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Diamonds for Life: Developments in Sensors for Biomolecules. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12063000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Diamond-based electrodes and biosensors are interesting in analytics because of their particular set of properties, namely: large potential window, chemical inertness, low baseline current, stability, and transparency. Diamond-based electrodes and biosensors were shown to detect biological molecules such as neurotransmitters and proteins, respectively. In this review, we summarise the different types of diamond electrodes and biosensors based on their type of detection (electrochemical or optical), functionalisation, and target analyte. The last section presents a discussion on the different analytical responses obtained with electrodes or biosensors, according to the type of analyte. Electrodes work quite well for detecting small molecules with redox properties, whereas biosensors are more suited for detecting molecules with a high molecular weight, such as DNA and proteins.
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2
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The hot-wire concept: Towards a one-element thermal biosensor platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 179:113043. [PMID: 33609951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the 3ω hot-wire concept is explored as a prospective biosensing platform with a single sensing element that can detect analytes based on a change in the thermal interface conductance. A uniform receptor layer such as single-stranded DNA is immobilized on a thin aluminium wire, which serves not only as an immobilization platform but also as a heating element and temperature sensor together. The wire is heated periodically with an alternating current (angular frequency ω) and the third harmonic (frequency 3ω) of the voltage across the wire renders the efficiency of heat transfer from the wire to the surrounding medium. The amplitude of the 3ω voltage depends sensitively on the composition and conformation of the biofunctional interface layer. We illustrate this with a model system that includes blank aluminium wires, wires with silanes bound covalently to the native surface oxide, and with single-, respectively double-stranded DNA tethered to the silanes. The difference in heat-transfer due to these coatings is significant and measurable not only in a liquid but also in air. Based on this proof-of-concept, various applications come in sight such as mutation analysis and analyte detection with aptamers or molecularly-imprinted polymers as receptors. Wire materials other than aluminium are possible as well and the concept is suitable for miniaturization and parallelization.
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Singhal J, Verma S, Kumar S, Mehrotra D. Recent Advances in Nano-Bio-Sensing Fabrication Technology for the Detection of Oral Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:339-362. [PMID: 33638110 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based miniaturized devices have been a breakthrough in the pre-clinical and clinical research areas, e.g. drug delivery, personalized medicine. They have revolutionized the discovery and development of biomarker-based diagnostic devices for detection of various diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and cancer. Nanomaterials (NMs) hold tremendous diagnostic potential due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement phenomenon, improving the detection limit of clinically relevant biomolecules in bio-fluids. Thus, they are helpful in the translation of bench-on platform to point-of-care (POC) screening device. The nanomaterial-based biosensor fabrication technology has also simplified and improved oral cancer (OC) or oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) diagnosis. The fabrication of nano-bio sensors involves application specific modifications of NMs. The unique properties functionalized NMs have augmented their application on the nano-biosensing platform for the detection of clinically relevant biomolecules in bio-fluids. Therefore, this article summarizes the recent advancements in the process of fabrication of nano-biosensors for detection of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Singhal
- Department of Health Research - Multidisciplinary Research Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Health Research - Multidisciplinary Research Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Health Research - Multidisciplinary Research Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Divya Mehrotra
- Department of Health Research - Multidisciplinary Research Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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4
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Soares IP, da Silva AG, da Fonseca Alves R, de Souza Corrêa RAM, Ferreira LF, Franco DL. Electrochemical enzymatic biosensor for tyramine based on polymeric matrix derived from 4-mercaptophenylacetic acid. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04204-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Murib MS, Martens D, Bienstman P. Label-free real-time optical monitoring of DNA hybridization using SiN Mach-Zehnder interferometer-based integrated biosensing platform. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-7. [PMID: 30578628 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.127002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the label-free real-time optical monitoring of DNA hybridization upon exposure to a flow of complementary DNA at different concentrations. The biosensor is composed of a silicon nitride integrated unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), with an integrated arrayed waveguide grating as a spectral filter. This MZI has been shown to have both sufficient multiplexing capability and limit of detection on the order of 10 - 6 RIU. Probe DNA, consisting of a 36-mer fragment is covalently immobilized on the silicon nitride integrated biosensor. The wavelength shift is monitored upon complementary DNA targets being flown over the sensor. Concentrations of 1 pM can be easily detected. Also, an alternative route to modify the sensor surface with carboxylic groups using the photochemical reaction of fatty acids is proposed and preliminary XPS results are presented. Moreover, preliminary results for DNA obtained from a rolling circle amplification (RCA-DNA) process and spiked in a realistic amplification buffer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Murib
- Ghent University/Imec, Photonics Research Group, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Center for Nano- and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daan Martens
- Ghent University/Imec, Photonics Research Group, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Center for Nano- and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bienstman
- Ghent University/Imec, Photonics Research Group, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Center for Nano- and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Nezakati T, Seifalian A, Tan A, Seifalian AM. Conductive Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6766-6843. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Nezakati
- Google Inc.., Mountain View, California 94043, United States
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Tan
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- NanoRegMed Ltd. (Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre), The London Innovation BioScience Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
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7
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Broz A, Ukraintsev E, Kromka A, Rezek B, Hubalek Kalbacova M. Osteoblast adhesion, migration, and proliferation variations on chemically patterned nanocrystalline diamond films evaluated by live-cell imaging. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1469-1478. [PMID: 27935192 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate modulation by adapting the surface of a biocompatible material is nowadays a challenge in implantology, tissue engineering as well as in construction of biosensors. Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin films are considered promising in these fields due to their extraordinary physical and chemical properties and diverse ways in which they can be modified structurally and chemically. The initial cell distribution, the rate of cell adhesion, distance of cell migration and also the cell proliferation are influenced by the NCD surface termination. Here, we use real-time live-cell imaging to investigate the above-mentioned processes on oxidized NCD (NCD-O) and hydrogenated NCD (NCD-H) to elucidate cell preference to the NCD-O especially on surfaces with microscopic surface termination patterns. Cells adhere more slowly and migrate farther on NCD-H than on NCD-O. Cells seeded with a fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplement in the medium move across the surface prior to adhesion. In the absence of FBS, the cells adhere immediately, but still exhibit different migration and proliferation on NCD-O/H regions. We discuss the impact of these effects on the formation of cell arrays on micropatterned NCD. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1469-1478, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Broz
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Laboratory of Interaction of Cells with Nanomaterials, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Egor Ukraintsev
- Institute of Physics, Department of Optical Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i, Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics, Department of Optical Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i, Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Institute of Physics, Department of Optical Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i, Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Physics, Czech Technical University, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hubalek Kalbacova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Laboratory of Interaction of Cells with Nanomaterials, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12853 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre, Laboratory of Cell-Biomaterial Interactions, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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8
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van Grinsven B, Eersels K, Peeters M, Losada-Pérez P, Vandenryt T, Cleij TJ, Wagner P. The heat-transfer method: a versatile low-cost, label-free, fast, and user-friendly readout platform for biosensor applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13309-13318. [PMID: 25105260 DOI: 10.1021/am503667s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biosensors have become increasingly important in various scientific domains including medicine, biology, and pharmacology, resulting in an increased demand for fast and effective readout techniques. In this Spotlight on Applications, we report on the recently developed heat-transfer method (HTM) and illustrate the use of the technique by zooming in on four established bio(mimetic) sensor applications: (i) mutation analysis in DNA sequences, (ii) cancer cell identification through surface-imprinted polymers, (iii) detection of neurotransmitters with molecularly imprinted polymers, and (iv) phase-transition analysis in lipid vesicle layers. The methodology is based on changes in heat-transfer resistance at a functionalized solid-liquid interface. To this extent, the device applies a temperature gradient over this interface and monitors the temperature underneath and above the functionalized chip in time. The heat-transfer resistance can be obtained by dividing this temperature gradient by the power needed to achieve a programmed temperature. The low-cost, fast, label-free and user-friendly nature of the technology in combination with a high degree of specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity makes HTM a promising sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Grinsven
- Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Mosinska L, Fabisiak K, Paprocki K, Kowalska M, Popielarski P, Szybowicz M. Undoped CVD diamond films for electrochemical applications. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Yang P, Yang W. Surface Chemoselective Phototransformation of C–H Bonds on Organic Polymeric Materials and Related High-Tech Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5547-94. [PMID: 23614481 DOI: 10.1021/cr300246p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory
of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of
Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing
100029, China
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11
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Xue Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Hu C, Xie F, Chen D, He Z. Evidence of Carboxyl Modification of Hydrogen-Free Diamond-Like Carbon Films Assisted by Radio Frequency Plasma in Vacuum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/963298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Modification of hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) is presented, with acrylic acid (AA) vapor carried into a vacuum chamber by argon and with the in situ assistance of low-power radio frequency (RF) plasma at a temperature below 100°C. Measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique, the roughness (Ra) of the DLC was 1.063±0.040 nm. XPS and FT-IR spectra analysis showed that carboxyl groups were immobilized on the surface of the DLC films, with about 40% of carboxyl group area coverage. It was found that the RF plasma and reaction time are important in enhancing the modification rate and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Changji Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fangyan Xie
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dihu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhenhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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12
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van Grinsven B, Vanden Bon N, Strauven H, Grieten L, Murib M, Monroy KLJ, Janssens SD, Haenen K, Schöning MJ, Vermeeren V, Ameloot M, Michiels L, Thoelen R, De Ceuninck W, Wagner P. Heat-transfer resistance at solid-liquid interfaces: a tool for the detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA. ACS NANO 2012; 6:2712-21. [PMID: 22356595 DOI: 10.1021/nn300147e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report on the heat-transfer resistance at interfaces as a novel, denaturation-based method to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA. We observed that a molecular brush of double-stranded DNA grafted onto synthetic diamond surfaces does not notably affect the heat-transfer resistance at the solid-to-liquid interface. In contrast to this, molecular brushes of single-stranded DNA cause, surprisingly, a substantially higher heat-transfer resistance and behave like a thermally insulating layer. This effect can be utilized to identify ds-DNA melting temperatures via the switching from low- to high heat-transfer resistance. The melting temperatures identified with this method for different DNA duplexes (29 base pairs without and with built-in mutations) correlate nicely with data calculated by modeling. The method is fast, label-free (without the need for fluorescent or radioactive markers), allows for repetitive measurements, and can also be extended toward array formats. Reference measurements by confocal fluorescence microscopy and impedance spectroscopy confirm that the switching of heat-transfer resistance upon denaturation is indeed related to the thermal on-chip denaturation of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Grinsven
- Institute for Materials Research IMO, IMOMEC, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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13
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Zhan-Jun L, Hong-Wu Z, Meng S, Jiang-Shan S, Hai-Xia F. A facile and effective method to prepare long-persistent phosphorescent nanospheres and its potential application for in vivo imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35650c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Luminescent nanodiamonds for biomedical applications. Biophys Rev 2011; 3:171-184. [PMID: 28510046 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-011-0056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanodiamonds have emerged from primarily an industrial and mechanical applications base, to potentially underpinning sophisticated new technologies in biomedical and quantum science. Nanodiamonds are relatively inexpensive, biocompatible, easy to surface functionalise and optically stable. This combination of physical properties are ideally suited to biological applications, including intracellular labelling and tracking, extracellular drug delivery and adsorptive detection of bioactive molecules. Here we describe some of the methods and challenges for processing nanodiamond materials, detection schemes and some of the leading applications currently under investigation.
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De Volder MFL, Vansweevelt R, Wagner P, Reynaerts D, Van Hoof C, Hart AJ. Hierarchical carbon nanowire microarchitectures made by plasma-assisted pyrolysis of photoresist. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6593-6600. [PMID: 21739995 DOI: 10.1021/nn201976d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach for the fabrication and integration of vertically aligned forests of amorphous carbon nanowires (CNWs), using only standard lithography, oxygen plasma treatment, and thermal processing. The simplicity and scalability of this process, as well as the hierarchical organization of CNWs, provides a potential alternative to the use of carbon nanotubes and graphene for applications in microsystems and high surface area materials. The CNWs are highly branched at the nanoscale, and novel hierarchical microstructures with CNWs connected to a solid amorphous core are made by controlling the plasma treatment time. By multilayer processing we demonstrate deterministic joining of CNW micropillars into 3D sensing networks. Finally we show that these networks can be chemically functionalized and used for measurement of DNA binding with increased sensitivity.
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van Grinsven B, Vanden Bon N, Grieten L, Murib M, Janssens SD, Haenen K, Schneider E, Ingebrandt S, Schöning MJ, Vermeeren V, Ameloot M, Michiels L, Thoelen R, De Ceuninck W, Wagner P. Rapid assessment of the stability of DNA duplexes by impedimetric real-time monitoring of chemically induced denaturation. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1656-1663. [PMID: 21448492 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report on the electronic monitoring of DNA denaturation by NaOH using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in combination with fluorescence imaging as a reference technique. The probe DNA consisting of a 36-mer fragment was covalently immobilized on nanocrystalline-diamond electrodes and hybridized with different types of 29-mer target DNA (complementary, single-nucleotide defects at two different positions, and a non-complementary random sequence). The mathematical separation of the impedimetric signals into the time constant for NaOH exposure and the intrinsic denaturation-time constants gives clear evidence that the denaturation times reflect the intrinsic stability of the DNA duplexes. The intrinsic time constants correlate with calculated DNA-melting temperatures. The impedimetric method requires minimal instrumentation, is label-free and fast with a typical time scale of minutes and is highly reproducible. The sensor electrodes can be used repetitively. These elements suggest that the monitoring of chemically induced denaturation at room temperature is an interesting approach to measure DNA duplex stability as an alternative to thermal denaturation at elevated temperatures, used in DNA-melting experiments and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B van Grinsven
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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17
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Liu Y, Sun K. Protein functionalized nanodiamond arrays. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2010; 5:1045-50. [PMID: 20672037 PMCID: PMC2894344 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Various nanoscale elements are currently being explored for bio-applications, such as in bio-images, bio-detection, and bio-sensors. Among them, nanodiamonds possess remarkable features such as low bio-cytotoxicity, good optical property in fluorescent and Raman spectra, and good photostability for bio-applications. In this work, we devise techniques to position functionalized nanodiamonds on self-assembled monolayer (SAMs) arrays adsorbed on silicon and ITO substrates surface using electron beam lithography techniques. The nanodiamond arrays were functionalized with lysozyme to target a certain biomolecule or protein specifically. The optical properties of the nanodiamond-protein complex arrays were characterized by a high throughput confocal microscope. The synthesized nanodiamond-lysozyme complex arrays were found to still retain their functionality in interacting with E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yl Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 30010, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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18
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Biological modification of carbon nanowalls with DNA strands and hybridization experiments with complementary and mismatched DNA. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Vermeeren V, Wenmackers S, Wagner P, Michiels L. DNA sensors with diamond as a promising alternative transducer material. SENSORS 2009; 9:5600-36. [PMID: 22346717 PMCID: PMC3274169 DOI: 10.3390/s90705600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-electronics is a scientific field coupling the achievements in biology with electronics to obtain higher sensitivity, specificity and speed. Biosensors have played a pivotal role, and many have become established in the clinical and scientific world. They need to be sensitive, specific, fast and cheap. Electrochemical biosensors are most frequently cited in literature, often in the context of DNA sensing and mutation analysis. However, many popular electrochemical transduction materials, such as silicon, are susceptible to hydrolysis, leading to loss of bioreceptor molecules from the surface. Hence, increased attention has been shifted towards diamond, which surpasses silicon on many levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Vermeeren
- Biomedical Research Institute, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Agoralaan, Bldg. C, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Sylvia Wenmackers
- Institute for Materials Research, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mail: (P.W.)
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Institute for Materials Research, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mail: (P.W.)
| | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research Institute, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Agoralaan, Bldg. C, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +32-11-269-231; Fax: +32-11-269-235
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20
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Van der Steen M, Stevens CV. Undecylenic acid: a valuable and physiologically active renewable building block from castor oil. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:692-713. [PMID: 19650106 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A lot of attention is currently being paid to the transition to a biobased economy. In this movement, most efforts concentrate on the development of bioenergy applications including bioethanol, biodiesel, thermochemical conversion of biomass, and others. However, in the energy sector other nonbiomass alternatives are known, whereas no valuable alternatives are available when thinking about chemical building blocks. Therefore, it is also essential to develop new routes for the synthesis of bio-based chemicals and materials derived thereof. Such intermediates can originate either from plants or from animals. Castor oil is a non-edible oil extracted from the seeds of the castor bean plant Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), which grows in tropical and subtropical areas. Globally, around one million tons of castor seeds are produced every year, the leading producing areas being India, PR China, and Brazil.2 10-Undecenoic acid or undecylenic acid is a fatty acid derived from castor oil that, owing to its bifunctional nature, has many possibilities to develop sustainable applications.
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21
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Kim DC, Kang DJ. Molecular Recognition and Specific Interactions for Biosensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:6605-6641. [PMID: 27873889 PMCID: PMC3707470 DOI: 10.3390/s8106605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition and specific interactions are reliable and versatile routes for site-specific and well-oriented immobilization of functional biomolecules on surfaces. The control of surface properties via the molecular recognition and specific interactions at the nanoscale is a key element for the nanofabrication of biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity. This review intends to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular recognition- and specific interaction-mediated biosensor fabrication routes that leads to biosensors with well-ordered and controlled structures on both nanopatterned surfaces and nanomaterials. Herein self-assembly of the biomolecules via the molecular recognition and specific interactions on nanoscaled surfaces as well as nanofabrication techniques of the biomolecules for biosensor architecture are discussed. We also describe the detection of molecular recognition- and specific interaction-mediated molecular binding as well as advantages of nanoscale detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chung Kim
- BK 21 Physics Research Division, Institute of Basic Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Dae Joon Kang
- BK 21 Physics Research Division, Institute of Basic Science, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
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Vermeeren V, Wenmackers S, Daenen M, Haenen K, Williams OA, Ameloot M, Vande Ven M, Wagner P, Michiels L. Topographical and functional characterization of the ssDNA probe layer generated through EDC-mediated covalent attachment to nanocrystalline diamond using fluorescence microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9125-9134. [PMID: 18627188 DOI: 10.1021/la800946v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The covalent attachment method for DNA on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), involving the introduction of COOH functionalities on the surface by photoattachment of 10-undecenoic acid (10-UDA), followed by the 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated coupling to NH 2-labeled ssDNA, is evaluated in terms of stability, density, and functionality of the resulting biological interface. This is of crucial importance in DNA biosensor development. The covalent nature of DNA attachment will infer the necessary stability and favorable orientation to the ssDNA probe molecules. Using confocal fluorescence microscopy, the influence of buffer type for the removal of excess 10-UDA and ssDNA, the probe ssDNA length, the probe ssDNA concentration, and the presence of the COOH-linker on the density and functionality of the ssDNA probe layer were investigated. It was determined that the most homogeneously dense and functional DNA layer was obtained when 300 pmol of short ssDNA was applied to COOH-modified NCD samples, while H-terminated NCD was resistant for DNA attachment. Exploiting this surface functionality dependence of the DNA attachment efficiency, a shadow mask was applied during the photochemical introduction of the COOH-functionalities, leaving certain regions on the NCD H-terminated. The subsequent DNA attachment resulted in a fluorescence pattern corresponding to the negative of the shadow mask. Finally, NCD surfaces covered with mixtures of the 10-UDA linker molecule and a similar molecule lacking the COOH functionality, functioning as a lateral spacer, were examined for their suitability in preventing nonspecific adsorption to the surface and in decreasing steric hindrance. However, purely COOH-modified NCD samples, patterned with H-terminated regions and treated with a controlled amount of probe DNA, proved the most efficient in fulfilling these tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vermeeren
- Biomedical Research Institute, School for Life Sciences, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Wenmackers S, Pop SD, Roodenko K, Vermeeren V, Williams OA, Daenen M, Douhéret O, D'Haen J, Hardy A, Van Bael MK, Hinrichs K, Cobet C, vandeVen M, Ameloot M, Haenen K, Michiels L, Esser N, Wagner P. Structural and optical properties of DNA layers covalently attached to diamond surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7269-7277. [PMID: 18558777 DOI: 10.1021/la800464p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Label-free detection of DNA molecules on chemically vapor-deposited diamond surfaces is achieved with spectroscopic ellipsometry in the infrared and vacuum ultraviolet range. This nondestructive method has the potential to yield information on the average orientation of single as well as double-stranded DNA molecules, without restricting the strand length to the persistence length. The orientational analysis based on electronic excitations in combination with information from layer thicknesses provides a deeper understanding of biological layers on diamond. The pi-pi* transition dipole moments, corresponding to a transition at 4.74 eV, originate from the individual bases. They are in a plane perpendicular to the DNA backbone with an associated n-pi* transition at 4.47 eV. For 8-36 bases of single- and double-stranded DNA covalently attached to ultra-nanocrystalline diamond, the ratio between in- and out-of-plane components in the best fit simulations to the ellipsometric spectra yields an average tilt angle of the DNA backbone with respect to the surface plane ranging from 45 degrees to 52 degrees . We comment on the physical meaning of the calculated tilt angles. Additional information is gathered from atomic force microscopy, fluorescence imaging, and wetting experiments. The results reported here are of value in understanding and optimizing the performance of the electronic readout of a diamond-based label-free DNA hybridization sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Wenmackers
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research, Material Physics, and Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Vermeeren V, Bijnens N, Wenmackers S, Daenen M, Haenen K, Williams OA, Ameloot M, vandeVen M, Wagner P, Michiels L. Towards a real-time, label-free, diamond-based DNA sensor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:13193-13202. [PMID: 18004892 DOI: 10.1021/la702143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most challenging in the development of DNA sensors is the ability to distinguish between fully complementary target ssDNA (single-strand DNA) and 1-mismatch ssDNA. To deal with this problem, we performed impedance spectroscopy on DNA-functionalized nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) layers during hybridization and denaturation. In both reactions, a difference in behavior was observed for 1-mismatch target DNA and complementary target DNA in real-time. During real-time hybridization, a decrease of the impedance was observed at lower frequencies when the complementary target DNA was added, while the addition of 1-mismatch target ssDNA caused no significant change. Fitting these results to an electrical circuit demonstrates that this is correlated with a decrease of the depletion zone in the space charge region of the diamond. During real-time denaturation, differentiation between 1-mismatch and complementary target DNA was possible at higher frequencies. Denaturation of complementary DNA showed the longest exponential decay time of the impedance, while the decay time during 1-mismatch denaturation was the shortest. The real-time hybridization and denaturation experiments were carried out on different NCD samples in various buffer solutions at temperatures between 20 and 80 degrees C. It was revealed that the best results were obtained using a Microhyb hybridization buffer at 80 degrees C and 10x PCR buffer at 30 degrees C for hybridization and 0.1 M NaOH at temperatures above 40 degrees C for denaturation. We demonstrate that the combination of real-time hybridization spectra and real-time denaturation spectra yield important information on the type of target. This approach may allow a reliable identification of the mismatch sequence, which is the most biologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vermeeren
- Hasselt University and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School for Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, Building A, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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26
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Zhong YL, Chong KF, May PW, Chen ZK, Loh KP. Optimizing biosensing properties on undecylenic Acid-functionalized diamond. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:5824-30. [PMID: 17419656 DOI: 10.1021/la063658k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of biosensing efficiency on a diamond platform depends on the successful coupling of biomolecules on the surface, and also on effective signal transduction in the biorecognition events. In terms of biofunctionalization of diamond surfaces, surface electrochemical studies of diamond modified with undecylenic acid (UA), with and without headgroup protection, were performed. The direct photochemical coupling method employing UA was found to impart a higher density of carboxylic acid groups on the diamond surface compared to that using trifluoroethyl undecenoate (TFEU) as the protecting group during the coupling process. Non-faradic impedimetric DNA sensing revealed that lightly doped diamond gives better signal transduction sensitivity compared to highly doped diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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