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Meena R AA, J M, Banu J R, Bhatia SK, Kumar V, Piechota G, Kumar G. A review on the pollution assessment of hazardous materials and the resultant biorefinery products in Palm oil mill effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121525. [PMID: 37062401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The voluminous nature of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is directly associated with environmental hazards and could be turned into biorefinery products. The POME, rich in BOD, COD, and oil and grease, with few hazardous materials such as siloxanes, fatty acid methyl ester, and phenolic compounds that may significantly increase the risk of violating the effluent quality standards. Recently, the application of chemical and biological risk assessment that can use electrochemical sensors and microalgae-like species has gained paramount attention towards its remediation. This review describes the existing risk assessment for POME and recommends a novel assessment approach using fish species including invasive ones as suitable for identifying the toxicants. Various physico-chemical and biological treatments such as adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, photo-oxidation, solar-assisted extraction, anaerobic digestion, integrated anaerobic-aerobic, and microalgae cultivation has been investigated. This paper offers an overview of anaerobic technologies, with particular emphasis on advanced bioreactors and their prospects for industrial-level applications. To illustrate, palmitic acid and oleic acid, the precursors of fatty acid methyl ester found in POME pave the way to produce biodiesel with 91.45%. Although there are some challenges in attaining production at an economic scale, this review offers some opportunities that could help in overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Alias Meena R
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Merrylin J
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sadakathullah Appa College, Tirunelveli, 627011, India
| | - Rajesh Banu J
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamilnadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, 610005, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, 4036, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Hakimi M, Manogaran MD, Shamsuddin R, Mohd Johari SA, Abdalla M Hassan M, Soehartanto T. Co-anaerobic digestion of sawdust and chicken manure with plant herbs: Biogas generation and kinetic study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17096. [PMID: 37342579 PMCID: PMC10277593 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant herbs specifically serai wangi (SW) and peppermint (PPM) are selected for its insect repellent properties as the use of chicken manure (CM) in anaerobic digestion (AD) potentially attract flies due to the digestate produced. Hence, the addition of SW and PPM in the AD system of CM could deter flies' infestation while producing biogas. Previous work has shown that AD of sawdust (SD) and CM with these plant herbs were able to produce biogas and reduce the flies attraction towards the digestate. However, the combination of SW and PPM for AD of CM has yet to be investigated. This work describes the effect of mixing SW and PPM on the co-AD of SDCM with respect to biogas production, methane yield and kinetic analysis. The mixture of SW and PPM was varied at different concentrations. The composition of methane in biogas was characterized every 10 days by using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The results suggest that co-AD of 10SW10PPM exhibited the highest biogas production (52.28 mL/gvs) and methane yield (30.89 mL/gvs), which the purity of methane increased by 18.52% as compared to SDCM. However, increasing the concentration of SW and PPM does not significantly improve the overall process. High R2 (0.927-0.999), low RMSE (0.08-0.61) and low prediction error (<10.00%) were displayed by the modified Gompertz, logistic and Cone models. In contrast, Monod and Fitzhugh model is not preferred for the co-AD of SDCM with a mixture of SW and PM, as a high prediction error is obtained throughout the study. Increasing the dosage of PPM decreases the maximum cumulative methane yield, ranging from 31.76 to 7.01 mL/gvs for modified Gompertz and 89.56 to 19.31 mL/gvs for logistic model. The Modified Gompertz obtained a lag phase of 10.01-28.28 days while the logistic model obtained a lag phase of 37.29-52.48 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hakimi
- HICoE Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - M. Devendran Manogaran
- HICoE Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Rashid Shamsuddin
- HICoE Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aminah Mohd Johari
- HICoE Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Muzamil Abdalla M Hassan
- HICoE Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Totok Soehartanto
- Jurusan Teknik Fisika, FTI, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
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Reduction in Free Fatty Acid Concentration in Sludge Palm Oil Using Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis: Process Optimization, and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalysts. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid catalysts including Amberlyst 15 and sulfuric acid were used for heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyst reactions respectively, to reduce high free fatty acid (FFA) in sludge palm oil (SPO) using an esterification process. The goal of this research was to reduce high FFA content in SPO to less than 1 wt.% FFA so that it can be employed as a raw material in a transesterification process to produce biodiesel. Amberlyst 15 is an eco-friendly catalyst with many benefits, such as being reusable and generating non-toxic waste after reactions, compared to homogeneous catalysts, although the reaction time of the homogeneous catalyst was faster than the heterogeneous catalytic reaction. Therefore, esterification reactions with a heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic reaction were carried out to examine conversion of FFA. The heterogeneous catalytic reaction decreased the FFA content from 89.16 wt.% to 1.26 wt.% under the recommended conditions of 44.7 wt.% methanol, 38.6 wt.% Amberlyst 15 catalyst loading, and 360 min reaction time. For homogeneous catalytic reaction, the FFA content of 1.03 wt.% was achieved under the recommended conditions of 58.4 wt.% methanol, 16.8 wt.% sulfuric acid, and 79.7 min reaction time. Furthermore, the results of the reusability research demonstrate that the heterogeneous catalyst may be reused for at least nine cycles. This research showed the promising potential of using SPO non-edible oil for biodiesel production by employing an eco-friendly heterogeneous catalyst for cost-effective environmental remediation.
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Effect of Operating Parameters and Energy Expenditure on the Biological Performance of Rotating Biological Contactor for Wastewater Treatment. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rotating biological contactor (RBC) is resistant to toxic chemical and shock loadings, and this results in significant organic and nutrient removal efficiencies. The RBC system offers a low-energy footprint and saves up to 90% in energy costs. Due to the system’s low-energy demand, it is easily operable with renewable energy sources, either solar or wind power. An RBC was employed to degrade pollutants in domestic wastewater through biodegradation mechanisms in this study. The high microbial population in the RBC bioreactor produced excellent biological treatment capacity and higher effluent quality. The results showed that the RBC bioreactor achieved an average removal efficiency of 73.9% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 38.3% of total nitrogen (TN), 95.6% of ammonium, and 78.9% of turbidity. Investigation of operational parameters, disk rotational speed, HRT, and SRT, showed the biological performance impact. Disk rotational speed showed uniform effluent quality at 30–40 rpm, while higher values of disk rotational speed (>40 rpm) resulted in lower effluent quality in COD, TN, and turbidity. The longer hydraulic retention time and sludge retention time (SRT) facilitated higher biological performance efficiency. The longer SRTs enabled the higher TN removal efficiency because of the higher quantity of microbial biomass retention. The longer SRT also resulted in efficient sludge-settling properties and reduced volume of sludge production. The energy evaluation of the RBC bioreactor showed that it consumed only 0.14 kWh/m3, which is significantly lower than the conventional treatment methods; therefore, it is easily operable with renewable energy sources. The RBC is promising substitute for traditional suspended growth processes as higher microbial activity, lower operational and maintenance costs, and lower carbon foot print enhanced the biological performance, which aligns with the stipulations of ecological evolution and environment-friendly treatment.
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Dominic D, Baidurah S. Recent Developments in Biological Processing Technology for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment-A Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040525. [PMID: 35453724 PMCID: PMC9031994 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Palm oil mill effluent (POME) requires treatment prior to discharge to the environment. Biological processing technology is highly preferable due to its advantages of environmentally friendliness, cost effectiveness, and practicality. These methods utilized various designs and modifications of bioreactors fostering effective fermentation technology in the presence of fungi, bacteria, microalgae, and a consortium of microorganisms. This review highlights the recent biological processing technology for POME treatment as a resource utilization. Abstract POME is the most voluminous waste generated from palm oil milling activities. The discharge of POME into the environment without any treatment processing could inflict an undesirable hazard to humans and the environment due to its high amount of toxins, organic, and inorganic materials. The treatment of POME prior to discharge into the environment is utmost required to protect the liability for human health and the environment. Biological treatments are preferable due to eco-friendly attributes that are technically and economically feasible. The goal of this review article is to highlight the current state of development in the biological processing technologies for POME treatment. These biological processing technologies are conducted in the presence of fungi, bacteria, microalgae, and a consortium of microorganisms. Numerous microbes are listed to identify the most efficient strain by monitoring the BOD, COD, working volume of the reactor, and treatment time. The most effective processing technology for POME treatment uses an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with the COD value of 99%, hydraulic retention time of 7.2 days, and a working volume of 4.7 litres. Biological processing technologies are mooted as an efficient and sustainable management practice of POME waste.
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Zainal A, Harun R, Idrus S. Performance Monitoring of Anaerobic Digestion at Various Organic Loading Rates of Commercial Malaysian Food Waste. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:775676. [PMID: 35402398 PMCID: PMC8988436 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.775676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of anaerobic digestion (AD) has become common in treating palm oil mill effluent in Malaysia; however, employing AD in treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), especially food waste, is still scarce. This study aims to characterize the commercial Malaysian food waste (CMFW) and determine its potential as sustainable bioenergy feedstock through biogas production. The sample was digested via the biomethane potential (BMP) test with the variation of organic loading rates (OLRs), ranging from 0.38 to 3.83 gCOD/L. day, under mesophilic conditions. The digestion process was further evaluated in continuous operation using a 6-L continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). The kinetic properties of the process were also determined. It was found that the CMFW had a significant amount of chemical oxygen demand of 230 g/L and an acidic pH of 4.5 with the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio at 121:1. A maximum methane composition of 81% was obtained at 1.92 gCOD/L in the BMP test with specific methane production (SMP) at 0.952 L. CH4/L.COD fed. The biogas production was well-fitted with the modified Gompertz model with R2 at 0.9983 and the maximum biogas potential production rate at Rm 0.1573 L/day, whereas in the CSTR operation, a maximum methane composition of 85% was produced at OLR 6 gCOD/L. day with the SMP of 1.13 L. CH4/L.COD fed. The CSTR system was in high stability as the pH was maintained in a range of 6.6–6.7, with an alkalinity ratio of 0.28. This study indicates the CMFW is a sustainable feedstock for biogas production in Malaysia. Toward a circular economy approach, the authorities shall introduce commercial scale CMFW AD as part of managing municipal solid waste issues in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifi Zainal
- Department of Generation and Environment, Renewable Energy and Green Technology Unit, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Razif Harun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Razif Harun,
| | - Syazwani Idrus
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Kamyab H, Yuzir MA, Al-Qaim FF, Purba LDA, Riyadi FA. Application of Box-Behnken design to mineralization and color removal of palm oil mill effluent by electrocoagulation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 30:10.1007/s11356-021-16197-z. [PMID: 34480301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, palm oil mill effluent (POME) was treated using electrocoagulation, whereby the influencing factors including voltage, electrolysis time, and electrolyte amount were optimized to achieve the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal efficiencies. Graphite was selected as electrode material due to its performance better compared to aluminum and copper. Response surface methodology (RSM) was carried out for optimization of the electrocoagulation operating parameters. The best model obtained using Box-Behnken design (BBD) were quadratic for COD removal (R2 = 0.9844), color reduction (R2 = 0.9412), and oil and grease removal (R2 = 0.9724). The result from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was obtained to determine the relationship between factors and treatment efficiencies. The experimental results under optimized conditions such as voltage 14, electrolysis time of 3 h, and electrolyte amount of 13.41 g/L show that the electrocoagulation process effectively reduced the COD (56%), color (65%), and oil and grease (99%) of the POME treatment. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Kamyab
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Ali Yuzir
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences for Women, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - Laila Dina Amalia Purba
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Azizah Riyadi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Saputera WH, Amri AF, Daiyan R, Sasongko D. Photocatalytic Technology for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Wastewater Treatment: Current Progress and Future Perspective. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112846. [PMID: 34073400 PMCID: PMC8198294 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The palm oil industry produces liquid waste called POME (palm oil mill effluent). POME is stated as one of the wastes that are difficult to handle because of its large production and ineffective treatment. It will disturb the ecosystem with a high organic matter content if the waste is disposed directly into the environment. The authorities have established policies and regulations in the POME waste quality standard before being discharged into the environment. However, at this time, there are still many factories in Indonesia that have not been able to meet the standard of POME waste disposal with the existing treatment technology. Currently, the POME treatment system is still using a conventional system known as an open pond system. Although this process can reduce pollutants’ concentration, it will produce much sludge, requiring a large pond area and a long processing time. To overcome the inability of the conventional system to process POME is believed to be a challenge. Extensive effort is being invested in developing alternative technologies for the POME waste treatment to reduce POME waste safely. Several technologies have been studied, such as anaerobic processes, membrane technology, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane technology, adsorption, steam reforming, and coagulation. Among other things, an AOP, namely photocatalytic technology, has the potential to treat POME waste. This paper provides information on the feasibility of photocatalytic technology for treating POME waste. Although there are some challenges in this technology’s large-scale application, this paper proposes several strategies and directions to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibawa Hendra Saputera
- Research Group on Energy and Chemical Engineering Processing System, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (A.F.A.); (D.S.)
- Center for Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for New and Renewable Energy (PPEBT), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-82117686235
| | - Aryan Fathoni Amri
- Research Group on Energy and Chemical Engineering Processing System, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (A.F.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Rahman Daiyan
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Dwiwahju Sasongko
- Research Group on Energy and Chemical Engineering Processing System, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (A.F.A.); (D.S.)
- Research Center for New and Renewable Energy (PPEBT), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Shamsuddin R, Singh G, Kok HY, Hakimi Rosli M, Dawi Cahyono NA, Lam MK, Lim JW, Low A. Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product Treatment and Value Addition. SUSTAINABLE BIOCONVERSION OF WASTE TO VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-61837-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Integrated System Technology of POME Treatment for Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production in Malaysia. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, production of biohydrogen and biomethane (or a mixture of these; biohythane) from organic wastes using two-stage bioreactor have been implemented by developing countries such as Germany, USA and the United Kingdom using the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. In Thailand, biohythane production in a two-stage process has been widely studied. However, in Malaysia, treating organic and agricultural wastes using an integrated system of dark fermentation (DF) coupled with anaerobic digestion (AD) is scarce. For instance, in most oil palm mills, palm oil mill effluent (POME) is treated using a conventional open-ponding system or closed-digester tank for biogas capture. This paper reviewed relevant literature studies on treating POME and other organic wastes using integrated bioreactor implementing DF and/or AD process for biohydrogen and/or biomethane production. Although the number of papers that have been published in this area is increasing, a further review is needed to reveal current technology used and its benefits, especially in Malaysia, since Malaysia is the second-largest oil palm producer in the world.
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Biogas Production Optimization from POME by Using Anaerobic Digestion Process. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE & PROCESS ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.33736/jaspe.1711.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to optimize Biogas production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) with organic loading rate (OLR), carbon-to-nitrogen (C / N) ratio and pH using anaerobic processes. This study explores the potential of POME in anaerobic digestion with the perspective to develop a constructive process to treat POME and it can significantly contribute to biogas production. Design of Experiment (DoE) is used to determine the inputs (OLR, C/N, pH) for conducting research to achieve outputs (biogas production). Based on Central Composite Design (CCD), 5 levels of inputs for pH, C/N, and OLR are obtained. The findings of data analysis from Response Surface Methodology (RSM) shows that pH of 6.9, C/N of 30, and OLR of 6 VSS g/L.d have contributed to obtaining 3.8 L/day biogas production from POME. Treating POME anaerobically has proven to be successful because it is value-effective and environmentally friendly. The consequences of the research outcome in terms of environmental pollution are huge. The study suggests implementing a pilot scale study for producing required data is needed in developing economic scale POME treatment plant.
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Performance Evaluation of a Thermophilic Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor for Palm Oil Wastewater Treatment. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9040055. [PMID: 31003466 PMCID: PMC6523901 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic treatment processes have achieved popularity in treating palm oil mill effluent due to its high treatability and biogas generation. The use of externally submerged membranes with anaerobic reactors promotes the retention of the biomass in the reactor. This study was conducted in thermophilic conditions with the Polytetrafluoroethylene hollow fiber (PTFE-HF) membrane which was operated at 55 °C. The reactor was operated at Organic Loading Rates (OLR) of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kg Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)/m3·d to investigate the treatment performance and the membrane operation. The efficiency of the COD removal achieved by the system was between 93-98%. The highest methane yield achieved was 0.56 m3 CH4/kg CODr. The reactor mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) was maintained between 11.1 g/L to 20.9 g/L. A dead-end mode PTFE hollow fiber microfiltration was operated with the constant flux of 3 LMH (L/m2·h) in permeate recirculation mode to separate the clear final effluent and retain the biomass in the reactor. Membrane fouling was one of the limiting factors in the membrane bioreactor application. In this study, organic fouling was observed to be 93% of the total membrane fouling.
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Fulazzaky MA, Nuid M, Aris A, Muda K. Mass transfer kinetics of biosorption of nitrogenous matter from palm oil mill effluent by aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:2151-2161. [PMID: 28675960 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1351494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of mass transfer kinetics is important for biosorption of nitrogen compounds from palm oil mill effluent (POME) to gain a mechanistic insight into future biological processes for the treatment of high organic loading wastewater. In this study, the rates of global and sequential mass transfer were determined using the modified mass transfer factor equations for the experiments to remove nitrogen by aerobic granular sludge accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The maximum efficiencies as high as 97% for the experiment run at [kLa]g value of 1421.8 h-1 and 96% for the experiment run at [kLa]g value of 9.6 × 1037 h-1 were verified before and after the addition of Serratia marcescens SA30, respectively. The resistance of mass transfer could be dependent on external mass transfer that controls the transport of nitrogen molecule along the experimental period of 256 days. The increase in [kLa]g value leading to increased performance of the SBR was verified to contribute to the future applications of the SBR because this phenomenon provides new insight into the dynamic response of biological processes to treat POME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
- a Directorate General of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works and Housing , Jakarta , Indonesia
- b Islamic Science Research Network , Muhammadiyah University of Hamka , Jakarta , Indonesia
- c Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security , Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Malaysia
| | - Maria Nuid
- c Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security , Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Malaysia
- d Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Malaysia
| | - Azmi Aris
- c Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security , Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Malaysia
| | - Khalida Muda
- d Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Malaysia
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Bello MM, Abdul Raman AA. Trend and current practices of palm oil mill effluent polishing: Application of advanced oxidation processes and their future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 198:170-182. [PMID: 28460324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Palm oil processing is a multi-stage operation which generates large amount of effluent. On average, palm oil mill effluent (POME) may contain up to 51, 000 mg/L COD, 25,000 mg/L BOD, 40,000 TS and 6000 mg/L oil and grease. Due to its potential to cause environmental pollution, palm oil mills are required to treat the effluent prior to discharge. Biological treatments using open ponding system are widely used for POME treatment. Although these processes are capable of reducing the pollutant concentrations, they require long hydraulic retention time and large space, with the effluent frequently failing to satisfy the discharge regulation. Due to more stringent environmental regulations, research interest has recently shifted to the development of polishing technologies for the biologically-treated POME. Various technologies such as advanced oxidation processes, membrane technology, adsorption and coagulation have been investigated. Among these, advanced oxidation processes have shown potentials as polishing technologies for POME. This paper offers an overview on the POME polishing technologies, with particularly emphasis on advanced oxidation processes and their prospects for large scale applications. Although there are some challenges in large scale applications of these technologies, this review offers some perspectives that could help in overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Mohammed Bello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Centre for Dryland Agriculture, Bayero University, P.M.B. 3011, Kano State, Nigeria.
| | - Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
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Darajeh N, Idris A, Fard Masoumi HR, Nourani A, Truong P, Rezania S. Phytoremediation of palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) using artificial neural networks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:413-424. [PMID: 27748626 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2016.1244159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been widely used to solve the problems because of their reliable, robust, and salient characteristics in capturing the nonlinear relationships between variables in complex systems. In this study, ANN was applied for modeling of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and biodegradable organic matter (BOD) removal from palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by vetiver system. The independent variable, including POMSE concentration, vetiver slips density, and removal time, has been considered as input parameters to optimize the network, while the removal percentage of COD and BOD were selected as output. To determine the number of hidden layer nodes, the root mean squared error of testing set was minimized, and the topologies of the algorithms were compared by coefficient of determination and absolute average deviation. The comparison indicated that the quick propagation (QP) algorithm had minimum root mean squared error and absolute average deviation, and maximum coefficient of determination. The importance values of the variables was included vetiver slips density with 42.41%, time with 29.8%, and the POMSE concentration with 27.79%, which showed none of them, is negligible. Results show that the ANN has great potential ability in prediction of COD and BOD removal from POMSE with residual standard error (RSE) of less than 0.45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negisa Darajeh
- a Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Azni Idris
- a Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Hamid Reza Fard Masoumi
- b Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Abolfazl Nourani
- c Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Paul Truong
- d TVNI Technical Director for Asia and Oceania , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Shahabaldin Rezania
- e Department of Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) , Johor , Malaysia
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Svojitka J, Dvořák L, Studer M, Straub JO, Frömelt H, Wintgens T. Performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 229:180-189. [PMID: 28113077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic treatment of wastewater and waste organic solvents originating from the pharmaceutical and chemical industries was tested in a pilot anaerobic membrane bioreactor, which was operated for 580days under different operational conditions. The goal was to test the long-term treatment efficiency and identify inhibitory factors. The highest COD removal of up to 97% was observed when the influent concentration was increased by the addition of methanol (up to 25gL-1 as COD). Varying and generally lower COD removal efficiency (around 78%) was observed when the anaerobic membrane bioreactor was operated with incoming pharmaceutical wastewater as sole carbon source. The addition of waste organic solvents (>2.5gL-1 as COD) to the influent led to low COD removal efficiency or even to the breakdown of anaerobic digestion. Changes in the anaerobic population (e.g., proliferation of the genus Methanosarcina) resulting from the composition of influent were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Svojitka
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - Lukáš Dvořák
- Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Studer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Oliver Straub
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Heinz Frömelt
- ProRheno AG, Grenzstrasse 15, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Wintgens
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Ngo HH, Guo W, Zhou J, Peng L, Ni BJ. A modeling approach to direct interspecies electron transfer process in anaerobic transformation of ethanol to methane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:855-863. [PMID: 27757753 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) plays an important part in contributing to methane production from anaerobic digestion. However, so far anaerobic digestion models that have been proposed only consider two pathways for methane production, namely, acetoclastic methanogenesis and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, via indirect interspecies hydrogen transfer, which lacks an effective way for incorporating DIET into this paradigm. In this work, a new mathematical model is specifically developed to describe DIET process in anaerobic digestion through introducing extracellular electron transfer as a new pathway for methane production, taking anaerobic transformation of ethanol to methane as an example. The developed model was able to successfully predict experimental data on methane dynamics under different experimental conditions, supporting the validity of the developed model. Modeling predictions clearly demonstrated that DIET plays an important role in contributing to overall methane production (up to 33 %) and conductive material (i.e., carbon cloth) addition would significantly promote DIET through increasing ethanol conversion rate and methane production rate. The model developed in this work will potentially enhance our current understanding on syntrophic metabolism via DIET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yaobin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Junliang Zhou
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Lai Peng
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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Anaerobic Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent in Pilot-Scale Anaerobic EGSB Reactor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:398028. [PMID: 26167485 PMCID: PMC4488516 DOI: 10.1155/2015/398028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Large volumes of untreated palm oil mill effluent (POME) pose threat to aquatic environment due to the presence of very high organic content. The present investigation involved two pilot-scale anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors, continuously operated for 1 year to treat POME. Setting HRT at 9.8 d, the anaerobic EGSB reactors reduced COD from 71179 mg/L to 12341 mg/L and recycled half of sludge by a dissolved air flotation (DAF). The average effluent COD was 3587 mg/L with the consistent COD removal efficiency of 94.89%. Adding cationic polymer (PAM) dose of 30 mg/L to DAF unit and recycling its half of sludge caused granulation of anaerobic sludge. Bacilli and small coccid bacteria were the dominant microbial species of the reactor. The reactor produced 27.65 m(3) of biogas per m(3) of POME which was utilized for electricity generation.
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ni BJ. Zero valent iron simultaneously enhances methane production and sulfate reduction in anaerobic granular sludge reactors. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 75:292-300. [PMID: 25867207 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zero valent iron (ZVI) packed anaerobic granular sludge reactors have been developed for improved anaerobic wastewater treatment. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to describe the enhanced methane production and sulfate reduction in anaerobic granular sludge reactors with the addition of ZVI. The model is successfully calibrated and validated using long-term experimental data sets from two independent ZVI-enhanced anaerobic granular sludge reactors with different operational conditions. The model satisfactorily describes the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, sulfate reduction and methane production data from both systems. Results show ZVI directly promotes propionate degradation and methanogenesis to enhance methane production. Simultaneously, ZVI alleviates the inhibition of un-dissociated H2S on acetogens, methanogens and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) through buffering pH (Fe(0) + 2H(+) = Fe(2+) + H2) and iron sulfide precipitation, which improve the sulfate reduction capacity, especially under deterioration conditions. In addition, the enhancement of ZVI on methane production and sulfate reduction occurs mainly at relatively low COD/ [Formula: see text] ratio (e.g., 2-4.5) rather than high COD/ [Formula: see text] ratio (e.g., 16.7) compared to the reactor without ZVI addition. The model proposed in this work is expected to provide support for further development of a more efficient ZVI-based anaerobic granular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Liu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Yaobin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ni BJ. Evaluating enhanced sulfate reduction and optimized volatile fatty acids (VFA) composition in anaerobic reactor by Fe (III) addition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2123-2131. [PMID: 25606811 DOI: 10.1021/es504200j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic reactors with ferric iron addition have been experimentally demonstrated to be able to simultaneously improve sulfate reduction and organic matter degradation during sulfate-containing wastewater treatment. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to evaluate the impact of ferric iron addition on sulfate reduction and organic carbon removal as well as the volatile fatty acids (VFA) composition in anaerobic reactor. The model is successfully calibrated and validated using independent long-term experimental data sets from the anaerobic reactor with Fe (III) addition under different operational conditions. The model satisfactorily describes the sulfate reduction, organic carbon removal and VFA production. Results show Fe (III) addition induces the microbial reduction of Fe (III) by iron reducing bacteria (IRB), which significantly enhances sulfate reduction by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and subsequently changes the VFA composition to acetate-dominating effluent. Simultaneously, the produced Fe (II) from IRB can alleviate the inhibition of undissociated H2S on microorganisms through iron sulfide precipitation, resulting in further improvement of the performance. In addition, the enhancement on reactor performance by Fe (III) is found to be more significantly favored at relatively low organic carbon/SO4(2-) ratio (e.g., 1.0) than at high organic carbon/SO4(2-) ratio (e.g., 4.5). The Fe (III)-based process of this work can be easily integrated with a commonly used strategy for phosphorus recovery, with the produced sulfide being recovered and then deposited into conventional chemical phosphorus removal sludge (FePO4) to achieve FeS precipitation for phosphorus recovery while the required Fe (III) being acquired from the waste ferric sludge of drinking water treatment process, to enable maximum resource recovery/reuse while achieving high-rate sulfate removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Liu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Khemkhao M, Techkarnjanaruk S, Phalakornkule C. Simultaneous treatment of raw palm oil mill effluent and biodegradation of palm fiber in a high-rate CSTR. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 177:17-27. [PMID: 25479389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A high-rate continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was used to produce biogas from raw palm oil mill effluent (POME) at 55°C at a highest organic loading rate (OLR) of 19 g COD/ld. Physical and chemical pretreatments were not performed on the raw POME. In order to promote retention of suspended solids, the CSTR was installed with a deflector at its upper section. The average methane yield was 0.27 l/g COD, and the biogas production rate per reactor volume was 6.23 l/l d, and the tCOD removal efficiency was 82%. The hydrolysis rate of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin was 6.7, 3.0 and 1.9 g/d, respectively. The results of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) suggested that the dominant hydrolytic bacteria responsible for the biodegradation of the palm fiber and residual oil were Clostridium sp., while the dominant methanogens were Methanothermobacter sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneerat Khemkhao
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Chantaraporn Phalakornkule
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; Department of Chemical Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand; Research and Technology Center for Renewable Products and Energy, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand.
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Zero discharge performance of an industrial pilot-scale plant treating palm oil mill effluent. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:617861. [PMID: 25685798 PMCID: PMC4317585 DOI: 10.1155/2015/617861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Palm oil is one of the most important agroindustries in Malaysia. Huge quantities of palm oil mill effluent (POME) pose a great threat to aqueous environment due to its very high COD. To make full use of discharged wastes, the integrated “zero discharge” pilot-scale industrial plant comprising “pretreatment-anaerobic and aerobic process-membrane separation” was continuously operated for 1 year. After pretreatment in the oil separator tank, 55.6% of waste oil in raw POME could be recovered and sold and anaerobically digested through 2 AnaEG reactors followed by a dissolved air flotation (DAF); average COD reduced to about 3587 mg/L, and biogas production was 27.65 times POME injection which was used to generate electricity. The aerobic effluent was settled for 3 h or/and treated in MBR which could remove BOD3 (30°C) to less than 20 mg/L as required by Department of Environment of Malaysia. After filtration by UF and RO membrane, all organic compounds and most of the salts were removed; RO permeate could be reused as the boiler feed water. RO concentrate combined with anaerobic surplus sludge could be used as biofertilizer.
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Jeong JY, Son SM, Pyon JH, Park JY. Performance comparison between mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic reactors for treatment of palm oil mill effluent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 165:122-128. [PMID: 24797939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was carried out under mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (55°C) conditions without long-time POME storage in order to compare the performance of each condition in the field of Sumatra Island, Indonesia. The anaerobic treatment system was composed of anaerobic hybrid reactor and anaerobic baffled filter. Raw POME was pretreated by screw decanter to reduce suspended solids and residual oil. The total COD removal rate of 90-95% was achieved in both conditions at the OLR of 15kg[COD]/m(3)/d. The COD removal in thermophilic conditions was slightly better, however the biogas production was much higher than that in the mesophilic one at high OLR. The organic contents in pretreated POME were highly biodegradable in mesophilic under the lower OLRs. The biogas production was 13.5-20.0l/d at the 15kg[COD]/m(3)/d OLR, and the average content of carbon dioxide was 5-35% in both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Jeong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Son
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeon Pyon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yang Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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Wong YS, Teng TT, Ong SA, Norhashimah M, Rafatullah M, Leong JY. Methane gas production from palm oil wastewater—An anaerobic methanogenic degradation process in continuous stirrer suspended closed anaerobic reactor. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wong YS, Teng TT, Ong SA, Morad N, Rafatullah M. Suspended growth kinetic analysis on biogas generation from newly isolated anaerobic bacterial communities for palm oil mill effluent at mesophilic temperature. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08483g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic degradation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was carried out under mesophilic temperature in an anaerobic suspended growth closed bioreactor (ASGCB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shian Wong
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11600 Gelugor, Malaysia
- School of Environmental Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Perlis
| | - Tjoon Tow Teng
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11600 Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Soon-An Ong
- School of Environmental Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Perlis
- 02600 Arau, Malaysia
| | - Norhashimah Morad
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11600 Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- 11600 Gelugor, Malaysia
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