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Chaos-Hernández D, Reynel-Ávila HE, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Villalobos-Delgado FJ. Extraction methods of algae oils for the production of third generation biofuels - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139856. [PMID: 37598949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the main source of third-generation biofuels because they have a lipid content of 20-70%, can be abundantly produced and do not compete in the food market besides other benefits. Biofuel production from microalgae is a promising option to contribute for the resolution of the eminent crisis of fossil energy and environmental pollution specially in the transporting sector. The choice of lipid extraction method is of relevance and associated to the algae morphology (i.e., rigid cells). Therefore, it is essential to develop suitable extraction technologies for economically viable and environment-friendly lipid recovery processes with the aim of achieving a commercial production of biofuels from this biomass. This review presents an exhaustive analysis and discussion of different methods and processes of lipid extraction from microalgae for the subsequent conversion to biodiesel. Physical methods based on the use of supercritical fluids, ultrasound and microwaves were reviewed. Chemical methods using solvents with different polarities, aside from mechanical techniques such as mechanical pressure and enzymatic methods, were also analyzed. The advantages, drawbacks, challenges and future prospects of lipid extraction methods from microalgae have been summarized to provide a wide panorama of this relevant topic for the production of economic and sustainable energy worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chaos-Hernández
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - H E Reynel-Ávila
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico; CONACYT, Av. Insurgentes 1582 Sur, Ciudad de México, 03940, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - A Bonilla-Petriciolet
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - F J Villalobos-Delgado
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
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2
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Saravana PS, Ummat V, Bourke P, Tiwari BK. Emerging green cell disruption techniques to obtain valuable compounds from macro and microalgae: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:904-919. [PMID: 35786238 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2089869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the modern era, macro-microalgae attract a strong interest across scientific disciplines, owing to the wide application of these cost-effective valuable bioresources in food, fuel, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals etc. The practice of eco-friendly extraction techniques has led scientists to create alternative processes to the conventional methods, to enhance the extraction of the key valuable compounds from macro-microalgae. This review narrates the possible use of novel cell disruption techniques, including use of ionic liquid, deep eutectic solvent, surfactant, switchable solvents, high voltage electrical discharge, explosive decompression, compressional-puffing, plasma, and ozonation, which can enable the recovery of value added substances from macro-microalgae, complying with the principles of green chemistry and sustainability. The above-mentioned innovative techniques are reviewed with respect to their working principles, benefits, and possible applications for macro-microalgae bioactive compound recovery and biofuel. The benefits of these techniques compared to conventional extraction methods include shorter extraction time, improved yield, and reduced cost. Furthermore, various combinations of these innovative technologies are used for the extraction of thermolabile bioactive compounds. The challenges and prospects of the innovative extraction processes for the forthcoming improvement of environmentally and cost-effective macro-microalgal biorefineries are also explained in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periaswamy Sivagnanam Saravana
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Viruja Ummat
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Bourke
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Xu K, Zou W, Peng B, Guo C, Zou X. Lipid Droplets from Plants and Microalgae: Characteristics, Extractions, and Applications. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040594. [PMID: 37106794 PMCID: PMC10135979 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant and algal LDs are gaining popularity as a promising non-chemical technology for the production of lipids and oils. In general, these organelles are composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and various surface-associated proteins. Many studies have shown that LDs are involved in numerous biological processes such as lipid trafficking and signaling, membrane remodeling, and intercellular organelle communications. To fully exploit the potential of LDs for scientific research and commercial applications, it is important to develop suitable extraction processes that preserve their properties and functions. However, research on LD extraction strategies is limited. This review first describes recent progress in understanding the characteristics of LDs, and then systematically introduces LD extraction strategies. Finally, the potential functions and applications of LDs in various fields are discussed. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the properties and functions of LDs, as well as potential approaches for their extraction and utilization. It is hoped that these findings will inspire further research and innovation in the field of LD-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwei Xu
- Institute of Systems Security and Control, College of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710074, China
| | - Wen Zou
- State Owned SIDA Machinery Manufacturing, Xianyang 712201, China
| | - Biao Peng
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710074, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaotong Zou
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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Hamzah MH, Ibrahim SK, Nor MZM, Hamzah AFA, Shamsudin R, Ali AHM. Optimization of electrochemical pre-treatment for essential oil extraction from lemon myrtle (B. citriodora) leaves by response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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5
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Sousa V, Loureiro L, Carvalho G, Pereira R. Extraction of biomolecules from Coelastrella sp. LRF1 biomass using Ohmic Heating technology. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rahman MM, Hosano N, Hosano H. Recovering Microalgal Bioresources: A Review of Cell Disruption Methods and Extraction Technologies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092786. [PMID: 35566139 PMCID: PMC9104913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have evolved into a promising sustainable source of a wide range of compounds, including protein, carbohydrates, biomass, vitamins, animal feed, and cosmetic products. The process of extraction of intracellular composites in the microalgae industry is largely determined by the microalgal species, cultivation methods, cell wall disruption techniques, and extraction strategies. Various techniques have been applied to disrupt the cell wall and recover the intracellular molecules from microalgae, including non-mechanical, mechanical, and combined methods. A comprehensive understanding of the cell disruption processes in each method is essential to improve the efficiency of current technologies and further development of new methods in this field. In this review, an overview of microalgal cell disruption techniques and an analysis of their performance and challenges are provided. A number of studies on cell disruption and microalgae extraction are examined in order to highlight the key challenges facing the field of microalgae and their future prospects. In addition, the amount of product recovery for each species of microalgae and the important parameters for each technique are discussed. Finally, pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted treatments, which are becoming an attractive option due to their simplicity and effectiveness in extracting microalgae compounds, are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mijanur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Nushin Hosano
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioelectrics, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Hamid Hosano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioelectrics, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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Psarianos M, Dimopoulos G, Ojha S, Cavini ACM, Bußler S, Taoukis P, Schlüter OK. Effect of pulsed electric fields on cricket (Acheta domesticus) flour: Extraction yield (protein, fat and chitin) and techno-functional properties. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Application of Pulsed Electric Fields and High-Pressure Homogenization in Biorefinery Cascade of C. vulgaris Microalgae. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030471. [PMID: 35159621 PMCID: PMC8834027 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a cascaded cell disintegration process, based on pulsed electric fields (PEF - 20 kV/cm, 100 kJ/kgSUSP.) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH - 150 MPa, 5 passes) was designed for the efficient and selective release of intracellular compounds (water-soluble proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) from C. vulgaris suspensions during extraction in water (25 °C, 1 h) and ethyl acetate (25 °C, 3 h). Recovery yields of target compounds from cascaded treatments (PEF + HPH) were compared with those observed when applying PEF and HPH treatments individually. Particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that PEF treatment alone did not induce any measurable effect on cell shape/structure, whereas HPH caused complete cell fragmentation and debris formation, with an undifferentiated release of intracellular matter. Spectra measurements demonstrated that, in comparison with HPH alone, cascaded treatments increased the selectivity of extraction and improved the yields of carbohydrates and lipids, while higher yields of water-soluble proteins were measured for HPH alone. This work, therefore, demonstrates the feasibility of sequentially applying PEF and HPH treatments in the biorefinery of microalgae, projecting a beneficial impact in terms of process economics due to the potential reduction of the energy requirements for separation/purification stages.
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Pulsed electric field (PEF): Avant-garde extraction escalation technology in food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds and Pigments from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Assisted by Pulsed Electric Fields and the Binary Mixture of Organic Solvents and Water. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) is an innovative extraction technology promoting cell membrane electroporation, thus allowing for an efficient recovery, from an energy point of view, of antioxidant compounds (chlorophylls, carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, etc.) from microalgae. Due to its selectivity and high extraction yield, the effects of PEF pre-treatment (3 kV/cm, 100 kJ/kg) combined with supplementary extraction at different times (5–180 min) and with different solvents (ethanol (EtOH)/H2O, 50:50, v/v; dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/H2O, 50:50, v/v) were evaluated in order to obtain the optimal conditions for the extraction of different antioxidant compounds and pigments. In addition, the results obtained were compared with those of a conventional treatment (without PEF pre-treatment but with constant shaking). After carrying out the different experiments, the best extraction conditions to recover the different compounds were obtained after applying PEF pre-treatment combined with the binary mixture EtOH/H2O, 50:50, v/v, for 60–120 min. PEF extraction was more efficient throughout the study, especially at short extraction times (5–15 min). In this sense, recovery of 55–60%, 85–90%, and 60–70% was obtained for chlorophylls, carotenoids, and total phenolic compounds, respectively, compared to the maximum total extracted amount. These results show that PEF improves the extraction yield of antioxidant bioactive compounds from microalgae and is a promising technology due to its profitability and environmental sustainability.
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Kovačić Đ, Rupčić S, Kralik D, Jovičić D, Spajić R, Tišma M. Pulsed electric field: An emerging pretreatment technology in a biogas production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 120:467-483. [PMID: 33139189 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on current status of pulsed electric field (PEF) technology and its implementation in biogas production. First, basic principles of PEF and a schematic overview of typical PEF processing system were provided. Thereafter, lab- and pilot-scale PEF pretreatments of sludge with subsequent anaerobic digestion (AD) were provided. Furthermore, PEF technology, as an emerging technology for the lignocellulose (LC) pretreatment in biogas production which is still predominantly used at lab-scale, was outlined. Eventually, conclusion together with future perspectives and challenges were outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đurđica Kovačić
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR - 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Slavko Rupčić
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2B, HR - 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Davor Kralik
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR - 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Daria Jovičić
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR - 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Robert Spajić
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR - 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marina Tišma
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 18, HR - 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Papachristou I, Akaberi S, Silve A, Navarro-López E, Wüstner R, Leber K, Nazarova N, Müller G, Frey W. Analysis of the lipid extraction performance in a cascade process for Scenedesmus almeriensis biorefinery. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:20. [PMID: 33446259 PMCID: PMC7807813 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae have attracted considerable interest due to their ability to produce a wide range of valuable compounds. Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) has been demonstrated to effectively disrupt the microalgae cells and facilitate intracellular extraction. To increase the commercial viability of microalgae, the entire biomass should be exploited with different products extracted and valorized according to the biorefinery scheme. However, demonstrations of multiple component extraction in series are very limited in literature. This study aimed to develop an effective lipid extraction protocol from wet Scenedesmus almeriensis after PEF-treatment with 1.5 MJ·kgDW-1. A cascade process, i.e., the valorization of several products in row, was tested with firstly the collection of the released carbohydrates in the water fraction, then protein enzymatic hydrolysis and finally lipid extraction. Biomass processed with high pressure homogenization (HPH) on parallel, served as benchmark. RESULTS Lipid extraction with ethanol:hexane (1:0.41 vol/vol) offered the highest yields from the different protocols tested. PEF-treatment promoted extraction with almost 70% of total lipids extracted against 43% from untreated biomass. An incubation step after PEF-treatment, further improved the yields, up to 83% of total lipids. Increasing the solvent volume by factor 2 offered no improvement. In comparison, extraction with two other systems utilizing only ethanol at room temperature or elevated at 60 °C were ineffective with less than 30% of total lipids extracted. Regarding cascade extraction, carbohydrate release after PEF was detected albeit in low concentrations. PEF-treated samples displayed slightly better kinetics during the enzymatic protein hydrolysis compared to untreated or HPH-treated biomass. The yields from a subsequent lipid extraction were not affected after PEF but were significantly increased for untreated samples (66% of total lipids), while HPH displayed the lowest yields (~ 49% of total lipids). CONCLUSIONS PEF-treatment successfully promoted lipid extraction from S. almeriensis but only in combination with a polar:neutral co-solvent (ethanol:hexane). After enzymatic protein hydrolysis in cascade processing; however, untreated biomass displayed equal lipid yields due to the disruptive effect of the proteolytic enzymes. Therefore, the positive impact of PEF in this scheme is limited on the improved reaction kinetics exhibited during the enzymatic hydrolysis step.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Papachristou
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Bldg 630, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - S Akaberi
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Bldg 630, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Silve
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Bldg 630, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - E Navarro-López
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - R Wüstner
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Bldg 630, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - K Leber
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Bldg 630, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - N Nazarova
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Bldg 630, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - G Müller
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Bldg 630, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - W Frey
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Bldg 630, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Amorim ML, Soares J, Coimbra JSDR, Leite MDO, Albino LFT, Martins MA. Microalgae proteins: production, separation, isolation, quantification, and application in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1976-2002. [PMID: 32462889 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1768046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many countries have been experienced an increase in protein consumption due to the population growth and adoption of protein-rich dietaries. Unfortunately, conventional-based protein agroindustry is associated with environmental impacts that might aggravate as the humankind increase. Thus, it is important to screen for novel protein sources that are environmentally friendly. Microalgae farming is a promising alternative to couple the anthropic emissions with the production of food and feed. Some microalgae show protein contents two times higher than conventional protein sources. The use of whole microalgae biomass as a protein source in food and feed is simple and well-established. Conversely, the production of microalgae protein supplements and isolates requires the development of feasible and robust processes able to fractionate the microalgae biomass in different value-added products. Since most of the proteins are inside the microalgae cells, several techniques of disruption have been proposed to increase the efficiency to extract them. After the disruption of the microalgae cells, the proteins can be extracted, concentrated, isolated or purified allowing the development of different products. This critical review addresses the current state of the production of microalgae proteins for multifarious applications, and possibilities to concatenate the production of proteins and advanced biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Lopes Amorim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Soares
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcio Arêdes Martins
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Impact of pulsed electric fields and mechanical compressions on the permeability and structure of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2668. [PMID: 32060324 PMCID: PMC7021699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research findings clearly reveal the role of the microalga’s cell wall as a key obstacle to an efficient and optimal compound extraction. Such extraction process is therefore closely related to the microalga species used. Effects of electrical or mechanical constraints on C. reinhardtii’s structure and particularly its cell wall and membrane, is therefore investigated in this paper using a combination of microscopic tools. Membrane pores with a radius between 0.77 and 1.59 nm were determined for both reversible (5 kV∙cm−1) and irreversible (7 kV∙cm−1) electroporation with a 5 µs pulse duration. Irreversible electroporation with longer pulses (10 µs) lead to the entry of large molecules (at least 5.11 nm). Additionally, for the first time, the effect of pulsed electric fields on the cell wall was observed. The combined electrical and mechanical treatment showed a significant impact on the cell wall structure as observed under Transmission Electron Microscopy. This treatment permits the penetration of larger molecules (at least 5.11 nm) within the cell, shown by tracking the penetration of dextran molecules. For the first time, the size of pores on the cell membrane and the structural changes on the microalgae cell wall induced by electrical and mechanical treatments is reported.
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Martínez JM, Delso C, Álvarez I, Raso J. Pulsed electric field-assisted extraction of valuable compounds from microorganisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:530-552. [PMID: 33325176 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, and microalgae) are a promising resource for products of high value such as nutrients, pigments, and enzymes. The majority of these compounds of interest remain inside the cell, thus making it necessary to extract and purify them before use. This review presents the challenges and opportunities in the production of these compounds, the microbial structure and the location of target compounds in the cells, the different procedures proposed for improving extraction of these compounds, and pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction as alternative to these procedures. PEF is a nonthermal technology that produces a precise action on the cytoplasmic membrane improving the selective release of intracellular compounds while avoiding undesirable consequences of heating on the characteristics and purity of the extracts. PEF pretreatment with low energetic requirements allows for high extraction yields. However, PEF parameters should be tailored to each microbial cell, according to their structure, size, and other factors affecting efficiency. Furthermore, the recent discovery of the triggering effect of enzymatic activity during cell incubation after electroporation opens up the possibility of new implementations of PEF for the recovery of compounds that are bounded or assembled in structures. Similarly, PEF parameters and suspension storage conditions need to be optimized to reach the desired effect. PEF can be applied in continuous flow and is adaptable to industrial equipment, making it feasible for scale-up to large processing capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Martínez
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlota Delso
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Raso
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
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Martínez JM, Gojkovic Z, Ferro L, Maza M, Álvarez I, Raso J, Funk C. Use of pulsed electric field permeabilization to extract astaxanthin from the Nordic microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121694. [PMID: 31254897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Nordic microalgal strain Haematococcus pluvialis was exposed to various stress conditions to induce astaxanthin accumulation. Highest carotenoid content (19.1 mg·g-1dw) was achieved in nitrogen-free culture medium at a high light intensity. The efficiency of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pre-treatment of stressed fresh biomass of H. pluvialis followed by incubation in the growth medium was compared to classical disruption methods (bead-beating, freezing-thawing, thermal treatment or ultrasound) for the subsequent extraction of astaxanthin in ethanol. N-starved cells treated with PEF followed by aqueous incubation for 6 h resulted in extraction of 96% (18.3 mgcar·gdw-1) of the total carotenoid content compared to 80% (15.3 mgcar·gdw-1) using other physical methods. The proportion of free forms of astaxanthin was higher in PEF-treated samples compared to mechanical disruption, suggesting PEF triggering an esterase activity. PEF pre-treatment of the cells followed by incubation in growth medium improved astaxanthin extraction in the eco-friendly solvent ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Zivan Gojkovic
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lorenza Ferro
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcos Maza
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Raso
- Food Technology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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17
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Bernaerts TM, Gheysen L, Foubert I, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey AM. Evaluating microalgal cell disruption upon ultra high pressure homogenization. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Electro-selective fermentation enhances lipid extraction and biohydrogenation of Scenedesmus acutus biomass. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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20
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Silve A, Kian CB, Papachristou I, Kubisch C, Nazarova N, Wüstner R, Leber K, Strässner R, Frey W. Incubation time after pulsed electric field treatment of microalgae enhances the efficiency of extraction processes and enables the reduction of specific treatment energy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 269:179-187. [PMID: 30172181 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pre-treatment, applied on fresh microalgae Auxenochlorella protothecoides, induces spontaneous release of a substantial water fraction and enables subsequent lipid extraction using ethanol-hexane blends. In this study, fresh microalgae suspensions were treated with PEF and incubated under inert conditions. Incubation promotes the release of ions and carbohydrates and increases the yields of subsequent lipid extraction thus enabling a considerable reduction of PEF-treatment energy. With a 20 h incubation period at 25 °C, almost total lipid extraction is achieved with a specific PEF-treatment energy of only 0.25 MJ/kgDW. Incubation on ice remains beneficial but less efficient than at 25 °C. Additionally, incubating microalgae cells in suspension at 100gDW/L or in a dense paste, was almost equally efficient. Correlation between the different results suggests that spontaneous release of ions and carbohydrates facilitates more successful lipid extraction. A direct causality between the two phenomena remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Silve
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Chua Boon Kian
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Papachristou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christin Kubisch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Natalja Nazarova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wüstner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Klaus Leber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ralf Strässner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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21
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Zhang R, Parniakov O, Grimi N, Lebovka N, Marchal L, Vorobiev E. Emerging techniques for cell disruption and extraction of valuable bio-molecules of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 42:173-186. [PMID: 30470909 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-2038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae of Nannochloropsis sp. present valuable source of bio-molecules (pigments, lipids, proteins) that have nutritional potential for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Moreover, some species of Nannochloropsis are the promising sources of biofuels and excellent candidates for the replacement of classical biofuel crops. This review describes and compares the efficiency of different conventional and novel techniques that can be used for cell disruption and recovery of bio-molecules from Nannochloropsis sp. Classification of different extraction techniques includes chemical, enzymatic, mechanical and other physical methods. The detailed analysis of extraction efficiency assisted by pressure and temperature (subcritical and supercritical fluids, hydrothermal liquefaction), ultrasound, microwaves, and pulsed electric energy (pulsed electric fields and high voltage electrical discharges) is presented. The general discussion includes comparison between techniques, their effectiveness for cell disruption and selectivity of bio-molecules extraction from Nannochloropsis sp. The cost-effectiveness, benefits and limitations of different techniques are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Oleksii Parniakov
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Nabil Grimi
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Nikolai Lebovka
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.,Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry named after F. D. Ovcharenko, NAS of Ukraine, 42, blvr. Vernadskogo, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Luc Marchal
- LUNAM Université, CNRS, GEPEA, Université de Nantes, UMR6144, CRTT, Boulevard de l'Université, BP 406, 44602, Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - Eugène Vorobiev
- Laboratoire de Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, EA 4297, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
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22
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Bensalem S, Lopes F, Bodénès P, Pareau D, Français O, Le Pioufle B. Understanding the mechanisms of lipid extraction from microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii after electrical field solicitations and mechanical stress within a microfluidic device. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 257:129-136. [PMID: 29494840 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
One way envisioned to overcome part of the issues biodiesel production encounters today is to develop a simple, economically viable and eco-friendly process for the extraction of lipids from microalgae. This study investigates the lipid extraction efficiency from the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as well as the underlying mechanisms. We propose a new methodology combining a pulsed electric field (PEF) application and mechanical stresses as a pretreatment to improve lipid extraction with solvents. Cells enriched in lipids are therefore submitted to electric field pulses creating pores on the cell membrane and then subjected to a mechanical stress by applying cyclic pressures on the cell wall (using a microfluidic device). Results showed an increase in lipid extraction when cells were pretreated by the combination of both methods. Microscopic observations showed that both pretreatments affect the cell structure. Finally, the dependency of solvent lipid extraction efficiency with the cell wall structure is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina Bensalem
- Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, CNRS SATIE, Université Paris Saclay, 61 av du Pdt Wilson, 94230 Cachan, France; LGPM, EA 4038, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, 3 rue Juliot Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Filipa Lopes
- LGPM, EA 4038, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, 3 rue Juliot Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Bodénès
- Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, CNRS SATIE, Université Paris Saclay, 61 av du Pdt Wilson, 94230 Cachan, France; LGPM, EA 4038, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, 3 rue Juliot Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dominique Pareau
- LGPM, EA 4038, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, 3 rue Juliot Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Français
- ESIEE-Paris, ESYCOM EA 2552, Université Paris Est, 93160 Noisy Le Grand, France
| | - Bruno Le Pioufle
- Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, CNRS SATIE, Université Paris Saclay, 61 av du Pdt Wilson, 94230 Cachan, France.
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23
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Carullo D, Abera BD, Casazza AA, Donsì F, Perego P, Ferrari G, Pataro G. Effect of pulsed electric fields and high pressure homogenization on the aqueous extraction of intracellular compounds from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Ambati RR, Gogisetty D, Aswathanarayana RG, Ravi S, Bikkina PN, Bo L, Yuepeng S. Industrial potential of carotenoid pigments from microalgae: Current trends and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1880-1902. [PMID: 29370540 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1432561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are rich source of various bioactive molecules such as carotenoids, lipids, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, etc. and in recent Years carotenoids from algae gained commercial recognition in the global market for food and cosmeceutical applications. However, the production of carotenoids from algae is not yet fully cost effective to compete with synthetic ones. In this context the present review examines the technologies/methods in relation to mass production of algae, cell harvesting for extraction of carotenoids, optimizing extraction methods etc. Research studies from different microalgal species such as Spirulina platensis, Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina, Chlorella sps., Nannochloropsis sps., Scenedesmus sps., Chlorococcum sps., Botryococcus braunii and Diatoms in relation to carotenoid content, chemical structure, extraction and processing of carotenoids are discussed. Further these carotenoid pigments, are useful in various health applications and their use in food, feed, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries was briefly touched upon. The commercial value of algal carotenoids has also been discussed in this review. Possible recommendations for future research studies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga Rao Ambati
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College , Tangjiawan, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China.,b Estuarine Fisheries Research Institute , Doumen, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China.,c Department of Biotechnology , Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) , Vadlamudi, Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Deepika Gogisetty
- d Department of Chemistry , Sri Chaitanya Junior College , Tenali, Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | | | - Sarada Ravi
- f Plant Cell Biotechnology Department , Central Food Technological Research Institute, (Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) , Mysore , Karnataka , India
| | | | - Lei Bo
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College , Tangjiawan, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China
| | - Su Yuepeng
- b Estuarine Fisheries Research Institute , Doumen, Zhuhai , Guangdong , China
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25
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Pulsed Electric Field for protein release of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Neochloris oleoabundans. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Howlader MS, French WT, Shields‐Menard SA, Amirsadeghi M, Green M, Rai N. Microbial cell disruption for improving lipid recovery using pressurized CO2: Role of CO2solubility in cell suspension, sugar broth, and spent media. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:737-748. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Howlader
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi State MS39762
| | - William Todd French
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi State MS39762
| | | | - Marta Amirsadeghi
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi State MS39762
| | - Magan Green
- Mississippi State Chemical LaboratoryMississippi State UniversityMississippi State MS39762
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Mississippi State Chemical LaboratoryMississippi State UniversityMississippi State MS39762
- Center for Advanced Vehicular System, Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State MS39762
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27
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Bleakley S, Hayes M. Algal Proteins: Extraction, Application, and Challenges Concerning Production. Foods 2017; 6:E33. [PMID: 28445408 PMCID: PMC5447909 DOI: 10.3390/foods6050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth combined with increasingly limited resources of arable land and fresh water has resulted in a need for alternative protein sources. Macroalgae (seaweed) and microalgae are examples of under-exploited "crops". Algae do not compete with traditional food crops for space and resources. This review details the characteristics of commonly consumed algae, as well as their potential for use as a protein source based on their protein quality, amino acid composition, and digestibility. Protein extraction methods applied to algae to date, including enzymatic hydrolysis, physical processes, and chemical extraction and novel methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field, and microwave-assisted extraction are discussed. Moreover, existing protein enrichment methods used in the dairy industry and the potential of these methods to generate high value ingredients from algae, such as bioactive peptides and functional ingredients are discussed. Applications of algae in human nutrition, animal feed, and aquaculture are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bleakley
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland.
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health and Environment, Sustainability and Health Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland.
| | - Maria Hayes
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland.
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28
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Eppink MHM, Olivieri G, Reith H, van den Berg C, Barbosa MJ, Wijffels RH. From Current Algae Products to Future Biorefinery Practices: A Review. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 166:99-123. [PMID: 28265702 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered to be one of the most promising next generation bio-based/food feedstocks with a unique lipid composition, high protein content, and an almost unlimited amount of other bio-active molecules. High-value components such as the soluble proteins, (poly) unsaturated fatty acids, pigments, and carbohydrates can be used as an important ingredient for several markets, such as the food/feed/chemical/cosmetics and health industries. Although cultivation costs have decreased significantly in the last few decades, large microalgae production processes become economically viable if all complex compounds are optimally valorized in their functional state. To isolate these functional compounds from the biomass, cost-effective, mild, and energy-efficient biorefinery techniques need to be developed and applied. In this review we describe current microalgae biorefinery strategies and the derived products, followed by new technological developments and an outlook toward future products and the biorefinery philosophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel H M Eppink
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box. 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Giuseppe Olivieri
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box. 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Reith
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box. 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corjan van den Berg
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box. 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Barbosa
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box. 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box. 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,University of Nordland, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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29
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30
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Carotenoids from microalgae: A review of recent developments. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1396-1412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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Ochsenreither K, Glück C, Stressler T, Fischer L, Syldatk C. Production Strategies and Applications of Microbial Single Cell Oils. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1539. [PMID: 27761130 PMCID: PMC5050229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the ω-3 and ω-6 class (e.g., α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid) are essential for maintaining biofunctions in mammalians like humans. Due to the fact that humans cannot synthesize these essential fatty acids, they must be taken up from different food sources. Classical sources for these fatty acids are porcine liver and fish oil. However, microbial lipids or single cell oils, produced by oleaginous microorganisms such as algae, fungi and bacteria, are a promising source as well. These single cell oils can be used for many valuable chemicals with applications not only for nutrition but also for fuels and are therefore an ideal basis for a bio-based economy. A crucial point for the establishment of microbial lipids utilization is the cost-effective production and purification of fuels or products of higher value. The fermentative production can be realized by submerged (SmF) or solid state fermentation (SSF). The yield and the composition of the obtained microbial lipids depend on the type of fermentation and the particular conditions (e.g., medium, pH-value, temperature, aeration, nitrogen source). From an economical point of view, waste or by-product streams can be used as cheap and renewable carbon and nitrogen sources. In general, downstream processing costs are one of the major obstacles to be solved for full economic efficiency of microbial lipids. For the extraction of lipids from microbial biomass cell disruption is most important, because efficiency of cell disruption directly influences subsequent downstream operations and overall extraction efficiencies. A multitude of cell disruption and lipid extraction methods are available, conventional as well as newly emerging methods, which will be described and discussed in terms of large scale applicability, their potential in a modern biorefinery and their influence on product quality. Furthermore, an overview is given about applications of microbial lipids or derived fatty acids with emphasis on food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Glück
- Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Timo Stressler
- Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
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32
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Lai YS, McCaw A, Ontiveros-Valencia A, Shi Y, Parameswaran P, Rittmann BE. Multiple synergistic benefits of selective fermentation of Scenedesmus biomass for fuel recovery via wet-biomass extraction. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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33
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Postma PR, Pataro G, Capitoli M, Barbosa MJ, Wijffels RH, Eppink MHM, Olivieri G, Ferrari G. Selective extraction of intracellular components from the microalga Chlorella vulgaris by combined pulsed electric field-temperature treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 203:80-8. [PMID: 26722806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effect of temperature (25-65 °C) and total specific energy input (0.55-1.11 kWh kgDW(-1)) by pulsed electric field (PEF) on the release of intracellular components from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris was studied. The combination of PEF with temperatures from 25 to 55 °C resulted in a conductivity increase of 75% as a result of cell membrane permeabilization. In this range of temperatures, 25-39% carbohydrates and 3-5% proteins release occurred and only for carbohydrate release a synergistic effect was observed at 55 °C. Above 55 °C spontaneous cell lysis occurred without PEF. Combined PEF-temperature treatment does not sufficiently disintegrate the algal cells to release both carbohydrates and proteins at yields comparable to the benchmark bead milling (40-45% protein, 48-58% carbohydrates).
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Postma
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G Pataro
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - M Capitoli
- ProdAl Scarl - University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - M J Barbosa
- Food & Biobased Reseach, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; University of Nordland, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, N-8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - M H M Eppink
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Olivieri
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Ferrari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, SA, Italy; ProdAl Scarl - University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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34
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Lai YS, Parameswaran P, Li A, Aguinaga A, Rittmann BE. Selective fermentation of carbohydrate and protein fractions ofScenedesmus, and biohydrogenation of its lipid fraction for enhanced recovery of saturated fatty acids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YenJung Sean Lai
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology; The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University; P.O. Box 875701 Tempe Arizona 85287-5701
| | - Prathap Parameswaran
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology; The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University; P.O. Box 875701 Tempe Arizona 85287-5701
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin People's Republic of China
| | - Alyssa Aguinaga
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology; The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University; P.O. Box 875701 Tempe Arizona 85287-5701
| | - Bruce E. Rittmann
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology; The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University; P.O. Box 875701 Tempe Arizona 85287-5701
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