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Breilly D, Dumarçay S, Froidevaux V, Boustingorry P, Fadlallah S, Allais F. Deciphering the enzymatic grafting of vanillin onto lignosulfonate for the production of versatile aldehydes-bearing biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129814. [PMID: 38286382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Modification of lignin plays a crucial role in extending its applications. While chemical functionalization has been extensively applied, exploring the enzyme-catalyzed approach for grafting phenolic molecules presents a promising avenue. Herein, we investigate the controlled laccase-mediated grafting of vanillin onto lignosulfonates (LS) as a sustainable approach to introduce aldehydes into LS, paving the way for further (bio)chemical functionalizations (e.g., reductive amination and Knoevenagel-Doebner condensations). The resulting vanillin-grafted LS is comprehensively characterized (HPLC, SEC, Pyrolysis-GC/MS, FTIR). The study reveals four key steps in the grafting process: (i) vanillin acts as a mediator, generating the phenoxyl radical that initiates LS oxidation, (ii) the oxidation leads to depolymerization of LS, resulting in a decrease in molecular weight, (iii) rearrangement in the vanillin-grafted LS, evidenced by the replacement of labile bonds by stronger 5-5 bonds that resist to pyrolysis, and (iv) if the reaction is prolonged after complete consumption of vanillin, condensation of the vanillin-grafted LS occurs, leading to a significant increase in molecular weight. This study provides valuable insights on the behavior of vanillin and LS throughout the process and allows to identify the optimal reaction conditions, thereby enhancing the production of vanillin-grafted LS for its subsequent functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Breilly
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110 Pomacle, France; CHRYSO, 7 rue de l'Europe, Z.I. 45300 Sermaises du Loiret, France
| | - Stéphane Dumarçay
- Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois (LERMAB), Université de Lorraine, INRAE, 54000 Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Sami Fadlallah
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110 Pomacle, France.
| | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110 Pomacle, France.
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2
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Malric-Garajova S, Fortuna F, Pion F, Martin E, Thottathil AR, Guillemain A, Doan A, Lomascolo A, Faulds CB, Baumberger S, Foulon L, Chabbert B, de Baynast H, Dubessay P, Audonnet F, Bertrand E, Sciara G, Tapin-Lingua S, Ducrot PH, Michaud P, Aguié-Béghin V, Record E. Modification of a Marine Pine Kraft Lignin Sample by Enzymatic Treatment with a Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Laccase. Molecules 2023; 28:4873. [PMID: 37375426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report work on developing an enzymatic process to improve the functionalities of industrial lignin. A kraft lignin sample prepared from marine pine was treated with the high-redox-potential laccase from the basidiomycete fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus at three different concentrations and pH conditions, and with and without the chemical mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT). Laccase activity was tested in the presence and absence of kraft lignin. The optimum pH of PciLac was initially 4.0 in the presence and absence of lignin, but at incubation times over 6 h, higher activities were found at pH 4.5 in the presence of lignin. Structural changes in lignin were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and solvent-extractable fractions were analyzed using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The FTIR spectral data were analyzed with two successive multivariate series using principal component analysis (PCA) and ANOVA statistical analysis to identify the best conditions for the largest range of chemical modifications. DSC combined with modulated DSC (MDSC) revealed that the greatest effect on glass transition temperature (Tg) was obtained at 130 U g cm-1 and pH 4.5, with the laccase alone or combined with HBT. HPSEC data suggested that the laccase treatments led to concomitant phenomena of oligomerization and depolymerization, and GC-MS revealed that the reactivity of the extractable phenolic monomers depended on the conditions tested. This study demonstrates that P. cinnabarinus laccase can be used to modify marine pine kraft lignin, and that the set of analytical methods implemented here provides a valuable tool for screening enzymatic treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Malric-Garajova
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Florian Fortuna
- Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, Fractionnement des Agro-Ressources et Environnement (FARE), UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Florian Pion
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Elise Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal (IP), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Audrey Guillemain
- FCBA, InTechFibres Division, Domaine Universitaire CS 90125, Cedex 9, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Annick Doan
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Lomascolo
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Craig B Faulds
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Baumberger
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Laurence Foulon
- Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, Fractionnement des Agro-Ressources et Environnement (FARE), UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, Fractionnement des Agro-Ressources et Environnement (FARE), UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Hélène de Baynast
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal (IP), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal (IP), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabrice Audonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal (IP), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Bertrand
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Giuliano Sciara
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Tapin-Lingua
- FCBA, InTechFibres Division, Domaine Universitaire CS 90125, Cedex 9, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul-Henri Ducrot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal (IP), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Aguié-Béghin
- Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, Fractionnement des Agro-Ressources et Environnement (FARE), UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Eric Record
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13288 Marseille, France
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Fabbri F, Bischof S, Mayr S, Gritsch S, Jimenez Bartolome M, Schwaiger N, Guebitz GM, Weiss R. The Biomodified Lignin Platform: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071694. [PMID: 37050308 PMCID: PMC10096731 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliance on fossil fuel has led to the increased emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The excessive consumption of raw materials today makes the search for sustainable resources more pressing than ever. Technical lignins are mainly used in low-value applications such as heat and electricity generation. Green enzyme-based modifications of technical lignin have generated a number of functional lignin-based polymers, fillers, coatings, and many other applications and materials. These bio-modified technical lignins often display similar properties in terms of their durability and elasticity as fossil-based materials while also being biodegradable. Therefore, it is possible to replace a wide range of environmentally damaging materials with lignin-based ones. By researching publications from the last 20 years focusing on the latest findings utilizing databases, a comprehensive collection on this topic was crafted. This review summarizes the recent progress made in enzymatically modifying technical lignins utilizing laccases, peroxidases, and lipases. The underlying enzymatic reaction mechanisms and processes are being elucidated and the application possibilities discussed. In addition, the environmental assessment of novel technical lignin-based products as well as the developments, opportunities, and challenges are highlighted.
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Murillo-Morales G, Sethupathy S, Zhang M, Xu L, Ghaznavi A, Xu J, Yang B, Sun J, Zhu D. Characterization and 3D printing of a biodegradable polylactic acid/thermoplastic polyurethane blend with laccase-modified lignin as a nucleating agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123881. [PMID: 36894065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) has been used in fused deposition method (FDM) based 3D printing for many years. Alkali lignin is an undervalued industrial by-product that could upgrade PLA's poor mechanical properties. This work presents a biotechnological approach consisting of a partial degradation of alkali lignin using Bacillus ligniniphilus laccase (Lacc) L1 for its use as a nucleating agent in a polylactic acid/thermoplastic polyurethane (PLA/TPU) blend. Results showed that adding enzymatically modified lignin (EL) increased the elasticity modulus to a maximum of 2.5-fold than the control and conferred a maximum biodegradability rate of 15 % after 6 months under the soil burial method. Furthermore, the printing quality rendered satisfactory smooth surfaces, geometries and a tunable addition of a woody color. These findings open a new door for using laccase as a tool to upgrade lignin's properties and its use as a scaffold in manufacturing more environmentally sustainable filaments with improved mechanical properties for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Murillo-Morales
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Sivasamy Sethupathy
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Lingxia Xu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Amirreza Ghaznavi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, PR China.
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, PR China.
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5
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NMR Study on Laccase Polymerization of Kraft Lignin Using Different Enzymes Source. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032359. [PMID: 36768678 PMCID: PMC9917248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of laccases is a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to modifying the Kraft lignin structure for use in certain applications. However, the inherent structure of Kraft lignin, as well as that resulting from laccase modification, still presents challenges for fundamental comprehension and successful lignin valorization. In this study, bacterial and fungal laccases were employed to modify eucalypt Kraft lignin. To evaluate the type and range of the chemical and structural changes of laccase-treated lignins, different NMR techniques, including solution 1H and 2D NMR (heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC)), and solid-state 13C NMR, were applied. Size exclusion chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were also used. Interestingly, HSQC analysis showed substantial changes in the oxygenated aliphatic region of lignins, showing an almost complete absence of signals corresponding to side-chains due to laccase depolymerization. Simultaneously, a significant loss of aromatic signals was observed by HSQC and 1H NMR, which was attributed to a deprotonation of the lignin benzenic rings due to polymerization/condensation by laccase reactions. Then, condensed structures, such as α-5', 5-5', and 4-O-5', were detected by HSQC and 13C NMR, supporting the increment in molecular weight, as well as the phenolic content reduction determined in lignins.
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Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization of Kraft Lignin from Eucalyptus globulus: Comparison of Bacterial and Fungal Laccases Efficacy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030513. [PMID: 36771814 PMCID: PMC9920240 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kraft lignin, a side-stream from the pulp and paper industry, can be modified by laccases for the synthesis of high added-value products. This work aims to study different laccase sources, including a bacterial laccase from Streptomyces ipomoeae (SiLA) and a fungal laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL), for kraft lignin polymerization. To study the influence of some variables in these processes, a central composite design (CCD) with two continuous variables (enzyme concentration and reaction time) and three levels for each variable was used. The prediction of the behavior of the output variables (phenolic content and molecular weight of lignins) were modelled by means of response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, characterization of lignins was performed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. In addition, antioxidant activity was also analyzed. Results showed that lignin polymerization (referring to polymerization as lower phenolic content and higher molecular weight) occurred by the action of both laccases. The enzyme concentration was the most influential variable in the lignin polymerization reaction within the range studied for SiLA laccase, while the most influential variable for MtL laccase was the reaction time. FTIR and NMR characterization analysis corroborated lignin polymerization results obtained from the RSM.
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Jimenez Bartolome M, Padhi SSP, Fichtberger OG, Schwaiger N, Seidl B, Kozich M, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM. Improving Properties of Starch-Based Adhesives with Carboxylic Acids and Enzymatically Polymerized Lignosulfonates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113547. [PMID: 36362333 PMCID: PMC9657476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy for improving wet resistance and bonding properties of starch-based adhesives using enzymatically polymerized lignosulfonates and carboxylic acids as additives was developed. Therefore, lignosulfonates were polymerized by laccase to a molecular weight of 750 kDa. Incorporation of low concentrations (up to 1% of the starch weight) of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) led to further improvement on the properties of the adhesives, while addition of greater amounts of BTCA led to a decrease in the properties measured due to large viscosity increases. Great improvements in wet-resistance from 22 to 60 min and bonding times (from 30 to 20 s) were observed for an adhesive containing 8% enzymatically polymerized lignin and 1% BTCA. On the other hand, the addition of citric acid (CA) deteriorated the properties of the adhesives, especially when lignosulfonate was present. In conclusion, this study shows that the addition of the appropriate amount of enzymatically polymerized lignosulfonates together with carboxylic acids (namely BTCA) to starch-based adhesives is a robust strategy for improving their wet resistance and bonding times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Jimenez Bartolome
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Sidhant Satya Prakash Padhi
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Oliver Gabriel Fichtberger
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Seidl
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Josef Reitherstraße 21-23, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Martin Kozich
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Josef Reitherstraße 21-23, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gibson S. Nyanhongo
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Corner Siemert and Louisa, John Orr Building, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Euring M, Ostendorf K, Rühl M, Kües U. Enzymatic Oxidation of Ca-Lignosulfonate and Kraft Lignin in Different Lignin-Laccase-Mediator-Systems and MDF Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:788622. [PMID: 35155404 PMCID: PMC8831759 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.788622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase-mediator-oxidized lignin offers replacement for conventional chemical binders to produce fiberboards. Compared to the previously reported laccase–mediator system (LMS), a lignin-laccase-mediator-system (LLMS) has an advantage in that it requires much shorter fiber-enzyme incubation time due to significantly increased redox reactions. However, the cost of regularly applying laccase on an industrial scale is currently too high. We have employed CcLcc5 from cultures of the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea as a novel basi-laccase (a CAZy subfamily AA1_1 laccase) in medium-density fiberboard (MDF) production, in comparison to the commercial formulation Novozym 51003 with recombinantly produced asco-laccase MtL (a CAZy subfamily AA1_3 laccase-like multicopper oxidase from the ascomycete Myceliophthora thermophila). With the best-performing natural mediator 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), unpurified CcLcc5 was almost as good as formulated Novozym 51003 in increasing the molecular weight (MW) of the technical lignins tested, the hydrophilic high-MW Ca-lignosulfonate and the hydrophobic low-MW kraft lignin (Indulin AT). Oxygen consumption rates of the two distantly related, poorly conserved enzymes (31% sequence identity) with different mediators and lignosulfonate were also comparable, but Indulin AT significantly reduced the oxidative activity of Novozym 51003 unlike CcLcc5, regardless of the mediator used, either DMP or guaiacol. Oxygen uptake by both laccases was much faster with both technical lignins with DMP than with guaiacol. In case of lignosulfonate and DMP, 20–30 min of incubation was sufficient for full oxygen consumption, which fits in well in time with the usual binder application steps in industrial MDF production processes. LLMS-bonded MDF was thus produced on a pilot-plant scale with either crude CcLcc5 or Novozym 51003 at reduced enzyme levels of 5 kU/kg absolutely dry wood fiber with lignosulfonate and mediator DMP. Boards produced with CcLcc5 were comparably good as those made with Novozym 51003. Boards reached nearly standard specifications in internal bond strength (IB) and modulus of rupture (MOR), while thickness swelling (TS) was less good based on the hydrophilic character of lignosulfonate. LLMS-bonded MDF with Indulin AT and DMP performed better in TS but showed reduced IB and MOR values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Euring
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Burckhardt-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Euring, ; Ursula Kües,
| | - Kolja Ostendorf
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Burckhardt-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
- Current address, Department of Food and Feed Improvement Agents, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Gießen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kües
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Euring, ; Ursula Kües,
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9
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Enzymatic Conversion of Lignosulfonate into Wood Adhesives: A Next Step towards Fully Biobased Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020259. [PMID: 35054664 PMCID: PMC8781662 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the enzymatic polymerization of lignosulfonate for the formulation of a lignosulfonate-based adhesive. For this, beech lamellas were glued together and tested according to the EN 302-1 standard. The results showed that the laccase-polymerized lignosulfonate-based wood adhesives (LS-p) had similar mechanical properties as a standard carpenter’s glue (PVAc-based D3 class white glue), as no significant difference in tensile shear strength between these two adhesive types was found. However, carpenter’s glue showed almost 100% wood failure, while with the lignosulfonate-based wood glue, the samples failed, mainly in the glueline. Pre-polymerization of LS-p is the most critical factor to achieve the required viscosity, which is also connected to the wetting properties and the resulting tensile shear strength. The longer the pre-polymerization, the higher the viscosity of the LS-p adhesive, with the tensile shear strength reaching a plateau. The presented data show the potential of using enzymatically pre-polymerized lignosulfonate as a well-performing wood adhesive. Further development and optimization of the pre-polymerization process is required, which is also important to push towards upscaling and practical applications.
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10
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Mayr SA, Subagia R, Weiss R, Schwaiger N, Weber HK, Leitner J, Ribitsch D, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM. Oxidation of Various Kraft Lignins with a Bacterial Laccase Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313161. [PMID: 34884966 PMCID: PMC8658217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification of kraft lignin (KL), traditionally uses harsh and energy-demanding physical and chemical processes. In this study, the potential of the bacterial laccase CotA (spore coating protein A) for oxidation of KL under mild conditions was assessed. Thereby, the efficiency of CotA to oxidize both softwood and hardwood KL of varying purity at alkaline conditions was examined. For the respective type of wood, the highest oxidation activity by CotA was determined for the medium ash content softwood KL (MA_S) and the medium ash content hardwood KL (MA_H), respectively. By an up to 95% decrease in fluorescence and up to 65% in phenol content coupling of the structural lignin units was indicated. These results correlated with an increase in viscosity and molecular weight, which increased nearly 2 and 20-fold for MA_H and about 1.3 and 6.0-fold for MA_S, respectively. Thus, this study confirms that the CotA laccase can oxidize a variety of KL at alkaline conditions, while the origin and purity of KL were found to have a major impact on the efficiency of oxidation. Under the herein tested conditions, it was observed that the MA_H KL showed the highest susceptibility to CotA oxidation when compared to the other hardwood KLs and the softwood KLs. Therefore, this could be a viable method to produce sustainable resins and adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Mayr
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Raditya Subagia
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Renate Weiss
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-97486
| | - Nikolaus Schwaiger
- Sappi Paper Holding GmbH, Brucker Strasse 21, 8101 Gratkorn, Austria; (N.S.); (H.K.W.)
| | - Hedda K. Weber
- Sappi Paper Holding GmbH, Brucker Strasse 21, 8101 Gratkorn, Austria; (N.S.); (H.K.W.)
| | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Gibson S. Nyanhongo
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
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11
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Agustin MB, de Carvalho DM, Lahtinen MH, Hilden K, Lundell T, Mikkonen KS. Laccase as a Tool in Building Advanced Lignin-Based Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4615-4635. [PMID: 34399033 PMCID: PMC8597079 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural feedstock that offers great potential as a renewable substitute for fossil-based resources. Its polyaromatic structure and unique properties have attracted significant research efforts. The advantages of an enzymatic over chemical or thermal approach to construct or deconstruct lignins are that it operates in mild conditions, requires less energy, and usually uses non-toxic chemicals. Laccase is a widely investigated oxidative enzyme that can catalyze the polymerization and depolymerization of lignin. Its dual nature causes a challenge in controlling the overall direction of lignin-laccase catalysis. In this Review, the factors that affect laccase-catalyzed lignin polymerization were summarized, evaluated, and compared to identify key features that favor lignin polymerization. In addition, a critical assessment of the conditions that enable production of novel lignin hybrids via laccase-catalyzed grafting was presented. To assess the industrial relevance of laccase-assisted lignin valorization, patented applications were surveyed and industrial challenges and opportunities were analyzed. Finally, our perspective in realizing the full potential of laccase in building lignin-based materials for advanced applications was deduced from analysis of the limitations governing laccase-assisted lignin polymerization and grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B. Agustin
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Danila Morais de Carvalho
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Maarit H. Lahtinen
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Kristiina Hilden
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Taina Lundell
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Kirsi S. Mikkonen
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
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12
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Xu X, Pang J. Fabrication and Characterization of Composite Biofilm of Konjac Glucomannan/Sodium Lignosulfonate/ε-Polylysine with Reinforced Mechanical Strength and Antibacterial Ability. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193367. [PMID: 34641178 PMCID: PMC8512274 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enforce the mechanical strength and antibacterial ability of biofilm and explore the underlying mechanism, sodium lignosulfonate (SL) and ε-polylysine (ε-PL) were introduced to fabricate the composite film of konjac glucomannan (KGM)/SL/ε-PL in the present study. According to our previous method, 1% (w/v) of KGM was the optimal concentration for the film preparation method, on the basis of which the amount of SL and ε-PL were screened by mechanical properties enforcement of film. The structure, mechanical performance and thermal stability of the film were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA and tensile strength tests. The optimized composite film was comprised of KGM 1% (w/v), SL 0.2% (w/v), and ε-PL 0.375% (w/v). The tensile strength (105.97 ± 4.58 MPa, p < 0.05) and elongation at break (95.71 ± 5.02%, p < 0.05) of the KGM/SL/ε-PL composite film was greatly improved compared with that of KGM. Meanwhile, the thermal stability and antibacterial property of film were also enhanced by the presence of SL and ε-PL. In co-culturation mode, the KGM/SL/ε-PL composite film showed good inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli (22.50 ± 0.31 mm, p < 0.05) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.69 ± 0.36 mm, p < 0.05) by determining the inhibition zone diameter. It was revealed that KGM/SL/ε-PL composite film shows enhanced mechanical strength and reliable antibacterial activities and it could be a potential candidate in the field of food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Pang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-186-5073-1906
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13
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Fiskari J, Kilpeläinen P. Acid sulfite pulping of
Acacia mangium
and
Eucalyptus pellita
as a pretreatment method for multiproduct biorefineries. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Fiskari
- Fibre Science and Communication Network (FSCN) Mid Sweden University Sundsvall Sweden
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14
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Agaricales Mushroom Lignin Peroxidase: From Structure-Function to Degradative Capabilities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091446. [PMID: 34573078 PMCID: PMC8472802 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin biodegradation has been extensively studied in white-rot fungi, which largely belong to order Polyporales. Among the enzymes that wood-rotting polypores secrete, lignin peroxidases (LiPs) have been labeled as the most efficient. Here, we characterize a similar enzyme (ApeLiP) from a fungus of the order Agaricales (with ~13,000 described species), the soil-inhabiting mushroom Agrocybe pediades. X-ray crystallography revealed that ApeLiP is structurally related to Polyporales LiPs, with a conserved heme-pocket and a solvent-exposed tryptophan. Its biochemical characterization shows that ApeLiP can oxidize both phenolic and non-phenolic lignin model-compounds, as well as different dyes. Moreover, using stopped-flow rapid spectrophotometry and 2D-NMR, we demonstrate that ApeLiP can also act on real lignin. Characterization of a variant lacking the above tryptophan residue shows that this is the oxidation site for lignin and other high redox-potential substrates, and also plays a role in phenolic substrate oxidation. The reduction potentials of the catalytic-cycle intermediates were estimated by stopped-flow in equilibrium reactions, showing similar activation by H2O2, but a lower potential for the rate-limiting step (compound-II reduction) compared to other LiPs. Unexpectedly, ApeLiP was stable from acidic to basic pH, a relevant feature for application considering its different optima for oxidation of phenolic and nonphenolic compounds.
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15
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Mayr SA, Schwaiger N, Weber HK, Kovač J, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Enzyme Catalyzed Copolymerization of Lignosulfonates for Hydrophobic Coatings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:697310. [PMID: 34336809 PMCID: PMC8317694 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.697310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization of lignin can generate a variety of value-added products concomitantly replacing fossil-based resources. In line with this approach, a laccase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL) was used to couple a hydrophobicity enhancing fluorophenol (FP) molecule, namely 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenol (4,4-F3MPP), as a model substrate onto lignosulfonate (LS). During the coupling reaction changes in fluorescence, phenol content, viscosity and molecular weight (size exclusion chromatography; SEC) were monitored. The effects of enzymatic coupling of FP onto LS on hydrophobicity were investigated by the means of water contact angle (WCA) measurement and determination of swelling capacity. Full polymerization of LS resulting in the production of water-insoluble polymers was achieved at a pH of 7 and 33°C. Incorporation of 2% (w/v) of FP led to an increase in WCA by 59.2% while the swelling capacity showed a decrease by 216.8%. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated successful covalent coupling of the FP molecule onto LS by an emerging peak at 1,320 cm–1 in the FTIR spectrum and the evidence of Fluor in the XPS spectrum. This study shows the ability of laccase to mediate the tailoring of LS properties to produce functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Mayr
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Janez Kovač
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gibson S Nyanhongo
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Tulln, Austria
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16
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Corrado I, Abdalrazeq M, Pezzella C, Di Girolamo R, Porta R, Sannia G, Giosafatto CVL. Design and characterization of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) nanoparticles and their grafting in whey protein-based nanocomposites. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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New strategy for grafting hydrophobization of lignocellulosic fiber materials with octadecylamine using a laccase/TEMPO system. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:192-200. [PMID: 32450328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic functionalization of lignocellulosic fibers using oxidoreductases was successfully achieved by targeting lignin moieties as grafting sites on the surface. In this study, a novel strategy for hydrophobization of lignocelluloses was investigated, which involved the laccase/TEMPO-mediated grafting of octadecylamine (OA) onto both lignin and cellulose components of jute fabrics. The results showed that OA monomers were successfully grafted onto jute fabric surface using the laccase/TEMPO system with the grafting percentage and efficiency values of 0.712% and 10.571%, respectively. The primary hydroxyl groups of cellulose were oxidized by laccase/TEMPO to carbonyl groups, which were then coupled with amino-contained OA monomers via Schiff base reaction. The phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignin were transformed by laccase to radicals, on which OA molecules were grafted via Michael addition reaction. Consequently, grafted jute fabrics showed a considerable increase in the surface hydrophobicity with a contact angle of 125.9° and a wetting time of at least 2 h. Furthermore, there was an acceptable decrease in the breaking strength of jute fabrics by 13.60%, and the color of fabrics turned yellowish and reddish. This eco-friendly enzymatic process provides a new strategy for grafting hydrophobization and even functionalization of lignocellulosic fiber materials using amino compounds.
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18
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Enzymatic synthesis and tailoring lignin properties: A systematic study on the effects of plasticizers. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Morales GM, Ali SS, Si H, Zhang W, Zhang R, Hosseini K, Sun J, Zhu D. Acidic Versus Alkaline Bacterial Degradation of Lignin Through Engineered Strain E. coli BL21(Lacc): Exploring the Differences in Chemical Structure, Morphology, and Degradation Products. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:671. [PMID: 32714907 PMCID: PMC7344149 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in research on lignin biodegradation compounds as potential building blocks in applications related to renewable products. More attention is necessary to evaluate the effects of the initial pH conditions during the bacterial degradation of lignin. In this study we performed experiments on lignin biodegradation under acidic and mild alkaline conditions. For acidic biodegradation, lignin was chemically pretreated with hydrogen peroxide. Alkaline biodegradation was achieved by developing the bacterial growth on Luria and Bertani medium with alkali lignin as the sole carbon source. The mutant strain Escherichia coli BL21(Lacc) was used to carry out lignin biodegradation over 10 days of incubation. Results demonstrated that under acidic conditions there was a predominance of aliphatic compounds of the C3–C4 type. Alkaline biodegradation was produced in the context of oxidative stress, with a greater abundance of aryl compounds. The final pH values of acidic and alkaline biodegradation of lignin were 2.53 and 7.90, respectively. The results of the gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis detected compounds such as crotonic acid, lactic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid for acidic conditions, with potential applications for adhesives and polymer precursors. Under alkaline conditions, detected compounds included 2-phenylethanol and dehydroabietic acid, with potential applications for perfumery and anti tumor/anti-inflammatory medications. Size-exclusion chromatography analysis showed that the weight-average molecular weight of the alkaline biodegraded lignin increased by 6.75-fold compared to the acidic method, resulting in a repolymerization of its molecular structure. Lignin repolymerization coincided with an increase in the relative abundance of dehydroabietic acid and isovanillyl alcohol, from 2.70 and 3.96% on day zero to 13.43 and 10.26% on 10th day. The results of the Fourier-transformed Infrared spectroscopy detected the presence of C = O bond and OH functional group associated with carboxylic acids in the acidic method. In the alkaline method there was a greater preponderance of signals related to skeletal aromatic structures, the amine functional group and the C – O – bond. Lignin biodegradation products from E. coli BL21(Lacc), under different initial pH conditions, demonstrated a promising potential to enlarge the spectrum of renewable products for biorefinery activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Murillo Morales
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibing Si
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rongxian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keyvan Hosseini
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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20
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Shi Y, Zhu K, Dai Y, Zhang C, Jia H. Evolution and stabilization of environmental persistent free radicals during the decomposition of lignin by laccase. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125931. [PMID: 32000035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial enzymes may induce lignin decomposition, accompanied by generation of free radicals. The evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during laccase-catalyzed lignin decomposition remains unclear. Characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed gradually increased concentration of EPFRs, with maximum levels within 6 h that remained constant, accompanied by the increase in g-factor from 2.0037 to 2.0041. The results suggested the generation of oxygen-centered radicals on lignin. The EPFRs produced on solid samples slowly decreased by 17.2% over 17 d. ROS were also detected to have a similar trend as that of the evolution of EPFRs. Scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses suggested the demethylation and oxidation of lignin. We clarify the biogeochemical transformation of lignin and potential contributions to the generation of EPFRs and ROS in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Shi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yunchao Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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21
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Weiss R, Guebitz GM, Pellis A, Nyanhongo GS. Harnessing the Power of Enzymes for Tailoring and Valorizing Lignin. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1215-1231. [PMID: 32423726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a structural component of lignocellulosic plants, is an alternative raw material with enormous potential to replace diminishing fossil-based resources for the sustainable production of many chemicals and materials. Unfortunately, lignin's heterogeneity, low reactivity, and strong intra- and intermolecular hydrogen interactions and modifications introduced during the pulping process present significant technical challenges. However, the increasing ability to tailor lignin biosynthesis pathways by targeting enzymes and the continued discovery of more robust biocatalysts are enabling the synthesis of novel valuable products. This review summarizes how enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathways and microbial enzymes are being harnessed to produce chemicals and materials and to upgrade lignin properties for the synthesis of a variety of value-added lignin industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Weiss
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gibson S Nyanhongo
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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22
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Majeke BM, García-Aparicio M, Biko OD, Viljoen-Bloom M, van Zyl WH, Görgens JF. Synergistic codon optimization and bioreactor cultivation toward enhanced secretion of fungal lignin peroxidase in Pichia pastoris: Enzymatic valorization of technical (industrial) lignins. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 139:109593. [PMID: 32732041 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lignin peroxidase (LiP) is a well-recognized enzyme for its ability to oxidize lignins, but its commercial availability is limited, which hinders the biotechnological application of LiP-based bioprocesses in lignocellulose biorefineries. This study evaluated a combination strategy to improve the expression of LiP to promote its practical use. The strategy included optimization of the lipH8 gene of Phanerochaete chrysosporium according to the codon usage of Pichia pastoris, followed by fed-batch fermentation using a 14 L bioreactor (10 L working volume). The combination strategy achieved a maximum volumetric LiPH8 activity of 4480 U L-1, protein concentration of 417 mg L-1 and a specific activity of 10.7 U mg-1, which was higher than previous reports. Biochemical characterization showed that the recombinant LiPH8 (rLiPH8) was optimum at pH 3.0, 25 ℃ and 0.4 mM H2O2. Using the optimized conditions, rLiPH8 was used to treat isolated technical lignins namely soda-anthraquinone (SAQ) lignin and steam explosion (S-E) lignin. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HP-GPC) analysis showed that the molecular weight (Mw) of SAQ and S-E lignins were increased by 1.43-and 1.14-fold, respectively, after the enzymatic treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also showed that the thermal stability of the lignins was improved, indicating that the enzyme treatment of lignins with rLiPH8 resulted in lignin re-polymerization. As the first report on rLiPH8 production using P. pastoris, this study has shed light on the possible route for the enhancement of rLiPH8 production and its potential application for upgrading technical lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Majeke
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - M García-Aparicio
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - O D Biko
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - M Viljoen-Bloom
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - W H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - J F Görgens
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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23
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Antúnez-Argüelles E, Herrera-Bulnes M, Torres-Ariño A, Mirón-Enríquez C, Soriano-García M, Robles-Gómez E. Enzymatic-assisted polymerization of the lignin obtained from a macroalgae consortium, using an extracellular laccase-like enzyme (Tg-laccase) from Tetraselmis gracilis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:739-747. [PMID: 32181694 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1738171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, Mexican coasts have received an enormous influx of macroalgae species, producing serious environmental and public health concerns. Here, we developed a green methodology to generate a new polymer from the lignin contained in the macroalgae. The methodology consists in lignin extraction-by-boiling and its subsequent polymerization with a laccase-like enzyme from the green algae Tetraselmis gracilis (Tg-laccase). Mass spectrometry revealed the presence of guaiacyl (G), p-hydroxyphenyl (H), and sinapyl alcohol as the main monolignols in the lignin from Sargassum sp. On the other hand, MALDI-TOF spectra shows an increase in the size of the lignin chain after enzymatic polymerization process with Tg-laccase. Besides, the characterization of the novel polymer -using 1H NMR, FTIR, SEC-FPLC, and UV/Vis- allowed establishing that during the polymerization process there is a decrease in the number of phenolic groups as well as loss of aromatic protons, which allowed proposing a polimerizacion mechanism. This methodology could be promising in the development of a new lignin-based polymer and would open a new direction for the environmental management of the macroalgae on the Mexican beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Antúnez-Argüelles
- Laboratorio de química orgánica, Ingeniería ambiental, Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, México
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, México
| | - Marlo Herrera-Bulnes
- Laboratorio de química orgánica, Ingeniería ambiental, Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, México
| | - Alejandra Torres-Ariño
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Microalgas, Instituto de Industrias, Universidad del Mar, campus Puerto Ángel, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, México
| | - Coral Mirón-Enríquez
- Laboratorio de química orgánica, Ingeniería ambiental, Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, México
| | - Manuel Soriano-García
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, México
| | - Edson Robles-Gómez
- Laboratorio de química orgánica, Ingeniería ambiental, Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, México
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Dillies J, Vivien C, Chevalier M, Rulence A, Châtaigné G, Flahaut C, Senez V, Froidevaux R. Enzymatic depolymerization of industrial lignins by laccase‐mediator systems in 1,4‐dioxane/water. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:774-782. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Dillies
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 ICV ‐ Institut Charles Viollette Avenue Paul Langevin – Cité scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
- Université Lille, CNRS, ISEN, Université Valenciennes, UMR 8520 IEMN‐ Institut d'Electronique, de Microelectronique et de Nanotechnologie Avenue Poincaré‐ Cité scientifique CS‐60069 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
- Agence de l'environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie 20 avenue du Grésillé‐ BP 90406 49004 Angers Cedex 01 France
| | - Céline Vivien
- Université Lille, CNRS, ISEN, Université Valenciennes, UMR 8520 IEMN‐ Institut d'Electronique, de Microelectronique et de Nanotechnologie Avenue Poincaré‐ Cité scientifique CS‐60069 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Mickael Chevalier
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 ICV ‐ Institut Charles Viollette Avenue Paul Langevin – Cité scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Alexandre Rulence
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 ICV ‐ Institut Charles Viollette Avenue Paul Langevin – Cité scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Gabrielle Châtaigné
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 ICV ‐ Institut Charles Viollette Avenue Paul Langevin – Cité scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Christophe Flahaut
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 ICV ‐ Institut Charles Viollette Avenue Paul Langevin – Cité scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Vincent Senez
- Université Lille, CNRS, ISEN, Université Valenciennes, UMR 8520 IEMN‐ Institut d'Electronique, de Microelectronique et de Nanotechnologie Avenue Poincaré‐ Cité scientifique CS‐60069 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Renato Froidevaux
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 ICV ‐ Institut Charles Viollette Avenue Paul Langevin – Cité scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq F‐59000 Lille France
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25
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Enzymatic synthesis of highly flexible lignin cross-linked succinyl-chitosan hydrogels reinforced with reed cellulose fibres. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Influence of heat treatment on the size of sodium lignosulfonate particles in water—ethanol media. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Hilgers R, Twentyman-Jones M, van Dam A, Gruppen H, Zuilhof H, Kabel MA, Vincken JP. The impact of lignin sulfonation on its reactivity with laccase and laccase/HBT. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study shows and explains how sulfonation of lignin influences its reactivity with laccase and LMS (with mediator HBT), and what consequences this has for the overall outcome of laccase and LMS treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelant Hilgers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry
- Wageningen University and Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Megan Twentyman-Jones
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry
- Wageningen University and Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke van Dam
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University and Research
- The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry
- Wageningen University and Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University and Research
- The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Tianjin University
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry
- Wageningen University and Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry
- Wageningen University and Research
- 6708 WG Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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Savy D, Cozzolino V, Drosos M, Mazzei P, Piccolo A. Replacing calcium with ammonium counterion in lignosulfonates from paper mills affects their molecular properties and bioactivity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:411-418. [PMID: 30025241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lignosulfonates are important by-products of the paper industry and may be transformed into different commodities. We studied the molecular properties of ammonium (LS-AM) and calcium Lignosulfonates (LS-C) and evaluated their bioactivity towards the early development of maize plantlets. The FT-IR, 13C NMR and 1H-13C-HSQC-NMR spectra showed that the two lignosulfonates varied in hydroxyl, sulfonate and phenolic content, while DOSY-NMR spectroscopy suggested a similar diffusivity. High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) was used to simulate the effects of root-exuded acids and describe the conformational dynamics of both LS substrates in acidic aqueous solutions. This technique showed that LS-C was stabilized by the divalent Ca2+ counterion, thus showing a greater conformational stability than LS-AM, whose components could not be as efficiently aggregated by the monovalent NH4+ counter-ion. The plant bioassays revealed that LS-AM enhanced the elongation of the root system, whereas LS-C significantly increased both total and shoot plant weights. We concluded that the lignosulfonate bioactivity on plant growth depended on the applied concentrations, their molecular properties and conformational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Savy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Plant Biology laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Vincenza Cozzolino
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marios Drosos
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mazzei
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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29
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Bahrpaima K, Fatehi P. Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxyethylated Lignosulfonate. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2967-2980. [PMID: 29897668 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignosulfonate is a byproduct of the sulfite pulping process and has limited use in industry. The main objective of this study was to investigate the carboxyethylation of lignosulfonate to increase its charge density to broaden its applications. The carboxyethylation of lignosulfonate was optimized under the conditions of 30 wt % NaOH, 2.0 mol mol-1 2-chloropropinic acid/lignosulfonate, 90 °C, 0.5 h, and 0.03 mol 2-chloropropinic acid, which produced carboxyethylated lignosulfonate with a charge density and molecular weight of -3.51 meq g-1 and 46 493 g mol-1 , respectively. The mechanism of the carboxyethylation reaction using 2-chloropropinic acid by an SN 1 pathway in an alkaline solution was discussed. Methylation was also used to mask the phenolic hydroxide groups of lignosulfonate to investigate if carboxyethylation occurred on aliphatic hydroxide groups of lignosulfonate. The produced carboxyethylated lignosulfonate was characterized by using FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and elemental and functional group analyses. Basic 1 H-1 H 2 D COSY NMR spectroscopy was used to record the coupled spins of the carboxyethyl group on carboxyethylated lignosulfonate. The information from 1 D 1 H NMR and 2 D NMR COSY spectroscopy provided evidence for the existence of a 1-carboxyethyl group on the carboxyethylated lignosulfonate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Bahrpaima
- Department of Chemistry, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad, 74719-13113, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Paper Science, Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
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30
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Marjamaa K, Kruus K. Enzyme biotechnology in degradation and modification of plant cell wall polymers. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:106-118. [PMID: 29987848 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignocelluloses are abundant raw materials for production of fuels, chemicals and materials. The purpose of this paper is to review the enzyme-types and enzyme-technologies studied and applied in the processing of the lignocelluloses into different products. The enzymes here are mostly glycoside hydrolases, esterases and different redox enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to platform sugars has been widely studied leading to development of advanced commercial products for this purpose. Restricted hydrolysis or oxidation of cellulosic fibers have been applied in processing of pulps to paper products, nanocelluloses and textile fibers. Oxidation, transglycosylation and derivatization have been utilized in functionalization of fibers, cellulosic surfaces and polysaccharides. Enzymatic polymerization, depolymerization and grafting methods are being developed for lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
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31
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Gouveia S, Otero LA, Fernández-Costas C, Filgueira D, Sanromán Á, Moldes D. Green Binder Based on Enzymatically Polymerized Eucalypt Kraft Lignin for Fiberboard Manufacturing: A Preliminary Study. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E642. [PMID: 30966676 PMCID: PMC6403738 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila to drive oxidative polymerization of Eucalyptus globulus Kraft lignin (KL) was studied as a previous step before applying this biotechnological approach for the manufacturing of medium-density fiberboards (MDF) at a pilot scale. This method, which improves the self-bonding capacity of wood fibers by lignin enzymatic cross-linking, mimics the natural process of lignification in living plants and trees. An interesting pathway to promote these interactions could be the addition of lignin to the system. The characterization of E. globulus KL after enzymatic treatment showed a decrease of phenolic groups as well as the aromatic protons without loss of aromaticity. There was also an extensive oxidative polymerization of the biomolecule. In the manufacture of self-bonded MDF, the synergy generated by the added lignin and laccase provided promising results. Thus, whenever laccase was present in the treatment, MDF showed an increase in mechanical and dimensional stability for increasing amounts of lignin. In a pilot scale, this method produced MDF that meets the requirements of the European standards for both thickness swell (TS) and internal bonding (IB) for indoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gouveia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende s/n., E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Luis Alberto Otero
- R & D Department of FORESA, Avda, Doña Urraca, 91, Caldas de Reis, 36650 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Carmen Fernández-Costas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende s/n., E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Daniel Filgueira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende s/n., E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Sanromán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende s/n., E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Diego Moldes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende s/n., E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Huber D, Bleymaier K, Pellis A, Vielnascher R, Daxbacher A, Greimel KJ, Guebitz GM. Laccase catalyzed elimination of morphine from aqueous systems. N Biotechnol 2018; 42:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Hilgers R, Vincken JP, Gruppen H, Kabel MA. Laccase/Mediator Systems: Their Reactivity toward Phenolic Lignin Structures. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:2037-2046. [PMID: 29430340 PMCID: PMC5805406 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Laccase-mediator systems (LMS) have been widely studied for their capacity to oxidize the nonphenolic subunits of lignin (70-90% of the polymer). The phenolic subunits (10-30% of the polymer), which can also be oxidized without mediators, have received considerably less attention. Consequently, it remains unclear to what extent the presence of a mediator influences the reactions of the phenolic subunits of lignin. To get more insight in this, UHPLC-MS was used to study the reactions of a phenolic lignin dimer (GBG), initiated by a laccase from Trametes versicolor, alone or in combination with the mediators HBT and ABTS. The role of HBT was negligible, as its oxidation by laccase occurred slowly in comparison to that of GBG. Laccase and laccase/HBT oxidized GBG at a comparable rate, resulting in extensive polymerization of GBG. In contrast, laccase/ABTS converted GBG at a higher rate, as GBG was oxidized both directly by laccase but also by ABTS radical cations, which were rapidly formed by laccase. The laccase/ABTS system resulted in Cα oxidation of GBG and coupling of ABTS to GBG, rather than polymerization of GBG. Based on these results, we propose reaction pathways of phenolic lignin model compounds with laccase/HBT and laccase/ABTS.
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Ortner A, Hofer K, Bauer W, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM. Laccase modified lignosulfonates as novel binder in pigment based paper coating formulations. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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35
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Forootanfar H, Arjmand S, Behzadi M, Faramarzi MA. Laccase-Mediated Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastes. RESEARCH ADVANCEMENTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL, NUTRITIONAL, AND INDUSTRIAL ENZYMOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5237-6.ch010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Laccases are versatile multi-copper enzymes belonging to the superfamily of oxidase enzymes, which have been known since the nineteenth century. Recent discoveries have refined investigators' views of the potential of laccase as a magic tool for remarkable biotechnological purposes. A literature review of the capabilities of laccases, their assorted substrates, and their molecular mechanism of action now indicates the emergence of a new direction for laccase application as part of an arsenal in the fight against the contamination of water supplies by a number of frequently prescribed medications. This chapter provides a critical review of the literature and reveals the pivotal role of laccases in the elimination and detoxification of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments and wastewaters.
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Brenelli L, Squina FM, Felby C, Cannella D. Laccase-derived lignin compounds boost cellulose oxidative enzymes AA9. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29371886 PMCID: PMC5771016 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of lignin as activator for the redox enzyme lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) for the oxidation of cell-wall polysaccharides opens a new scenario for investigation of the interplay between different lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. The lignin-active enzymes in one hand, and the carbohydrate active in the other, are linked through a variety of electrons carrier molecules either derived from lignin or enzymatically transferred. Likewise, in nature, many lignocellulose-degrading organisms are expressing those enzymes simultaneously, and we wanted to test if a major commercial available lignin oxidase enzyme, i.e., laccase could benefit and synergize the activity of the LPMOs by depolymerizing the insoluble lignin. RESULTS In this work, two fungal laccases together with a mediator (ABTS) were used to isolate low-molecular-weight lignin from lignocellulosic biomass. The isolated lignins were used as electron donors for activation of LPMOs. A direct correlation between the low-molecular-weight lignin isolated with laccases and an increased activity of a cellulolytic cocktail containing LPMO was found when pure cellulose was hydrolyzed. We then tried to implement existing commercial cellulases cocktail with laccase enzymes, but under the conditions tested, the co-incubation of laccases with LPMOs showed a substrate competition towards oxygen inhibiting the LPMO. In addition, we found that laccase treatment may cause other modifications to pure cellulose, rendering the material more recalcitrant for enzymatic saccharification. CONCLUSIONS Laccase-mediated system was able to depolymerize lignin from pre-treated and native sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw, and the released phenolic molecules were able to donate electrons to LPMO enzymes boosting the overall enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Likewise, other poly-phenol oxidase, we might have just started showing possible pros or cons in applying several oxidase enzymes for a simultaneous degradation of cellulose and lignin, and we found that the competition towards oxygen and their different consumption rates must be taken into account for any possible co-application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Brenelli
- Faculty of Science, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Fabio M. Squina
- Programa de Processos Tecnológicos e Ambientais, Universidade de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Claus Felby
- Faculty of Science, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - David Cannella
- Faculty of Science, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Present Address: Interfaculty School of Bioengineering, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine CP242, Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050 Belgium
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Brzonova I, Kozliak EI, Andrianova AA, LaVallie A, Kubátová A, Ji Y. Production of lignin based insoluble polymers (anionic hydrogels) by C. versicolor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17507. [PMID: 29235511 PMCID: PMC5727516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike previous lignin biodegradation studies, white rot fungi were used to produce functional biopolymers from Kraft lignin. Lignin-based polymers (hydrogel precursors) partially soluble in both aqueous and organic solvents were produced employing a relatively fast (6 days) enzymation of Kraft lignin with basidiomycetes, primarily Coriolus versicolor, pre-grown on kenaf/lignin agar followed by either vacuum evaporation or acid precipitation. After drying followed by a treatment with alkaline water, this intermediate polymer became a pH-sensitive anionic hydrogel insoluble in either aqueous or organic solvents. The yield of this polymer increased from 20 to 72 wt% with the addition of 2% dimethylsulfoxide to distilled water used as a medium. The mechanical stability and buffering capacity of this hydrogel can be adjusted by washing the intermediate polymer/hydrogel precursor prior to drying with solvents of different polarity (water, methanol or ethanol). Any of these polymers featured a significant thermal resilience assessed as a high thermostable “coked” fraction in thermal carbon analysis, apparently resulting from significant covalent cross-linking that occurs during the treatment of their intermediate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Brzonova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA.
| | - Evguenii I Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | | | - Audrey LaVallie
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Rodríguez-Escribano D, de Salas F, Pardo I, Camarero S. High-Throughput Screening Assay for Laccase Engineering toward Lignosulfonate Valorization. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1793. [PMID: 28820431 PMCID: PMC5578181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin valorization is a pending issue for the integrated conversion of lignocellulose in consumer goods. Lignosulfonates (LS) are the main technical lignins commercialized today. However, their molecular weight should be enlarged to meet application requirements as additives or dispersing agents. Oxidation of lignosulfonates with fungal oxidoreductases, such as laccases, can increase the molecular weight of lignosulfonates by the cross-linking of lignin phenols. To advance in this direction, we describe here the development of a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for the directed evolution of laccases, with lignosulfonate as substrate and the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (FCR), to detect the decrease in phenolic content produced upon polymerization of lignosulfonate by the enzyme. Once the reaction conditions were adjusted to the 96-well-plate format, the enzyme for validating the assay was selected from a battery of high-redox-potential laccase variants functionally expressed in S. cerevisiae (the preferred host for the directed evolution of fungal oxidoreductases). The colorimetric response (absorbance at 760 nm) correlated with laccase activity secreted by the yeast. The HTS assay was reproducible (coefficient of variation (CV) = 15%) and sensitive enough to detect subtle differences in activity among yeast clones expressing a laccase mutant library obtained by error-prone PCR (epPCR). The method is therefore feasible for screening thousands of clones during the precise engineering of laccases toward valorization of lignosulfonates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe de Salas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Pardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Wanmolee W, Sornlake W, Rattanaphan N, Suwannarangsee S, Laosiripojana N, Champreda V. Biochemical characterization and synergism of cellulolytic enzyme system from Chaetomium globosum on rice straw saccharification. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:82. [PMID: 27871321 PMCID: PMC5117696 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to sugars for conversion to biofuels and chemicals is a key step in biorefinery. Designing an active saccharifying enzyme system with synergy among their components is considered a promising approach. Results In this study, a lignocellulose-degrading enzyme system of Chaetomium globosum BCC5776 (CG-Cel) was characterized for its activity and proteomic profiles, and synergism with accessory enzymes. The highest cellulase productivity of 0.40 FPU/mL was found for CG-Cel under the optimized submerged fermentation conditions on 1% (w/v) EPFB (empty palm fruit bunch), 2% microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel®) and 1% soybean meal (SBM) at 30 °C, pH 5.8 for 6 d. CG-Cel worked optimally at 50–60 °C in an acidic pH range. Proteomics analysis by LC/MS/MS revealed a complex enzyme system composed of core cellulases and accessory hydrolytic/non-hydrolytic enzymes attacking plant biopolymers. A synergistic enzyme system comprising the CG-Cel, a β-glucosidase (Novozyme® 188) and a hemicellulase Accellerase® XY was optimized on saccharification of alkaline-pretreated rice straw by a mixture design approach. Applying a full cubic model, the optimal ratio of ternary enzyme mixture containing CG-Cel: Novozyme® 188: Accellerase® XY of 44.4:20.6:35.0 showed synergistic enhancement on reducing sugar yield with a glucose releasing efficiency of 256.4 mg/FPU, equivalent to a 2.9 times compared with that from CG-Cel alone. Conclusions The work showed an approach for developing an active synergistic enzyme system based on the newly characterized C. globosum for lignocellulose saccharification and modification in bio-industries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0312-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwitoo Wanmolee
- The Joint Graduate School for Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Prachauthit Road, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Warasirin Sornlake
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nakul Rattanaphan
- Bioprocess Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Surisa Suwannarangsee
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- The Joint Graduate School for Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Prachauthit Road, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.,BIOTEC-JGSEE Integrative Biorefinery Laboratory, Innovation Cluster 2 Building, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand. .,BIOTEC-JGSEE Integrative Biorefinery Laboratory, Innovation Cluster 2 Building, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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Degradation and polymerization of monolignols by Abortiporus biennis, and induction of its degradation with a reducing agent. J Microbiol 2016; 54:675-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sáez-Jiménez V, Rencoret J, Rodríguez-Carvajal MA, Gutiérrez A, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez AT. Role of surface tryptophan for peroxidase oxidation of nonphenolic lignin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:198. [PMID: 28616078 PMCID: PMC5467052 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite claims as key enzymes in enzymatic delignification, very scarce information on the reaction rates between the ligninolytic versatile peroxidase (VP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) and the lignin polymer is available, due to methodological difficulties related to lignin heterogeneity and low solubility. RESULTS Two water-soluble sulfonated lignins (from Picea abies and Eucalyptus grandis) were chemically characterized and used to estimate single electron-transfer rates to the H2O2-activated Pleurotus eryngii VP (native enzyme and mutated variant) transient states (compounds I and II bearing two- and one-electron deficiencies, respectively). When the rate-limiting reduction of compound II was quantified by stopped-flow rapid spectrophotometry, from fourfold (softwood lignin) to over 100-fold (hardwood lignin) lower electron-transfer efficiencies (k3app values) were observed for the W164S variant at surface Trp164, compared with the native VP. These lignosulfonates have ~20-30 % phenolic units, which could be responsible for the observed residual activity. Therefore, methylated (and acetylated) samples were used in new stopped-flow experiments, where negligible electron transfer to the W164S compound II was found. This revealed that the residual reduction of W164S compound II by native lignin was due to its phenolic moiety. Since both native lignins have a relatively similar phenolic moiety, the higher W164S activity on the softwood lignin could be due to easier access of its mono-methoxylated units for direct oxidation at the heme channel in the absence of the catalytic tryptophan. Moreover, the lower electron transfer rates from the derivatized lignosulfonates to native VP suggest that peroxidase attack starts at the phenolic lignin moiety. In agreement with the transient-state kinetic data, very low structural modification of lignin, as revealed by size-exclusion chromatography and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, was obtained during steady-state treatment (up to 24 h) of native lignosulfonates with the W164S variant compared with native VP and, more importantly, this activity disappeared when nonphenolic lignosulfonates were used. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that the surface tryptophan conserved in most LiPs and VPs (Trp164 of P. eryngii VPL) is strictly required for oxidation of the nonphenolic moiety, which represents the major and more recalcitrant part of the lignin polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sáez-Jiménez
- CSIC, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- CSIC, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ana Gutiérrez
- CSIC, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Angel T. Martínez
- CSIC, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Polymerization of Various Lignins via Immobilized Myceliophthora thermophila Laccase (MtL). Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8080280. [PMID: 30974557 PMCID: PMC6431913 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization of lignin is an environmentally-friendly and sustainable method that is investigated for its potential in opening-up new applications of one of the most abundant biopolymers on our planet. In this work, the laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila was successfully immobilized onto Accurel MP1000 beads (67% of protein bound to the polymeric carrier) and the biocatalyzed oxidation of Kraft lignin (KL) and lignosulfonate (LS) were carried out. Fluorescence intensity determination, phenol content analysis and size exclusion chromatography were performed in order to elucidate the extent of the polymerization reaction. The collected results show an 8.5-fold decrease of the LS samples’ fluorescence intensity after laccase-mediated oxidation and a 12-fold increase of the weight average molecular weight was obtained.
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Hong CY, Park SY, Kim SH, Lee SY, Ryu SH, Choi IG. Biomodification of Ethanol Organolsolv Lignin by Abortiporus biennis and Its Structural Change by Addition of Reducing Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5658/wood.2016.44.1.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zucca P, Cocco G, Sollai F, Sanjust E. Fungal laccases as tools for biodegradation of industrial dyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/boca-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLaccases are blue copper oxidases, found in some plants and secreted by a wide range of ligninolytic fungi. These enzymes are well known for their ability in oxidizing several organic compounds, mainly phenolics and aromatic amines, at the expenses of molecular oxygen. Therefore, they could find application in the field of enzymatic bioremediation of many industrial wastewaters, and in particular to bleach and/or detoxify dye-containing effluents. Not all industrial dyes behave as laccase substrates, but this limitation is often overcome by the judicious use of redox mediators. These could substantially widen the application range of laccases as bioremediation tools. The present study encompasses the main properties of the most used industrial dyes as related to their chemical classification, fungal laccases and their molecular and catalytic features, the use of redox mediators, limitations and perspectives of the use of fungal laccases for industrial dye bleaching.
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Roth S, Spiess AC. Laccases for biorefinery applications: a critical review on challenges and perspectives. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:2285-313. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhang Y, Dong A, Fan X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Cavaco-Paulo A. Laccase-catalyzed synthesis of conducting polyaniline-lignosulfonate composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Aixue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xuerong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fibre Bioprocesses; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fibre Bioprocesses; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- Department of Biological Engineering; University of Minho, Campus De Gualtar; Braga 4710-057 Portugal
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Sáez-Jiménez V, Baratto MC, Pogni R, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Santos JI, Martínez AT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ. Demonstration of Lignin-to-Peroxidase Direct Electron Transfer: A TRANSIENT-STATE KINETICS, DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS, EPR, AND NMR STUDY. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23201-13. [PMID: 26240145 PMCID: PMC4645588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Versatile peroxidase (VP) is a high redox-potential peroxidase of biotechnological interest that is able to oxidize phenolic and non-phenolic aromatics, Mn2+, and different dyes. The ability of VP from Pleurotus eryngii to oxidize water-soluble lignins (softwood and hardwood lignosulfonates) is demonstrated here by a combination of directed mutagenesis and spectroscopic techniques, among others. In addition, direct electron transfer between the peroxidase and the lignin macromolecule was kinetically characterized using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. VP variants were used to show that this reaction strongly depends on the presence of a solvent-exposed tryptophan residue (Trp-164). Moreover, the tryptophanyl radical detected by EPR spectroscopy of H2O2-activated VP (being absent from the W164S variant) was identified as catalytically active because it was reduced during lignosulfonate oxidation, resulting in the appearance of a lignin radical. The decrease of lignin fluorescence (excitation at 355 nm/emission at 400 nm) during VP treatment under steady-state conditions was accompanied by a decrease of the lignin (aromatic nuclei and side chains) signals in one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectra, confirming the ligninolytic capabilities of the enzyme. Simultaneously, size-exclusion chromatography showed an increase of the molecular mass of the modified residual lignin, especially for the (low molecular mass) hardwood lignosulfonate, revealing that the oxidation products tend to recondense during the VP treatment. Finally, mutagenesis of selected residues neighboring Trp-164 resulted in improved apparent second-order rate constants for lignosulfonate reactions, revealing that changes in its protein environment (modifying the net negative charge and/or substrate accessibility/binding) can modulate the reactivity of the catalytic tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sáez-Jiménez
- From the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- the Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- the Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- the Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P. O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain, and
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- the Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P. O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain, and
| | - José Ignacio Santos
- the NMR Facility, SGIKER, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Donostia, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- From the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain,
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Hydrophobic surface functionalization of lignocellulosic jute fabrics by enzymatic grafting of octadecylamine. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:353-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Can laccases catalyze bond cleavage in lignin? Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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