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Ansari FA, Hassan H, Ramanna L, Gani KM, Singh K, Rawat I, Gupta SK, Kumari S, Bux F. Recycling air conditioner-generated condensate water for microalgal biomass production and carbon dioxide sequestration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119917. [PMID: 38183950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Air conditioners alleviate the discomfort of human beings from heat waves that are consequences of climate change caused by anthropogenic activities. With each passing year, the effects of global warming worsen, increasing the growth of air conditioning industry. Air conditioning units produce substantial amounts of non-nutritive and (generally) neglected condensate water and greenhouse gases. Considering this, the study explored the potential of using air conditioner condensate water (ACW) to cultivate Chlorella sorokiniana, producing biomass, and sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2). The maximum biomass production was obtained in the BG11 medium (1.45 g L-1), followed by ACW-50 (1.3 g L-1). Similarly, the highest chlorophyll-a content was observed in the BG11 medium (11 μg mL-1), followed by ACW-50 (9.11 μg mL-1). The ACW-50 cultures proved to be better adapted to physiological stress (Fv/Fm > 0.5) and can be suitable for achieving maximum biomass with adequate lipid, protein, and carbohydrate production. Moreover, C. sorokiniana demonstrated higher lipid and carbohydrate yields in the ACW-50 medium, while biomass production and protein yields were comparable to the BG11 medium. The lipid, protein, and carbohydrate productivity were 23.43, 32.9, and 23.19 mg L-1 d-1, respectively for ACW-50. Estimation of carbon capture potential through this approach equals to 9.5% of the total emissions which is an added advantage The results indicated that ACW could be effectively utilized for microalgae cultivation, reducing the reliance on freshwater for large-scale microalgal biomass production and reduce the carbon footprints of the air conditioning industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Ansari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - H Hassan
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - L Ramanna
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - K M Gani
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India
| | - K Singh
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - I Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - S K Gupta
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - S Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - F Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Chaos-Hernández D, Reynel-Ávila HE, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Villalobos-Delgado FJ. Extraction methods of algae oils for the production of third generation biofuels - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139856. [PMID: 37598949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the main source of third-generation biofuels because they have a lipid content of 20-70%, can be abundantly produced and do not compete in the food market besides other benefits. Biofuel production from microalgae is a promising option to contribute for the resolution of the eminent crisis of fossil energy and environmental pollution specially in the transporting sector. The choice of lipid extraction method is of relevance and associated to the algae morphology (i.e., rigid cells). Therefore, it is essential to develop suitable extraction technologies for economically viable and environment-friendly lipid recovery processes with the aim of achieving a commercial production of biofuels from this biomass. This review presents an exhaustive analysis and discussion of different methods and processes of lipid extraction from microalgae for the subsequent conversion to biodiesel. Physical methods based on the use of supercritical fluids, ultrasound and microwaves were reviewed. Chemical methods using solvents with different polarities, aside from mechanical techniques such as mechanical pressure and enzymatic methods, were also analyzed. The advantages, drawbacks, challenges and future prospects of lipid extraction methods from microalgae have been summarized to provide a wide panorama of this relevant topic for the production of economic and sustainable energy worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chaos-Hernández
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - H E Reynel-Ávila
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico; CONACYT, Av. Insurgentes 1582 Sur, Ciudad de México, 03940, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - A Bonilla-Petriciolet
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - F J Villalobos-Delgado
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
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Prazukin AV, Anufriieva EV, Shadrin NV. WITHDRAWN: Unlimited possibilities to use Сladophora (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae, Cladophorales) biomass in agriculture and aquaculture with profit for the environment and humanity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163894. [PMID: 37146795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been withdrawn at the request of the Publisher for legal reasons related to Elsevier's policy on Geographic Sanctions (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/trade-sanctions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Prazukin
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 2 Nakhimov ave., 299011 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Elena V Anufriieva
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 2 Nakhimov ave., 299011 Sevastopol, Russia.
| | - Nickolai V Shadrin
- A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 2 Nakhimov ave., 299011 Sevastopol, Russia
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Izanlou Z, Akhavan Mahdavi M, Gheshlaghi R, Karimian A. Sequential extraction of value-added bioproducts from three Chlorella strains using a drying-based combined disruption technique. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:44. [PMID: 38647907 PMCID: PMC10991599 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the sequential extraction of the three types of biochemicals from microalgae is employed, which is a more realistic and practical solution for large-scale extraction of bioproducts. The drying, grinding, organic solvent treatment, and ultra-sonication were combined to disrupt cells and sequentially extract bioproducts from three microalgae strains, Chlorella sorokiniana IG-W-96, Chlorella sp. PG-96, and Chlorella vulgaris IG-R-96. As the drying is the most energy-intensive step in cell disruption and sequential extraction, the effect of this step on sequential extraction deeply explored. The results show that total ash-plus contents of biochemicals in freeze-dried samples (95.4 ± 2.8%, 89.3 ± 3.9%, and 77.5 ± 4.2 respectively) are higher than those in oven-dried samples (91.0 ± 2.8%, 89.5 ± 3.0%, 71.4 ± 4.8%, respectively) showing the superiority of freeze drying over oven drying merely for Chlorella vulgaris IG-R-96 (p-value = 0.003) and non-significant variation for Chlorella sorokiniana IG-W-96 (p-value = 0.085) and Chlorella sp. PG-96 (p-value = 0.466). Variation among biochemical contents of strains is due to the difference in cell wall strength confirmed by TEM imaging. The freeze-dried samples achieved higher lipid yields than oven-dried samples. The total carbohydrate yields followed the same pattern. The extraction yields of total protein were higher in freeze-dried samples than in oven-dried. Total mass balance revealed that drying-based sequential extraction of value-added bioproducts could better demonstrate the economic potential of sustainable and renewable algal feedstock than independent assays for each biochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Izanlou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Pardis Campus, 91779-48944, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmood Akhavan Mahdavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Pardis Campus, 91779-48944, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Reza Gheshlaghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Pardis Campus, 91779-48944, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Karimian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Pardis Campus, 91779-48944, Mashhad, Iran
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Vanleenhove B, Xu L, De Meester S, Raes K. Impact of Stabilization Technology on the Extraction Yield and Functionality of Macroconstituents from Biomass: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37329514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biomass contains different macroconstituents (polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins) with nutritional and functional properties. However, after harvest or processing, stabilization of biomass is necessary to preserve the macroconstituents from degradation by microbial growth and enzymatic reactions. Because these stabilization methods affect the structure of the biomass, extraction of valuable macroconstituents can be impacted. Literature, in general, focuses on either stabilization or extraction, but systematic information on the interlinkage between these processes has rarely been reported. This review summarizes recent research on physical, biological, and chemical stabilization methods on macroconstituent extraction yields and functionalities. Often, freeze drying as a stabilization method resulted in a good extraction yield and functionality, independent of the macroconstituent. Less documented treatments, such as microwave drying, infrared drying, and ultrasound stabilization, result in better yields compared to conventional physical treatments. Biological and chemical treatments were rarely performed but could be promising as stabilization methods before performing an extraction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Vanleenhove
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Lin Xu
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Department of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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Li L, Zhang F, Tu R, Yu H, Wang H, Sun Y, Jiang E, Xu X. N,N-Dimethylformamide solvent assisted hydrothermal pretreatment of Chlorella for coproduction of sugar, nitrogenous compounds and carbon dots. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126143. [PMID: 34678449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered as a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to their ease of cultivation, short growth cycle and no occupation of cultivated land. In this study, N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent was employed to assist hydrothermal pretreatment of Chlorella for coproduction of sugar, nitrogenous compounds and carbon dots (CDs). The effect of pretreatment conditions on the composition and pyrolysis bio-oil distribution of hydrothermal solid residues as well as CDs characteristic were investigated by varying the temperature (180-220 ℃) and reaction time (1-9 h). The results showed that pretreated residues had higher cellulose. And the yield of sugar and N-contained compounds reached 41.59% and 63.57% in the pyrolysis bio-oil of pretreated algae residues, respectively. Moreover, CDs obtained from hydrothermal solution fluoresced red under 365 nm excitation. The paper provides a new method for the complete utilization of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghao Li
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wush-an Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wush-an Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ren Tu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wush-an Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wush-an Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wush-an Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wush-an Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Enchen Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wush-an Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wush-an Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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7
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Wang YN, Pang H, Yu C, Li C, Wang JH, Chi ZY, Xu YP, Li SY, Zhang Q, Che J. Growth and nutrients removal characteristics of attached Chlorella sp. using synthetic municipal secondary effluent with varied hydraulic retention times and biomass harvest intervals. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Extraction Procedure, Characteristics, and Feasibility of Caulerpa microphysa (Chlorophyta) Polysaccharide Extract as a Cosmetic Ingredient. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090524. [PMID: 34564186 PMCID: PMC8470774 DOI: 10.3390/md19090524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The green alga Caulerpa microphysa, which is native to Taiwan, has a relatively high economic value and a well-developed culture technique, and is used mainly as a foodstuff. Its extract has been shown to exhibit antitumor properties, but the polysaccharide content of the extract and its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects and moisture-absorption and -retention capacity remain unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the polysaccharides in C. microphysa extract (CME) for use in cosmetics. The overall polysaccharide yield from the CME was 73.93% w/w, with four molecular weight fractions. The polysaccharides comprised 59.36 mol% mannose, 27.16 mol% glucose, and 13.48 mol% galactose. In addition, the CME exhibited strong antiallergic, wound-healing, transdermal-delivery, and moisture-absorption and -retention effects. In conclusion, the results suggested that CME potentially has anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects and a good moisture capacity, which can be used in cosmetic applications.
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Ansari FA, Guldhe A, Gupta SK, Rawat I, Bux F. Improving the feasibility of aquaculture feed by using microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43234-43257. [PMID: 34173144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry is an efficient edible protein producer and grows faster than any other food sector. Therefore, it requires enormous amounts of fish feed. Fish feed directly affects the quality of produced fish, potential health benefits, and cost. Fish meal (FM), fis oil (FO), and plant-based supplements, predominantly used in fish feed, face challenges of low availability, low nutritional value, and high cost. The cost associated with aquaculture feed represents 40-75% of aquaculture production cost and one of the key market drivers for the thriving aquaculture industry. Microalgae are a primary producer in aquatic food chains. Microalgae are expanding continuously in renewable energy, pharmaceutical pigment, wastewater treatment, food, and feed industries. Major components of microalgal biomass are proteins with essential amino acids, lipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), carbohydrates, pigments, and other bioactive compounds. Thus, microalgae can be used as an essential, viable, and alternative feed ingredient in aquaculture feed. In recent times, live algae culture, whole algae, and lipid-extracted algae (LEA) have been tested in fish feed for growth, physiological activity, and nutritional value. The present review discusses the potential application of microalgae in aquaculture feed, its mode of application, nutritional value, and possible replacement of conventional feed ingredients, and disadvantages of plant-based feed. The review also focuses on integrated processes such as algae cultivation in aquaculture wastewater, aquaponics systems, challenges, and future prospects of using microalgae in the aquafeed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ahmad Ansari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Abhishek Guldhe
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P O Box1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Phusunti N, Cheirsilp B. Integrated protein extraction with bio-oil production for microalgal biorefinery. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sarkar S, Manna MS, Bhowmick TK, Gayen K. Priority-based multiple products from microalgae: review on techniques and strategies. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:590-607. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1753649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sambit Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, India
| | - Mriganka Sekhar Manna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, India
| | - Tridib Kumar Bhowmick
- Department of Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, India
| | - Kalyan Gayen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, India
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Abstract
Oleaginous algae are nowadays of significance for industrial biotechnology applications and for the welfare of society. Tremendous efforts have been put into the development of economically feasible and effective downstream processing techniques in algae research. Currently, Liquid Biphasic Systems (LBSs) are receiving much attention from academia and industry for their potential as green and effective downstream processing methods. This article serves to review the applications of LBSs (LBS and Liquid Biphasic Flotation System (LBFS)) in the separation, recovery and purification of algae products, as well as their basic working principles. Moreover, cell disruptive technologies incorporated into LBSs in algae research are reported. This review provides insights into the downstream processing in algae industrial biotechnology which could be beneficial for algae biorefinement.
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Renuka N, Guldhe A, Prasanna R, Singh P, Bux F. Microalgae as multi-functional options in modern agriculture: current trends, prospects and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1255-1273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Khanra S, Mondal M, Halder G, Tiwari O, Gayen K, Bhowmick TK. Downstream processing of microalgae for pigments, protein and carbohydrate in industrial application: A review. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kapoore RV, Butler TO, Pandhal J, Vaidyanathan S. Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Microalgae: From Biofuels to Biorefinery. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:E18. [PMID: 29462888 PMCID: PMC5872044 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The commercial reality of bioactive compounds and oil production from microalgal species is constrained by the high cost of production. Downstream processing, which includes harvesting and extraction, can account for 70-80% of the total cost of production. Consequently, from an economic perspective extraction technologies need to be improved. Microalgal cells are difficult to disrupt due to polymers within their cell wall such as algaenan and sporopollenin. Consequently, solvents and disruption devices are required to obtain products of interest from within the cells. Conventional techniques used for cell disruption and extraction are expensive and are often hindered by low efficiencies. Microwave-assisted extraction offers a possibility for extraction of biochemical components including lipids, pigments, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins, individually and as part of a biorefinery. Microwave technology has advanced since its use in the 1970s. It can cut down working times and result in higher yields and purity of products. In this review, the ability and challenges in using microwave technology are discussed for the extraction of bioactive products individually and as part of a biorefinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Thomas O Butler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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Gorry PL, Sánchez L, Morales M. Microalgae Biorefineries for Energy and Coproduct Production. ENERGY FROM MICROALGAE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69093-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Guldhe A, Kumari S, Ramanna L, Ramsundar P, Singh P, Rawat I, Bux F. Prospects, recent advancements and challenges of different wastewater streams for microalgal cultivation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 203:299-315. [PMID: 28803154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are recognized as one of the most powerful biotechnology platforms for many value added products including biofuels, bioactive compounds, animal and aquaculture feed etc. However, large scale production of microalgal biomass poses challenges due to the requirements of large amounts of water and nutrients for cultivation. Using wastewater for microalgal cultivation has emerged as a potential cost effective strategy for large scale microalgal biomass production. This approach also offers an efficient means to remove nutrients and metals from wastewater making wastewater treatment sustainable and energy efficient. Therefore, much research has been conducted in the recent years on utilizing various wastewater streams for microalgae cultivation. This review identifies and discusses the opportunities and challenges of different wastewater streams for microalgal cultivation. Many alternative routes for microalgal cultivation have been proposed to tackle some of the challenges that occur during microalgal cultivation in wastewater such as nutrient deficiency, substrate inhibition, toxicity etc. Scope and challenges of microalgal biomass grown on wastewater for various applications are also discussed along with the biorefinery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Guldhe
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Luveshan Ramanna
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Prathana Ramsundar
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Poonam Singh
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Wang HMD, Li XC, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Potential biomedical applications of marine algae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1407-1415. [PMID: 28697977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional components extracted from algal biomass are widely used as dietary and health supplements with a variety of applications in food science and technology. In contrast, the applications of algae in dermal-related products have received much less attention, despite that algae also possess high potential for the uses in anti-infection, anti-aging, skin-whitening, and skin tumor treatments. This review, therefore, focuses on integrating studies on algae pertinent to human skin care, health and therapy. The active compounds in algae related to human skin treatments are mentioned and the possible mechanisms involved are described. The main purpose of this review is to identify serviceable algae functions in skin treatments to facilitate practical applications in this high-potential area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Chun Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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21
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Zhou Y, Li L, Zhang R, Hu C. Fractional conversion of microalgae from water blooms. Faraday Discuss 2017; 202:197-212. [PMID: 28660966 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fractional conversion of natural algae cyanobacteria from Taihu Lake was conducted. The raw Taihu Lake algae (TLA) and pretreated samples were pyrolyzed at 290 °C and 450 °C according to the TGA results. Extraction of lipids or saccharides from the TLA was performed as a pretreatment to obtain lipid extracted algae (LEA) or saccharide extracted algae (SEA). The total yields of bio-oil from fractional pyrolysis were 40.9 wt% from TLA, 42.3 wt% from LEA, and 48.5 wt% from SEA. From TLA, the major components of the bio-oil were fatty acids, amides and hydrocarbons (heptadecane) at 290 °C whereas those at 450 °C were phenols and C10-C15 hydrocarbons. Following the lipid extraction, acids, amides and indoles accounted for a large proportion at 290 °C, while the main products obtained at 450 °C were phenols, indoles and pyrroles. It is worth mentioning that the yield of bio-oil from the LEA had increased, and the composition of the bio-oil was simplified. Moreover, the average molecular weight of the bio-oil obtained from LEA had decreased. Interestingly, the extraction of saccharides inhibited pyrolysis of the lipids, so the distribution of the bio-oil from SEA changed only a little. Fractional pyrolysis of pretreated microalgae not only increased the bio-oil yield but also improved the quality of the bio-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
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Ghosh A, Khanra S, Mondal M, Devi TI, Halder G, Tiwari O, Bhowmick TK, Gayen K. Biochemical characterization of microalgae collected from north east region of India advancing towards the algae-based commercial production. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering; NIT Agartala; Jirania West Tripura 799046 India
| | - Saumyakanti Khanra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; NIT Agartala; Jirania West Tripura 799046 India
| | - Madhumanti Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; NIT Durgapur; Durgapur West Bengal 713209 India
| | | | - Gopinath Halder
- Department of Chemical Engineering; NIT Durgapur; Durgapur West Bengal 713209 India
| | - O.N. Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae; Division of Microbiology ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute; New Delhi 110012 India
| | | | - Kalyan Gayen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; NIT Agartala; Jirania West Tripura 799046 India
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Ansari FA, Wahal S, Gupta SK, Rawat I, Bux F. A comparative study on biochemical methane potential of algal substrates: Implications of biomass pre-treatment and product extraction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 234:320-326. [PMID: 28340436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dried powdered algae (SDPA), heat treated algae (MHTA), lipid extracted algae (LEA) and protein extracted algae (PEA) were digested to determine biomethane potential. The average CH4 production rate was ∼2.5-times higher for protein and lipid extracted algae than for whole algae (SDPA and MHTA) whilst the cumulative CH4 production was higher for pre-treated algae. Highest cumulative CH4 production (318.7mlCH4g-1VS) was observed for MHTA followed by SDPA (307.4mlCH4g-1VS). CH4/CO2 ratios of 1.5 and 0.7 were observed for MHTA and LEA respectively. Pre-treatment processes disrupted the algal cell wall, exposing intracellular material which remained intact as opposed to product extraction processes which broke down the intracellular compounds resulting in changes in elemental composition and decreases the cumulative gas yield and CH4/CO2 ratio. Comparative analysis determined that the most profitable route of biomass utilisation was protein extraction followed by biogas production giving ∼2.5-times higher return on investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ahmad Ansari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Shantanu Wahal
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanjay Kumar Gupta
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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24
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Ansari FA, Gupta SK, Shriwastav A, Guldhe A, Rawat I, Bux F. Evaluation of various solvent systems for lipid extraction from wet microalgal biomass and its effects on primary metabolites of lipid-extracted biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15299-15307. [PMID: 28502047 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have tremendous potential to grow rapidly, synthesize, and accumulate lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The effects of solvent extraction of lipids on other metabolites such as proteins and carbohydrates in lipid-extracted algal (LEA) biomass are crucial aspects of algal biorefinery approach. An effective and economically feasible algae-based oil industry will depend on the selection of suitable solvent/s for lipid extraction, which has minimal effect on metabolites in lipid-extracted algae. In current study, six solvent systems were employed to extract lipids from dry and wet biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus. To explore the biorefinery concept, dichloromethane/methanol (2:1 v/v) was a suitable solvent for dry biomass; it gave 18.75% lipids (dry cell weight) in whole algal biomass, 32.79% proteins, and 24.73% carbohydrates in LEA biomass. In the case of wet biomass, in order to exploit all three metabolites, isopropanol/hexane (2:1 v/v) is an appropriate solvent system which gave 7.8% lipids (dry cell weight) in whole algal biomass, 20.97% proteins, and 22.87% carbohydrates in LEA biomass. Graphical abstract: Lipid extraction from wet microalgal biomass and biorefianry approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ahmad Ansari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanjay Kumar Gupta
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Amritanshu Shriwastav
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Abhishek Guldhe
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Ansari FA, Shriwastav A, Gupta SK, Rawat I, Bux F. Exploration of Microalgae Biorefinery by Optimizing Sequential Extraction of Major Metabolites from Scenedesmus obliquus. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ahmad Ansari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater
Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Amritanshu Shriwastav
- Institute for Water and Wastewater
Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanjay Kumar Gupta
- Institute for Water and Wastewater
Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater
Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater
Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
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26
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Ansari FA, Singh P, Guldhe A, Bux F. Microalgal cultivation using aquaculture wastewater: Integrated biomass generation and nutrient remediation. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Chen Y, Xu Y, Cao Y, Fang K, Xia W, Jiang Q. Combined Effect of Microwave and Steam Cooking on Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Purple Sweet Potatoes. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University
| | - Yanshun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University
| | - Yaqun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy & Intelligent Kitchen System Integration
| | - Kun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy & Intelligent Kitchen System Integration
| | - Wenshui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University
| | - Qixing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University
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28
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Adding value to the treatment of municipal wastewater through the intensive production of freshwater macroalgae. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Microalgae Potential and Multiple Roles—Current Progress and Future Prospects—An Overview. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Maurya R, Paliwal C, Ghosh T, Pancha I, Chokshi K, Mitra M, Ghosh A, Mishra S. Applications of de-oiled microalgal biomass towards development of sustainable biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:787-796. [PMID: 27161655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In view of commercialization of microalgal biofuel, the de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) is a surplus by-product in the biorefinery process that needs to be exploited to make the process economically attractive and feasible. This DMB, rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, can be used as feed, fertilizer, and substrate for the production of bioethanol/bio-methane. Further, thermo-chemical conversion of DMB results into fuels and industrially important chemicals. Future prospects of DMB also lie with its conversion into novel biomaterials like nanoparticles and carbon-dot which have biomedical importance. The lowest valued application of DMB is to use it for adsorption of dyes and heavy metals from industrial effluents. This study reviews how DMB can be utilized for different applications and in the generation of valuable co-products. The value addition of DMB would thereby improve the overall cost economics of the microalgal bio-refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahulkumar Maurya
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Chetan Paliwal
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Tonmoy Ghosh
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Imran Pancha
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Kaumeel Chokshi
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhusree Mitra
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Arup Ghosh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Division of Plant Omics, CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Division of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G B Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India.
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