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Wang W, Li L, Ma J. Bioaerosols released from multistage biofilter for gaseous benzene removal: Escape behavior and pathogenicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168817. [PMID: 38029984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Biological deodorization systems are widely used to control odors and volatile organic compounds. However, the secondary contamination of bioaerosol emissions is a noteworthy issue in the operation of biofilters for off-gas purification. In this study, a multistage biofilter for benzene treatment was utilized to investigate the bioaerosol emissions under different flow rates and spray intervals. At the outlet of the biofilter, 99-7173 CFU/m3 of bioaerosols were detected, among which pathogens accounted for 8.93-98.73 %. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominated bioaerosols at the phylum level. The Mantel test based on the Bray-Curtis distance revealed strong influences of flow rate introduced to the biofilter and biomass colonized on the packing materials (PMs) on bioaerosol emissions. The non-metric multidimensional scaling results suggested a correlation between the bioaerosol community and bacteria on the PMs. Bacillus and Stenotrophomonas were the two main genera stripped from the biofilm on PMs to form the bioaerosols. SourceTracker analysis confirmed that microorganisms from the PMs near outlet contributed an average of 22.3 % to bioaerosols. Pathogenic bacteria carried by bioaerosols included Bacillus, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas. Bioaerosols were predicted to cause human diseases, with antimicrobial drug resistance and bacterial infectious disease being the two main pathogenic pathways. Stenotrophomonas sp. LMG 19833, Pseudomonas sp., and Stenotrophomonas sp. were the keystone species in the bioaerosol co-occurrence network. Overall, results of present study promote the insight of bioaerosols, particularly pathogen emissions, and provide a basis for controlling bioaerosol contamination from biofilters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China.
| | - Jiawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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New LED photoreactor with modulated UV-vis light source for efficient degradation of toluene over WO3/TiO2 photocatalyst. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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3
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Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Air: Focus on Biotrickling Filtration and Process Modeling. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotrickling filtration is a well-established technology for the treatment of air polluted with odorous and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Besides dozens of successful industrial applications of this technology, there are still gaps in a full understanding and description of the mechanisms of biotrickling filtration. This review focuses on recent research results on biotrickling filtration of air polluted with single and multiple VOCs, as well as process modeling. The modeling offers optimization of a process design and performance, as well as allows deeper understanding of process mechanisms. An overview of the developments of models describing biotrickling filtration and conventional biofiltration, as primarily developed and in many aspects through similar processes, is presented in this paper.
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Szentgyörgyi F, Benedek T, Fekete D, Táncsics A, Harkai P, Kriszt B. Development of a bacterial consortium from Variovorax paradoxus and Pseudomonas veronii isolates applicable in the removal of BTEX. AMB Express 2022; 12:4. [PMID: 35075552 PMCID: PMC8787013 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on the development of a novel bacterial consortium, consisting of Variovorax paradoxus and Pseudomonas veronii isolates, applicable in the biodegradation of all six BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m- and p-xylene) and the bioremediation of contaminated sites. The co-cultivability of the selected bacterial isolates was determined in nutrient-rich medium, as well as in BTEX amended mineral salts solution using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and CFU determinations. BTEX biodegradation capacity of the two-strain consortium was assessed in mineral salts solution, where a series of BTEX depletions and supplementations occurred, as well as in a real, BTEX polluted environmental sample (contaminated groundwater) in the presence of the autochthonous bacterial community. The obtained results indicated that the developed bacterial consortium is very efficient in BTEX biodegradation. Under laboratory conditions, the acclimatized bacterial consortium completely degraded the BTEX mixture with a concentration as high as 20 mg l-1 in a mineral salt medium within a short span of 6 h. Close to in situ groundwater conditions (incubated at 15 °C under static conditions in the absence of light), groundwater microcosms containing the autochthonous bacterial community inoculated with the developed bacterial consortium showed more efficient toluene, o-, m-and p-xylene biodegradation capacity than microcosms containing solely the native microbial population originally found in the groundwater. In the inoculated microcosms, after 115 h of incubation the concentration (~ 1.7 mg l-1 each) of o-, m- and p-xylene decreased to zero, whereas in the non-inoculated microcosms the concentration of xylene isomers was still 0.2, 0.3 and 0.3 mg l-1, respectively. The allochthonous bioaugmentation of the contaminated groundwater with the obtained inoculant was successful and manifested in a better BTEX degradation rate. Our results suggest that the obtained bacterial consortium can be a new, stable and efficient bioremediation agent applicable in the synergistic elimination of BTEX compounds from contaminated sites.
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Potential of Variovorax paradoxus isolate BFB1_13 for bioremediation of BTEX contaminated sites. AMB Express 2021; 11:126. [PMID: 34487274 PMCID: PMC8421498 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report and discuss the applicability of Variovorax paradoxus strain BFB1_13 in the bioremediation of BTEX contaminated sites. Strain BFB1_13 was capable of degrading all the six BTEX-compounds under both aerobic (O2 conc. 8 mg l−1) and micro-aerobic/oxygen-limited (O2 conc. 0.5 mg l−1) conditions using either individual (8 mg‧l−1) or a mixture of compounds (~ 1.3 mg‧l−1 of each BTEX compound). The BTEX biodegradation capability of SBP-encapsulated cultures (SBP—Small Bioreactor Platform) was also assessed. The fastest degradation rate was observed in the case of aerobic benzene biodegradation (8 mg l−1 per 90 h). Complete biodegradation of other BTEX occurred after at least 168 h of incubation, irrespective of the oxygenation and encapsulation. No statistically significant difference was observed between aerobic and microaerobic BTEX biodegradation. Genes involved in BTEX biodegradation were annotated and degradation pathways were predicted based on whole-genome shotgun sequencing and metabolic analysis. We conclude that V. paradoxus strain BFB1_13 could be used for the development of reactive biobarriers for the containment and in situ decontamination of BTEX contaminated groundwater plumes. Our results suggest that V. paradoxus strain BFB1_13—alone or in co-culture with other BTEX degrading bacterial isolates—can be a new and efficient commercial bioremediation agent for BTEX contaminated sites.
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Effect of Packing Material Composition on the Aerodynamic Processes in a Wavy Lamellar Plate-Type Biofilter. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the pressure drop in biofilters is important for the reduction of the energy consumption of these devices. Usually, the pressure drop increases with time due to the biomass growth within the packing material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aerodynamic processes in a laboratory-scale wavy lamellar (WL) plate-type biofilter equipped with a capillary system for humidifying the packing material. The packing material of a designed biofilter consisted of wavy polymer plates (WPP) vertically arranged next to each other. The pattern of arrangement of the plates allowed sufficiently large spaces, and therefore, the use of such structure had an impact on a decrease in the pressure drop of the biofilter. WPP were coated with three different kinds of materials, namely (I) wood fiber (WF), (II) non-woven caulking material (NWCM) and WF, and (III) linen material (LM) and WF. The results showed that the composition of the packing material influenced pressure drop of the biofilter. The packing material, which consisted of WPP covered with WF, had the lowest pressure drop compared with the other two packing material compositions. In this study, the experimental results were also compared with the results of the performed mathematical modeling of airflow movement.
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Metagenome Analysis of a Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterial Consortium Reveals the Specific Roles of BTEX Biodegraders. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010098. [PMID: 33466668 PMCID: PMC7828808 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons is of concern due to the carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity of these compounds. Successful bioremediation of organic contaminants requires bacterial populations with degradative capacity for these contaminants. Through successive enrichment of microorganisms from a petroleum-contaminated soil using diesel fuel as the sole carbon and energy source, we successfully isolated a bacterial consortium that can degrade diesel fuel hydrocarbons. Metagenome analysis revealed the specific roles of different microbial populations involved in the degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), and the metabolic pathways involved in these reactions. One hundred and five putative coding DNA sequences were identified as responsible for both the activation of BTEX and central metabolism (ring-cleavage) of catechol and alkylcatechols during BTEX degradation. The majority of the Coding DNA sequences (CDSs) were affiliated to Acidocella, which was also the dominant bacterial genus in the consortium. The inoculation of diesel fuel contaminated soils with the consortium resulted in approximately 70% hydrocarbon biodegradation, indicating the potential of the consortium for environmental remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons.
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Jain M, Majumder A, Ghosal PS, Gupta AK. A review on treatment of petroleum refinery and petrochemical plant wastewater: A special emphasis on constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 272:111057. [PMID: 32854876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum refinery and petrochemical plants (PRPP) are one of the major contributors to toxic and recalcitrant organic polluted water, which has become a significant concern in the field of environmental engineering. Several contaminants of PRPP wastewater are genotoxic, phytotoxic, and carcinogenic, thereby imposing detrimental effects on the environment. Many biological processes were able to achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ranging from 60% to 90%, and their retention time usually ranged from 10 to 100 days. These methods were not efficient in removing the petroleum hydrocarbons present in PRPP wastewater and produced a significant amount of oily sludge. Advanced oxidation processes achieved the same COD removal efficiency in a few hours and were able to break down recalcitrant organic compounds. However, the associated high cost is a significant drawback concerning PRPP wastewater treatment. In this context, constructed wetlands (CWs) could effectively remove the recalcitrant organic fraction of the wastewater because of the various inherent mechanisms involved, such as phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, microbial degradation, sorption, etc. In this review, we found that CWs were efficient in handling large quantities of high strength PRPP wastewater exhibiting average COD removal of around 80%. Horizontal subsurface flow CWs exhibited better performance than the free surface and floating CWs. These systems could also effectively remove heavy oil and recalcitrant organic compounds, with an average removal efficiency exceeding 80% and 90%, respectively. Furthermore, modifications by varying the aeration system, purposeful hybridization, and identifying the suitable substrate led to the enhanced performance of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Jain
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Abhradeep Majumder
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Ghosal
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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9
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Li L, Chai F, Liang C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang K, Xiao B. Comparison and application of biofilter and suspended bioreactor in removing gaseous o-xylene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109853. [PMID: 32846642 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two bioreactors, suspended-growth bioreactors (SPB) and biofilter (BF), were compared for the performances in removing gaseous o-xylene. Their efficiencies were investigated by varying the o-xylene loadings, gas flow rates, and gas-water ratios. High-throughput techniques were applied for the microbial populations assay. The conversion rate of carbon in o-xylene was calculated, and the relationship between biomass and removal efficiencies was also analyzed. Results indicated that both the SPB and BF could effectively treat gases containing o-xylene. The average removal efficiencies were 91.8% and 93.5%, respectively. The elimination capacity of the BF was much higher than that of the SPB when the intake load was below 150 g m-3 h-1. When the o-xylene loadings were over 150 g m-3 h-1, both the SPB and BF achieved similar o-xylene removal rates. The maximum elimination capacities were 28.36 g m-3 h-1 for the SPB and 30.67 g m-3 h-1 for BF. The SPB was more sensitive to the changes in the gas flow rate. Results of microbial assay indicated that bacteria e.g. Mycobacterium sp. and Rhodanobacter sp. might play important roles in removing o-xylene in the SPB, while the bacteria Pseudomonas sp., Sphingomonas sp., and Defluviicoccus sp., and the fungi Aspergillus sp. and Scedosporium sp., were the o-xylene degraders in the BF. The successful application of the integrated bioreactor in treating gases containing o-xylene exhausted from the electroplating plant indicated that the integration of SPB and BF could be an effective method for removing VOCs with Henry coefficient in the range of 0.01-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Fengguang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Cunzhen Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
| | - Kaixiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Benyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Ghasemi R, Golbabaei F, Rezaei S, Pourmand MR, Nabizadeh R, Jafari MJ, masoorian E. A comparison of biofiltration performance based on bacteria and fungi for treating toluene vapors from airflow. AMB Express 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 31938898 PMCID: PMC6960271 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing concerns about industrial gas contaminants and the growing demand for durable and sustainable technologies, attentions have been gradually shifted to biological air pollution controls. The ability of Pseudomonas putida PTCC 1694 (bacteria) and Pleurotus ostreatus IRAN 1781C (fungus) to treat contaminated gas stream with toluene and its biological degradation was compared under similar operating conditions. For this purpose, a biofilter on the laboratory scale was designed and constructed and the tests were carried out in two stages. The first stage, bacterial testing, lasted 20 days and the second stage, fungal testing, lasted 16 days. Inlet loading rates (IL) for bacterial and fungal biofilters were 21.62 ± 6.04 and 26.24 ± 7.35 g/m3 h respectively. In general, fungal biofilter showed a higher elimination capacity (EC) than bacterial biofilter (18.1 ± 6.98 vs 13.7 ± 4.7 g/m3 h). However, the pressure drop in the fungal biofilter was higher than the bacterial biofilter (1.26 ± 0.3 vs 1 ± 0.3 mm water), which was probably due to the growth of the mycelium. Fungal biofiltration showed a better performance in the removal of toluene from the air stream.
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Sun Z, Ding C, Xi J, Lu L, Yang B. Enhancing biofilm formation in biofilters for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene removal by modifying the packing material surface. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 296:122335. [PMID: 31732413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) sponges are popular packing material in biofilters and their smooth and hydrophobic surface often leads to an uneven distribution and detachment of biofilms. In this work, the surface of PU sponge was modified to obtain higher roughness and positive charge. The performances of two biofilters (BF1 with pristine sponge and BF2 with modified sponge) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) removal were investigated. Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) removal efficiency and CO2 increment were 61% and 804 ppm for BF2 respectively after start-up, compared with 51% and 538 ppm for BF1. Analysis on biofilms showed that the modification of PU sponge significantly improved the microbial growth, viability and adhesive strength in biofilms, reduced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and changed the microbial community. These results demonstrate that modified sponge can enhance biofilm formation and BTEX removal in biofilters and may applied in large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqiu Sun
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Cheng Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Jinying Xi
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Lichao Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Bairen Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
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Oliva G, Ángeles R, Rodríguez E, Turiel S, Naddeo V, Zarra T, Belgiorno V, Muñoz R, Lebrero R. Comparative evaluation of a biotrickling filter and a tubular photobioreactor for the continuous abatement of toluene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120860. [PMID: 31302359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on humans' health and the environment have boosted the enforcement of regulations, resulting in the need of effective and environmentally friendly off-gas treatment technologies. In this work, the synergism between microalgae and bacteria was investigated as a sustainable platform to enhance the biological degradation of toluene, herein selected as a model VOC. An innovative algal-bacterial tubular photobioreactor (TPBR) was systematically compared with a conventional biotrickling filter (BTF). The BTF supported average removal efficiencies close to those obtained in the TPBR (86 ± 9% and 88 ± 4%, respectively) at the highest inlet load (∼23 g m3 h-1) and lowest gas residence time (0.75 min). However, the BTF was more sensitive towards the accumulation of secondary metabolites. In this regard, photosynthetic O2 supplementation (resulting in dissolved oxygen concentrations of ∼7.3 mg O2 L-1) and CO2 consumption by microalgae (which reduced the impact of acidification) enhanced toluene abatement performance and process stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Oliva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Roxana Ángeles
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Elisa Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Sara Turiel
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Tiziano Zarra
- SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain.
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Hydrogen sulphide and VOC removal in biotrickling filters: Comparison of data from a full-scale, low-emission unit with kinetic models. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Rybarczyk P, Szulczyński B, Gębicki J, Hupka J. Treatment of malodorous air in biotrickling filters: A review. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Sun Y, Xue S, Li L, Ding W, Liu J, Han Y. Sulfur dioxide and o-xylene co-treatment in biofilter: Performance, bacterial populations and bioaerosols emissions. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 69:41-51. [PMID: 29941267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and benzene homologs are frequently present in the off-gas during the process of sewage sludge drying. A laboratory scale biofilter was set up to co-treat SO2 and o-xylene in the present study. SO2 and o-xylene could be removed simultaneously in a single biofilter. Their concentration ratio in the inlet stream influenced the removal efficiencies. It is worth noting that the removal of SO2 could be enhanced when low concentrations of o-xylene were introduced into the biofilter. Pseudomonas sp., Paenibacillus sp., and Bacillus sp. were the main functional bacteria groups in the biofilter. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and o-xylene-degrading bacteria (XB) thrived in the biofilter and their counts as well as their growth rate increased with the increase in amount of SO2 and o-xylene supplied. The microbial populations differed in counts and species due to the properties and components of the compounds being treated in the biofilter. The presence of mixed substrates enhanced the diversity of the microbial population. During the treatment process, bioaerosols including potentially pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Acinetobacter lwoffii and Aeromonas sp., were emitted from the biofilter. Further investigation is needed to focus on the potential hazards caused by the bioaerosols emitted from waste gas treatment bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Research Center for Urban Water & Wastewater, Tianjin 300074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenjie Ding
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junxin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunping Han
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Leili M, Farjadfard S, Sorial GA, Ramavandi B. Simultaneous biofiltration of BTEX and Hg° from a petrochemical waste stream. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:531-539. [PMID: 28934676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A biofiltration system was developed to treat benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and Hg° vapour from a petrochemical waste stream during overhaul maintenance. The biofilter compost bed was inoculated with a microbial consortium provided by a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. The effect of the a BTEX concentration (192.6-973.8 g/m3h) and empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 20-100 s were studied under the conditions of steady state, transient, shock BTEX-loading, and off-restart. The findings revealed that during a biofilter start-up, an increase in the influent BTEX concentration to around 334.3 g/m3h did not notably affect the biofiltration function at an EBRT of 100 s, and the removal efficiency was higher than 98%. Further, the low EBRT of 60 s did not have adverse effects on the BTEX and Hg° biofiltration (the removal efficiency in both was >93%). For the biofiltration system, the BTEX and Hg° critical attenuation capacity were obtained as 663 gBTEX/m3h and 12.6 gHg°/m3h respectively. A maximum attenuation capacity of 774.5 gBTEX/m3h was achieved in the biofilter when the BTEX loading rate was 973.8 gBTEX/m3h. The parameters of km and rmax of the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model were obtained as 0.099 g/m3 and 0.578 g/m3min respectively. Both BTEX and mercury vapours were completely mass balanced during a continuous biofiltration test. In general, the developed treatment system exhibited a good performance in the treatment of the BTEX stream containing Hg° vapour in the off-gas of a petrochemical company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - George A Sorial
- Environmental Engineering Program, School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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17
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Biodegradation of gaseous toluene with mixed microbial consortium in a biofilter: steady state and transient operation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 40:1801-1812. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Akmirza I, Pascual C, Carvajal A, Pérez R, Muñoz R, Lebrero R. Anoxic biodegradation of BTEX in a biotrickling filter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:457-465. [PMID: 28256317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) from the petrochemical industry are characterized by a low pollutants concentration and the absence of oxygen. Biodegradation of these pollutants using nitrate as the electron acceptor is of key interest to reuse the residual gas for inertization purposes. However, the biological mineralization of BTEX is often limited by their recalcitrant nature and the toxicity of the secondary metabolites produced. The potential of an anoxic biotrickling filter for the treatment of a model O2-free BTEX-laden emission at inlet individual concentrations of ~700mgm-3 was here evaluated. A UV oxidation step was also tested both in the recycling liquid and in the inlet gas emission prior to biofiltration. Removal efficiencies >90% were achieved for both toluene and ethylbenzene, corresponding to elimination capacities (ECs) of 1.4±0.2gm-3h-1 and 1.5±0.3gm-3h-1, respectively, while ~45% of xylene (EC=0.6±0.1g m-3h-1) was removed at a liquid recycling rate of 2mh-1. Benzene biodegradation was however limited by the accumulation of toxic metabolites in the liquid phase. The oxidation of these intermediates in the recycling liquid by UV photolysis boosted benzene abatement, achieving an average EC of 0.5±0.2gm-3h-1 and removals of ~40%. However, the implementation of UV oxidation as a pretreatment step in the inlet gas emission resulted in the deterioration of the BTEX biodegradation capacity of the biotrickling filter. Finally, a high bacterial diversity was observed throughout the entire experiment, the predominant phyla being Proteobacteria and Deinococcus-thermus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Akmirza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Istanbul, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Celia Pascual
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Andrea Carvajal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technical University Federico Santa Maria, Chile
| | - Rebeca Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain.
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19
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Lima LF, de Andrade JR, da Silva MGC, Vieira MGA. Fixed Bed Adsorption of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BTX) Contaminants from Monocomponent and Multicomponent Solutions Using a Commercial Organoclay. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia F. Lima
- Department of Processes and Products Design,
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein
Avenue, 500, Campinas, 13083-852 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia R. de Andrade
- Department of Processes and Products Design,
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein
Avenue, 500, Campinas, 13083-852 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meuris G. C. da Silva
- Department of Processes and Products Design,
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein
Avenue, 500, Campinas, 13083-852 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melissa G. A. Vieira
- Department of Processes and Products Design,
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein
Avenue, 500, Campinas, 13083-852 São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Zhu Y, Li S, Luo Y, Ma H, Wang Y. A biofilter for treating toluene vapors: performance evaluation and microbial counts behavior. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2045. [PMID: 27231662 PMCID: PMC4878367 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A lab-scale biofilter packed with mixed packing materials was used for degradation of toluene. Different empty bed residence times, 148.3, 74.2 and 49.4 s, were tested for inlet concentration ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 g/m3. The maximum elimination capacity of 36.0 g/(m3 h) occurred at an inlet loading rate of 45.9 g/(m3 h). The contribution of the lower layer was higher than other layers and always had the highest elimination capacity. The carbon dioxide production rate and distribution of micro-organisms followed toluene elimination capacities. The results of this study indicated that mixed packing materials could be considered as a potential biofilter carrier, with low pressure drop (less than 84.9 Pa/m), for treating air streams containing VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhong Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Shunyi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Yimeng Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Hongye Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
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21
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Hu QY, Wang C. Interaction of gaseous aromatic and aliphatic compounds in thermophilic biofilters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:210-217. [PMID: 26188863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two thermophilic biofilters were applied in treating a mixture of gaseous aromatic (benzene) and aliphatic compounds (hexane) to evaluate the interaction of the compounds. The performance of the biofilters was investigated in terms of removal efficiencies, elimination capacity, kinetic analysis, interaction indices, and microbial metabolic characteristics. Results showed that the removal performance of benzene was unaffected by the addition of hexane. The removal efficiencies of benzene were maintained at approximately 80% and the biodegradation rate constant was maintained at 120 h(-1). However, the removal efficiencies of hexane decreased significantly from 60% to 20% and the biodegradation rate constant exhibited a distinct decrease from 93.59 h(-1) to 56.32 h(-1). The interaction index of benzene with the addition of hexane was -0.029, which indicated that hexane had little effect on the degradation of benzene. By contrast, the interaction index of hexane by benzene was -0.557, which showed that benzene inhibited the degradation of hexane significantly. Similar conclusions were obtained about the substrate utilization. Moreover, the utilization degree of carbon sources and the microbial metabolic activities in the biofilter treating hexane were significantly improved with the addition of benzene, whereas the addition of hexane had a slight effect on the microbial communities in the biofilter treating benzene. Conclusions could be obtained that when mixtures of benzene and hexane were treated using biofilters, the degradation of benzene, which was more easily degradable, was dominant and unaffected; whereas the degradation of hexane, which was less easily degradable, was inhibited because of the changing of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin 300072, China.
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22
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Zeng P, Li J, Liao D, Tu X, Xu M, Sun G. Performance of a combined system of biotrickling filter and photocatalytic reactor in treating waste gases from a paint-manufacturing plant. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 37:237-244. [PMID: 26137915 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1068375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale biotrickling filter (BTF) was established in treating the waste gases that are intermittently produced from an automobile paint-manufacturing workshop. Results showed that the BTF required longer time to adapt to the aromatic compounds. The removal efficiencies (REs) for all aliphatic compounds reached more than 95% on day 80. Aromatic compounds were not easily removed by the BTF. The REs obtained by the BTF for toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, o-xylene and p-xylene on day 80 were 72.7%, 77.2%, 71.9%, 74.8% and 60.0%, respectively. A maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 13.8 g-C m(-3) h(-1) of the BTF was achieved at an inlet loading rate of 19.4 g-C m(-3) h(-1) with an RE of 72%. Glucose addition promoted the biomass accumulation despite the fact that temporal decrease of REs for aromatic compounds occurred. When the inlet loading rates exceed 11.1 g-C m(-3) h(-1), the REs of the aromatic compounds decreased by 10% to 15%. This negative effect of shock loads on the performance of the BTF can be attenuated by the pre-treatment of the photocatalytic reactor. Nearly all components were removed by the combined system with REs of 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Zeng
- a Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Building 58, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- b Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- c State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- a Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Building 58, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- b Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- c State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqi Liao
- a Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Building 58, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- b Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- c State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Tu
- a Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Building 58, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- b Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- c State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Xu
- a Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Building 58, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- b Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- c State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Sun
- a Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Building 58, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- b Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
- c State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China , 100 Central Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510070 , People's Republic of China
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23
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Jiang B, Zhou Z, Dong Y, Tao W, Wang B, Jiang J, Guan X. Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-Xylenes by the Newly Isolated Bacterium Comamonas sp. JB. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:1700-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Amin MM, Rahimi A, Bina B, Heidari M, Mohammadi Moghadam F. Performance evaluation of a scoria-compost biofilter treating xylene vapors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:140. [PMID: 25587393 PMCID: PMC4276096 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The removal of xylene vapors was studied in a biofilter packed with a new hybrid (scoria/compost) packing material at various inlet loads (IL) and empty bed residence times (EBRT) of 90, 60, and 40s. The best performance was observed for EBRT of 90s, where a removal efficiency of 98% was obtained under steady state condition for inlet xylene concentration of 1.34 g m(-3), while a maximum elimination capacity of 97.5 g m(-3) h(-1) was observed for IL of 199.5 g m(-3) h(-1). Carbon dioxide production rates and the microbial counts for xylene-degraders followed xylene elimination capacities. Overall look to the results of this study indicates that the scoria/compost mixture could be considered as a potential biofilter carrier, with low pressure drop (here <4 mm H2O), to treat air streams containing VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Amin
- />Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, IUMS, Isfahan, Iran
- />Student Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Rahimi
- />Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bijan Bina
- />Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, IUMS, Isfahan, Iran
- />Student Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidari
- />Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, IUMS, Isfahan, Iran
- />Student Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fazel Mohammadi Moghadam
- />Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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