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Lloyd WR, Lee SY, Elahi SF, Chen LC, Kuo S, Kim HM, Marcelo C, Feinberg SE, Mycek MA. Noninvasive Optical Assessment of Implanted Tissue-Engineered Construct Success In Situ. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:287-295. [PMID: 33726570 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) was developed for label-free, noninvasive, and real-time assessment of implanted tissue-engineered devices manufactured from primary human oral keratinocytes (six batches in two 5-patient cohorts). Constructs were implanted in a murine model for 1 and 3 weeks. DRS evaluated construct success in situ using optical absorption (hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation, attributed to revascularization) and optical scattering (attributed to cellular density and layer thickness). Destructive pre- and postimplantation histology distinguished experimental control from stressed constructs, whereas noninvasive preimplantation measures of keratinocyte glucose consumption and residual glucose in spent culture media did not. In constructs implanted for 1 week, DRS distinguished control due to stressed and compromised from healthy constructs. In constructs implanted for 3 weeks, DRS identified constructs with higher postimplantation success. These results suggest that quantitative DRS is a promising, clinically compatible technology for rapid, noninvasive, and localized tissue assessment to characterize tissue-engineered construct success in vivo. Impact statement Despite the recent advance in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, there is still a lack of nondestructive tools to longitudinally monitor the implanted tissue-engineered devices. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as a clinically viable technique for noninvasive, label-free, and rapid characterization of graft success in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Lloyd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Seung Yup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sakib F Elahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Leng-Chun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shiuhyang Kuo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hyungjin Myra Kim
- Center for Statistical Consultation and Research, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cynthia Marcelo
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephen E Feinberg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary-Ann Mycek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Wang RK, Zhang Q, Li Y, Song S. Optical coherence tomography angiography-based capillary velocimetry. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:66008. [PMID: 28617921 PMCID: PMC5472241 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.066008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Challenge persists in the field of optical coherence tomography (OCT) when it is required to quantify capillary blood flow within tissue beds in vivo. We propose a useful approach to statistically estimate the mean capillary flow velocity using a model-based statistical method of eigendecomposition (ED) analysis of the complex OCT signals obtained with the OCT angiography (OCTA) scanning protocol. ED-based analysis is achieved by the covariance matrix of the ensemble complex OCT signals, upon which the eigenvalues and eigenvectors that represent the subsets of the signal makeup are calculated. From this analysis, the signals due to moving particles can be isolated by employing an adaptive regression filter to remove the eigencomponents that represent static tissue signals. The mean frequency (MF) of moving particles can be estimated by the first lag-one autocorrelation of the corresponding eigenvectors. Three important parameters are introduced, including the blood flow signal power representing the presence of blood flow (i.e., OCTA signals), the MF indicating the mean velocity of blood flow, and the frequency bandwidth describing the temporal flow heterogeneity within a scanned tissue volume. The proposed approach is tested using scattering phantoms, in which microfluidic channels are used to simulate the functional capillary vessels that are perfused with the scattering intralipid solution. The results indicate a linear relationship between the MF and mean flow velocity. In vivo animal experiments are also conducted by imaging mouse brain with distal middle cerebral artery ligation to test the capability of the method to image the changes in capillary flows in response to an ischemic insult, demonstrating the practical usefulness of the proposed method for providing important quantifiable information about capillary tissue beds in the investigations of neurological conditions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang K. Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Ruikang K. Wang, E-mail:
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Yuandong Li
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Shaozhen Song
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
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3
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Leferink AM, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. Methods of Monitoring Cell Fate and Tissue Growth in Three-Dimensional Scaffold-Based Strategies for In Vitro Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:265-83. [PMID: 26825610 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering, there is a need for methods that allow assessing the performance of tissue-engineered constructs noninvasively in vitro and in vivo. To date, histological analysis is the golden standard to retrieve information on tissue growth, cellular distribution, and cell fate on tissue-engineered constructs after in vitro cell culture or on explanted specimens after in vivo applications. Yet, many advances have been made to optimize imaging techniques for monitoring tissue-engineered constructs with a sub-mm or μm resolution. Many imaging modalities have first been developed for clinical applications, in which a high penetration depth has been often more important than lateral resolution. In this study, we have reviewed the current state of the art in several imaging approaches that have shown to be promising in monitoring cell fate and tissue growth upon in vitro culture. Depending on the aimed tissue type and scaffold properties, some imaging methods are more applicable than others. Optical methods are mostly suited for transparent materials such as hydrogels, whereas magnetic resonance-based methods are mostly applied to obtain contrast between hard and soft tissues regardless of their transparency. Overall, this review shows that the field of imaging in scaffold-based tissue engineering is developing at a fast pace and has the potential to overcome the limitations of destructive endpoint analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Leferink
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,3 BIOS/Lab-on-a-chip Group, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Allen J, Howell K. Microvascular imaging: techniques and opportunities for clinical physiological measurements. Physiol Meas 2014; 35:R91-R141. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/35/7/r91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Appel AA, Anastasio MA, Larson JC, Brey EM. Imaging challenges in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6615-30. [PMID: 23768903 PMCID: PMC3799904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are employed in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) in order to enhance the regeneration or replacement of tissue function and/or structure. The unique environments resulting from the presence of biomaterials, cells, and tissues result in distinct challenges in regards to monitoring and assessing the results of these interventions. Imaging technologies for three-dimensional (3D) analysis have been identified as a strategic priority in TERM research. Traditionally, histological and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to evaluate engineered tissues. However, these methods do not allow for an accurate volume assessment, are invasive, and do not provide information on functional status. Imaging techniques are needed that enable non-destructive, longitudinal, quantitative, and three-dimensional analysis of TERM strategies. This review focuses on evaluating the application of available imaging modalities for assessment of biomaterials and tissue in TERM applications. Included is a discussion of limitations of these techniques and identification of areas for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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Couet F, Mantovani D. Perspectives on the advanced control of bioreactors for functional vascular tissue engineering in vitro. Expert Rev Med Devices 2012; 9:233-9. [PMID: 22702253 DOI: 10.1586/erd.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to produce tissues using cells and materials. The action of designing tissues involves observing the process of growth to understand its underlying mechanisms. It requires manipulation of the critical parameters for cell growth and remodeling to produce structured tissues and functional organs. Tissue engineers face the challenge of orchestrating the signals in a cell's microenvironment to efficiently grow an anisotropic and hierarchical tissue. It can be performed in vivo through the design of bioactive scaffolds and manipulation of biological signals using growth factors. It can also be performed in vitro in a controlled environment called the bioreactor. This article addresses the matter of finding the optimal dynamic sequence of culture conditions in a bioreactor for the maturation of tissues. Artificial intelligence and optimal control are accelerating technologies towards an understanding of tissue regeneration. The particular example of the functional engineering of small-diameter blood vessels has been chosen to illustrate this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Couet
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering and University Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Josefsen LB, Boyle RW. Unique diagnostic and therapeutic roles of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in photodynamic therapy, imaging and theranostics. Theranostics 2012; 2:916-66. [PMID: 23082103 PMCID: PMC3475217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic molecules have a unique theranostic role in disease therapy; they have been used to image, detect and treat different forms of diseased tissue including age-related macular degeneration and a number of different cancer types. Current focus is on the clinical imaging of tumour tissue; targeted delivery of photosensitisers and the potential of photosensitisers in multimodal biomedical theranostic nanoplatforms. The roles of porphyrinic molecules in imaging and pdt, along with research into improving their selective uptake in diseased tissue and their utility in theranostic applications are highlighted in this Review.
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Muraoka Y, Tsujikawa A, Murakami T, Ogino K, Kumagai K, Miyamoto K, Uji A, Yoshimura N. Morphologic and functional changes in retinal vessels associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2012; 120:91-9. [PMID: 22980743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the morphologic and functional changes in retinal veins of eyes affected with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) by thin sectioning with optical coherence tomography (OCT). DESIGN Prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five consecutive patients (25 eyes) with acute BRVO. METHODS Major retinal veins, arteries, and arteriovenous (A/V) crossing were examined by sequential thin sectioning by Spectralis HRA+OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The retinal blood flow was mimicked in vitro and scanned with Spectralis HRA+OCT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morphologic characteristics of normal and BRVO-affected retinal vessels seen in OCT sections. RESULTS Cross-sectional OCT images revealed physiologic retinal vessels as oval configurations with 4 distinctive hyperreflectivities in a line. The vessel walls showed the innermost and outermost hyperreflectivity, and the blood flow showed internal paired hyperreflectivities with an hourglass shape. No eye with disturbed blood flow due to BRVO showed this internal hyperreflectivity pattern. In vitro, OCT sections of the blood within the glass tube without flow showed homogeneous reflectivities. Increased blood flow velocity resulted in the development of heterogeneous internal reflectivity and hourglass-shaped hyperreflectivities. In all eyes with acute BRVO, sequential sectioning with OCT visualized 3-dimensional vascular architecture and the intravascular conditions at the A/V crossing. At the affected A/V crossing, arterial overcrossing was seen in 17 eyes and venous overcrossing was seen in 8 eyes. In eyes with arterial overcrossing, the retinal vein seemed to run deep under the artery at the A/V crossing, and the venous lumen often appeared to be preserved even at the A/V crossing. In all eyes with venous overcrossing, the retinal vein appeared to be compressed and choked between the internal limiting membrane and the arterial wall at the A/V crossing. Optical coherence tomography sectioning showed intravenous thrombi in 21 eyes, and the thrombi were detected downstream of the A/V crossing in all the cases. The detection of thrombus was significantly associated with ischemic pattern in BRVO (P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS In eyes with BRVO, sequential thin sections with OCT visualized 3-dimensional retinal vasculature. The present OCT findings suggest that BRVO may occur by 2 different mechanisms, depending on the relative anatomic positions of the crossing vessels. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Muraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Couet F, Mantovani D. Optimization of Culture Conditions in a Bioreactor for Vascular Tissue Engineering Using a Mathematical Model of Vascular Growth and Remodeling. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13239-012-0088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Salter E, Goh B, Hung B, Hutton D, Ghone N, Grayson WL. Bone Tissue Engineering Bioreactors: A Role in the Clinic? TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:62-75. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Salter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian Goh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ben Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daphne Hutton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nalinkanth Ghone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Warren L. Grayson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-destructive, non-invasive imaging modality conceptually similar to ultrasound imaging but uses near-infrared radiation rather than sound. It is attracting interest throughout the medical community as a tool for ophthalmic scanning (especially of the retina) and potentially for the diagnosis of many other illnesses such as epithelial cancer, connective tissue disorders, and atherosclerosis, as well as for surgical guidance. More recently, it has begun to be explored as a tool for the real-time monitoring of the growth and development of tissue-engineered products. OCT has certain unique advantages over traditional confocal microscopy; in particular, it can image to depths measured in hundreds of microns rather than tens of microns in intact biological tissues and with working distances in excess of 1 cm. Also it possesses label-free contrast for imaging ordered collagen (via birefringence), flow velocity and local shear-rate (via Doppler shifts), and sub-cellular structure (via coherent speckle contrast). The purpose of this short review is to introduce OCT technology and also give guidelines on its practical implementation to the interested researcher.
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12
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Chen CW, Betz MW, Fisher JP, Paek A, Chen Y. Macroporous hydrogel scaffolds and their characterization by optical coherence tomography. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 17:101-12. [PMID: 20666607 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple porogen-leaching method to fabricate macroporous cyclic acetal hydrogel cell scaffolds is presented. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was applied for nondestructive imaging and quantitative characterization of the scaffold structures. High-resolution OCT reveals the microstructures of the engineered tissue scaffolds in three dimensions. It also enables subsequent image processing to investigate quantitatively several key morphological design parameters for macroporous scaffolds, including the volume porosity, pore interconnectivity, and pore size. Two image-processing algorithms were adapted: three-dimensional labeling was applied to assess the interconnectivity, and erosion was applied to assess the pore size. Scaffolds with different design parameters were imaged, characterized, and compared. OCT imaging and image processing successfully discriminated scaffolds made from different formulations in terms of volume porosity, interconnectivity, and pore size. The cell viability and their spread across the scaffolds were confirmed by the fluorescence microscopy co-registered with OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Chen
- 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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13
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Celli JP, Spring BQ, Rizvi I, Evans CL, Samkoe KS, Verma S, Pogue BW, Hasan T. Imaging and photodynamic therapy: mechanisms, monitoring, and optimization. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2795-838. [PMID: 20353192 PMCID: PMC2896821 DOI: 10.1021/cr900300p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1641] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Celli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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14
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Liang X, Graf BW, Boppart SA. Imaging engineered tissues using structural and functional optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:643-655. [PMID: 19672880 PMCID: PMC2883316 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200910048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there will be an increasingly important need to visualize and track the complex dynamic changes that occur within three-dimensional constructs. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), as an emerging imaging technology applied to biological materials, offers a number of significant advantages to visualize these changes. Structural OCT has been used to investigate the longitudinal development of engineered tissues and cell dynamics such as migration, proliferation, detachment, and cell-material interactions. Optical techniques that image functional parameters or integrate multiple imaging modalities to provide complementary contrast mechanisms have been developed, such as the integration of optical coherence microscopy with multiphoton microscopy to image structural and functional information from cells in engineered tissue, optical coherence elastography to generate images or maps of strain to reflect the spatially-dependent biomechanical properties, and spectroscopic OCT to differentiate different cell types. From these results, OCT demonstrates great promise for imaging and visualizing engineered tissues, and the complex cellular dynamics that directly affect their practical and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Benedikt W. Graf
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bioengineering, and Internal Medicine, Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Georgakoudi I, Rice WL, Hronik-Tupaj M, Kaplan DL. Optical spectroscopy and imaging for the noninvasive evaluation of engineered tissues. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 14:321-40. [PMID: 18844604 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy and imaging approaches offer the potential to noninvasively assess different aspects of the cellular, extracellular matrix, and scaffold components of engineered tissues. In addition, the combination of multiple imaging modalities within a single instrument is highly feasible, allowing acquisition of complementary information related to the structure, organization, biochemistry, and physiology of the sample. The ability to characterize and monitor the dynamic interactions that take place as engineered tissues develop promises to enhance our understanding of the interdependence of processes that ultimately leads to functional tissue outcomes. It is expected that this information will impact significantly upon our abilities to optimize the design of biomaterial scaffolds, bioreactors, and cell systems. Here, we review the principles and performance characteristics of the main methodologies that have been exploited thus far, and we present examples of corresponding tissue engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Georgakoudi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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Wendt D, Riboldi SA, Cioffi M, Martin I. Potential and bottlenecks of bioreactors in 3D cell culture and tissue manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:3352-67. [PMID: 20882502 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have witnessed an increased recognition of the importance of 3D culture models to study various aspects of cell physiology and pathology, as well as to engineer implantable tissues. As compared to well-established 2D cell-culture systems, cell/tissue culture within 3D porous biomaterials has introduced new scientific and technical challenges associated with complex transport phenomena, physical forces, and cell-microenvironment interactions. While bioreactor-based 3D model systems have begun to play a crucial role in addressing fundamental scientific questions, numerous hurdles currently impede the most efficient utilization of these systems. We describe how computational modeling and innovative sensor technologies, in conjunction with well-defined and controlled bioreactor-based 3D culture systems, will be key to gain further insight into cell behavior and the complexity of tissue development. These model systems will lay a solid foundation to further develop, optimize, and effectively streamline the essential bioprocesses to safely and reproducibly produce appropriately scaled tissue grafts for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wendt
- Department of Surgery and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Bioreactors for Connective Tissue Engineering: Design and Monitoring Innovations. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering: Scientific Challenges and Clinical Perspectives. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Colley CS, Hebden JC, Delpy DT, Cambrey AD, Brown RA, Zibik EA, Ng WH, Wilson LR, Cockburn JW. Mid-infrared optical coherence tomography. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:123108. [PMID: 18163721 DOI: 10.1063/1.2821609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A time domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system is described that uses mid-infrared light (6-8 microm). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first OCT system that operates in the mid-infrared spectral region. It has been designed to characterize bioengineered tissues in terms of their structure and biochemical composition. The system is based upon a free-space Michelson interferometer with a germanium beam splitter and a liquid nitrogen cooled HgCdTe detector. A key component of this work has been the development of a broadband quantum cascade laser source (InGaAs/AlInAs containing 11 different active regions of the three well vertical transition type) that emits continuously over the 6-8 microm wavelength range. This wavelength range corresponds to the so called "mid-infrared fingerprint region" which exhibits well-defined absorption bands that are specifically attributable to the absorbing molecules. Therefore, this technology provides an opportunity for optical coherence molecular imaging without the need for molecular contrast agents. Preliminary measurements are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Colley
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field that aims to develop biological substitutes that restore, maintain or improve tissue function. The focus of research to date has been the underlying biology required for tissue-engineered therapies. However, as tissue-engineered products reach the marketplace, there is a pressing need for an improved understanding of the engineering and economic issues associated with them. This is motivated by the lack of commercial viability of many of the initial therapies that have been produced. It has been suggested in the literature that this is partly due to poor process and system design in tissue production, as well as a lack of process monitoring and control. This review argues that principles of design, measurement and process monitoring from the physical sciences are needed to move tissue engineering forward, and that much of the technology needed to realize this is already available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Mather
- Applied Optics Group, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Mason C, Hoare M. Regenerative Medicine Bioprocessing: Building a Conceptual Framework Based on Early Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:301-11. [PMID: 17518564 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews early studies of regenerative medicine using human cells and engineered tissues progressing from a laboratory-centered manual procedure toward automated manufacture. It then examines the distinctive bioprocesses by which autologous human material must be produced, the degree of simplification allowed by use of allogeneic cell lines and engineered tissue derived from them, and issues that affect both cell types. The paper concludes by drawing upon this discussion to suggest some factors that will determine how regenerative medicine bioprocessing can progress to provide many units of material economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Pancrazio JJ, Wang F, Kelley CA. Enabling tools for tissue engineering. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:2803-11. [PMID: 17240132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines engineering, physical sciences, biology, and medicine to restore or replace tissues and organs functions. In this review, enabling tools for tissue engineering are discussed in the context of four key areas or pillars: prediction, production, performance, and preservation. Prediction refers to the computational modeling where the ability to simulate cellular behavior in complex three-dimensional environments will be essential for design of tissues. Production refer imaging modalities that allow high resolution, non-invasive monitoring of the development and incorporation of tissue engineered constructs. Lastly, preservation includes biochemical tools that permit cryopreservation, vitrification, and freeze-drying of cells and tissues. Recent progress and future perspectives for development in each of these key areas are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Pancrazio
- NIH/National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Pogue BW, Patterson MS. Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:041102. [PMID: 16965130 DOI: 10.1117/1.2335429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy, imaging, and therapy tissue phantoms must have the scattering and absorption properties that are characteristic of human tissues, and over the past few decades, many useful models have been created. In this work, an overview of their composition and properties is outlined, by separating matrix, scattering, and absorbing materials, and discussing the benefits and weaknesses in each category. Matrix materials typically are water, gelatin, agar, polyester or epoxy and polyurethane resin, room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone, or polyvinyl alcohol gels. The water and hydrogel materials provide a soft medium that is biologically and biochemically compatible with addition of organic molecules, and are optimal for scientific laboratory studies. Polyester, polyurethane, and silicone phantoms are essentially permanent matrix compositions that are suitable for routine calibration and testing of established systems. The most common three choices for scatters have been: (1.) lipid based emulsions, (2.) titanium or aluminum oxide powders, and (3.) polymer microspheres. The choice of absorbers varies widely from hemoglobin and cells for biological simulation, to molecular dyes and ink as less biological but more stable absorbers. This review is an attempt to indicate which sets of phantoms are optimal for specific applications, and provide links to studies that characterize main phantom material properties and recipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Yang Y, Dubois A, Qin XP, Li J, El Haj A, Wang RK. Investigation of optical coherence tomography as an imaging modality in tissue engineering. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51:1649-59. [PMID: 16552095 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/7/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring cell profiles in 3D porous scaffolds presents a major challenge in tissue engineering. In this study, we investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an imaging modality to monitor non-invasively both structures and cells in engineered tissue constructs. We employ time-domain OCT to visualize macro-structural morphology, and whole-field optical coherence microscopy to delineate the morphology of cells and constructs in a developing in vitro engineered bone tissue. The results show great potential for the use of OCT in non-invasive monitoring of cellular activities in 3D developing engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffs ST4 7QB, UK
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Liu B. DOPPLER OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 2006:277-304a. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012133570-0/50012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Yang Y, Yiu HHP, El Haj AJ. On-line fluorescent monitoring of the degradation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering. Analyst 2005; 130:1502-6. [PMID: 16222371 DOI: 10.1039/b506911d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering involves culturing, growing and assembling cells and newly generated matrix in polymeric scaffolds. To achieve a functional tissue in vitro, the cell-scaffold constructs are subjected to various stimulations during an incubation phase, which mimics the in vivo environment. In order to monitor the progression of tissue formation, there is a need for on-line and non-destructive methods of monitoring at the cellular and biomolecular level, for example, the assessment of scaffold degradation alongside the measure of matrix production. This study presents a proof of concept for monitoring scaffold degradation on-line within a culture environment. Using a mesoporous silica based approach, a pH sensitive fluorescent probe, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), was incorporated into degradable polymeric scaffolds made from poly(L-lactic acid) which has a slow degradation rate, and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) which has a rapid degradation rate. The fluorescent probe was incorporated into thin films and three dimensional porous scaffolds demonstrating the capabilities of monitoring on-line. Following incubation, the intensity of fluorescence in the rapidly degrading scaffolds reduced with culture time in comparison to slow degrading polymeric scaffolds when observed qualitatively using fluorescent microscopy. The relationship between pH and fluorescent intensity was assessed, and the use of this technique for monitoring by-products via the solid scaffold by microscopy or through culture medium by a luminescence spectrometer is discussed. This study demonstrates that endowing scaffolds with a sensing element could provide an on-line and non-destructive monitoring method for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
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