at the synapse through the inhibition of reabsorption by neurons. However, the effectiveness of these treatments is often limited by their inability to reach the brain using conventional administration methods. Bilosome-stabilized nanovesicles containing bile salts have drawn much interest because of their adaptability and versatility in various applications. This study aimed to address this issue by formulating intranasal bilosomes incorporated into a mucoadhesive in situ gel to deliver D.V.S. directly to the brain for depression treatment. The desvenlafaxine-loaded bilosomes were developed using a thin film hydration method based on the l-optimal design. They were intended to provide a more convenient route of administration for antidepressants, enhancing bioavailability and brain targeting through intranasal delivery. The study assessed the optimized bilosomes for particle size (311.21 ± 0.42 nm), Zeta potential (-37.35 ± 0.43)and encapsulation efficiency (99.53 ± 0.41%) and further evaluated them in ex vivo and in vivo pharmacokinetics studies. Pharmacokinetic data reveal enhanced brain uptake compared to a free drug. A statistically optimized bilosome formulation was determined. The intranasal administration of mucoadhesive in situ gel containing desvenlafaxine succinate-loaded bilosomes facilitated direct nose-to-brain drug delivery, improving brain bioavailability.

Proteomics analysis of carcinogenesis in a rat model of mammary cancer induced by DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene)

Background: Mammary cancer, called breast cancer in humans, results from the abnormal growth of cells in the mammary glands that attack the surrounding tissue. The process of carcinogenesis at the molecular level can be monitored through the production of proteins as biomarkers for carcinogenesis. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is a known carcinogenic compound. This study aimed to analyze the proteomic profile as critical data regarding DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in Sprague‒Dawley rats. Methods: Experimental animals were divided into two groups: a treatment group given DMBA at a dose of 10 mg/kg (intramammary) at intervals of 48 hours for a total of 10 doses, and a negative control group that was not given any treatment. Measurement of the total protein concentration was carried out using a spectrophotometer, and the data were analyzed using a t-test, while the characterization of protein profiles was carried out based on molecular weight data using SDS‒PAGE. Mammary gland histopathology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results: The results showed a significant (p<0.05) increase of 27% in the total protein concentration in the rat mammary cancer model. The results of proteomic characterization showed a protein profile containing proteins of 187, 169, 68, 64, 53, 41, 24, 18, and 14 kDa, which were suspected to be HER-2, Nischarin, COX-2, Albumine, Vimentin, ACTB, TNF, p16, and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), respectively. Histopathology of the mammary glands showed an irregular and indistinct arrangement of the alveoli and extensive epithelial cell proliferation from the surface to the lumen of the mammary ducts, and the mammary stroma showed the formation of new epithelial cells, which were cancer cells that spread to surrounding tissue. Conclusions: The proteomic profile was strongly associated with morphological alterations in mammary carcinogenesis in a rat model of DMBA-induced mammary cancer.

Combining In Vitro, In Vivo, and Network Pharmacology Assays to Identify Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Spirulina-Derived Biomolecules against Breast Cancer

The current research employed an animal model of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis. The estrogen receptor-positive human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) was used for in vitro analysis. This was combined with a network pharmacology-based approach to assess the anticancer properties of Spirulina (SP) extract and understand its molecular mechanisms. The results showed that the administration of 1 g/kg of SP increased the antioxidant activity by raising levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while decreasing the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl. A histological examination revealed reduced tumor occurrence, decreased estrogen receptor expression, suppressed cell proliferation, and promoted apoptosis in SP protected animals. In addition, SP disrupted the G2/M phase of the MCF-7 cell cycle, inducing apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. It also enhanced intrinsic apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by upregulating cytochrome c, Bax, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-7 proteins, while downregulating Bcl-2 production. The main compounds identified in the LC-MS/MS study of SP were 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives of cinnamic acid, hinokinin, valeric acid, and α-linolenic acid. These substances specifically targeted three important proteins: ERK1/2 MAPK, PI3K-protein kinase B (AKT), and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Network analysis and molecular docking indicated a significant binding affinity between SP and these proteins. This was verified by Western blot analysis that revealed decreased protein levels of p-EGFR, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKT following SP administration. SP was finally reported to suppress MCF-7 cell growth and induce apoptosis by modulating the PI3K/AKT/EGFR and MAPK signaling pathways suggesting EGFR as a potential target of SP in breast cancer (BC) treatment.

Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Clindamycin Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles Loaded with Polyurethane Nanofibrous Scaffolds for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris, a prevalent skin condition, arises from an imbalance in skin flora, fostering bacterial overgrowth. Addressing this issue, clindamycin molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles (Clin-MIP) loaded onto polyurethane nanofiber scaffolds were developed for acne treatment. Clin-MIP was synthesized via precipitation polymerization using methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as functional monomers, crosslinkers, and free-radical initiators, respectively. MIP characterization utilized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before being incorporated into polyurethane nanofibers through electrospinning. Further analysis involved FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release studies, and an ex vivo study. Clin-MIP showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.39 and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. It significantly dropped the bacterial count from 1 × 108 to 39 × 101 CFU/mL in vivo and has bactericidal activity within 180 min of incubation in vitro. The pharmacodynamic and histopathology studies revealed a significant decrease in infected animal skin inflammation, epidermal hypertrophy, and congestion upon treatment with Clin-MIP polyurethane nanofiber and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) conducive to acne healing. Consequently, the recently created Clin-MIP polyurethane nanofibrous scaffold. This innovative approach offers insight into creating materials with several uses for treating infectious wounds caused by acne.

Formulation of quinoa oil-alginate loaded nanoemulsion and its anticancer efficacy as a therapy for chemically induced breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) have gained interest due to their naturally occurring phytochemicals and antioxidants. They possess potent anticancer properties against human colorectal cancer.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Fatty acids in quinoa oil were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Rats were used to test the acute oral toxicity of the nanoemulsion loaded with sodium alginate. The DPPH radical scavenging method was employed to assess the nanoemulsion's ability to scavenge free radicals. It was examined the in vivo anticancer potential of quinoa oil nanoemulsion on rats with breast cancer induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA). DMBA-breast cancer models received daily quinoa oil nanoemulsions for 30 days. The anticancer effect of the nanoemulsion was assessed by measuring ROS, protein carbonyl, gene expression of anti-oncogenes, and histopathological analysis. Supplying quinoa oil nanoemulsion significantly reduced the increase in serum ROS and PC levels induced in breast cancer tissue. The expression levels of antioncogenes in breast cancer tissue were decreased by the quinoa oil nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsions also improved the cellular morphology of breast tumors.

CONCLUSION

The study results indicate that quinoa oil nanoemulsion has anticancer activity against breast cancer, effectively modulating oxidative stress markers, anti-oncogene expressions, and tissue architecture. It can be inferred from the results that quinoa oil nanoemulsion is a chemoprotective medication that may hinder breast cancer progression in rats.

Novel furan chalcone modulates PHD-2 induction to impart antineoplastic effect in mammary gland carcinoma

Normoxic inactivation of prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) in tumour microenvironment paves the way for cancer cells to thrive under the influence of HIF-1α and NF-κB. Henceforth, the present study is aimed to identify small molecule activators of PHD-2. A virtual screening was conducted on a library consisting of 265,242 chemical compounds, with the objective of identifying molecules that exhibit structural similarities to the furan chalcone scaffold. Further, PHD-2 activation potential of screened compound was determined using in vitro 2-oxoglutarate assay. The cytotoxic activity and apoptotic potential of screened compound was determined using various staining techniques, including 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), 1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1), and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB), against MCF-7 cells. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) model of mammary gland cancer was used to study the in vivo antineoplastic efficacy of screened compound. [(E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(furan-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-one] (BBAP-7) was screened and validated as a PHD-2 activator by an in vitro 2-oxo-glutarate assay. The IC50 of BBAP-7 on MCF-7 cells is 18.84 µM. AO/EB and DAPI staining showed nuclear fragmentation, blebbing and condensation in MCF-7 cells following BBAP-7 treatment. The red-to-green intensity ratio of JC-1 stained MCF-7 cells decreased after BBAP-7 treatment, indicating mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. DMBA caused mammary gland dysplasia, duct hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ. Carmine staining, histopathology, and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that BBAP-7, alone or with tirapazamine, restored mammary gland surface morphology and structural integrity. Additionally, BBAP-7 therapy significantly reduced oxidative stress and glycolysis. The findings reveal that BBAP-7 activates PHD-2, making it a promising anticancer drug.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Althaea officinalis Flower Extract Coated with Chitosan for Potential Healing Effects on Diabetic Wounds by Inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6/IL-1β Signaling Pathways

Background

Diabetes Mellitus is a multisystem chronic pandemic, wound inflammation, and healing are still major issues for diabetic patients who may suffer from ulcers, gangrene, and other wounds from uncontrolled chronic hyperglycemia. Marshmallows or Althaea officinalis (A.O.) contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics that support wound healing via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Our study aimed to develop a combination of eco-friendly formulations of green synthesis of ZnO-NPs by Althaea officinalis extract and further incorporate them into 2% chitosan (CS) gel.

Method and Results

First, develop eco-friendly green Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and incorporate them into a 2% chitosan (CS) gel. In-vitro study performed by UV-visible spectrum analysis showed a sharp peak at 390 nm, and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry showed a peak of zinc and oxygen. Besides, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) was used to qualitatively validate biosynthesized ZnO-NPs, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed spherical nanoparticles with mean sizes of 76 nm and Zeta potential +30mV. The antibacterial potential of A.O.-ZnO-NPs-Cs was examined by the diffusion agar method against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Based on the zone of inhibition and minimal inhibitory indices (MIC). In addition, an in-silico study investigated the binding affinity of A.O. major components to the expected biological targets that may aid wound healing. Althaea Officinalis, A.O-ZnO-NPs group showed reduced downregulation of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α and increased IL-10 levels compared to the control group signaling pathway expression levels confirming the improved anti-inflammatory effect of the self-assembly method. In-vivo study and histopathological analysis revealed the superiority of the nanoparticles in reducing signs of inflammation and wound incision in rat models.

Conclusion

These biocompatible green zinc oxide nanoparticles, by using Althaea Officinalis chitosan gel ensure an excellent new therapeutic approach for quickening diabetic wound healing.

Effect of Ambrosia arborescens Mill. ethanolic extract on breast cancer induced in rats

Background and Aims

Ambrosia arborescens Mill. (A. arborescens) is an aromatic plant used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, anti-tussive, anti-rheumatic, and anti-diarrheal agent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of A. arborescens Mill. on a Rattus norvegicus var. albinus-induced breast cancer model.

Materials and Methods

We collected A. arborescens from the province of Julcán, La Libertad Region, Per, and prepared an ethanolic extract using pulverized leaves macerated in 96° ethanol for 72 h with magnetic stirring. In the evaluation of anticancer activity, four experimental groups with 10 female rats each were formed: Group I (Control-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene [DMBA]), which received DMBA (single dose) and physiological saline solution for 4 months, and Groups II, III, and IV, which received DMBA (single dose) and 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/day of the ethanolic extract of A. arborescens, respectively, for 4 months.

Results

The DMBA control group presented histological characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ with necrotic and inflammatory areas, whereas the A. arborescens extract group showed a decrease in tumor volume and recovery of the ductal duct.

Conclusion

Ethanol extract of A. arborescens leaves decreases tumor development in rats with induced breast cancer, and this effect is dose-dependent.

Revolutionizing Psoriasis Topical Treatment: Enhanced Efficacy Through Ceramide/Phospholipid Composite Cerosomes Co-Delivery of Cyclosporine and Dithranol: In-Vitro, Ex-Vivo, and in-Vivo Studies

Purpose

Improving the treatment of psoriasis is a serious challenge today. Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin condition affecting 125 million people worldwide. It is commonly treated with cyclosporine-A (CsA) and dithranol (DTH). CsA suppresses the activation of T-cells, immune cells involved in forming psoriatic lesions. Meanwhile, DTH is a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative drug that effectively reduces the severity of psoriasis symptoms such as redness, scaling, and skin thickness. CsA and DTH belong to BCS class II with limited oral bioavailability. We aim to develop a drug delivery system for topical co-delivery of CsA and DTH, exploring its therapeutic potential.

Methods

Firstly, we developed a niosomal drug delivery system based on ceramide IIIB to form Cerosomes. Cerosomes were prepared from a mixture of Ceramide, hyaluronic acid, and edge activator using a thin-film hydration technique. To co-deliver CsA and DTH topically for the treatment of psoriasis. These two hydrophobic drugs encapsulated into our synthesized positively charged particle cerosomes.

Results

 Cerosomes had an average particle size of (222.36 nm± 0.36), polydispersity index of (0.415±0.04), Entrapment Efficiency of (96.91%± 0.56), and zeta potential of (29.36±0.38mV) for selected formula. In vitro, In silico, in vivo, permeation, and histopathology experiments have shown that cerosomes enhanced the skin penetration of both hydrophobic drugs by 66.7% compared to the CsA/DTH solution. Imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriatic mice model was topically treated with our CsA/DTH cerosomes. We found that our formulation enhances the skin penetration of both drugs and reduces psoriasis area and severity index (PASI score) by 2.73 times and 42.85%, respectively, compared to the CsA/DTH solution. Moreover, it reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6 compared to CsA/DTH solution administration.

Conclusion

The Cerosomes nano-vesicle-containing CsA/DTH represents a more promising topical treatment for psoriasis, giving new hope to individuals with psoriasis, compared to commercial and other conventional alternatives.

Chemopreventive potential of hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract against DMBA induced breast carcinogenesis: In-silico and in-vivo study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Murraya koenigii (MK), a member of the Rutaceae family and widely known as the curry-leaf tree, is indigenous to India, Sri Lanka, and other south Asian nations. It is a renowned medicinal herb because of the wide range of bioactive components found in its leaves, such as girinimbine, koenimbine, mahanimbine and mahanine among others. All these bioactive components make this plant beneficial for treating a variety of ailments and diseases. Biological and pharmacological activities of MK include anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-ulcer, anti-helminthic, anti-malarial, anti-trichomonal, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effect of hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE) against 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats, which further paves the way for future breast cancer treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the preparation of hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE), Murraya koenigii (MK) leaves were taken from the botanical garden of the Panjab University campus, Chandigarh, and authenticated from the Department of Botany, Panjab University (accession number 22417). The phytochemical characterization of HEMKLE was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Following this, an in-silico molecular docking analysis was performed using Maestro Schrodinger software, and an in-vivo study was conducted. For the in-vivo study, female SD rats were divided into four different groups. Group I (C), Group II (DMBA), Group III (HEMKLE), and Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA). Histopathogy, oxidative and antioxidant status, immunohistochemistry of estrogen receptor-α, TUNEL assays, mRNA and protein expression of apoptotic pathway genes were conducted in in-vivo study.

RESULTS

In LC-MS, major phytochemical constituents including flavonoids and carbazole alkaloids were identified. In-silico docking study revealed the strong binding affinity between the identified compounds with caspase-3. Additionally, koenine displayed the highest binding affinity/minimum energy of -9.21 kcal/mol with 6BDV as compared to other phytochemicals. Furthermore, in-vivo experimentation revealed that HEMKLE administration in Group IV(HEMKLE + DMBA) significantly inhibits the tumor incidence and volume as compared to alone DMBA treated group. The antioxidant action of HEMKLE was proven from the in-vivo analysis of antioxidant marker enzymes, histopathology, immunohistochemistry of ER-α studies. Further, increase number of TUNEL positive cells was observed in co-treated animals as compared to alone DMBA treated animals. In Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA), upregulated expression of pro-apoptotic genes and downregulated expression of anti-apoptotic gene were observed when compared to Group II(DMBA) suggested the apoptotic effect of HEMKLE.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study provide clear evidence of the chemopreventive capabilities of HEMKLE in rats with DMBA-induced breast cancer. The observed outcomes could potentially be attributed to the existence of diverse phytochemicals within the HEMKLE.

Network pharmacology integrated with molecular docking reveals the anticancer mechanism of Jasminum sambac Linn. essential oil against human breast cancer and experimental validation by in vitro and in vivo studies

Jasminum sambac L. (J. sambac) belongs to the family Oleaceae and it is an ornamental subtropical evergreen shrub used in traditional treatments of certain ailments and diseases. This study aimed at devising an integrated strategy attempts to evaluate the bioactive components in the J. sambac essential oil (JEO) against human breast cancer. JEO extracted by distillation process and analyzed by GC-MS was subjected to screening of therapeutic components in their allegiance to the drug-likeness index. The utility and efficacy of its molecular mechanism relating to anticancer potential were probed with network pharmacology analysis. Gene ontology, pathway enrichment, and compound-target-pathway network by Cytoscape helped to harp on hub targets and pathways involved in curative action. Drawing from the network data, molecular docking analysis of selected compounds on breast cancer targets was approached. The anti-proliferative study was carried out in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 to evaluate the cytotoxicity of JEO. Finally, in vivo anticancer activity was verified using rat models. The results showed MDA-MB-231 cell growth was highly inhibited than the MCF-7 cell line. Alongside this in vitro trial, in situ effectiveness of JEO was evaluated using female Sprague-Dawley rat animal models. In vivo experiments and histopathological analysis showed convincing results in DMBA tumor-induced rats. The larger aim of this study is to identify the potential ingredients of the JEO in cancer apoptosis by integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation achieved to certain extent confers credence to the concept of hiring J. sambac as floral therapy in dealing with the disastrous disease.

Development of canagliflozin nanocrystals sublingual tablets in the presence of sodium caprate permeability enhancer: formulation optimization, characterization, in-vitro, in silico, and in-vivo study

Canagliflozin (CFZ) is a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2) that lowers albuminuria in type-2 diabetic patients, cardiovascular, kidney, and liver disease. CFZ is classified as class IV in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) and is characterized by low permeability, solubility, and bioavailability, most likely attributed to hepatic first-pass metabolism. Nanocrystal-based sublingual formulations were developed in the presence of sodium caprate, as a wetting agent, and as a permeability enhancer. This formulation is suitable for children and adults and could enhance solubility, permeability, and avoid enterohepatic circulation due to absorption through the sublingual mucosa. In the present study, formulations containing various surfactants (P237, P338, PVA, and PVP K30) were prepared by the Sono-homo-assisted precipitation ion technique. The optimized formula prepared with PVP-K30 showed the smallest particle size (157 ± 0.32 nm), Zeta-potential (-18 ± 0.01), and morphology by TEM analysis. The optimized formula was subsequently formulated into a sublingual tablet containing Pharma burst-V® with a shorter disintegration time (51s) for the in-vivo study. The selected sublingual tablet improved histological and biochemical markers (blood glucose, liver, and kidney function), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein kinase B (AKT) pathway compared to the market formula, increased CFZ's antidiabetic potency in diabetic rabbits, boosted bioavailability by five-fold, and produced faster onset of action. These findings suggest successful treatment of diabetes with CFZ nanocrystal-sublingual tablets.

PEGylated Tween 80-functionalized chitosan-lipidic nano-vesicular hybrids for heightening nose-to-brain delivery and bioavailability of metoclopramide

A PEGylated Tween 80-functionalized chitosan-lipidic (PEG-T-Chito-Lip) nano-vesicular hybrid was developed for intranasal administration as an alternative delivery route to help improve the poor oral bioavailability of BCS class-III model/antiemetic (metoclopramide hydrochloride; MTC). The influence of varying levels of chitosan, cholesterol, PEG 600, and Tween 80 on the stability/release parameters of the formulated nanovesicles was optimized using Draper-Lin Design. Two optimized formulations (Opti-Max and Opti-Min) with both maximized and minimized MTC-release goals, were predicted, characterized, and proved their vesicular outline via light/electron microscopy, along with the mutual prompt/extended in-vitro release patterns. The dual-optimized MTC-loaded PEG-T-Chito-Lip nanovesicles were loaded in intranasal in-situ gel (ISG) and further underwent in-vivo pharmacokinetics/nose-to-brain delivery valuation on Sprague-Dawley rats. The absorption profiles in plasma (plasma-AUC_0-∞) of the intranasal dual-optimized MTC-loaded nano-vesicular ISG formulation in pretreated rats were 2.95-fold and 1.64-fold more than rats pretreated with orally administered MTC and intranasally administered raw MTC-loaded ISG formulation, respectively. Interestingly, the brain-AUC_0-∞ of the intranasal dual-optimized MTC-loaded ISG was 10 and 3 times more than brain-AUC_0-∞ of the MTC-oral tablet and the intranasal raw MTC-loaded ISG, respectively. It was also revealed that the intranasal dual-optimized ISG significantly had the lowest liver-AUC_0-∞ (862.19 ng.g^-1.h^-1) versus the MTC-oral tablet (5732.17 ng.g^-1.h^-1) and the intranasal raw MTC-loaded ISG (1799.69 ng.g^-1.h^-1). The brain/blood ratio profile for the intranasal dual-optimized ISG was significantly enhanced over all other MTC formulations (P < 0.05). Moreover, the 198.55% drug targeting efficiency, 75.26% nose-to-brain direct transport percentage, and 4.06 drug targeting index of the dual-optimized formulation were significantly higher than those of the raw MTC-loaded ISG formulation. The performance of the dual-optimized PEG-T-Chito-Lip nano-vesicular hybrids for intranasal administration evidenced MTC-improved bioavailability, circumvented hepatic metabolism, and enhanced brain targetability, with increased potentiality in heightening the convenience and compliance for patients.

Potential chemopreventive effects of Broccoli extract supplementation against 7, 12 dimethyl Benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) -induced toxicity in female rats

Dietary components have recently received rapidly expanding attention for their potential to halt or reverse the development of many oxidative stress-mediated diseases after exposure to environmental toxicants. 7, 12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) is one of the most common environmental pollutants. The present study aimed to evaluate the chemo-preventive effects of broccoli as a nutritional component against DMBA intoxication in rats. A daily dose of aqueous (1 ml/rat) and methanolic (150 mg/kg) broccoli extracts, respectively, was given to 50-day-old female rats for 26 successive weeks after carcinogen intoxication with a single dose of 20 mg/ml of DMBA. DMBA intoxication resulted in a redox imbalance (a decreased GSH level and an increased MDA level) and increased DNA fragmentation in the liver, kidney, and brain. Besides, it affected the level of expression of the bcl2 gene in the liver, kidney, and brain tissue but didn't affect cfos gene expression accompanied by histopathological changes. The aqueous and methanolic broccoli extract supplements ameliorated the adverse effects by increasing the level of GSH, decreasing the MDA level, and reducing DNA fragmentation. Besides, broccoli extracts decreased the expression of bcl2 in the liver and brain and up-regulated bcl2 expression in the kidney, accompanied by lowering NF-κβ 65 expression in the liver and brain and γ-catenin expression in the liver and kidney. In conclusion, broccoli as a dietary component had a strong chemoprotective effect against oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genotoxicity induced by DMBA intoxication in rats.

Protective role of Dodonaea viscosa extract against streptozotocin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats

Previous investigations have shown that D. viscosa herbal extract is often used to treat a variety of diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate any additional potential impacts on rat liver and kidney damage induced by diabetes. Streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg/day) was given as a single dosage to cause type 1 diabetes. After then, diabetic rats received oral doses of D. viscosa for four weeks at 150 and 300 mg/kg/day. Blood, liver, and kidney tissues were collected at the end of the treatment and examined. Analysis was made of the serum lipid profile, liver, and kidney functions, as well as blood biochemistry. Moreover, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2), and nitric oxide (NO) were estimated in serum. In liver and kidney samples, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reeducates (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed. Histological changes in liver and kidney cross-sections were also observed. Our findings demonstrated that D. viscosa dramatically decreased pro-inflammatory indicators in blood, kidney, and liver tissues as well as blood glucose, and restored insulin levels, and lipid profiles. Additionally, it significantly raises the antioxidant enzyme activity SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST, while significantly lowering TBARs levels. The above-mentioned biochemical changes that took place in tissues were further supported by histological alterations. These findings imply that D. viscosa protects against STZ-induced hyperglycemia, aberrant lipid synthesis, and oxidative stress and that these benefits may be mediated by interacting with various targets to increase the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the liver and kidneys. Its mode of action and safety for use as medicine against various metabolic problems caused by diabetes require more research.

Tenofovir alone or combined with doxorubicin abrogates DMBA-induced mammary cell carcinoma: An insight into its modulatory impact on oxidative/Notch/apoptotic signaling

AIMS

Breast cancer incidence keeps on growing and emerging as one of the major global challenges, therefore, the introduction of new approaches is of great demand. Drug repurposing is crucial to faster and cheaper discovery of anti-cancer drugs. The antiviral tenofovir disproxil fumarate (TF) was reported to decrease hepatocellular carcinoma risk by interfering with cell cycle and proliferation. This study aimed to scrutinize the role of TF alone or combined with doxorubicin (DOX) in 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast carcinoma rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Breast carcinoma was induced by DMBA (7.5 mg/kg, twice/week, SC into mammary gland) for 4 successive weeks. TF (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) was given orally and DOX (2 mg/kg) was injected once/week by tail vein starting from day 1.

KEY FINDINGS

The anti-cancerous effect of TF was mediated by suppression of oxidative stress markers and Notch signaling proteins (Notch1, JAG1, and HES1), attenuation of tumor proliferation markers (cyclin-D1 and Ki67), and boosting of apoptosis (P53 and Caspase3) and autophagy biomarkers (Beclin1 and LC3). In parallel, histopathological assessment displayed that mammary glands from animals treated with TF alone or combined with DOX showed better histopathological scores. Interestingly, TF and DOX co-treatment markedly decreased myocardial injury markers (AST, LDH, and CK-MB), restored the balance between GSH and ROS, prohibited lipid peroxidation, and preserved microscopic myocardial architecture.

SIGNIFICANCE

TF elicited antitumor activity via multiple molecular mechanisms. Moreover, combining TF with DOX might be a potential novel strategy to enhance DOX-anticancer activity and decrease its cardiac side effects.

Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells

Cancer is the second largest cause of mortality worldwide. Many natural bioactive chemicals generated from plants have favorable impacts on health, including cancer chemoprevention, compared to their manufactured counterparts. Persicaline, a novel sulfur-containing imidazoline alkaloid derived from Salvadora persica, has been shown to display promising antioxidant activity. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of persicaline was tested against different cancer cells using (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The cell death mode and cell-cycle arrest were examined using flow cytometry analysis. In addition, the proapoptotic and molecular mechanism effects of persicaline against mammary MCF-7 cell line were explored. Furthermore, the impact of persicaline on apoptotic genes markers, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential were monitored. It was found that persicaline inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Persicaline-treated MCF-7 cells also showed initiation of apoptotic events and G1 cell-cycle arrest. In addition, persicaline treatment led to an increase in ROS generation, Bax and caspase upregulation while the Bcl-2 was downregulated. Hence, for the first time, this study showed that persicaline causes G1 phase arrest and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells. Increased proapoptotic genes and ROS levels were required for the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of persicaline.

Herbal Honey Preparations of Curcuma Xanthorriza and Black Cumin Protect against Carcinogenesis through Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Sprague Dawley (SD) Rats Induced with Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, Curcuma xanthorriza (CX), black cumin seed (BC), and honey have been used by the Indonesian people as medicinal ingredients to treat various health symptoms. CX extracts and BC have been proven in the laboratory as chemopreventive agents, antioxidants, and immunomodulators. In this study, we developed CX extract, BC oil, and honey into herbal honey preparations (CXBCH) and hypothesized that the preparations show chemopreventive activity. The purpose of the study was to determine the CXBCH potential as chemopreventive, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory.

METHOD

In this experimental laboratory research, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities were tested on human mammary cancer cell lines (T47D cells) while the chemopreventive activity of the CXBCH preparations on Sprague Dawley (SD) rats induced with dimethylbenzene(a)anthracene (DMBA).

RESULTS

CXBCH preparations demonstrated immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities in T47D, Hela, and HTB-183 cells and in DMBA-induced SD rats, as the preparations inhibited tumor nodule formation, increased the number of CD4, CD8 and CD4CD25 cells, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, and decreased serum NO levels.

CONCLUSIONS

CXBCH preparations display chemopreventive, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Gold and Copper Nanoparticles from Salvadora persica Fruit Extracts and Their Biological Properties

Introduction

Metal nanoparticle synthesis using plant has emerged as an eco-friendly, clean, and viable strategy alternative to chemical and physical approaches.

Methods

The fruit extract of Salvadora persica (SP) was utilized as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of gold (AuNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles.

Results

UV-Vis spectra of the AuNPs and CuNPs showed peaks at the wavelengths of 530 nm and 440 nm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed that nanoparticles exhibited a mainly spherical form, with a distribution range of 100 to 113 nm in diameter for AuNPs and of 130 to 135 nm in diameter for CuNPs. While energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was able to confirm the existence of AuNPs and CuNPs. The alcoholic extract of the fruit SP was analyzed by GC-MS in order to identify whether or not it contained any active phytochemicals. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence capping functional biomolecules of SP on the surface of nanoparticles that acts as stabilizers. Analysis of the zeta potential revealed that NPs with high degree of stability, as demonstrated by a strong negative potential value in the range of 25.2 to 28.7 mV. Results showed that both green AuNPs and CuNPs have potential antimicrobial activity against human pathogens such gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, with CuNPs having antimicrobial activity higher than AuNPs. In addition, AuNPs and CuNPs have promising antioxidant and anticancer properties when applied to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Studies of molecular docking of SP bioactive compounds were conducted against methenyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase. Among all of them, Beta - Sitosterol was the most prominent.

Conclusion

These AuNPs and CuNPs are particularly appealing in a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical and medicinal industries due to their economical and environmentally friendly production.

Critical clinical gaps in cancer precision nanomedicine development

Active targeting strategy is adopted in nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Personalizing the nanomedicine in accordance with patients' omics, under the precision medicine platform, is met with challenges in targeting ligand and matrix material selection at nanoformulation stage. The past 5-year literatures show that the nanoparticulate targeting ligand and matrix material are not selected based upon the cancer omics profiles of patients. The expression of cancer cellular target receptors and metabolizing enzymes is primarily influenced by age, gender, race/ethnic group and geographical origin of patients. The personalized perspective of a nanomedicine cannot be realised with premature digestion of matrix and targeting ligand by specific metabolizing enzymes that are overexpressed by the patients, and unmatched targeting ligand to the majority of cell surface receptors overexpressed in cancer. Omics analysis of individual metabolizing enzyme and cancer cell surface receptor expressed in cancer facilitates targeting ligand and matrix material selection in nanomedicine development.