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Gholizadeh M, Meca S, Zhang S, Clarens F, Hu X. Understanding the dependence of biochar properties on different types of biomass. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:142-163. [PMID: 38653043 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the diversity of biomasses and many variables in pyrolysis process, the property of biochar from varied biomass feedstock or even same biomass could differ significantly. Since the property of biochar governs the further application of biochar, this review paid particular attention to the correlation between the nature of biomass feedstock and the specifications of biochar in terms of yield, elemental composition, pH, functionalities, heating value, pore structures, morphologies, etc. The property of the biochar from the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, woody biomass (pine, mallee, poplar, acacia, oak, eucalyptus and beech), bark of woody biomass, leaves of woody biomass, straw, algae, fruit peels, tea waste was compared and summarized. In addition, the differences of the biochar of these varied origins were also analyzed. The remaining questions, about the correlation of biomass nature with biochar characteristics, to be further investigated are analyzed in detail. The deduced information about the relationship of the nature of biochar and biomass feedstock as well as key pyrolysis parameters is of importance for further development of the methods for tailoring or production of the biochar of desirable properties. The results from this study could be interesting technically and commercially for the technology developer using biochar as the source of carbon in different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortaza Gholizadeh
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Waste, Energy and Environmental Impact Unit, Plaça de la Ciència, 2, 08243 Manresa, Spain
| | - Sandra Meca
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Waste, Energy and Environmental Impact Unit, Plaça de la Ciència, 2, 08243 Manresa, Spain
| | - Shu Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Frederic Clarens
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Waste, Energy and Environmental Impact Unit, Plaça de la Ciència, 2, 08243 Manresa, Spain
| | - Xun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Chen Y, Liu X, Liu G, Chang S, Hu J. Oriented Interpenetrating Capillary Network with Surface Engineering by Porous ZnO from Wood for Membrane Emulsification. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2113. [PMID: 38730920 PMCID: PMC11084715 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Membrane emulsification technology has garnered increasing interest in emulsion preparation due to controllable droplet size, narrower droplet size distribution, low energy consumption, simple process design and excellent reproducibility. Nevertheless, the pore structure and surface engineering in membrane materials design play a crucial role in achieving high-quality emulsions with high throughput simultaneously. In this work, an oriented interpenetrating capillary network composed of highly aligned and interconnected wood cell lumens has been utilized to fabricate an emulsion membrane. A novel honeycomb porous ZnO layer obtained by a seed prefabrication-hydrothermal growth method was designed to reconstruct wood channel surfaces for enhanced microfluid mixing. The results show that through the unique capillary mesh microstructure of wood, the emulsion droplets were smaller in size, had narrower pore-size distribution, and were easy to obtain under high throughput conditions. Meanwhile, a well-designed ZnO layer could further improve the emulsion quality of a wood membrane, while the emulsifying throughput is still maintained at a higher level. This demonstrates that the convection process of the microfluid in these wood capillary channels was intensified markedly. This study not only develops advanced membrane materials in emulsion preparation, but also introduces a brand-new field for functional applications of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Chen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Hunan Lintec Co., Ltd., Changsha 410600, China;
| | - Gonggang Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Shanshan Chang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.C.); (S.C.)
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Rasaq WA, Okpala COR, Igwegbe CA, Białowiec A. Navigating Pyrolysis Implementation-A Tutorial Review on Consideration Factors and Thermochemical Operating Methods for Biomass Conversion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:725. [PMID: 38591602 PMCID: PMC10856175 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Pyrolysis and related thermal conversion processes have shown increased research momentum in recent decades. Understanding the underlying thermal conversion process principles alongside the associated/exhibited operational challenges that are specific to biomass types is crucial for beginners in this research area. From an extensive literature search, the authors are convinced that a tutorial review that guides beginners particularly towards pyrolysis implementation, from different biomasses to the thermal conversion process and conditions, is scarce. An effective understanding of pre-to-main pyrolysis stages, alongside corresponding standard methodologies, would help beginners discuss anticipated results. To support the existing information, therefore, this review sought to seek how to navigate pyrolysis implementation, specifically considering factors and thermochemical operating methods for biomass conversion, drawing the ideas from: (a) the evolving nature of the thermal conversion process; (b) the potential inter-relatedness between individual components affecting pyrolysis-based research; (c) pre- to post-pyrolysis' engagement strategies; (d) potential feedstock employed in the thermal conversion processes; (e) the major pre-treatment strategies applied to feedstocks; (f) system performance considerations between pyrolysis reactors; and (g) differentiating between the reactor and operation parameters involved in the thermal conversion processes. Moreover, pre-pyrolysis activity tackles biomass selection/analytical measurements, whereas the main pyrolysis activity tackles treatment methods, reactor types, operating processes, and the eventual product output. Other areas that need beginners' attention include high-pressure process reactor design strategies and material types that have a greater potential for biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed A. Rasaq
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (W.A.R.); (C.A.I.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- UGA Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (W.A.R.); (C.A.I.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 420218, Nigeria
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (W.A.R.); (C.A.I.)
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Li D, Su P, Tang M, Zhang G. Biochar alters the persistence of PAHs in soils by affecting soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity: A meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115589. [PMID: 37839191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in soil is a pervasive environmental issue worldwide. Although biochar has the potential to immobilize PAHs in soils, there remains a study gap in the use of systematic analyses to assess the effectiveness of biochar for PAH removal and the factors that affect biochar. Hence, a meta-analysis utilizing 56 published studies was aimed to assess the impact of biochar on the PAH content, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial diversity in PAH-contaminated soils and to elucidate what factors impact the capability of biochar to alter PAH persistence. With biochar application, soil Ctot PAH concentrations were significantly reduced (15.4%), while the levels of Cfree PAHs and Cbioacc PAHs were reduced by 55.6% and 46.5%, respectively. Additionally, biochar improved the physicochemical properties of PAH-contaminated soil and increased the diversity of microorganisms. Particularly, the relative abundance of PAH degraders increased significantly (43.7%), which indicated that PAH biodegradation was significantly enhanced. Soil physicochemical properties and biochar production conditions are indispensable for the study of the PAH persistence. The overall findings revealed that the pyrolysis of woody biochar at 300-500 °C was beneficial for reducing the PAH persistence in acidic, coarse, or fine and high soil organic matter content (>20 g/kg) soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishen Li
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Pinjie Su
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Mingbo Tang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; Liaoning Provincial Society for Environmental Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; Liaoning Provincial Society for Environmental Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China.
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Chen L, Chen X, Zhao Y, Xie X, Yang S, Hua D, Wang C, Li T. Effect of Torrefaction on the Physiochemical Characteristics and Pyrolysis of the Corn Stalk. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4069. [PMID: 37896313 PMCID: PMC10609922 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Torrefaction of biomass is one of the most promising pretreatment methods for deriving biofuels from biomass via thermochemical conversion processes. In this work, the changes in physicochemical properties and morphology features of the torrefied corn stalk, the changes in physicochemical properties and morphology features of the torrefied corn stalk were investigated. The results of this study showed that the elemental content and proximate analysis of the torrefied corn stalk significantly changed compared with those of the raw corn stalk. In particular, at 300 °C, the volatile content decreased to 41.79%, while the fixed carbon content and higher heating value increased to 42.22% and 21.31 MJ/kg, respectively. The H/C and O/C molar ratios of torrefied corn stalk at the 300 °C were drastically reduced to 0.99 and 0.27, respectively, which are similar to those of conventional coals in China. Numerous cracks and pores were observed in the sample surface of torrefied corn stalk at the torrefaction temperature range of 275 °C-300 °C, which could facilitate the potential application of the sample in the adsorption process and promote the release of gas products in pyrolysis. In the pyrolysis phase, the liquid products of the torrefied corn stalk decreased, but the H2/CO ratio and the lower heating value of the torrefied corn stalk increased compared with those of the raw corn stalk. This work paves a new strategy for the investigation of the effect of torrefaction on the physiochemical characteristics and pyrolysis of the corn stalk, highlighting the application potential in the conversion of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 19 Keyuan Road, Jinan 250014, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Xiangqian Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 19 Keyuan Road, Jinan 250014, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Yuxiao Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 19 Keyuan Road, Jinan 250014, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Xinping Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 19 Keyuan Road, Jinan 250014, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Shuangxia Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 19 Keyuan Road, Jinan 250014, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Dongliang Hua
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 19 Keyuan Road, Jinan 250014, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Chuanlei Wang
- Jining Rencheng District Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Jining 370811, China;
| | - Tianjin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 19 Keyuan Road, Jinan 250014, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
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Makepa DC, Chihobo CH, Ruziwa WR, Musademba D. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine sawdust: Process modelling, performance optimization and economic evaluation for bioenergy recovery. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14688. [PMID: 36994383 PMCID: PMC10040716 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims at optimizing the process conditions to extract maximum yields of bio-oil from pine sawdust using microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP). Aspen Plus® V11 was used to model the thermochemical conversion of pine sawdust to pyrolysis products, and response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was employed in the optimization of the process parameters. The mutual effects of pyrolysis temperature and reactor pressure on the product distribution were investigated. The findings have shown that the optimal operating conditions for producing the highest amount of bio-oil (65.8 wt%) were achieved at 550 °C and 1 atm. The product distribution of the simulated model was more significantly influenced by linear and quadratic terms of the reaction temperature. In addition, a high determination coefficient (R2 = 0.9883) was obtained for the developed quadratic model. A set of three published experimental results acquired under circumstances comparable to the simulations' operating limitations were used to further validate the simulation results. The process’s economic viability was assessed in order to establish the bio-oil minimum selling price (MSP). A MSP of $1.14/L of liquid bio-oil was evaluated. An economic sensitivity analysis has shown that the annual fuel yield, required rate of return, annual income tax, annual operating costs and initial capital investment have a substantial impact on the MSP of bio-oil. It was inferred that using the optimized process parameters may improve the process' competitiveness on an industrial scale due to its better product yields and improved sustainability in biorefineries, as well as assure waste reduction.
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Ismail IS, Othman MFH, Rashidi NA, Yusup S. Recent progress on production technologies of food waste-based biochar and its fabrication method as electrode materials in energy storage application. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:1-17. [PMID: 36683845 PMCID: PMC9842499 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-023-03763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of food waste across the globe has called for the mitigation and reduction of these discarded wastes. Herein, the potential of biochar derived from food waste is unquestionable as it provides a sustainable way of utilizing the abundance of available biomass, as well as an effective way of preserving the ecosystem through the reduction of concerning environmental issues. This review focuses on the food waste-based biochar as advanced electrode materials in the energy storage devices. Efforts have been made to present and discuss the current exploration of the food waste utilization, along with the biochar production technologies through thermochemical conversion, including combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis method. Finding its limitation in literatures, discussion on the food waste-based biochar fabrication method as the electrode materials is elaborated, alongside the current food waste-based biochar that has been explored in the energy application thus far. Towards the end, the outlook and perspective on the further development of food waste-based biochar have been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Syafiqah Ismail
- Chemical Engineering Department, Higher Institution of Center of Excellence (HICoE): Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Farhan Haqeem Othman
- Chemical Engineering Department, Higher Institution of Center of Excellence (HICoE): Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Nor Adilla Rashidi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Higher Institution of Center of Excellence (HICoE): Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Yusup
- Generation Unit (Fuel & Combustion), TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., No 1, Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan, Jalan Ayer Hitam, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
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Qiu B, Shao Q, Shi J, Yang C, Chu H. Application of biochar for the adsorption of organic pollutants from wastewater: Modification strategies, mechanisms and challenges. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Mensah I, Ahiekpor JC, Bensah EC, Narra S, Amponsem B, Antwi E. Modeling the behavior of Celtis mildbraedii sawdust and polyethylene terephthalate co-pyrolysis for syngas production. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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10
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A Review on Production and Surface Modifications of Biochar Materials via Biomass Pyrolysis Process for Supercapacitor Applications. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochar (BC) based materials are solid carbon enriched materials produced via different thermochemical techniques such as pyrolysis. However, the non-modified/non-activated BC-based materials obtained from the low-temperature pyrolysis of biomass cannot perform well in energy storage applications due to the mismatched physicochemical and electrical properties such as low surface area, poor pore features, and low density and conductivity. Therefore, to improve the surface features and structure of the BC and surface functionalities, surface modifications and activations are introduced to improve its properties to achieve enhanced electrochemical performance. The surface modifications use various activation methods to modify the surface properties of BC to achieve enhanced performance for supercapacitors in energy storage applications. This article provides a detailed review of surface modification methods and the application of modified BC to be used for the synthesis of electrodes for supercapacitors. The effect of those activation methods on physicochemical and electrical properties is critically presented. Finally, the research gap and future prospects are also elucidated.
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Flash Pyrolysis Experiment on Albizia odoratissima Biomass under Different Operating Conditions: A Comparative Study on Bio-Oil, Biochar, and Noncondensable Gas Products. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9084029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the flash pyrolysis of Albizia odoratissima biomass wastes at different temperature, sweep gas flow rate, and heating rate in a fluidized bed reactor. In the first phase of the experimental work, the effect of temperature (350–550°C) on product yield was analyzed, the second and third phases of the work were to analyze the effect of sweeping gas (N2), flow rate (1.25–2.25 m3/hr), and heating rate (20–40°C/min). The experimental works were carried out to get maximum bio-oil production. The experimental results demonstrated that the maximum yield of bio-oil was obtained at a temperature of 450°C, N2 flow rate of 1.75 m3/hr, and heating rate of 30°C/min. Temperature was found to be the crucial factor rather than sweep gas flow rate in the product distribution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and elemental analysis were done on the obtained bio-oil, biochar, and noncondensable gas products. The heating value of the bio-oil and biochar was identified as 18.15 and 23.47 MJ/kg, respectively. The chemical analysis of the bio-oil showed that the oil is a mixture of phenol and oxygenated elements. The gas analyses showed that hydrogen and carbon dioxide were dominant, followed by carbon monoxide and methane.
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Low Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) Energy Crops to Bioenergy and Biofuels—A Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Energy crops are dedicated cultures directed for biofuels, electricity, and heat production. Due to their tolerance to contaminated lands, they can alleviate and remediate land pollution by the disposal of toxic elements and polymetallic agents. Moreover, these crops are suitable to be exploited in marginal soils (e.g., saline), and, therefore, the risk of land-use conflicts due to competition for food, feed, and fuel is reduced, contributing positively to economic growth, and bringing additional revenue to landowners. Therefore, further study and investment in R&D is required to link energy crops to the implementation of biorefineries. The main objective of this study is to present a review of the potential of selected energy crops for bioenergy and biofuels production, when cultivated in marginal/degraded/contaminated (MDC) soils (not competing with agriculture), contributing to avoiding Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) burdens. The selected energy crops are Cynara cardunculus, Arundo donax, Cannabis sativa, Helianthus tuberosus, Linum usitatissimum, Miscanthus × giganteus, Sorghum bicolor, Panicum virgatum, Acacia dealbata, Pinus pinaster, Paulownia tomentosa, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Salix viminalis, and microalgae cultures. This article is useful for researchers or entrepreneurs who want to know what kind of crops can produce which biofuels in MDC soils.
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Wang L, Xie L, Wang H, Ma H, Zhou J. Sustainable synthesis of apricot shell-derived hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors: A novel mild one-step synthesis process. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Luo J, Ma R, Sun J, Gong G, Sun S, Li H. In-depth exploration of mechanism and energy balance characteristics of an advanced continuous microwave pyrolysis coupled with carbon dioxide reforming technology to generate high-quality syngas. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125863. [PMID: 34523587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study firstly coupled advanced continuous microwave pyrolysis with CO2 reforming technology to recover syngas from cow manure and CO2. The contribution of CO2 to syngas, pyrolysis mechanism, and energy balance characteristics were analyzed thoroughly. The results showed that continuous microwave pyrolysis coupled with CO2 reforming technology has superiorities over other pyrolysis methods in bio-gas generation. The bio-gas yield, syngas content, and heating value of syngas reached the maximum value of 71.02 wt%, 85.70 vol%, and 10.87 MJ/Nm3, respectively. CO2 strengthened pyrolysis and reacted with pyrolysis products to produce high-quality syngas and reduce H2S. Due to the limited substances that can react with CO2 and excessive energy consumption with increasing CO2 concentration, the utilization efficiencies of CO2 and energy decreased from 36.31% and 27.27% to 31.16% and 24.24%, respectively. This work provides basic theory and technical support for advanced technology to recover high-quality syngas from biomass with low energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaman Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guojin Gong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shichang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Water Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, China.
| | - Haowen Li
- Micro Optical Instruments (Shenzhen) Inc, Shenzhen 518109, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Spectroscopy, China
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Wantaneeyakul N, Kositkanawuth K, Turn SQ, Fu J. Investigation of Biochar Production from Copyrolysis of Rice Husk and Plastic. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28890-28902. [PMID: 34746581 PMCID: PMC8567375 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomass renewable energy has become a major target of the Thailand Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) since the country's economy is largely based on agricultural production. Rice husk (RH) is one of the most common agricultural residues in Thailand. This research aims to investigate yields and properties of biochar produced from copyrolysis of RH and plastic (high-density polyethylene (HDPE)) at different ratios, temperatures, and holding times. For both individual and copyrolysis, the temperature variation generated more pronounced effects than the holding time variation on both biochar yields and properties. For individual pyrolysis of RH, the maximum biochar yield of ∼54 wt % was obtained at 400 °C. A shift in temperature from 400 to 600 °C resulted in RH biochars with higher fixed carbon (FC) and carbon (C) contents by ∼1.11-1.28 and 1.06-1.22 times, respectively, while undetectable changes in higher heating values (HHVs) were noticed. For copyrolysis, obvious negative synergistic effects were observed due to the radical interaction between the rich H content of HDPE and RH biochars, which resulted in lower biochar yields as compared to the theoretical estimation based on individual pyrolysis values. However, the addition of HDPE positively impacted the FC and C contents, especially when 10 and 20 wt % HDPE were added to the feedstock. Besides, higher HDPE blending ratios resulted in biochars with improved HHVs, and >1.5 times improvement in HHV was reported in the biochar with 50 wt % HDPE addition in comparison with RH biochar obtained under the same conditions. In summary, biochars generated in this study have the potential to be utilized as a solid fuel or soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichakorn Wantaneeyakul
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mot,
Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Ketwalee Kositkanawuth
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mot,
Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Scott Q. Turn
- Hawaii
Natural Energy Institute, University of
Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jinxia Fu
- Hawaii
Natural Energy Institute, University of
Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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16
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Progress of the Pyrolyzer Reactors and Advanced Technologies for Biomass Pyrolysis Processing. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131911061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the future, renewable energy technologies will have a significant role in catering to energy security concerns and a safe environment. Among the various renewable energy sources available, biomass has high accessibility and is considered a carbon-neutral source. Pyrolysis technology is a thermo-chemical route for converting biomass to many useful products (biochar, bio-oil, and combustible pyrolysis gases). The composition and relative product yield depend on the pyrolysis technology adopted. The present review paper evaluates various types of biomass pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis, slow pyrolysis, and advanced pyrolysis techniques concerning different pyrolyzer reactors have been reviewed from the literature and are presented to broaden the scope of its selection and application for future studies and research. Slow pyrolysis can deliver superior ecological welfare because it provides additional bio-char yield using auger and rotary kiln reactors. Fast pyrolysis can produce bio-oil, primarily via bubbling and circulating fluidized bed reactors. Advanced pyrolysis processes have good potential to provide high prosperity for specific applications. The success of pyrolysis depends strongly on the selection of a specific reactor as a pyrolyzer based on the desired product and feedstock specifications.
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17
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Hu Z, Zhou T, Tian H, Feng L, Yao C, Yin Y, Chen D. Effects of pyrolysis parameters on the distribution of pyrolysis products of Miscanthus. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/14686783211010970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive study on the effects of pyrolysis parameters (pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and heating rate) on the distribution of pyrolysis products of Miscanthus. Py-GC/MS (Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass) was conducted to identify building blocks of value-added chemical from Miscanthus. The results showed that the main pyrolysis products of Miscanthus were ketone, aldehyde, phenol, heterocycles, and aromatic compounds. The representative compounds of ketone and aldehyde compounds produced at different pyrolysis temperatures changed obviously, while the representative compounds of phenolic, heterocyclic, and aromatic compounds had no obvious change. Large-scale pyrolysis of Miscanthus had begun at 400°C, and the relative content of pyrolysis products from Miscanthus reached the maximum of 98.34% at 700°C. The relative peak area ratio of phenol and aromatic compounds reached the maximum and minimum at the residence time of 5 and 10 s, while the relative peak area ratio of ketone compounds showed the opposite trend. The relative peak area ratio of aldehyde compounds was higher under shorter or longer residence time. For heterocyclic compounds, the relative peak area ratio reached the maximum of 27.0% at residence time of 10 s. The faster or slower heating rate was beneficial to the production of aldehyde and phenol compounds. The relative peak area ratio of ketone compounds reached the maximum at 10,000°C/s, 70°C/s, and 10°C/s, and the relative peak area ratio tendency of heterocyclic compounds was similar to ketone. For aromatic compounds, the overall fluctuations were large, and the relative peak area ratio was the highest at the heating rate of 100°C/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangmao Hu
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Tian
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Leihua Feng
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Can Yao
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanshan Yin
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Donglin Chen
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
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18
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Leng L, Xiong Q, Yang L, Li H, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Jiang S, Li H, Huang H. An overview on engineering the surface area and porosity of biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:144204. [PMID: 33385838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface area and porosity are important physical properties of biochar, playing a crucial role in many biochar applications, such as wastewater treatment and soil remediation. The production of engineered biochar with highly porous structure and large surface area has received extensive attention. This paper comprehensively reviewed the effects of biomass and pyrolysis parameters on the surface area and porosity of biochar. The composition of biomass feedstock and pyrolysis temperature are the major influencing factors. It is suggested that the lignocellulosic biomass is an outstanding candidate, wood and woody biomass in particular. Besides, moderate temperatures (400-700 °C) are suitable for the development of the pore structure. Further improvement can be implemented by additional treatments. Activation is the most widely used and effective way to promote biochar surface area and porosity, especially the chemical activation. Enhancement can also be achieved by using other treatment methods, such as carbonaceous materials coating, ball milling, and templating. Future research should focus on upgrading or developing treatment technology to achieve enhanced functionality and porous structure of biochar simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Leng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Qin Xiong
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lihong Yang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of the Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Weijin Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Shaojian Jiang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Huajun Huang
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
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19
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Pyrolysis of Polystyrene Waste: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020225. [PMID: 33440822 PMCID: PMC7827018 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of polystyrene around the globe has escalated in the past years due to its huge applications in various areas. The perpetual market needs of polystyrene led the polystyrene wastes accretion in the landfill causing environmental deterioration. The soaring need for polystyrene also led to the exhaustion of petroleum, a non-renewable energy source, as polystyrene is a petroleum-derived product. Researchers from around the world have discovered a few techniques to take care of the polystyrene scraps, namely recycling and energy recovery techniques. Nevertheless, there are demerits involved with recycling techniques, such as they call for huge labor expenses in the separation process and cause water pollution, thereby decreasing the process sustainability. Owing to these demerits, the researchers have focused their attention on the energy recovery technique. Since petroleum is the main ingredient of polystyrene synthesis, the restoration of liquid oil from polystyrene via the pyrolysis method is a promising technique as the recovered oil has greater calorific value as compared to commercially available fuel. The present paper surveys the pyrolysis technique for polystyrene and the important process parameters that control the end product, like oil, gas, and char. The chief process parameters that are discussed in this review paper include the type of reactors, temperature, residence time, pressure, catalyst types, type of fluidizing gases, and their flow rate. A more recent technique of utilizing a solvent to perform pyrolysis and the effect of various process conditions on the product yield have been discussed. Apart from this, various outlooks to optimize the liquid oil recovery from polystyrene are also reviewed.
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20
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Antolini E. Lignocellulose, Cellulose and Lignin as Renewable Alternative Fuels for Direct Biomass Fuel Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:189-207. [PMID: 32991061 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the use of renewable sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), as the fuel for various types of fuel cells received growing interest. Different types of fuel cells, that is, operated at low temperatures (T<100 °C; microbial fuel cells (MFC), alkaline (AFCs) and flow fuel cells (FFCs)), intermediate temperatures (T in the range 150-300 °C, proton-conducting inorganic-organic composite membrane fuel cells), and high temperatures (T≥500 °C, direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs)), have been used for the conversion of the chemical energy in LCB to electrical energy. The economic advantage of the direct use of LCB consists of avoiding the acid hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose for low-temperature fuel cells and the pretreatment at high temperatures necessary to convert biomass to biochar (pyrolysis) in the case of high-temperature fuel cells. In this Review, the characteristics of direct biomass fuel cells are presented and their performance is compared with that of indirect biomass fuel cells fed with glucose (low-temperature fuel cells) and biochar (high-temperature fuel cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermete Antolini
- Scuola di Scienza dei Materiali, Via 25 aprile 22, Cogoleto, 16016, Genova, Italy
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21
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Qin L, Wu Y, Hou Z, Jiang E. Influence of biomass components, temperature and pressure on the pyrolysis behavior and biochar properties of pine nut shells. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123682. [PMID: 32585452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the yields, proximate composition, structure and surface morphology of biochar derived from lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and pine nut shell (PNS) at 400-700 ℃. PNS biochars obtained at different pyrolysis pressures in the range of 0.1-2.0 MPa were also studied. The results indicate that the interactions of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose have smaller effects on the ash content, yield and higher heating value (HHV) of the biochar than they do on the fixed carbon and volatile matter contents. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature improves the HHV of the biochar, and increasing the pyrolysis pressure enhances the biochar yield, surface functional groups and combustion characteristics. The kinetic data for Pb2+ adsorption are best fitted by a pseudo-second-order model, indicating a chemisorption-controlled process. The PNSB550 and PNSB1.0 data are optimally fit by the Freundlich and Langmuir models, respectively. The maximum Pb2+ adsorption capacity is 237.3 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Qin
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhiwei Hou
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Enchen Jiang
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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22
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Xiao H, Jiang K, Chen Y, Lei Z, Chen K, Cheng X, Qi J, Xie J, Huang X, Jiang Y. Kinetics and Thermodynamic Analysis of Recent and Ancient Buried Phoebe zhennan Wood. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20943-20952. [PMID: 32875229 PMCID: PMC7450622 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics and thermogravimetric analysis of recent Phoebe zhennan wood (RZ) and ancient buried P. zhennan wood (ABZ) were investigated under a nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 K/min. The activation energy values were estimated based on the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa model-free method, and then, the Coats-Redfern model-fitting method was used to predict the reaction mechanism. The best model of RZ for regions 1 and 2 was based on the diffusional and reaction order (second-order) mechanism, respectively, while a diffusional (Jander equation) mechanism is the best model for ABZ. The change in enthalpy and activation energy of the RZ was lower than that of the ABZ at different conversion rates. When the conversion rate was less than 0.4, the RZ may require lower thermal decomposition reaction energy, but the overall energy of thermal decomposition reactions and the degree of disorder was not much different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenghui Lei
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Cheng
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinqiu Qi
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiulong Xie
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingyan Huang
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongze Jiang
- College
of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Wood
Industry and Furniture Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial
Department of Education, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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23
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Khan N, Chowdhary P, Ahmad A, Shekher Giri B, Chaturvedi P. Hydrothermal liquefaction of rice husk and cow dung in Mixed-Bed-Rotating Pyrolyzer and application of biochar for dye removal. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 309:123294. [PMID: 32283482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the hydrothermal liquefaction of rice husk (RH) and cow dung (CD) for the production of biochar from RH and CD and use of that biochar for the removal of dye from textile industry effluent. These biomasses were subjected to fast pyrolysis (500 °C), which yielded biochar (22.8 and 29.8%) and bio-oil (60.4 and 57.3%) from RH and CD, respectively. Biochar was characterized based on spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and morphological studies like Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and SEM-EDS. Further, bio-oil samples were characterized by GC-MS into saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, carboxylic acids, phenolics and aromatic hydrocarbons. The removal efficiencies of the Congo red dye from prepared biochar in a batch experiment were 66.8-96.9%(RH) and 68.9-98.8%(CD). The adsorption isotherms for Langmuir (R2 = 0.977 and 0.902) and Freundlich (R2 0.842 and 0.883) were calculated for RH and CD biochar, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaz Khan
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Chowdhary
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anees Ahmad
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balendu Shekher Giri
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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24
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Wang D, Jiang P, Zhang H, Yuan W. Biochar production and applications in agro and forestry systems: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137775. [PMID: 32213399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a product of biomass thermochemical conversion. Its yield and quality vary significantly with the production technology and process parameters, which also affect its performance in agro and forestry systems. In this review, biochar production technologies including slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, gasification, and torrefaction were compared. The yield of biochar was found to decrease with faster heating rate or more oxygen available. The benefits of biochar application to agro and forestry systems were discussed. Improvements in soil health, plant growth, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas mitigation are apparent in many cases, but opposite results do exist, indicating that the beneficial aspect of biochar are limited to particular conditions such as the type of biochar used, the rate of application, soil type, climate, and crop species. Limitations of current studies and future research needed on biochar are also discussed. Specifically, the relationships among biochar production technologies, biochar properties, and biochar performance in agro and forestry systems must be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Peikun Jiang
- College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenqiao Yuan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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25
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Xu MX, Wu YC, Nan DH, Lu Q, Yang YP. Effects of gaseous agents on the evolution of char physical and chemical structures during biomass gasification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:121994. [PMID: 31437799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bio-char samples were prepared from gasification of corn straw under N2, CO2 and H2O conditions, and systematically characterized to reveal the effects of gaseous agents on the evolution of char structural features during the gasification process. The results showed that the increase of reacting temperature had positive effects on the gasification of char in both H2O and CO2 atmospheres. The evolution of char pore structures under H2O and CO2 was quite different. The formation of micropores was facilitated by CO2, while mesopores and macropores were developed more in H2O condition. Besides, char structures obtained at 800 °C were more ordered than those obtained at 600 °C. Compared with the longitudinal merging, the aromatic layers preferred to grow laterally. Moreover, the mechanisms of gasification between char and gaseous agents were different. CO2 preferred to react with amorphous carbon, while the cross-linked carbon was more likely to be consumed during char gasification with H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xin Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Chang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Hong Nan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
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26
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Kluska J, Ochnio M, Kardaś D, Heda Ł. The influence of temperature on the physicochemical properties of products of pyrolysis of leather-tannery waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 88:248-256. [PMID: 31079637 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present paper examines the pyrolysis of waste from leather tanneries at 300-500 °C. These studies are important because of difficulties in the utilisation of this type of waste as well as its energy potential as fuel. The pyrolysis of tannery waste and data from the relevant literature showed that thermal degradation can be explained using tanned collagen as a reference. Moreover, the experimental results indicated that this process is highly non-linear, due to various mechanisms of heat transport which cause temperature differences in a laboratory pyrolysis reactor. Thermogravimetric analysis has shown that the greater part of mass loss is observed between 80 and 500 °C and that the most significant mass release occurs at 325 °C. Moreover, the proportions of CO2 and CO decrease along with increasing temperatures. The paper presents characteristics of the composition of solid, liquid, and gaseous products of leather-waste pyrolysis at various temperatures. The maximum heating value of gaseous products at 500 °C was 9.54 MJ/Nm3. An increase from 300 to 500 °C results in the dominant position of condensation polymerisation; the maximum value of the liquid phase yield is reached at 400 °C (42%). HHV analysis of the resulting char showed a maximum value of 21.18 MJ/kg at 450 °C. The results of oxidised component analysis showed that the major oxidised component of char was chromium oxide (Cr2O3), with a content of approximately 8.5% at all pyrolysis temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kluska
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Ochnio
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kardaś
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Heda
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland
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Cong H, Zhao L, Mašek O, Yao Z, Meng H, Huo L, Ma T, Hu E. A pilot-scale biomass pyrolytic poly-generation plant performance study and self-sufficiency assessment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:439-445. [PMID: 30466022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the energy and mass balance of pyrolysis of rice husk (RH), cotton stalk (CS) and fruit branch (FB) in a pilot-scale biomass pyrolytic poly-generation plant. The paper presents energy balance and self-sufficiency assessment of pilot-scale pyrolysis plant processing different types of biomass. The results also include characterization of the pyrolysis products. The volatile matter varied from 6.5 to 25.8% at different temperatures for the three feed stocks, which can be used as indexes for the degree of carbonization of biochar. The yield of pyrolysis gases enriched with H2, CH4 and other alkanes, and olefins increased significantly with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 550 to 650 °C. With a lower heating value >17.1 MJ/m3, an energy self-sufficient system is possible using only the pyrolysis gas. Biomass pyrolytic poly-generation technology offers a promising means of converting abundant agricultural residues into energy and added-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Cong
- Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Lixin Zhao
- Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China.
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, UK Biochar Research Centre, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH93FF, UK
| | - Zonglu Yao
- Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Haibo Meng
- Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Lili Huo
- Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Erfeng Hu
- Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
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Leng L, Huang H, Li H, Li J, Zhou W. Biochar stability assessment methods: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:210-222. [PMID: 30077850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is being developed as a candidate with great potential for climate change mitigation. Sequestering biochar carbon in soil contributes greatly to the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions, and biochar stability is the most decisive factor that determines its carbon sequestration potential. However, methods that can be used universally for direct or indirect assessment of biochar stability are still under investigation. This present review aims to give comprehensive and detailed up-to-date information on the development of biochar stability assessment methods. The method details, advantages and disadvantages, along with the correlations between different methods were reviewed and discussed. Three stability assessment method categories were identified: I) biochar C structure analysis, II) biochar oxidation resistance determination, and III) biochar persistence evaluation by biochar incubation and mineralization rate modelling. Biochar persistence value (e.g., mean residence time, MRT) obtained from incubation and modelling and biochar elemental ratios such as H/Corg and O/Corg are the current most commonly used biochar stability indicators. Incubation and modelling method is too time-consuming while H/Corg and O/Corg ratios are qualitative and conservative, although the effectiveness of these two methods can be further improved. On the other hand, biochar C structures such as aromaticity and degree of aromatic condensation obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCA) molecular markers and biochar oxidation/degradation recalcitrance obtained from proximate analysis (volatile matter and fixed carbon yields), thermal recalcitrance index (R50), and H2O2- and heat-assisted oxidation (Edinburgh stability tool) are being developed as promising proxies to indicate biochar stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Leng
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huajun Huang
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenguang Zhou
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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29
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Tan G, Liu Y, Xiao D. Influence of different pyrolysis methods on the sorption property of rice straw biochar. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1553981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangqun Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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30
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Leng L, Huang H. An overview of the effect of pyrolysis process parameters on biochar stability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:627-642. [PMID: 30220436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar produced from biomass pyrolysis is becoming a powerful tool for carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Biochar C recalcitrance or biochar stability is the decisive property determining its carbon sequestration potential. The effect of pyrolysis process parameters on biochar stability is becoming a frontier of biochar study. This review discussed comprehensively how and why biomass compositions and physicochemical properties and biomass processing conditions such as pyrolysis temperature and reaction residence time affect the stability of biochar. The review found that relative high temperature (400-700 °C), long reaction residence time, slow heating rate, high pressure, the presence of some minerals and biomass feedstock of high-lignin content with large particle size are preferable to biochar stability. However, challenges exist to mediate the trade-offs between biochar stability and other potential wins. Strategies were then proposed to promote the utilization of biochar as a climate change mitigation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Leng
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huajun Huang
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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31
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Wu X, Li Y, Zhu X, Huang L, Zhu X. Experimental study on fluidization behaviors of walnut shell in a fluidized bed assisted by sand particles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40279-40287. [PMID: 35558226 PMCID: PMC9091296 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07959e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluidization behaviors and their differences for walnut shell (WS) assisted by different-sized sands at various blending proportions were investigated experimentally in a cold visual fluidized bed at ambient temperature and pressure. Through analyzing the fluidization characteristic curves, it was found that the WS/sand mixtures were clearly characterized by stratified fluidization during the fluidization process, presenting a velocity interval rather than a threshold for transition from fixed to fluidized bed. Sand-3, as the fluidizing medium, showed better performance for WS fluidization in terms of the relative difference between initial (U mf,i) and final fluidization velocity (U mf,f) as well as the average fluidization rate (R f). Furthermore, the regularity and mechanism of mixing and segregation of WS/sand mixtures in two fluidized regions (semi and completed) are discussed in detail based on the flow pattern diagram, the axial and radial distribution of the components, as well as the mixing index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China +86 551 63600040
| | - Yaxiang Li
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China +86 551 63600040
| | - Xiefei Zhu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China +86 551 63600040
| | - Lingrui Huang
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China +86 551 63600040
| | - Xifeng Zhu
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China +86 551 63600040
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32
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Ding Y, Zhou R, Wang C, Lu K, Lu S. Modeling and analysis of bench-scale pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass based on merge thickness. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 268:77-80. [PMID: 30075332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bench-scale pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass was investigated based on effect of thickness by both the experiment and numerical simulation. A critical thickness at which the two peaks of mass loss rate start to merge and the pyrolysis process is significantly accelerated, is paid attention in the fire propagation apparatus experiment at N2 atmosphere. A new method is put forward to predict the merge thickness by coupling the Gpyro pyrolysis model with the optimized chemical reaction parameters, moisture and changed volume in OpenFOAM. Eventually, the predicted equation of merge thickness at various external heat fluxes is obtained, which is basically the same with that of thermal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Ding
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Ru Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban and Industrial Safety, College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Changjian Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kaihua Lu
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shouxiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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33
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Chandrasekaran A, Ramachandran S, Subbiah S. Modeling, experimental validation and optimization of Prosopis juliflora fuelwood pyrolysis in fixed-bed tubular reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 264:66-77. [PMID: 29787883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the optimal conditions for pyrolysis of Prosopis juliflora wood in fixed-bed tubular reactor. The optimal conditions are measured by performing pyrolysis experiment with respect to wood properties such as particle size, moisture and pyrolysis condition such as, temperatures, heating rates. Higher solid yield (36.8%) was recorded for a slower heating rate of larger particle size at lower temperatures. Further, higher liquid yield (38.3%) was observed while maintaining high heating rate and temperature. It is observed that with increase in particle size, the yield of char and gas decreases and bio-oil increases. The literature reported biomass pyrolysis kinetic model is validated for Prosopis juliflora wood. The kinetic models are able to predict the performance of fixed-bed tubular reactor in terms of pyrolysis product properties. The validated kinetic model may be used for the design of commercial fixed bed pyrolysis reactor to process Prosopis juliflora wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Chandrasekaran
- Institute for Energy Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Sethumadhavan Ramachandran
- Institute for Energy Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Senthilmurugan Subbiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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34
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Ramos AC, Regan S. Cell differentiation in the vascular cambium: new tool, 120-year debate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4231-4233. [PMID: 30124950 PMCID: PMC6093358 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Ramos
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Regan
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Rajamohan S, Kasimani R. Studies on the effects of storage stability of bio-oil obtained from pyrolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum deoiled seed cake on the performance and emission characteristics of a direct-injection diesel engine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17749-17767. [PMID: 29671233 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The highly unbalanced nature of bio-oil composition poses a serious threat in terms of storage and utilization of bio-oil as a viable fuel in engines. So it becomes inevitable to study the variations in physicochemical properties of the bio-oil during storage to value its chemical instability, for designing stabilization methodologies. The present study aims to investigate the effects of storage stability of bio-oil extracted from pyrolyzing Calophyllum inophyllum (CI) deoiled seed cake on the engine operating characteristics. The bio-oil is produced in a fixed bed reactor at 500 °C under the constant heating rate of 30 °C/min. All the stability analysis methods involve an accelerated aging procedure based on standards established by ASTM (D5304 and E2009) and European standard (EN 14112). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to analytically characterize the unaged and aged bio-oil samples. The results clearly depict that stabilizing Calophyllum inophyllum bio-oil with 10% (w/w) methanol improved its stability than that of the unstabilized sample thereby reducing the aging rate of bio-oil to 0.04 and 0.13 cst/h for thermal and oxidative aging respectively. Engine testing of the bio-oil sample revealed that aged bio-oil samples deteriorated engine performance and increased emission levels at the exhaust. The oxidatively aged sample showed the lowest BTE (24.41%), the highest BSEC (20.14 MJ/kWh), CO (1.51%), HC (132 ppm), NOx (1098 ppm) and smoke opacity (34.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Rajamohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Research Scholar, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India.
- , Thanjavur, India.
| | - Ramesh Kasimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
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36
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Chen D, Cen K, Jing X, Gao J, Li C, Ma Z. An approach for upgrading biomass and pyrolysis product quality using a combination of aqueous phase bio-oil washing and torrefaction pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 233:150-158. [PMID: 28279908 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bio-oil undergoes phase separation because of poor stability. Practical application of aqueous phase bio-oil is challenging. In this study, a novel approach that combines aqueous phase bio-oil washing and torrefaction pretreatment was used to upgrade the biomass and pyrolysis product quality. The effects of individual and combined pretreatments on cotton stalk pyrolysis were studied using TG-FTIR and a fixed bed reactor. The results showed that the aqueous phase bio-oil washing pretreatment removed metals and resolved the two pyrolysis peaks in the DTG curve. Importantly, it increased the bio-oil yield and improved the pyrolysis product quality. For example, the water and acid content of bio-oil decreased significantly along with an increase in phenol formation, and the heating value of non-condensable gases improved, and these were more pronounced when combined with torrefaction pretreatment. Therefore, the combined pretreatment is a promising method, which would contribute to the development of polygeneration pyrolysis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kehui Cen
- Nanfang College, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xichun Jing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jinghui Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhongqing Ma
- School of Engineering, National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China.
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37
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Wang H, Yao Q, Wang C, Fan B, Xiong Y, Chen Y, Sun Q, Jin C, Ma Z. New Insight on Promoted thermostability of poplar wood modified by MnFe 2O 4 nanoparticles through the pyrolysis behaviors and kinetic study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1418. [PMID: 28469169 PMCID: PMC5431171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we employed pyrolysis behavior and kinetics by Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method and Friedman method to analysis the thermostability of the MnFe2O4 nanoparticles/poplar wood composite, and analyzed the change of different proportion of MnFe2O4 in these composites for the thermostability by contrasting activation energy between the different samples. The pyrolysis processes of these composites were comprehensively investigated at different heating rates (10, 20, 30 and 40 °C/min−1) and pyrolysis temperatures of 600 °C in N2 and air atmosphere. These results indicated the thermostability of composites improved as the proportion of the MnFe2O4 nanoparticles increased. And the structure analyses of these composites from the microscopic view point of nanoparticles were applied to analysis the reason of thermostability enhancement of the poplar wood after coating MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Additionally, due to its high initial oxidative decomposition temperature under air atmosphere, this composite and its preparation method might have high application potential, such as flameresistant material and wood security storage. This method also could provide a reference for other biomass materials. Synthesized MnFe2O4/C composite under the guidance of pyrolysis behaviors and kinetic study in N2 atmosphere exhibited good adsorption capacity (84.18 mg/g) for removing methylene blue dye in aqueous solution and easy separation characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Wang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Qiufang Yao
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Bitao Fan
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Ye Xiong
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Yipeng Chen
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Sun
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China.
| | - Chunde Jin
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China.
| | - Zhongqing Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology, Zhejiang Province, 311300, P.R. China.
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38
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Chen D, Yu X, Song C, Pang X, Huang J, Li Y. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the chemical oxidation stability of bamboo biochar. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:1303-6. [PMID: 27481469 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biochar produced by biomass pyrolysis has the advantage of carbon sequestration. However, some of the carbon atoms in biochar are not very stable. In this study, the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the chemical oxidation stability of bamboo biochar was investigated using the atomic ratios of H/C and O/C, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) oxidation spectrophotometric method. The results show that the carbon yield and ratios of H/C and O/C decreased from 71.72%, 0.71, and 0.32 to 38.48%, 0.22, and 0.06, respectively, as the temperature was increased from 300°C to 700°C. Moreover, the main oxygen-containing functional groups gradually decreased, while the degree of aromatization increased accordingly. The biochar showed a better stability at a higher pyrolysis temperature. The proportion of carbon loss, i.e., the amount of oxidized carbon with respect to the total carbon of the biochar, decreased from 16.52% to 6.69% with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinzhi Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chao Song
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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39
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Liu T, Wei D, Zhang G, Hu L, Du B, Wei Q. A comparison of the influence of flocculent and granular structure of sludge on activated carbon: preparation, characterization and application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18881h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novelty of the work is the influence of sludge structure on activated carbon preparation, characterization and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- School of Resources and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- PR China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Resources and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- PR China
| | - Ge Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- PR China
| | - Lihua Hu
- School of Resources and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- PR China
| | - Bin Du
- School of Resources and Environment
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- PR China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- PR China
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