Portable oxidative stress sensor: Dynamic and non-invasive measurements of extracellular H 2 O 2 released by algae

Assess heavy metals-induced oxidative stress of microalgae by Electro-Raman combined technique

Oxidative stress of aquatic microorganisms under heavy metal stress is closely reflected by metabolite changes in cells but it is very difficult to study due to the fast metabolism process and severe in-situ measurements hurdle. Herein, the oxidative stress of cadmium on Euglena gracilis was systematically studied through multi-combined techniques. In particular, for the first time electrochemical approach was associated with Raman spectroscopy imaging to vividly to investigate temporal-spatially varied oxidative stress and its effects on cells metabolism, in which former real-time measured a volcanic relation of extracellular hydrogen peroxide versus the increase of cadmium stress, while the latter shows the corresponding metabolic changes by Raman imaging of single cells. This work builds a bridge to unravel the mechanism of cellular oxidative stress under harsh conditions in a more systematic and holistic approach, while holding a great promise to construct heavy metal biosensors precisely monitoring high heavy metal tolerance strains for environmental modification.

Effect of the near-infrared activated photocatalyst Cu2(OH)PO4 nanoparticles on the growth of harmful algal blooms causing Microcystis aeruginosa

The wide range existence of M. aeruginosa FACHB 905 strains in the aquatic environment becomes a great threat for the health of humans and animals; it also poses a great obstacle in the ecological ecosystem. Therefore, an effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly method of treatment is needed. In this work Cu2(OH)PO4 nanoparticles were successively synthesized from a mixture of Cu (NO3)2 and Na2HPO4 according to the results from Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV/Vis/NIR DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) tests. Furthermore, Cu2(OH)PO4 was used to mitigate the growth of M. aeruginosa FACHB 905 strains on a lab-scale, and the investigation on the growth of the harmful algal bloom (HAB) causing M. aeruginosa FACHB 905 strains was worked on. The Cu2(OH)PO4 is effective in inhibiting the growth of the strain by more than 97% at a concentration of 0.032 mg mL-1. Furthermore, analysis of the chlorophyll a content and polysaccharide asserted that a remarkable decrease from 9.40 mg L-1 and 37.66 mg L-1 for the control to 0.07 mg L-1 and 10.21 mg L-1 for the treatment media with 0.032 mg mL-1 Cu2(OH)PO4 has been achieved. The results affirm the effectiveness of the Cu2(OH)PO4 as suitable candidates for preventing HABs caused by the M. aeruginosa FACHB 905 cyanobacterium and other similar strains.

Probing Contaminant-Induced Alterations in Chlorophyll Fluorescence by AC-Dielectrophoresis-Based 2D-Algal Array

The investigation of contaminant impact on algae requires rapid and reliable cell collection and optical detection. The capability of alternative current (AC) dielectrophoresis (DEP) collection of whole cell arrays with combined fluorescence microscopy detection to follow the alterations of chlorophyll fluorescence during environmental contaminant exposure was explored. The application of an AC-field of 100 V cm^-1, 100 Hz for 30 min to capture and immobilize the cells of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in two-dimensional (2D) arrays does not induce changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. The results demonstrate that DEP-based 2D-arrays allow non-invasive detection of chlorophyll fluorescence change upon exposure to high concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles and ionic copper. These results were in agreement with data obtained by flow cytometry used as a comparative method. The tool was also applied to follow the effect of a number of ubiquitous contaminants such as inorganic mercury, methylmercury, and diuron. However, a statistically significant short-term effect was observed only for mercury. Overall, DEP-based 2D-arrays of algal cells with fluorescence detection appear to be suitable for stain-free probing the effects on the photosynthetic microorganisms in highly polluted environment.

Non-invasive continuous monitoring of pro-oxidant effects of engineered nanoparticles on aquatic microorganisms

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are key drivers for the development of highly sophisticated new technologies. As all new attainments, the rapidly increasing used of ENMs raise concerns about their safety for the environment and humans. There is growing evidence showing that if engineered nanomaterials are released into the environment, there is a possibility that they could cause harm to aquatic microorganisms. Among the divers effects triggering their toxicity the ability of ENMs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of oxidizing biomolecules is currently considered a central mechanism of toxicity. Therefore, development of sensitive tools for quantification of the ROS generation and oxidative stress are highly sought. After briefly introducing ENMs-induced ROS generation and oxidative stress in the aquatic microorganisms (AMOs), this overview paper focuses on a new optical biosensor allowing sensitive and dynamic measurements of H₂O₂ in real-time using multiscattering enhanced absorption spectroscopy. Its principle is based on sensitive absorption measurements of the heme protein cytochrome c whose absorption spectrum alters with the oxidation state of constituent ferrous Fe^II and ferric Fe^III. For biological applications cytochrome c was embedded in porous random media resulting in an extended optical path length through multiple scattering of light, which lowers the limit of detection to a few nM of H₂O₂. The sensor was also integrated in a microfluidic system containing micro-valves and sieves enabling more complex experimental conditions. To demonstrate its performance, abiotic absorption measurements of low concentrations of dye molecules and 10 nm gold particles were carried out achieving limits of detection in the low nM range. Other biologically relevant reactive oxygen species can be measured at sub-μM concentrations, which was shown for glucose and lactate through enzymatic reactions producing H₂O₂. In ecotoxicological investigations H₂O₂ excreted by aquatic microorganisms exposed to various stressors were measured. Pro-oxidant effects of nano-TiO₂ and nano-CuO towards green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were explored in various exposure media and under different light illuminations. Dynamics of Cd²⁺ induced effects on photosynthetic activity, sensitisation and recovery of cells of C. reinhardtii was also studied.

Maximal absorption regime in random media

Efficient optical energy transfer is key to many technologies, ranging from biosensing to photovoltaics. Here, for the first time we show that by introducing a random medium with appropriate filling factor, absorption in a specific volume can be maximized. Using both numerical simulations and an analytical diffusion model, we identify design rules to maximize absorption in the system with different geometrical and scattering properties. By combining a random medium with an open photonic cavity, we numerically demonstrate a 23-fold enhancement of the absorbed energy. We also show how absorption as high as 99% can be reached in a device as thin as 500 μm for normal incidence illumination. Finally, our data indicate that introducing a non-absorbing random medium into a light trapping system for thin solar cells can enhance absorption of energy by a factor of 2.2. This absorption enhancement, caused by the random medium, is broadband and wide-angle and can help design efficient solar cells, light trapping devices, biosensors and random lasers.

Pro-oxidant effects of nano-TiO2on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during short-term exposure

This is the first continuous quantification of abiotic and biotic nano-TiO₂– stimulated H₂O₂revealing that measured extracellular and intracellular pro-oxidant endpoints inC. reinhardtiican differ significantly.

Multiscattering-enhanced optical biosensor: multiplexed, non-invasive and continuous measurements of cellular processes

The continuous measurement of uptake or release of biomarkers provides invaluable information for understanding and monitoring the metabolism of cells. In this work, a multiscattering-enhanced optical biosensor for the multiplexed, non-invasive, and continuous detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lactate and glucose is presented. The sensing scheme is based on optical monitoring of the oxidation state of the metalloprotein cytochrome c (cyt c). The analyte of interest is enzymatically converted into H2O2 leading to an oxidation of the cyt c. Contact microspotting is used to prepare nanoliter-sized sensing spots containing either pure cyt c, a mixture of cyt c with glucose oxidase (GOx) to detect glucose, or a mixture of cyt c with lactate oxidase (LOx) to detect lactate. The sensing spots are embedded in a multiscattering porous medium that enhances the optical signal. We achieve limits of detection down to 240 nM and 110 nM for lactate and glucose, respectively. A microfluidic embodiment enables multiplexed and crosstalk-free experiments on living organisms. As an example, we study the uptake of exogenously supplied glucose by the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and simultaneously monitor the stress-related generation of H2O2. This multifunctional detection scheme provides a powerful tool to study biochemical processes at cellular level.

Two-Dimensional Algal Collection and Assembly by Combining AC-Dielectrophoresis with Fluorescence Detection for Contaminant-Induced Oxidative Stress Sensing

An alternative current (AC) dielectrophoretic lab-on-chip setup was evaluated as a rapid tool of capture and assembly of microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in two-dimensional (2D) close-packed arrays. An electric field of 100 V·cm⁻¹, 100 Hz applied for 30 min was found optimal to collect and assemble the algae into single-layer structures of closely packed cells without inducing cellular oxidative stress. Combined with oxidative stress specific staining and fluorescence microscopy detection, the capability of using the 2D whole-cell assembly on-chip to follow the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress during short-term exposure to several environmental contaminants, including mercury, methylmercury, copper, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), and diuron was explored. The results showed significant increase of the cellular ROS when C. reinhardtii was exposed to high concentrations of methylmercury, CuO-NPs, and 10⁻⁵ M Cu. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of combining AC-dielectrophoretically assembled two-dimensional algal structures with cell metabolic analysis using fluorescence staining, as a rapid analytical tool for probing the effect of contaminants in highly impacted environment.