1
|
Clagnan E, Adani F. Influence of feedstock source on the development of polyhydroxyalkanoates-producing mixed microbial cultures in continuously stirred tank reactors. N Biotechnol 2023; 76:90-97. [PMID: 37220837 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are the new frontier of bioplastic production; however, research is needed to develop and characterise efficient mixed microbial communities (MMCs) for their application with a multi-feedstock approach. Here, the performance and composition of six MMCs developed from the same inoculum on different feedstocks were investigated through Illumina sequencing to understand community development and identify possible redundancies in terms of genera and PHA metabolism. High PHA production efficiencies (>80% mg CODPHA mg-1 CODOA-consumed) were seen across all samples, but differences in the organic acids (OAs) composition led to different ratios of the monomers poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (3HB) to poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (3HV). Communities differed across all feedstocks, with enrichments in specific PHA-producing genera, but analysis of potential enzymatic activity identified a certain degree of functional redundancy, possibly leading to the general high efficiency seen in PHA production from all feedstocks. Leading PHAs producers across all feedstocks were identified in genera such as Thauera, Leadbetterella, Neomegalonema and Amaricoccus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Clagnan
- Gruppo Ricicla labs., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Territory, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan (Università degli studi di Milano), Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla labs., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Territory, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan (Università degli studi di Milano), Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang W, Chang JS, Lee DJ. Anaerobic digestate valorization beyond agricultural application: Current status and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 373:128742. [PMID: 36791977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The flourishment of anaerobic digestion emphasizes the importance of digestate valorization, which is essential in determining the benefits of the anaerobic digestion process. Recently the perception of digestate gradually shifted from waste to products to realize the concept of circular economy and maximize the benefits of digestate valorization. Land application of digestate should be the simplest way for digestate valorization, while legislation restriction and environmental issues emphasize the necessity of novel valorization methods. This review then outlined the current methods for solid/liquid digestate valorization, nutrient recovery, microalgae cultivation, and integration with biological and thermochemical processes. The novel valorization routes proposed were summarized, with their challenges and prospects being discussed. Integrating anaerobic digestion with thermochemical methods such as hydrothermal carbonization should be a promising strategy due to the potential market value of hydrochar/biochar-derived products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Novel Production Methods of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Their Innovative Uses in Biomedicine and Industry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238351. [PMID: 36500442 PMCID: PMC9740486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a biodegradable polymer obtained from microorganisms and plants, have been widely used in biomedical applications and devices, such as sutures, cardiac valves, bone scaffold, and drug delivery of compounds with pharmaceutical interests, as well as in food packaging. This review focuses on the use of polyhydroxyalkanoates beyond the most common uses, aiming to inform about the potential uses of the biopolymer as a biosensor, cosmetics, drug delivery, flame retardancy, and electrospinning, among other interesting uses. The novel applications are based on the production and composition of the polymer, which can be modified by genetic engineering, a semi-synthetic approach, by changing feeding carbon sources and/or supplement addition, among others. The future of PHA is promising, and despite its production costs being higher than petroleum-based plastics, tools given by synthetic biology, bioinformatics, and machine learning, among others, have allowed for great production yields, monomer and polymer functionalization, stability, and versatility, a key feature to increase the uses of this interesting family of polymers.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gottardo M, Bolzonella D, Adele Tuci G, Valentino F, Majone M, Pavan P, Battista F. Producing volatile fatty acids and polyhydroxyalkanoates from foods by-products and waste: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127716. [PMID: 35926558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dairy products, extra virgin olive oil, red and white wines are excellent food products, appreciated all around the world. Their productions generate large amounts of by-products which urge for recycling and valorization. Moreover, another abundant waste stream produced in urban context is the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes (OFMSW), whose global annual capita production is estimated at 85 kg. The recent environmental policies encourage their exploitation in a biorefinery loop to produce Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Typically, VFAs yields are high from cheese whey and OFMSW (0.55-0.90 gCOD_VFAs/gCOD), lower for Olive Mill and Winery Wastewaters. The VFAs conversion into PHAs can achieve values in the range 0.4-0.5 gPHA/gVSS for cheese whey and OFMSW, 0.6-0.7 gPHA/gVSS for winery wastewater, and 0.2-0.3 gPHA/gVSS for olive mill wastewaters. These conversion yields allowed to estimate a huge potential annual PHAs production of about 260 M tons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gottardo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - David Bolzonella
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Via Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Adele Tuci
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - Francesco Valentino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Majone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Pavan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Battista
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Via Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anaerobic Digestion of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste in Plug-Flow Reactors: Focus on Bacterial Community Metabolic Pathways. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of a pilot-scale plug-flow reactor (PFR) as a biorefinery system to recover chemicals (i.e., volatile fatty acids (VFAs)), and biogas during the dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The effects of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on both outputs were studied, reducing the parameter from 22 to 16 days. In addition, VFA variation along the PFR was also evaluated to identify a section for a further valorization of VFA-rich digestate stream. A particular focus was dedicated for characterizing the community responsible for the production of VFAs during hydrolysis and acidogenesis. The VFA concentration reached 4421.8 mg/L in a section located before the end of the PFR when the HRT was set to 16 days. Meanwhile, biogas production achieved 145 NLbiogas/d, increasing 2.7 times when compared to the lowest HRT tested. Defluviitoga sp. was the most abundant bacterial genus, contributing to 72.7% of the overall bacterial population. The genus is responsible for the hydrolysis of complex polysaccharides at the inlet and outlet sections since a bimodal distribution of the genus was found. The central zone of the reactor was distinctly characterized by protein degradation, following the same trend of propionate production.
Collapse
|
6
|
Papa G, Pepe Sciarria T, Scaglia B, Adani F. Diversifying the products from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) by producing polyhydroxyalkanoates from the liquid fraction and biomethane from the residual solid fraction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126180. [PMID: 34718126 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the diversification of products obtainable from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) by producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from the liquid fraction and biomethane from the residual solid fraction. OFMSW samples were taken during the 2021 season from two full field scale plants treating wastes. After solid/liquid (S/L) separation, 80% of initial organic acids (OAs) were released in the liquid stream. OAs were then used as feed for PHA production and residual solid cakes were tested for biomethane production. Complete mass balance and energy balance were calculated. PHAs production was of 115 ± 23 (n = 6) g kg- 1 OFMSW (TS) and residual biomethane of 219 ± 3 g kg- 1 OFMSW TS, (n = 6). Energy balance indicated that nearly 40% of OFMSW energy was recovered as products. This value was lower than that obtained previously when AD was performed before OAs separation (i.e. 64%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Papa
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommy Pepe Sciarria
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abbasi-Parizad P, De Nisi P, Pepè Sciarria T, Scarafoni A, Squillace P, Adani F, Scaglia B. Polyphenol bioactivity evolution during the spontaneous fermentation of vegetal by-products. Food Chem 2021; 374:131791. [PMID: 34915367 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Food industry by-products such as grape pomace (GP), tomato pomace (TP), and spent coffee grounds (SCG) are rich in polyphenols (PP) but are easily biodegradable. The aim of this study is to test Spontaneous Fermentation (SF) as treatment to modify PP profile and bioactivity. The results highlighted that the by-products' organic matter and the microbial populations drove the SF evolution; heterolactic, alcoholic, and their mixtures were the predominant metabolisms of TP, GP, and SCG + GP co-fermentation. Increases in the extractable amounts and antiradical activity occurred for all the biomasses. Regarding the aglycate-PPs (APP), i.e. the most bioreactive PPs, significant changes occurred for TP and GP but did not influence the anti-inflammatory bioactivity. The co-fermentation increased significantly chlorogenic acid and consumed most of the APPs, acting as a purification system to obtain a highly concentrated APP fraction, so that the extract might be employed for a specific purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Abbasi-Parizad
- Ricicla Group Labs. - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia De Nisi
- Ricicla Group Labs. - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommy Pepè Sciarria
- Ricicla Group Labs. - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Scarafoni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Squillace
- Ricicla Group Labs. - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Ricicla Group Labs. - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Ricicla Group Labs. - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, via Giovanni Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cucina M, de Nisi P, Tambone F, Adani F. The role of waste management in reducing bioplastics' leakage into the environment: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125459. [PMID: 34320741 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics are becoming more and more widespread as substitutes for petroleum-derived plastics due to their biodegradability. Bioplastics degradation under different environments has been described and reported to depend mainly on bioplastics' compositions and the environmental conditions. Incomplete degradation during waste management processes and leakage of bioplastics into the environment are becoming major concerns that need to be further investigated. In this context, the present paper aimed to review recent literature dealing with biodegradation of bioplastics under industrial (e.g. anaerobic digestion and composting) and natural (e.g. soil and water) environments, and to link it to the potential bioplastics' leakage into the environment. Reviewed data were used to estimate the potential role of waste management processes in decreasing the potential leakage of bioplastics. Depending on bioplastics' type and processing conditions, waste management can effectively reduce bioplastics' potential leakage, decreasing the concentration of these materials that can reach the natural environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Cucina
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrizia de Nisi
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martău GA, Unger P, Schneider R, Venus J, Vodnar DC, López-Gómez JP. Integration of Solid State and Submerged Fermentations for the Valorization of Organic Municipal Solid Waste. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090766. [PMID: 34575805 PMCID: PMC8472611 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid state fermentation (SsF) is recognized as a suitable process for the production of enzymes using organic residues as substrates. However, only a few studies have integrated an evaluation of the feasibility of applying enzymes produced by SsF into subsequent hydrolyses followed by the production of target compounds, e.g., lactic acid (LA), through submerged-liquid fermentations (SmF). In this study, wheat bran (WB) was used as the substrate for the production of enzymes via SsF by Aspergillus awamori DSM No. 63272. Following optimization, cellulase and glucoamylase activities were 73.63 ± 5.47 FPU/gds and 107.10 ± 2.63 U/gdb after 7 days and 5 days of fermentation, respectively. Enzymes were then used for the hydrolysis of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). During hydrolysis, glucose increased considerably with a final value of 19.77 ± 1.56 g/L. Subsequently, hydrolysates were fermented in SmF by Bacillus coagulans A166 increasing the LA concentration by 15.59 g/L. The data reported in this study provides an example of how SsF and SmF technologies can be combined for the valorization of WB and OFMSW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe-Adrian Martău
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Peter Unger
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (P.U.); (R.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Roland Schneider
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (P.U.); (R.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Joachim Venus
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (P.U.); (R.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.C.V.); (J.P.L.-G.); Tel.: +40-747-341881 (D.C.V.); +49-177-3940305 (J.P.L.-G.)
| | - José Pablo López-Gómez
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (P.U.); (R.S.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.V.); (J.P.L.-G.); Tel.: +40-747-341881 (D.C.V.); +49-177-3940305 (J.P.L.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meléndez-Rodríguez B, Torres-Giner S, Reis MAM, Silva F, Matos M, Cabedo L, Lagarón JM. Blends of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate- co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) with Fruit Pulp Biowaste Derived Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate- co-3-Hydroxyvalerate- co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) for Organic Recycling Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1155. [PMID: 33916564 PMCID: PMC8038484 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a new poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx)] terpolyester with approximately 68 mol% of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 17 mol% of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV), and 15 mol% of 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) was obtained via the mixed microbial culture (MMC) technology using fruit pulps as feedstock, a processing by-product of the juice industry. After extraction and purification performed in a single step, the P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx) powder was melt-mixed, for the first time, in contents of 10, 25, and 50 wt% with commercial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Thereafter, the resultant doughs were thermo-compressed to obtain highly miscible films with good optical properties, which can be of interest in rigid and semirigid organic recyclable food packaging applications. The results showed that the developed blends exhibited a progressively lower melting enthalpy with increasing the incorporation of P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx), but retained the PHB crystalline morphology, albeit with an inferred lower crystalline density. Moreover, all the melt-mixed blends were thermally stable up to nearly 240 °C. As the content of terpolymer increased in the blends, the mechanical response of their films showed a brittle-to-ductile transition. On the other hand, the permeabilities to water vapor, oxygen, and, more notably, limonene were seen to increase. On the overall, this study demonstrates the value of using industrial biowaste derived P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx) terpolyesters as potentially cost-effective and sustainable plasticizing additives to balance the physical properties of organic recyclable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based food packaging materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Meléndez-Rodríguez
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (B.M.-R.); (S.T.-G.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (B.M.-R.); (S.T.-G.)
| | - Maria A. M. Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.A.M.R.); (F.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Fernando Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.A.M.R.); (F.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariana Matos
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.A.M.R.); (F.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), 12071 Castellón, Spain;
| | - José María Lagarón
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (B.M.-R.); (S.T.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|