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Zhao J, Rao M, Zhang H, Wang Q, Shen Y, Ye J, Feng K, Zhang S. Evolution of interspecific interactions underlying the nonlinear relationship between active biomass and pollutant degradation capacity in bioelectrochemical systems. WATER RESEARCH 2025; 274:123071. [PMID: 39787837 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.123071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Revised: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
This study proposes a switching operating mode that alternates between microbial fuel cell (MFC) and microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) to restore the biofilm activity and organic pollutant degradation capacity in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) during prolonged operation. After the model switching, the toluene degradation kinetics in BESs equipped with graphite sheet (GS) and polyaniline@carbon nanotubes (PANI@CNTs) bioanodes were elevated by 2.10 and 3.14 times, respectively. Nevertheless, the amount of active biomass in the GS and PANI@CNTs bioanodes only increased by 1.04 and 1.05 times, with the PANI@CNTs bioanode consistently outperforming in hierarchical biofilm activity and redox properties. Additionally, the distribution of functional genes across the dominant genera revealed their roles in extracellular electron transfer and the four steps of toluene degradation (primary oxidation, ring-opening, intermediate oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid cycle). Furthermore, the cooperation of substrate exchange among Pseudomonas, Alicycliphilus, and Acidovorax in the MFC mode evolved to interactions among Acidovorax, Alicycliphilus, and Geobacter in the MEC mode, which attributed to the nonlinear relationship between active biomass and pollutant degradation capacity. These results provide insights into the operating mode and interspecific interactions of BESs, with implications for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkai Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion and Utilization, Science and Education Integration College of Energy and Carbon Neutralization, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Manli Rao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qinlin Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yao Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion and Utilization, Science and Education Integration College of Energy and Carbon Neutralization, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiexu Ye
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion and Utilization, Science and Education Integration College of Energy and Carbon Neutralization, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ke Feng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Shihan Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Conversion and Utilization, Science and Education Integration College of Energy and Carbon Neutralization, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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2
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Garbini GL, Barra Caracciolo A, Rolando L, Visca A, Borello D, Cosentini C, Gagliardi G, Ieropoulos I, Grenni P. Effects of municipal waste compost on microbial biodiversity and energy production in terrestrial microbial fuel cells. N Biotechnol 2023; 78:131-140. [PMID: 37875210 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) transform organic matter into electricity through microbial electrochemical reactions catalysed on anodic and cathodic half-cells. Terrestrial MFCs (TMFCs) are a bioelectrochemical system for bioelectricity production as well as soil remediation. In TMFCs, the soil is the ion-exchange electrolyte, whereas a biofilm on the anode oxidises organic matter through electroactive bacteria. Little is known of the overall microbial community composition in a TMFC, which impedes complete exploitation of the potential to generate energy in different soil types. In this context, an experiment was performed to reveal the prokaryotic community structure in single chamber TMFCs with soil in the presence and absence of a municipal waste compost (3% w/v). The microbial community was assessed on the anode and cathode and in bulk soil at the end of the experiment (54 days). Moreover, TMFC electrical performance (voltage and power) was also evaluated over the experimental period, varying the external resistance to improve performance. Compost stimulated soil microbial activity, in line with a general increase in voltage and power. Significant differences were observed in the microbial communities between initial soil conditions and TMFCs, and between the anode, cathode and bulk soil in the presence of the compost. Several electroactive genera (Bacillus, Fulvivirga, Burkholdeira and Geobacter) were found at the anode in the presence of compost. Overall, the use of municipal waste compost significantly increased the performance of the MFCs in terms of electrical power and voltage generated, not least thanks to the selective pressure towards electroactive bacteria on the anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Garbini
- Water research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Barra Caracciolo
- Water research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Rolando
- Water research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Visca
- Water research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Borello
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMA), Sapienza University of Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Carlotta Cosentini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMA), Sapienza University of Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gagliardi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMA), Sapienza University of Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Ioannis Ieropoulos
- Water & Environmental Engineering Group, School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Bolderwood Campus, SO16 7QF, UK
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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3
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Lin R, Xie L, Zheng X, Patience DOD, Duan X. Advances and challenges in biocathode microbial electrolysis cells for chlorinated organic compounds degradation from electroactive perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167141. [PMID: 37739072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a promising in-situ strategy for chlorinated organic compound (COC) pollution remediation due to its high efficiency, low energy input, and long-term potential. Reductive dechlorination as the most critical step in COC degradation which takes place primarily in the cathode chamber of MECs is a complex biochemical process driven by the behavior of electrons. However, no information is currently available on the internal mechanism of MEC in dechlorination from the perspective of the whole electron transfer procedure and its dependent electrode materials. This review addresses the underlying mechanism of MEC on the fundamental of the generation (electron donor), transmission (transfer pathway), utilization (functional microbiota) and reception (electron acceptor) of electrons in dechlorination. In addition, the vital role of varied cathode materials involved in the entire electron transfer procedure during COC dechlorination is emphasized. Subsequently, suggestions for future research, including model construction, cathode material modification, and expanding the applicability of MECs to removal gaseous COCs have been proposed. This paper enriches the mechanism of COC degradation by MEC, and thus provides the theoretical support for the scale-up bioreactors for efficient COC removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Xie
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dzedzemo-On Dufela Patience
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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4
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Garbini GL, Barra Caracciolo A, Grenni P. Electroactive Bacteria in Natural Ecosystems and Their Applications in Microbial Fuel Cells for Bioremediation: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1255. [PMID: 37317229 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroactive bacteria (EAB) are natural microorganisms (mainly Bacteria and Archaea) living in various habitats (e.g., water, soil, sediment), including extreme ones, which can interact electrically each other and/or with their extracellular environments. There has been an increased interest in recent years in EAB because they can generate an electrical current in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MFCs rely on microorganisms able to oxidize organic matter and transfer electrons to an anode. The latter electrons flow, through an external circuit, to a cathode where they react with protons and oxygen. Any source of biodegradable organic matter can be used by EAB for power generation. The plasticity of electroactive bacteria in exploiting different carbon sources makes MFCs a green technology for renewable bioelectricity generation from wastewater rich in organic carbon. This paper reports the most recent applications of this promising technology for water, wastewater, soil, and sediment recovery. The performance of MFCs in terms of electrical measurements (e.g., electric power), the extracellular electron transfer mechanisms by EAB, and MFC studies aimed at heavy metal and organic contaminant bioremediationF are all described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Garbini
- Department of Ecology and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Barra Caracciolo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Montelibretti, 00010 Rome, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Tang Y, Chen J, Xiao Z, Liu Z, Xu L, Qin Q, Wang Y, Xu Y. Humin and biochar accelerated microbial reductive dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol under weak electrical stimulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129671. [PMID: 36104900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular electron transfer (EET) is regarded as one of the crucial factors that limit the application of the bioelectrochemical system (BES). In this study, two different solid-phase redox mediators (RMs), biochar (1.2 g/L, T-B) and humin (1.2 g/L, T-H) were used for boosting the microorganisms accessing the electrons required for 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination under weak electrical stimulation (-0.278 V vs. Standard hydrogen electrode). BES with dissolved RM anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS 0.5 mmol/L, T-A) was used as a comparison. The results showed that dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP could be greatly accelerated by biochar (1.78 d-1) and humin (1.50 d-1) than AQDS (0.24 d-1) and no RM control (T-M, 0.27 d-1). Moreover, phenol became the predominant dechlorination product in T-H (78.5 %) and T-B (63.0 %) instead of 4-CP in T-M (67.1 %) and T-A (89.8 %). Pseudomonas, Sulfurospirillum, Desulfuromonas, Dehalobacter, Anaeromyxobacter, and Dechloromonas belonging to Proteobacteria or Firmicutes rather than Chloroflexi might be responsible for the dechlorination activity. Notably, different RMs tended to stimulate distinct electroactive bacteria. Pseudomonas was the most abundant microorganism in T-M (41.92 %) and T-A (17.24 %), while Rhodobacter was most prevalent in T-H (20.04 %) and Azonexus was predominant in T-B (48.48 %). This study is essential in advancing the understanding of EET in BES for microbial degradation of organohalide contaminants under weak electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Tang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Jiafeng Chen
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; Yancheng City Planning and Research Information Center, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
| | - Zhixing Xiao
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Qingdong Qin
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- Ctr Photoelectrochem & Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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6
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Zhu X, Wang X, Li N, Wang Q, Liao C. Bioelectrochemical system for dehalogenation: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118519. [PMID: 34793908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds are persistent pollutants, whose persistent contamination and rapid spread seriously threaten human health and the safety of ecosystems. It is difficult to remove them completely by traditional physicochemical techniques. In-situ remediation utilizing bioelectrochemical technology represents a promising strategy for degradation of halogenated organic compounds, which can be achieved through potential modulation. In this review, we summarize the reactor configuration of microbial electrochemical dehalogenation systems and relevant organohalide-respiring bacteria. We also highlight the mechanisms of electrode potential regulation of microbial dehalogenation and the role of extracellular electron transfer in dehalogenation process, and further discuss the application of bioelectrochemical technology in bioremediation of halogenated organic compounds. Therefore, this review summarizes the status of research on microbial electrochemical dehalogenation systems from macroscopic to microscopic levels, providing theoretical support for the development of rapid and efficient in situ bioremediation technologies for halogenated organic compounds contaminated sites, as well as insights for the removal of refractory fluorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd. and National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Chengmei Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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7
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Yang K, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Wang Q, Pedersen TH, Jia Z, Cabrera J, Ji M. "Self-degradation" of 2-chlorophenol in a sequential cathode-anode cascade mode bioelectrochemical system. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117740. [PMID: 34688096 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A sequential cathode-anode cascade mode bioelectrochemical system (BES) was designed and developed to achieve the "self-degradation" of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). With the cooperation of cathode and anode, the electrons supplied for the cathode 2-CP dechlorination come from its own dechlorinated product in the anode, phenol. Separate degradation experiments of cathode 2-CP and anode phenol were firstly conducted. The optimum concentration ratio of anode acetate to phenolic compound (3.66/1.56) and the phenolic compound degradation ability of BES were investigated. With the formation of the bioanode able to degrade phenol, the sequential cathode-anode cascade mode BES was further developed, where 2-CP could achieve sequential dechlorination and ring-cleavage degradation. When applied voltage was 0.6 V and cathode influent pH was 7, 1.56 mM 2-CP reached 80.15% cathode dechlorination efficiency and 58.91% total cathode-anode phenolic compounds degradation efficiency. The bioanodes played a decisive role in BES. Different operating conditions would affect the overall performance of BES by changing the electrochemical activity and microbial community structure of the bioanodes. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the sequential cathode-anode cascade mode BES to degrade 2-CP wastewater and provided perspectives for the cooperation of cathode and anode, aiming to explore more potential of BES in wastewater treatment field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichao Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xu Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Thomas Helmer Pedersen
- Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Zhichao Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jonnathan Cabrera
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
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Yang K, Zhao Y, Ji M, Li Z, Zhai S, Zhou X, Wang Q, Wang C, Liang B. Challenges and opportunities for the biodegradation of chlorophenols: Aerobic, anaerobic and bioelectrochemical processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 193:116862. [PMID: 33550168 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are highly toxic and refractory contaminants which widely exist in various environments and cause serious harm to human and environment health and safety. This review provides comprehensive information on typical CPs biodegradation technologies, the most green and benign ones for CPs removal. The known aerobic and anaerobic degradative bacteria, functional enzymes, and metabolic pathways of CPs as well as several improving methods and critical parameters affecting the overall degradation efficiency are systematically summarized and clarified. The challenges for CPs mineralization are also discussed, mainly including the dechlorination of polychlorophenols (poly-CPs) under aerobic condition and the ring-cleavage of monochlorophenols (MCPs) under anaerobic condition. The coupling of functional materials and degraders as well as the operation of sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactors and bioelectrochemical system (BES) are promising strategies to overcome some current limitations. Future perspective and research gaps in this field are also proposed, including the further understanding of microbial information and the specific role of materials in CPs biodegradation, the potential application of innovative biotechnologies and new operating modes to optimize and maximize the function of the system, and the scale-up of bioreactors towards the efficient biodegradation of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichao Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Siyuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Bin Liang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Yang K, Ji M, Liang B, Zhao Y, Zhai S, Ma Z, Yang Z. Bioelectrochemical degradation of monoaromatic compounds: Current advances and challenges. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122892. [PMID: 32768818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoaromatic compounds (MACs) are typical refractory organic pollutants which are existing widely in various environments. Biodegradation strategies are benign while the key issue is the sustainable supply of electron acceptors/donors. Bioelectrochemical system (BES) shows great potential in this field for providing continuous electrons for MACs degradation. Phenol and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes) can utilize anode to enhance oxidative degradation, while chlorophenols, nitrobenzene and antibiotic chloramphenicol (CAP) can be efficiently reduced to less-toxic products by the cathode. However, there still have several aspects need to be improved including the scale, electricity output and MACs degradation efficiency of BES. This review provides a comprehensive summary on the BES degradation of MACs, and discusses the advantages, future challenges and perspectives for BES development. Instead of traditional expensive dual-chamber configurations for MACs degradation, new single-chamber membrane-less reactors are cost-effective and the hydrogen generated from cathodes may promote the anode degradation. Electrode materials are the key to improve BES performance, approaches to increase the biofilm enrichment and conductivity of materials have been discussed, including surface modification as well as composition of carbon and metal-based materials. Besides, the development and introduction of functional microbes and redox mediators, participation of sulfur/hydrogen cycling may further enhance the BES versatility. Some critical parameters, such as the applied voltage and conductivity, can also affect the BES performance, which shouldn't be overlooked. Moreover, sequential cathode-anode cascaded mode is a promising strategy for MACs complete mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichao Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Bin Liang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Siyuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zehao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhifan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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10
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Park JG, Jiang D, Lee B, Jun HB. Towards the practical application of bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion (BEAD): Insights into electrode materials, reactor configurations, and process designs. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116214. [PMID: 32726737 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most widely adopted bioenergy recovery technologies globally. Despite the wide adoption, AD has been challenged by the unstable performances caused by imbalanced substrate and/or electron availability among different reaction steps. Bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion (BEAD) is a promising concept that has demonstrated potential for balancing the electron transfer rates and enhancing the methane yield in AD during shocks. While great progress has been made, a wide range of, and sometimes inconsistent engineering and technical strategies were attempted to improve BEAD. To consolidate past efforts and guide future development, a comprehensive review of the fundamental bioprocesses in BEAD is provided herein, followed by a critical evaluation of the engineering and technical optimizations attempted thus far. Further, a few novel directions and strategies that can enhance the performance and practicality of BEAD are proposed for future research to consider. This review and outlook aim to provide a fundamental understanding of BEAD and inspire new research ideas in AD and BEAD in a mechanism-informed fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gyu Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Montana Technological University, Butte, MT 59701, USA
| | - Daqian Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Montana Technological University, Butte, MT 59701, USA
| | - Beom Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Nature Engineering Co., LTD., 1 Chungdae-ro, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Bae Jun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Daghio M, Aulenta F, Vaiopoulou E, Franzetti A, Arends JBA, Sherry A, Suárez-Suárez A, Head IM, Bestetti G, Rabaey K. Electrobioremediation of oil spills. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:351-370. [PMID: 28279880 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Annually, thousands of oil spills occur across the globe. As a result, petroleum substances and petrochemical compounds are widespread contaminants causing concern due to their toxicity and recalcitrance. Many remediation strategies have been developed using both physicochemical and biological approaches. Biological strategies are most benign, aiming to enhance microbial metabolic activities by supplying limiting inorganic nutrients, electron acceptors or donors, thus stimulating oxidation or reduction of contaminants. A key issue is controlling the supply of electron donors/acceptors. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have emerged, in which an electrical current serves as either electron donor or acceptor for oil spill bioremediation. BES are highly controllable and can possibly also serve as biosensors for real time monitoring of the degradation process. Despite being promising, multiple aspects need to be considered to make BES suitable for field applications including system design, electrode materials, operational parameters, mode of action and radius of influence. The microbiological processes, involved in bioelectrochemical contaminant degradation, are currently not fully understood, particularly in relation to electron transfer mechanisms. Especially in sulfate rich environments, the sulfur cycle appears pivotal during hydrocarbon oxidation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the research on bioelectrochemical remediation of oil spills and of the key parameters involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Daghio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federico Aulenta
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Eleni Vaiopoulou
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Jan B A Arends
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Angela Sherry
- School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ana Suárez-Suárez
- School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ian M Head
- School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Giuseppina Bestetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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12
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Cao X, Wang H, Li XQ, Fang Z, Li XN. Enhanced degradation of azo dye by a stacked microbial fuel cell-biofilm electrode reactor coupled system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 227:273-278. [PMID: 28040648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a microbial fuel cell (MFC)-biofilm electrode reactor (BER) coupled system was established for degradation of the azo dye Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B. In this system, electrical energy generated by the MFC degrades the azo dye in the BER without the need for an external power supply, and the effluent from the BER was used as the inflow for the MFC, with further degradation. The results indicated that the X-3B removal efficiency was 29.87% higher using this coupled system than in a control group. Moreover, a method was developed to prevent voltage reversal in stacked MFCs. Current was the key factor influencing removal efficiency in the BER. The X-3B degradation pathway and the types and transfer processes of intermediate products were further explored in our system coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Cao
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xian-Ning Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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13
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Cao X, Gu F, Wang H, Fang Z, Li XN. The degradation of azo dye with different cathode and anode structures in biofilm electrode reactors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, biofilm electrode reactors (BERs) were constructed to degrade the azo dye Reactive Brilliant Red (RBR) X-3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Cao
- School of Energy and Environment
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Energy and Environment
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Energy and Environment
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Zhou Fang
- School of Energy and Environment
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Xian-ning Li
- School of Energy and Environment
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
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14
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Sun Z, Song G, Du R, Hu X. Modification of a Pd-loaded electrode with a carbon nanotubes–polypyrrole interlayer and its dechlorination performance for 2,3-dichlorophenol. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02515g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Pd loaded Ti electrode was prepared with a carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole interlayer modification, referred to as a Pd/CNTs–PPy/Ti electrode with high electrocatalytic activity for dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Ge Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Ran Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Xiang Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
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15
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Xu X, Shao J, Li M, Gao K, Jin J, Zhu L. Reductive Transformation of p-chloronitrobenzene in the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor coupled with microbial electrolysis cell: performance and microbial community. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:1037-1045. [PMID: 27455127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) combined with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was operated to degrade p-chloronitrobenzenes (p-ClNB) effectively. The results indicated that p-ClNB was transformed to p-chloroaniline (p-ClAn) and then reduced via dechlorination pathways. In the MEC-UASB coupled system, p-ClNB, p-ClAn removal efficiency and dechlorination efficiency reached 99.63±0.37%, 40.39±9.26% and 32.16±8.12%, respectively, which was significantly improved in comparison with the control UASB system. In addition, the coupled system could maintain appropriate pH and promote anaerobic sludge granulation to exert a positive effect on reductive transformation of p-ClNB. PCR-DGGE experiment and 454 pyrophosphate sequencing analysis indicated that applied voltage would significantly influence the succession of microbial community and promote oriented enrichment of the functional bacteria, which could be the underlying reasons for the improved performance. This study demonstrated that MEC-UASB coupled system had a promising application prospect to remove the recalcitrant pollutants effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junjie Shao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology University, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Kaituo Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Equipment Engineering Company, China United Engineering Corporation, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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16
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Bacterial communities in a novel three-dimensional bioelectrochemical denitrification system: the effects of pH. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6805-6813. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Ren HY, Liu BF, Kong F, Zhao L, Ren N. Hydrogen and lipid production from starch wastewater by co-culture of anaerobic sludge and oleaginous microalgae with simultaneous COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 85:404-12. [PMID: 26364224 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic sludge (AS) and microalgae were co-cultured to enhance the energy conversion and nutrients removal from starch wastewater. Mixed ratio, starch concentration and initial pH played critical roles on the hydrogen and lipid production of the co-culture system. The maximum hydrogen production of 1508.3 mL L(-1) and total lipid concentration of 0.36 g L(-1) were obtained under the optimized mixed ratio (algae:AS) of 30:1, starch concentration of 6 g L(-1) and initial pH of 8. The main soluble metabolites in dark fermentation were acetate and butyrate, most of which can be consumed in co-cultivation. When sweet potato starch wastewater was used as the substrate, the highest COD, TN and TP removal and energy conversion efficiencies reached 80.5%, 88.7%, 80.1% and 34.2%, which were 176%, 178%, 200% and 119% higher than that of the control group (dark fermentation), respectively. This research provided a novel approach and achieved efficient simultaneous energy recovery and nutrients removal from starch wastewater by the co-culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Fanying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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18
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Kong F, Wang A, Ren HY. Optimized matching modes of bioelectrochemical module and anaerobic sludge in the integrated system for azo dye treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 192:486-493. [PMID: 26080106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, three matching modes (relative positions, catholyte flow sequences, and flow regimes) of bioelectrochemical module and anaerobic sludge were evaluated and optimized for azo dye treatment in the integrated system with embedding modular bioelectrochemical system into anaerobic sludge reactor. Results showed that it was favorable to operate this integrated system under the condition of 1/4 cathode soaking into sludge with spiral distributor in down-flow direction. Current, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pH clearly demonstrated the important role of 1/4 soaking in electron/proton transfer. The down-flow direction flowed through electrode zone and then sludge zone could benefit to the efficient use of cathode and improve AO7 treatment. Furthermore, the positive effect of spiral catholyte distributor might be due to its promoting role in mixing and creating a spiral flow channel around the cathode electrode-microbes-solution interface. These results exhibited great potential for matching modular bioelectrochemical system with anaerobic treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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19
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Sharma M, Sarma PM, Pant D, Dominguez-Benetton X. Optimization of electrochemical parameters for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) based biocathode. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the effect of operational and physiochemical factors on a stable sulfate reducing bacteria biocathode and their effect on the electrochemical response thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohita Sharma
- TERI University
- New Delhi
- India
- The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI)
- IHC
| | | | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technologies
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research
- 2400 Mol
- Belgium
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20
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Kong F, Wang A, Ren HY. Improved azo dye decolorization in an advanced integrated system of bioelectrochemical module with surrounding electrode deployment and anaerobic sludge reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 175:624-8. [PMID: 25466999 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new integrated system, embedding a modular bioelectrochemical system (BES) with surrounding electrode deployment into an anaerobic sludge reactor (ASR), was developed to improve azo dye decolorization. Results demonstrated that the AO7 decolorization and COD removal can be improved without co-substrate in such system. The kinetic rate of decolorization (0.54h(-1)) in integrated system was 1.4-fold and 54.0-fold higher than that in biocathode BES (0.39h(-1)) and ASR (0.01h(-1)), respectively. COD can be removed after cleavage of azo bond, different from biocathode BES. The combined advantages of this integrated system were achieved by the cooperation of biocathode in modular BES and sludge in ASR. Biocathode was a predominant factor in AO7 decolorization, and anaerobic sludge contributed negligibly to AO7 reduction decolorization but mostly in the COD removal. These results demonstrated the great potential of integrating a BES module with anaerobic treatment process for azo dye treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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21
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Shen D, Zhang X, Feng H, Zhang K, Wang K, Long Y, Wang M, Wang Y. Stimulative mineralization of p-fluoronitrobenzene in biocathode microbial electrolysis cell with an oxygen-limited environment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 172:104-111. [PMID: 25247250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
p-Fluoronitrobenzene (p-FNB) is a toxic compound and tends to accumulate in the environment. p-FNB can be effectively removed and defluorinated in a single-chamber bioelectrochemical system (BES). To verify the suppositionally integrated reductive and oxidative metabolism mechanism in the BES, an oxygen-limited environment was used, with pure oxygen and nitrogen environments used as two controls. Under the oxygen-limited condition, the most excellent performance was achieved. The defluorination rate and mineralization efficiency were 0.0132h(-1) and 72.99±5.68% after 96h, with 75.4% of fluorine in the form of the fluoride ion. This resulted from the unique environment that allowed conventionally integrated reductive and oxidative catabolism. Moreover, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) had a significant effect on microbial communities, which was also an important reason for performance diversity. These results provide a new method for complete p-FNB treatment and a control strategy by ORP regulation for optimal system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Huajun Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuyang Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Meizhen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
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