1
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Li Y, Gupta R, Zhang Q, You S. Review of biochar production via crop residue pyrolysis: Development and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128423. [PMID: 36462767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide surge in crop residue generation has necessitated developing strategies for their sustainable disposal. Pyrolysis has been widely adopted to convert crop residue into biochar with bio-oil and gas being two co-products. The review adopts a whole system philosophy and systematically summarises up-to-date knowledge of crop residue pyrolysis processes, influential factors, and biochar applications. Essential process design tools for biochar production e.g., cost-benefit analysis, life cycle assessment, and machine learning methods are also reviewed, which has often been overlooked in prior reviews. Important aspects include (a) correlating techno-economics of biochar production with crop residue compositions, (b) process operating conditions and management strategies, (c) biochar applications including soil amendment, fuel displacement, catalytic usage, etc., (d) data-driven modelling techniques, (e) properties of biochar, and (f) climate change mitigation. Overall, the review will support the development of application-oriented process pipelines for crop residue-based biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yize Li
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rohit Gupta
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London W1W 7TY, UK
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siming You
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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2
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Bélanger N, Prasher S, Dumont MJ. Tailoring biochar production for use as a reinforcing bio-based filler in rubber composites: a review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2089584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bélanger
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Shiv Prasher
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, QC, Canada
- Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, QC, Canada
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3
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Abhishek K, Shrivastava A, Vimal V, Gupta AK, Bhujbal SK, Biswas JK, Singh L, Ghosh P, Pandey A, Sharma P, Kumar M. Biochar application for greenhouse gas mitigation, contaminants immobilization and soil fertility enhancement: A state-of-the-art review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158562. [PMID: 36089037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rising global temperature, pollution load, and energy crises are serious problems, recently facing the world. Scientists around the world are ambitious to find eco-friendly and cost-effective routes for resolving these problems. Biochar has emerged as an agent for environmental remediation and has proven to be the effective sorbent to inorganic and organic pollutants in water and soil. Endowed with unique attributes such as porous structure, larger specific surface area (SSA), abundant surface functional groups, better cation exchange capacity (CEC), strong adsorption capacity, high environmental stability, embedded minerals, and micronutrients, biochar is presented as a promising material for environmental management, reduction in greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, soil management, and soil fertility enhancement. Therefore, the current review covers the influence of key factors (pyrolysis temperature, retention time, gas flow rate, and reactor design) on the production yield and property of biochar. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the diverse application of biochar such as waste management, construction material, adsorptive removal of petroleum and oil from aqueous media, immobilization of contaminants, carbon sequestration, and their role in climate change mitigation, soil conditioner, along with opportunities and challenges. Finally, this review discusses the evaluation of biochar standardization by different international agencies and their economic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of Bihar, Patna, India
| | | | - Vineet Vimal
- Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Orissa, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Gupta
- Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of Bihar, Patna, India
| | - Sachin Krushna Bhujbal
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies & International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Lal Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhakar Sharma
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir 803116, Bihar, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India.
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4
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Leng L, Xiong Q, Yang L, Li H, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Jiang S, Li H, Huang H. An overview on engineering the surface area and porosity of biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:144204. [PMID: 33385838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface area and porosity are important physical properties of biochar, playing a crucial role in many biochar applications, such as wastewater treatment and soil remediation. The production of engineered biochar with highly porous structure and large surface area has received extensive attention. This paper comprehensively reviewed the effects of biomass and pyrolysis parameters on the surface area and porosity of biochar. The composition of biomass feedstock and pyrolysis temperature are the major influencing factors. It is suggested that the lignocellulosic biomass is an outstanding candidate, wood and woody biomass in particular. Besides, moderate temperatures (400-700 °C) are suitable for the development of the pore structure. Further improvement can be implemented by additional treatments. Activation is the most widely used and effective way to promote biochar surface area and porosity, especially the chemical activation. Enhancement can also be achieved by using other treatment methods, such as carbonaceous materials coating, ball milling, and templating. Future research should focus on upgrading or developing treatment technology to achieve enhanced functionality and porous structure of biochar simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Leng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Qin Xiong
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lihong Yang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of the Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Weijin Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Shaojian Jiang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Huajun Huang
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
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5
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Ding YL, Wang HQ, Xiang M, Yu P, Li RQ, Ke QP. The Effect of Ni-ZSM-5 Catalysts on Catalytic Pyrolysis and Hydro-Pyrolysis of Biomass. Front Chem 2020; 8:790. [PMID: 33102434 PMCID: PMC7545903 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the demand of energy and re-utilization of wastes, the renewable lignocellulosic biomass, has attracted increasing and significant attention for alleviating the growing energy crisis and environment problems. As main components of lignocellulosic biomass, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are connected by hydrogen bond to form a compact skeleton structure, resulting the trenchant condition of biomass pyrolysis. Also, pyrolysis products of above three main constituents contain a large amount of oxygenates that cause low heating value, high corrosiveness, high viscosity, and instability. Meanwhile, zeolites are of considerable significance to the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to desirable chemical products on account of fine shape selectivity and moderate acid sites and strength. Among numerous zeolites, ZSM-5-based catalysts have been most extensively studied, and the acidity and porosity of ZSM-5 can be tuned by changing the content of Si or Al in zeolite. Beyond that, doping of other metal elements, such as Mn, Co, Ni, Ga, Ce, Pt, into ZSM-5 is also an efficient way to regulate the strength and density of acid sites in zeolite precisely. This review focused on the recent investigation of Ni-modified microporous ZSM-5 used in catalytic pyrolysis of lignin and cellulose. The application of metal-modified hierarchical ZSM-5 is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Long Ding
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Hua-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Mei Xiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Pei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Rong-Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Qing-Ping Ke
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, China
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6
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Tong S, Sun Y, Li X, Hu Z, Dacres OD, Worasuwannarak N, Luo G, Liu H, Hu H, Yao H. Gas-pressurized torrefaction of biomass wastes: Roles of pressure and secondary reactions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123640. [PMID: 32570077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A gas-pressurized (GP) torrefaction method, proposed in our resent work, can significantly promote the upgrading and oxygen removal of biomass wastes, compared to the traditional torrefaction (AP). However, the mechanism of the GP torrefaction process is not clear. In present work, semi-closed (SC) torrefaction, GP torrefaction, and AP torrefaction were conducted to reveal the roles of pressure and secondary reactions during GP torrefaction quantitatively. The results showed that the pressure significantly promoted the upgrading of biomass during GP torrefaction at 200 °C. The contribution of pressure on the oxygen removal of GP torrefaction at 200 °C was 63.87%. At relatively high temperature of around 250 °C, the promotions were caused by the synergistic effect of pressure and secondary reactions. The contribution of secondary reactions on the oxygen removal was 53.99%. Thus, the process of the GP torrefaction of biomass wastes was preliminarily understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yiming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and Chemical Process Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Zhenzhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Omar D Dacres
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nakorn Worasuwannarak
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-Uthit Rd., Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Guangqian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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7
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Godwin PM, Pan Y, Xiao H, Afzal MT. Progress in Preparation and Application of Modified Biochar for Improving Heavy Metal Ion Removal From Wastewater. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2019. [DOI: 10.21967/jbb.v4i1.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Leng L, Huang H. An overview of the effect of pyrolysis process parameters on biochar stability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:627-642. [PMID: 30220436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar produced from biomass pyrolysis is becoming a powerful tool for carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Biochar C recalcitrance or biochar stability is the decisive property determining its carbon sequestration potential. The effect of pyrolysis process parameters on biochar stability is becoming a frontier of biochar study. This review discussed comprehensively how and why biomass compositions and physicochemical properties and biomass processing conditions such as pyrolysis temperature and reaction residence time affect the stability of biochar. The review found that relative high temperature (400-700 °C), long reaction residence time, slow heating rate, high pressure, the presence of some minerals and biomass feedstock of high-lignin content with large particle size are preferable to biochar stability. However, challenges exist to mediate the trade-offs between biochar stability and other potential wins. Strategies were then proposed to promote the utilization of biochar as a climate change mitigation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Leng
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huajun Huang
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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9
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Maliutina K, Tahmasebi A, Yu J. Pressurized entrained-flow pyrolysis of microalgae: Enhanced production of hydrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 256:160-169. [PMID: 29438916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pressurized entrained-flow pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae was investigated. The impact of pressure on the yield and composition of pyrolysis products were studied. The results showed that the concentration of H2 in bio-gas increased sharply with increasing pyrolysis pressure, while those of CO, CO2, CH4, and C2H6 were dramatically decreased. The concentration of H2 reached 88.01 vol% in bio-gas at 900 °C and 4 MPa. Higher pressures promoted the hydrogen transfer to bio-gas. The bio-oils derived from pressurized pyrolysis were rich in nitrogen-containing compounds and PAHs. The highest concentration of nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-oil was achieved at 800 °C and 1 MPa. Increasing pyrolysis pressure promoted the formation of nitrogen-containing compounds such as indole, quinoline, isoquinoline and phenanthridine. Higher pyrolysis pressures led to increased sphericity, enhanced swelling, and higher carbon order of bio-chars. Pressurized pyrolysis of biomass has a great potential for poly-generation of H2, nitrogen containing compounds and bio-char.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Maliutina
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Arash Tahmasebi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Jianglong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Coal and Coking Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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10
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Liu WJ, Jiang H, Yu HQ. Development of Biochar-Based Functional Materials: Toward a Sustainable Platform Carbon Material. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12251-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 846] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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11
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Janus A, Pelfrêne A, Heymans S, Deboffe C, Douay F, Waterlot C. Elaboration, characteristics and advantages of biochars for the management of contaminated soils with a specific overview on Miscanthus biochars. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 162:275-289. [PMID: 26265597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are products that are rich in carbon obtained by pyrolysis processes that consist in introducing a biomass (such as wood or manure) in a closed container and heating it with little or no available air. This paper reports the impacts of pyrolysis parameters on biochar characteristics. A preliminary examination of the scientific literature revealed that the type of feedstock, the temperature, the heating rate and the gas flow were the major parameters influencing the biochar characteristics. This review highlights the multitude of biochars that can be made and shows the importance of characterizing them before their use in soils. Then we assess how the input of biochars in soils can affect soil parameters. A review of the literature showed modifications on: i) the physical properties of soils (i.e. the modification in soil structure and water retention), ii) the chemical properties of soils (i.e. the modification of pH, cation exchange capacity, nutrient availability, the organic matter content) and iii) the biological properties (i.e. the changes in microbial and faunal communities). All these modifications can lead to an increase in crop productivity, which confirms the value of biochars as a soil amendment. Moreover, biochars can also provide an advantage for soil remediation. Indeed, biochars efficiently reduce the bioavailability of organic and inorganic pollutants. In addition, this review focuses on a specific plant that can be used to produce biochars: Miscanthus, a non-wood rhizomatous C4 perennial grass. Miscanthus presents advantages for biochar production due to: i) its lignocellulosic content, ii) its silicon content, which can mitigate environmental stresses (notably for plants grown on contaminated sites) and iii) the greater surface area of the Miscanthus biochars compared to the biochars produced with other feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Janus
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), ISA Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Aurélie Pelfrêne
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), ISA Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Francis Douay
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), ISA Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Waterlot
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), ISA Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
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12
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Ateş F, Miskolczi N, Saricaoğlu B. Pressurized pyrolysis of dried distillers grains with solubles and canola seed press cake in a fixed-bed reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 177:149-158. [PMID: 25484126 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pressurized pyrolysis of biomasses was carried in a fixed bed reactor to obtain gases, bio-oils and chars at elevated temperatures. The products were characterized by GC-MS, FTIR, viscometer, SEM, BET and EDXRFS methods. Experiments were performed at 1, 5 and 10 bar pressure and 400, 500 and 600°C temperatures. The experimental results show that in all the experimental condition the yield of bio-oil from DDGS as higher than that of canola. Yield of non-condensable gases and chars increased, while that of liquid products decreased by pressure. Increasing pressure favoured the formation of low molecular weight gas, such as H2. Maximum surface area of chars was obtained at atmospheric pressure and the surface areas decreased rapidly with increasing pressure. GC/MS results shows that the amount of fatty acids in bio-oils was increased by increasing pressure and bio-oils showed non-Newtonian behavior. Based on EDXRFS results, bio-oils and char contained lots of elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Ateş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Anadolu University, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Norbert Miskolczi
- MOL Department of Hydrocarbon and Coal Processing, University of Pannonia, 10 Egyetem u., 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Beyza Saricaoğlu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Anadolu University, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555 Eskisehir, Turkey
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13
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Corno L, Pilu R, Adani F. Arundo donax L.: a non-food crop for bioenergy and bio-compound production. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1535-49. [PMID: 25457226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Arundo donax L., common name giant cane or giant reed, is a plant that grows spontaneously in different kinds of environments and that it is widespread in temperate and hot areas all over the world. Plant adaptability to different kinds of environment, soils and growing conditions, in combination with the high biomass production and the low input required for its cultivation, give to A. donax many advantages when compared to other energy crops. A. donax can be used in the production of biofuels/bioenergy not only by biological fermentation, i.e. biogas and bio-ethanol, but also, by direct biomass combustion. Both its industrial uses and the extraction of chemical compounds are largely proved, so that A. donax can be proposed as the feedstock to develop a bio-refinery. Nowadays, the use of this non-food plant in both biofuel/bioenergy and bio-based compound production is just beginning, with great possibilities for expanding its cultivation in the future. To this end, this review highlights the potential of using A. donax for energy and bio-compound production, by collecting and critically discussing the data available on these first applications for the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Corno
- Di.S.A.A., Gruppo Ricicla, Biomass and Bioenergy Laboratory, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Pilu
- Di.S.A.A., Gruppo Ricicla, Genetic Laboratory, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Di.S.A.A., Gruppo Ricicla, Biomass and Bioenergy Laboratory, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Recari J, Berrueco C, Abelló S, Montané D, Farriol X. Effect of temperature and pressure on characteristics and reactivity of biomass-derived chars. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 170:204-210. [PMID: 25146312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of pyrolysis temperature (350-450°C) and pressure (0.1-2.0MPa) on product yields and char properties. Spruce chars were produced under slow pyrolysis conditions in a fixed bed reactor. Special attention was devoted to the study of the oxidation reactivity of the produced chars, and its relationship with the evaluated char properties. The obtained results showed that the effect of the pyrolysis condition on char production and in particular on the mechanism of secondary char formation strongly influenced the char reactivity. Additionally it has been observed that the interval of temperature between 350 and 450°C may be key in the mechanism of tar repolymerization. The information provided in this study is of great interest for the determination of optimal operation conditions and the design of new gasification concepts or the development of bioenergy carriers via pyrolysis technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Recari
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - C Berrueco
- Bioenergy and Biofuels Area, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 2, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - S Abelló
- Bioenergy and Biofuels Area, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 2, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - D Montané
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain; Bioenergy and Biofuels Area, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 2, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - X Farriol
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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15
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Grams J, Ruppert A, Rzeźnicka I, Niewiadomski M, Jędrzejczyk M. Surface characterization of lignocellulosic biomass submitted to pyrolysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Grams
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; ul. Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Lodz Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ruppert
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; ul. Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Lodz Poland
| | - Izabela Rzeźnicka
- Department of Chemistry; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
- Institute for International Education; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Michał Niewiadomski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; ul. Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Lodz Poland
| | - Marcin Jędrzejczyk
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; ul. Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Lodz Poland
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16
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Angin D, Sensöz S. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and surface properties of biochar of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2014; 16:684-693. [PMID: 24933878 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2013.856842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The biochar is an important carbon-rich product that is generated from biomass sources through pyrolysis. Biochar (charcoal) can be both used directly as a potential source of solid biofuels and as soil amendments for barren lands. The aim of this study was investigate influence of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties and structure of biochar. The biochars were produced by pyrolysis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) using a fixed-bed reactor at different pyrolysis temperatures (400-700 degrees C). The produced biochars were characterized by proximate and elemental analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, particle size distributions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that both chemical and surface properties of the biochars were significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature. Aromatic hydrocarbons, hydroxyl and carbonyl compounds were the majority components of the biochar. The biochar obtained at 700 degrees C had a high fixed carbon content (66.16%) as well as a high heating value, and therefore it could be used as solid fuel, precursor in the activated carbons manufacture (specific surface area until 25.38 m(2) g(-1)), or to obtain category-A briquettes.
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17
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Effects of Biomass Feedstocks and Gasification Conditions on the Physiochemical Properties of Char. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6083972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Wnetrzak R, Kwapinski W, Peters K, Sommer SG, Jensen LS, Leahy JJ. The influence of the pig manure separation system on the energy production potentials. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 136:502-508. [PMID: 23567723 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Energy recovery from pig manure offers an opportunity for waste utilisation and financial benefit. Samples of the solid fraction of separated pig manure and samples which had undergone chemical or biological pretreatment prior to separation were pyrolysed. A beech wood sample was pyrolysed for comparison. The chemically pre-treated and anaerobically digested materials had similar properties and showed similar behaviour during thermogravimetric analysis. However, the energy content of the gas arising from pyrolysis in a batch reactor at 600 °C comprises about 30% of the original energy of the feedstock in the case of the anaerobically digested materials and double that of the chemically pre-treated material. Therefore, the overall energy balance showed a loss of 595.9 MJ/t for the pyrolysis of the chemically pre-treated manure, while very small positive values of 351.7 MJ/t, 817.3 MJ/t and a significant value of 8935 MJ/t were found for anaerobically digested sample, un-pretreated solid and for wood, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wnetrzak
- Carbolea Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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19
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Han J, Elgowainy A, Dunn JB, Wang MQ. Life cycle analysis of fuel production from fast pyrolysis of biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:421-428. [PMID: 23454388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis of pyrolysis-based gasoline was conducted and compared with petroleum gasoline. To address the variation and uncertainty in the pyrolysis pathways, probability distributions for key parameters were developed with data from literature. The impacts of two different hydrogen sources for pyrolysis oil upgrading and of two bio-char co-product applications were investigated. Reforming fuel gas/natural gas for H2 reduces WTW GHG emissions by 60% (range of 55-64%) compared to the mean of petroleum fuels. Reforming pyrolysis oil for H2 increases the WTW GHG emissions reduction up to 112% (range of 97-126%), but reduces petroleum savings per unit of biomass used due to the dramatic decline in the liquid fuel yield. Thus, the hydrogen source causes a trade-off between GHG reduction per unit fuel output and petroleum displacement per unit biomass used. Soil application of biochar could provide significant carbon sequestration with large uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Han
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, United States.
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20
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Manyà JJ. Pyrolysis for biochar purposes: a review to establish current knowledge gaps and research needs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7939-7954. [PMID: 22775244 DOI: 10.1021/es301029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the International Biochar Initiative (IBI), biochar is a charcoal which can be applied to soil for both agricultural and environmental gains. Biochar technology seems to have a very promising future. Nevertheless, the further development of this technology requires continuing research. The present paper provides an updated review on two subjects: the available alternatives to produce biochar from a biomass feedstock and the effect of biochar addition to agricultural soils on soil properties and fertility. A high number of previous studies have highlighted the benefit of using biochar in terms of mitigating global warning (through carbon sequestration) and as a strategy to manage soil processes and functions. Nevertheless, the relationship between biochar properties (mainly physical properties and chemical functionalities on surface) and its applicability as a soil amendment is still unclear and does not allow the establishment of the appropriate process conditions to produce a biochar with desired characteristics. For this reason, the need of enhancing the collaboration among researchers working in different fields of study is highlighted: production and characterization of biochar on one hand, and on the other measurement of both environmental and agronomical benefits linked to the addition of biochar to agricultural soils. In this sense, when experimental results concerning the effect of the addition of biochar to a given soil on crop yields and/or soil properties are published, details regarding the properties of the used biochar should be well reported. The inclusion of this valuable information seems to be essential in order to establish the appropriate process conditions to produce a biochar with more suitable characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan J Manyà
- Thermo-chemical Processes Group (GPT), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza , Technological College of Huesca, crta. Cuarte s/n, E-22071 Spain.
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21
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Augustenborg CA, Hepp S, Kammann C, Hagan D, Schmidt O, Müller C. Biochar and earthworm effects on soil nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2012; 41:1203-1209. [PMID: 22751063 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is the product of pyrolysis produced from feedstock of biological origin. Due to its aromatic structure and long residence time, biochar may enable long-term carbon sequestration. At the same time, biochar has the potential to improve soil fertility and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. However, the effect of biochar application on GHG fluxes from soil must be investigated before recommendations for field-scale biochar application can be made. A laboratory experiment was designed to measure carbon dioxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (NO) emissions from two Irish soils with the addition of two different biochars, along with endogeic (soil-feeding) earthworms and ammonium sulfate, to assist in the overall evaluation of biochar as a GHG-mitigation tool. A significant reduction in NO emissions was observed from both low and high organic matter soils when biochars were applied at rates of 4% (w/w). Earthworms significantly increased NO fluxes in low and high organic matter soils more than 12.6-fold and 7.8-fold, respectively. The large increase in soil NO emissions in the presence of earthworms was significantly reduced by the addition of both biochars. biochar reduced the large earthworm emissions by 91 and 95% in the low organic matter soil and by 56 and 61% in the high organic matter soil (with and without N fertilization), respectively. With peanut hull biochar, the earthworm emissions reduction was 80 and 70% in the low organic matter soil, and only 20 and 10% in the high organic matter soil (with and without N fertilization), respectively. In high organic matter soil, both biochars reduced CO efflux in the absence of earthworms. However, soil CO efflux increased when peanut hull biochar was applied in the presence of earthworms. This study demonstrated that biochar can potentially reduce earthworm-enhanced soil NO and CO emissions. Hence, biochar application combined with endogeic earthworm activity did not reveal unknown risks for GHG emissions at the pot scale, but field-scale experiments are required to confirm this.
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22
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Melligan F, Dussan K, Auccaise R, Novotny EH, Leahy JJ, Hayes MHB, Kwapinski W. Characterisation of the products from pyrolysis of residues after acid hydrolysis of Miscanthus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 108:258-263. [PMID: 22281143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Platform chemicals such as furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural are major products formed during the acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in second generation biorefining processes. Solid hydrolysis residues (HR) can amount to 50 wt.% of the starting biomass materials. Pyrolysis of the HRs gives rise to biochar, bio-liquids, and gases. Time and temperature were variables during the pyrolysis of HRs in a fixed bed tubular reactor, and both parameters have major influences on the amounts and properties of the products. Biochar, with potential for carbon sequestration and soil conditioning, composed about half of the HR pyrolysis product. The amounts (11-20 wt.%) and compositions (up to 77% of phenols in organic fraction) of the bio-liquids formed suggest that these have little value as fuels, but could be sources of phenols, and the gas can have application as a fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Melligan
- Carbolea Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
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23
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Huelsman CM, Savage PE. Intermediates and kinetics for phenol gasification in supercritical water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2900-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23910h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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