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Descamps A, Arnoux P, Frochot C, Barbault F, Deschamp J, Monteil M, Migianu-Griffoni E, Legigan T, Lecouvey M. Synthesis and preliminary anticancer evaluation of photo-responsive prodrugs of hydroxymethylene bisphosphonate alendronate. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116307. [PMID: 38460269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The antitumoral activity of hydroxymethylene bisphosphonates (HMBP) such as alendronate or zoledronate is hampered by their exceptional bone-binding properties and their short plasmatic half-life which preclude their accumulation in non-skeletal tumors. In this context, the use of lipophilic prodrugs represents a simple and straightforward strategy to enhance the biodistribution of bisphosphonates in these tissues. We describe in this article the synthesis of light-responsive prodrugs of HMBP alendronate. These prodrugs include lipophilic photo-removable nitroveratryl groups which partially mask the highly polar alendronate HMBP scaffold. Photo-responsive prodrugs of alendronate are stable in physiological conditions and display reduced toxicity compared to alendronate against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. However, the antiproliferative effect of these prodrugs is efficiently restored after cleavage of their nitroveratryl groups upon exposure to UV light. In addition, substitution of alendronate with such photo-responsive substituents drastically reduces its bone-binding properties, thereby potentially improving its biodistribution in soft tissues after i.v. administration. The development of such lipophilic photo-responsive prodrugs is a promising approach to fully exploit the anticancer effect of HMBPs on non-skeletal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Descamps
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Department of Chemistry, UMR-CNRS, 7244, 1 Rue de Chablis, F-93000, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Céline Frochot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Julia Deschamp
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Department of Chemistry, UMR-CNRS, 7244, 1 Rue de Chablis, F-93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Maelle Monteil
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Department of Chemistry, UMR-CNRS, 7244, 1 Rue de Chablis, F-93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Evelyne Migianu-Griffoni
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Department of Chemistry, UMR-CNRS, 7244, 1 Rue de Chablis, F-93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Thibaut Legigan
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Department of Chemistry, UMR-CNRS, 7244, 1 Rue de Chablis, F-93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - Marc Lecouvey
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Department of Chemistry, UMR-CNRS, 7244, 1 Rue de Chablis, F-93000, Bobigny, France.
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2
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Rudge ES, Chan AHY, Leeper FJ. Prodrugs of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates: disguising phosphorus oxyanions. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:375-391. [PMID: 35647550 PMCID: PMC9020613 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphates have important functions in living systems and thus pyrophosphate-containing molecules and their more stable bisphosphonate analogues have the potential to be used as drugs for treating many diseases including cancer and viral infections. Both pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates are polyanionic at physiological pH and, whilst this is essential for their biological activity, it also limits their use as therapeutic agents. In particular, the high negative charge density of these compounds prohibits cell entry other than by endocytosis, prevents transcellular oral absorption and causes sequestration to bone. Therefore, prodrug strategies have been developed to temporarily disguise the charges of these compounds. This review examines the various systems that have been used to mask the phosphorus-containing moieties of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates and also illustrates the utility of such prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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3
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Challenging synthesis of bisphosphonate derivatives with reduced steric hindrance. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Phosphonates, often used as isosteric replacements for phosphates, can provide important interactions with an enzyme. Due to their high charge at physiological pH, however, permeation into cells can be a challenge. Protecting phosphonates as prodrugs has shown promise in drug delivery. Thus, a variety of structures and cleavage/activation mechanisms exist, enabling release of the active compound. This review describes the structural diversity of these pro-moieties, relevant cleavage mechanisms and recent advances in the design of phosphonate prodrugs.
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5
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Regulation of the Notch-ATM-abl axis by geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:733. [PMID: 31570763 PMCID: PMC6768865 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Notch proteins drive oncogenesis of many cancers, most prominently T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Because geranylgeranylated Rab proteins regulate Notch processing, we hypothesized that inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) would impair Notch processing and reduce viability of T-ALL cells that express Notch. Here, we show that GGDPS inhibition reduces Notch1 expression and impairs the proliferation of T-ALL cells. GGDPS inhibition also reduces Rab7 membrane association and depletes Notch1 mRNA. GGDPS inhibition increases phosphorylation of histone H2A.X, and inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase (ATM) mitigate GGDPS inhibitor-induced apoptosis. GGDPS inhibition also influences c-abl activity downstream of caspases, and inhibitors of these enzymes prevent GGDPS inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Surprisingly, induction of apoptosis by GGDPS inhibition is reduced by co-treatment with γ-secretase inhibitors. While inhibitors of γ-secretase deplete one specific form of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), they also increase Notch1 mRNA expression and increase alternate forms of Notch1 protein expression in cells treated with a GGDPS inhibitor. Furthermore, inhibitors of γ-secretase and ATM increase Notch1 mRNA stability independent of GGDPS inhibition. These results provide a model by which T-ALL cells use Notch1 to avoid DNA-damage-induced apoptosis, and can be overcome by inhibition of GGDPS through effects on Notch1 expression and its subsequent response.
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6
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Chiminazzo A, Borsato G, Favero A, Fabbro C, McKenna CE, Dalle Carbonare LG, Valenti MT, Fabris F, Scarso A. Diketopyrrolopyrrole Bis‐Phosphonate Conjugate: A New Fluorescent Probe for In Vitro Bone Imaging. Chemistry 2019; 25:3617-3626. [PMID: 30600841 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chiminazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di Venezia via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (VE) Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di Venezia via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (VE) Italy
| | - Alessia Favero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità AmbientaleUniversità di Parma Italy
| | - Chiara Fabbro
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Charles E. McKenna
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 USA
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Fabris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di Venezia via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (VE) Italy
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di Venezia via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (VE) Italy
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7
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Bortolamiol E, Chiminazzo A, Sperni L, Borsato G, Fabris F, Scarso A. Functional bisphosphonate synthesis for the development of new anti-resorption bone drug candidates. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02504a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Widening the bisphosphonate toolbox: new bisphosphonate scaffolds enable new functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bortolamiol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- Mestre
- Italy
| | - Andrea Chiminazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- Mestre
- Italy
| | - Laura Sperni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- Mestre
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- Mestre
- Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fabris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- Mestre
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
- Mestre
- Italy
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8
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Matthiesen RA, Varney ML, Xu PC, Rier AS, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. α-Methylation enhances the potency of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:376-385. [PMID: 29248353 PMCID: PMC5752576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of protein geranylgeranylation via inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) represents a novel therapeutic strategy for a variety of malignancies, especially those characterized by excessive protein secretion such as multiple myeloma. Our work has demonstrated that some isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates are potent and selective inhibitors of GGDPS. Here we present the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of isoprenoid triazoles modified by incorporation of a methyl group at the α-carbon. These studies reveal that incorporation of an α-methyl substituent enhances the potency of these compounds as GGDPS inhibitors, and, in the case of the homogeranyl/homoneryl series, abrogates the effects of olefin stereochemistry on inhibitory activity. The incorporation of the methyl group allowed preparation of a POM-prodrug, which displayed a 10-fold increase in cellular activity compared to the corresponding salt. These studies form the basis for future preclinical studies investigating the anti-myeloma activity of these novel α-methyl triazole bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Matthiesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Pauline C Xu
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Alex S Rier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, United States
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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9
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Anti-Tumor Activity and Immunotherapeutic Potential of a Bisphosphonate Prodrug. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5987. [PMID: 28729550 PMCID: PMC5519590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates have benefits in breast cancer and multiple myeloma patients and have been used with adoptive immunotherapy with γδ T cells expressing Vγ2 Vδ2 TCRs. Although treatment with γδ T cells is safe, it has shown limited efficacy. Present bisphosphonates stimulate γδ T cells but were designed to inhibit bone resorption rather than treating cancer and have limited oral absorption, tumor cell entry, and cause bone side effects. The development of phosphate and phosphonate nucleotide prodrugs has led to important drugs for hepatitis C and HIV. Using a similar approach, we synthesized bisphosphonate prodrugs and found that they efficiently limit tumor cell growth. Pivoxil bisphosphonate esters enter cells where esterases convert them to their active acids. The bisphosphonate esters stimulated γδ T cells to secrete TNF-α in response to a variety of tumor cells more efficiently than their corresponding acids. The most active compound, tetrakis-pivaloyloxymethyl 2-(thiazole-2-ylamino)ethylidene-1,1- bisphosphonate (7), specifically expanded γδ T cells and stimulated them to secrete interferon-γ and kill tumor cells. In preclinical studies, combination therapy with compound 7 and γδ T cells prolonged survival of mice inoculated with either human bladder cancer or fibrosarcoma cells. Therefore, bisphosphonate prodrugs could enhance the effectiveness of adoptive cancer immunotherapy with γδ T cells.
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10
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Chiminazzo A, Damuzzo M, Sperni L, Strukul G, Scarso A. Nitrile Containing Bisphosphonates: Easy Synthesis through Metal Catalyzed Michael
Addition. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chiminazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155/B IT-30172 Mestre (Ve)
| | - Martina Damuzzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155/B IT-30172 Mestre (Ve)
| | - Laura Sperni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155/B IT-30172 Mestre (Ve)
| | - Giorgio Strukul
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155/B IT-30172 Mestre (Ve)
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155/B IT-30172 Mestre (Ve)
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11
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Recent Advances in the Development of Mammalian Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Inhibitors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060886. [PMID: 28555000 PMCID: PMC5902023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) catalyzes the synthesis of the 20-carbon isoprenoid geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). GGPP is the isoprenoid donor for protein geranylgeranylation reactions catalyzed by the enzymes geranylgeranyl transferase (GGTase) I and II. Inhibitors of GGDPS result in diminution of protein geranylgeranylation through depletion of cellular GGPP levels, and there has been interest in GGDPS inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents. Here we discuss recent advances in the development of GGDPS inhibitors, including insights gained by structure-function relationships, and review the preclinical data that support the continued development of this novel class of drugs.
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12
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De Luca L, Chiminazzo A, Sperni L, Strukul G, Scarso A. Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Isatin Containing Bisphosphonates as Potential Anti-Resorption Bone Drugs. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (Ve) Italy
| | - Andrea Chiminazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (Ve) Italy
| | - Laura Sperni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (Ve) Italy
| | - Giorgio Strukul
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (Ve) Italy
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia; via Torino 155 30172 Mestre (Ve) Italy
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13
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De Luca L, Chiminazzo A, Sperni L, Strukul G, Scarso A. Pyrrolidine-Containing Bisphosphonates as Potential Anti-Resorption Bone Drugs. Chemistry 2017; 23:3474-3478. [PMID: 28181705 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates, particularly those with N-substituted groups, are currently the most popular drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. However, their chemical structures are still rather simple and new synthetic methods are needed to expand their molecular complexity and also improve their specificity of action towards other targets as anticancer, antibacterial, and antimalarial drugs. Herein, we report a new class of potential antiresorption bisphosphonate drugs that have a pyrrolidine unit with different substituents, obtained through a simple dipolar cycloaddition reaction between azomethine ylides and vinylidenebisphosphonate derivatives as precursors. The methodology led to the efficient preparation of a wide range of (1-methylpyrrolidine-3,3-diyl)bis(phosphonic esters) derivatives with different substituents in position 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiminazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Laura Sperni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Giorgio Strukul
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia Mestre, Italy
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14
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Matsumoto K, Hayashi K, Murata-Hirai K, Iwasaki M, Okamura H, Minato N, Morita CT, Tanaka Y. Targeting Cancer Cells with a Bisphosphonate Prodrug. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2656-2663. [PMID: 27786425 PMCID: PMC5605902 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates have antitumor activity in certain breast cancer and myeloma patients. However, these drugs have limited oral absorption, tumor cell entry and activity, and cause bone side effects. The potencies of phosphorylated antiviral drugs have been increased by administering them as prodrugs, in which the negative charges on the phosphate moieties are masked to make them lipophilic. We synthesized heterocyclic bisphosphonate (BP) prodrugs in which the phosphonate moieties are derivatized with pivaloyloxymethyl (pivoxil) groups and that lack the hydroxy "bone hook" on the geminal carbon. When the lipophilic BP prodrugs enter tumor cells, they are converted into their active forms by intracellular esterases. The most active BP prodrug, tetrakispivaloyloxymethyl 2-(thiazole-2-ylamino)ethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (7), was found to potently inhibit the in vitro growth of a variety of tumor cell lines, especially hematopoietic cells, at nanomolar concentrations. Consistent with this fact, compound 7 inhibited the prenylation of the RAP1A small GTPase signaling protein at concentrations as low as 1-10 nm. In preclinical studies, 7 slowed the growth of human bladder cancer cells in an immunodeficient mouse model. Thus, 7 is significantly more active than zoledronic acid, the most active FDA-approved BP, and a potential anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsumoto
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School ofMedicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hayashi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School ofMedicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Murata-Hirai
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School ofMedicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Iwasaki
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School ofMedicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruki Okamura
- Department of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School ofMedicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Craig T Morita
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Interdisciplinary GraduateProgram in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 601 Highway 6 West, Research (151), Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School ofMedicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School ofBiomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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15
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A new motif for inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3734-41. [PMID: 27338660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) is believed to receive the substrate farnesyl diphosphate through one lipophilic channel and release the product geranylgeranyl diphosphate through another. Bisphosphonates with two isoprenoid chains positioned on the α-carbon have proven to be effective inhibitors of this enzyme. Now a new motif has been prepared with one isoprenoid chain on the α-carbon, a second included as a phosphonate ester, and the potential for a third at the α-carbon. The pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs of several compounds based on this motif have been prepared and the resulting compounds have been tested for their ability to disrupt protein geranylgeranylation and induce cytotoxicity in myeloma cells. The initial biological studies reveal activity consistent with GGDPS inhibition, and demonstrate a structure-function relationship which is dependent on the nature of the alkyl group at the α-carbon.
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16
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Wills VS, Zhou X, Allen C, Holstein SA, Wiemer DF. Stereocontrolled regeneration of olefins from epoxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2016; 57:1335-1337. [PMID: 26955189 PMCID: PMC4778745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Through treatment with NaI and trifluoroacetic anhydride, which presumably forms trifluoroacetyl iodide in situ, epoxides can be converted to olefins. This reaction now has been shown to tolerate remote olefins without loss of their individual stereochemistry. A reaction sequence involving regiospecific epoxidation of an isoprenoid alcohol, conversion of the alcohol to an azide, and cycloaddition with an acetylene, followed by conversion of the epoxide back to the original olefin, has allowed stereocontrolled preparation of triazole bisphosphonates with a farnesyl or a geranylgeranyl substituent. This strategy may be applicable selective protection of an alkene in other polyolefins, including substrates for metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa 52242-1294
| | - Cheryl Allen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, U.S.A
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, U.S.A
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa 52242-1294
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17
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Wills VS, Allen C, Holstein SA, Wiemer DF. Potent Triazole Bisphosphonate Inhibitor of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1195-8. [PMID: 26713103 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of triazole bisphosphonates have resulted in identification of a potent inhibitor of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (IC50 = 45 nM) with very good selectivity for this enzyme over farnesyl diphosphate synthase (IC50 = 28 μM). This compound also potently disrupts geranylgeranylation and induces cytotoxicity in human myeloma cells at submicromolar levels, suggesting that it may serve as a lead compound for treatment of malignancies characterized by excessive protein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S. Wills
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Cheryl Allen
- Department
of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Sarah A. Holstein
- Department
of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, United States
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18
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Wiemer AJ, Shippy RR, Kilcollins AM, Li J, Hsiao CHC, Barney RJ, Geng ML, Wiemer DF. Evaluation of a 7-Methoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic Acid Ester Derivative as a Fluorescent, Cell-Cleavable, Phosphonate Protecting Group. Chembiochem 2015; 17:52-5. [PMID: 26503489 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cleavable protecting groups often enhance cellular delivery of species that are charged at physiological pH. Although several phosphonate protecting groups have achieved clinical success, it remains difficult to use these prodrugs in live cells to clarify biological mechanisms. Here, we present a strategy that uses a 7-methoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid ester as a fluorescent protecting group. This strategy was applied to synthesis of an (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) analogue to assess cellular uptake and human Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation. The fluorescent ester displayed low cellular toxicity (IC50 >100 μm) and strong T cell activation (EC50 =0.018 μm) relative to the unprotected anion (EC50 =23 μm). The coumarin-derived analogue allowed no-wash analysis of biological deprotection, which revealed rapid internalization of the prodrug. These results demonstrate that fluorescent groups can be applied both as functional drug delivery tools and useful biological probes of drug uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rebekah R Shippy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, E531 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ashley M Kilcollins
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd Unit 3156, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rocky J Barney
- Department of Chemistry, Western Wyoming Community College, 1204-A, Rock Springs, WY, 82901, USA
| | - M Lei Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, 330 IATL, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, E531 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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19
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Hsiao CHC, Lin X, Barney RJ, Shippy RR, Li J, Vinogradova O, Wiemer DF, Wiemer AJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Phosphonate Phosphoantigen Prodrug. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.974099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rocky J. Barney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Western Wyoming Community College, Rock Springs, Wyoming, USA
| | | | - Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Olga Vinogradova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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20
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Reilly JE, Zhou X, Tong H, Kuder CH, Wiemer DF, Hohl RJ. In vitro studies in a myelogenous leukemia cell line suggest an organized binding of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:83-92. [PMID: 25952057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A small set of isoprenoid bisphosphonates ethers has been tested in the K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line to determine their impact on isoprenoid biosynthesis. Five of these compounds inhibit geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) with IC50 values below 1 μM in enzyme assays, but in cells their apparent activity is more varied. In particular, the isomeric C-geranyl-O-prenyl and C-prenyl-O-geranyl bisphosphonates are quite different in their activity with the former consistently demonstrating greater impairment of geranylgeranylation in cells but the latter showing greater impact in the enzyme assays with GGDPS. Together, these findings suggest an organized binding of these inhibitors in the two hydrophobic channels of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, E531 Chemistry Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Huaxiang Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Craig H Kuder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, E531 Chemistry Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, 5219 MERF, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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21
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Crossey K, Migaud ME. Solventless synthesis of acyl phosphonamidates, precursors to masked bisphosphonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11088-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of acyl phosphonamidates, the synthetic precursors to bisphosphonates, have been readily prepared from phosphoramidite type reagents and a range of acid chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Crossey
- John King Laboratory
- School of Pharmacy
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- John King Laboratory
- School of Pharmacy
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
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22
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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23
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Chiminazzo A, Sperni L, Damuzzo M, Strukul G, Scarso A. Copper-mediated 1,4-Conjugate Addition of Boronic Acids and Indoles to Vinylidenebisphosphonate leading togem-Bisphosphonates as Potential Antiresorption Bone Drugs. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Hsiao CH, Lin X, Barney R, Shippy R, Li J, Vinogradova O, Wiemer D, Wiemer A. Synthesis of a Phosphoantigen Prodrug that Potently Activates Vγ9Vδ2 T-Lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:945-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Zhou X, Reilly JE, Loerch KA, Hohl RJ, Wiemer DF. Synthesis of isoprenoid bisphosphonate ethers through C-P bond formations: Potential inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1645-50. [PMID: 25161722 PMCID: PMC4142842 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of bisphosphonate ethers has been prepared through sequential phosphonylation and alkylation of monophosphonate ethers. After formation of the corresponding phosphonic acid salts, these compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS). Five of the new compounds show IC50 values of less than 1 μM against GGDPS with little to no activity against the related enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS). The most active compound displayed an IC50 value of 82 nM when assayed with GGDPS, and no activity against FDPS even at a 10 μM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
| | - Kathleen A Loerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
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26
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Zhou X, Ferree SD, Wills VS, Born EJ, Tong H, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. Geranyl and neryl triazole bisphosphonates as inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2791-8. [PMID: 24726306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When inhibitors of enzymes that utilize isoprenoid pyrophosphates are based on the natural substrates, a significant challenge can be to achieve selective inhibition of a specific enzyme. One element in the design process is the stereochemistry of the isoprenoid olefins. We recently reported preparation of a series of isoprenoid triazoles as potential inhibitors of geranylgeranyl transferase II but these compounds were obtained as a mixture of olefin isomers. We now have accomplished the stereoselective synthesis of these triazoles through the use of epoxy azides for the cycloaddition reaction followed by regeneration of the desired olefin. Both geranyl and neryl derivatives have been prepared as single olefin isomers through parallel reaction sequences. The products were assayed against multiple enzymes as well as in cell culture studies and surprisingly a Z-olefin isomer was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah D Ferree
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Veronica S Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ella J Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huaxiang Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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27
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Hospital A, Meurillon M, Peyrottes S, Périgaud C. An Alternative Pathway to Ribonucleoside β-Hydroxyphosphonate Analogues and Related Prodrugs. Org Lett 2013; 15:4778-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402143y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Hospital
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, Nucleosides and Phosphorylated Effectors Team, University Montpellier 2, cc 1705, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Maïa Meurillon
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, Nucleosides and Phosphorylated Effectors Team, University Montpellier 2, cc 1705, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, Nucleosides and Phosphorylated Effectors Team, University Montpellier 2, cc 1705, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Périgaud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2, Nucleosides and Phosphorylated Effectors Team, University Montpellier 2, cc 1705, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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28
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Tong H, Kuder CH, Wasko BM, Hohl RJ. Quantitative determination of isopentenyl diphosphate in cultured mammalian cells. Anal Biochem 2013; 433:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Ochocki JD, Distefano MD. Prenyltransferase Inhibitors: Treating Human Ailments from Cancer to Parasitic Infections. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4:476-492. [PMID: 25530833 DOI: 10.1039/c2md20299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The posttranslational modification of protein prenylation is a covalent lipid modification on the C-terminus of substrate proteins that serves to enhance membrane affinity. Oncogenic proteins such as Ras have this modification and significant effort has been placed into developing inhibitors of the prenyltransferase enzymes for clinical therapy. In addition to cancer therapy, prenyltransferase inhibitors have begun to find important therapeutic uses in other diseases, including progeria, hepatitis C and D, parasitic infections, and other maladies. This review will trace the evolution of prenyltransferase inhibitors from their initial use as cancer therapeutics to their expanded applications for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Ochocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
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30
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Zhou X, Hartman SV, Born EJ, Smits JP, Holstein SA, Wiemer DF. Triazole-based inhibitors of geranylgeranyltransferase II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:764-6. [PMID: 23266123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A small set of triazole bisphosphonates has been prepared and tested for the ability to inhibit geranylgeranyltransferase II (GGTase II). The compounds were prepared through use of click chemistry to assemble a central triazole that links a polar head group to a hydrophobic tail. The resulting compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit GGTase II in an in vitro enzyme assay and also were tested for cytotoxic activity in an MTT assay with the human myeloma RPMI-8226 cell line. The most potent enzyme inhibitor was the triazole with a geranylgeranyl tail, which suggests that inhibitors that can access the enzyme region that holds the isoprenoid tail will display greater activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
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31
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Turhanen PA, Weisell J, Vepsäläinen JJ. Preparation of mixed trialkyl alkylcarbonate derivatives of etidronic acid via an unusual route. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2019-24. [PMID: 23209537 PMCID: PMC3511037 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to prepare four (3a–d) trialkyl alkylcarbonate esters of etidronate from P,P'-dimethyl etidronate and alkyl chloroformate was developed by utilizing unexpected demethylation and decarboxylation reactions. The reaction with the sterically more hindered isobutyl chloroformate at a lower temperature (90 °C) produced the P,P'-diester (2) as a stable intermediate product. A possible reaction mechanism is discussed to explain these methyl substitutions. These unusual reactions also clarify why it is difficult to prepare alkylcarbonate prodrugs from bisphosphonates. The compounds prepared were analysed by spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri A Turhanen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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32
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Bortolini O, Fantin G, Fogagnolo M, Rossetti S, Maiuolo L, Di Pompo G, Avnet S, Granchi D. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of hydroxyl-bisphosphonic analogs of bile acids. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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Wiemer AJ, Wiemer DF, Hohl RJ. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase: an emerging therapeutic target. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90:804-12. [PMID: 22048229 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Proteins modified post-translationally by geranylgeranylation have been implicated in numerous cellular processes related to human disease. In recent years, the study of protein geranylgeranylation has advanced tremendously in both cellular and animal models. The advances in our understanding of the biological roles of geranylgeranylated proteins have been paralleled by advances in the medicinal chemistry of geranylgeranylation inhibitors such as those that target geranylgeranyl transferases I and II and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS). Although these findings provide the rationale for further development of geranylgeranylation as a therapeutic target, more advanced studies on the efficacy of this approach in various disease models will be required to support translation to clinical studies. This article attempts to describe the advances in (and the challenges of) validation of GGDPS as a novel therapeutic target and assesses the advantages of targeting GGDPS relative to other enzymes involved in geranylgeranylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wiemer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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34
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Webster MR, Zhao M, Rudek MA, Hann CL, Freel Meyers CL. Bisphosphonamidate clodronate prodrug exhibits potent anticancer activity in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6647-56. [PMID: 21863853 DOI: 10.1021/jm200521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bisphoshonates are used clinically to treat disorders of calcium metabolism, hypercalcemia and osteoporosis, and malignant bone disease. Although these agents are commonly used in cancer patients and have potential direct anticancer effects, their use for the treatment of extraskeletal disease is limited as a result of poor cellular uptake. We have designed and synthesized bisphosphonamidate prodrugs that undergo intracellular activation to release the corresponding bisphosphonate and require only two enzymatic activation events to unmask multiple negative charges. We demonstrate efficient bisphosphonamidate activation and significant enhancement in anticancer activity of two bisphosphonamidate prodrugs in vitro compared to the parent bisphosphonate. These data suggest a novel approach to optimizing the anticancer activities of commonly used bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R Webster
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, WBSB 305, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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35
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Wasko BM, Smits JP, Shull LW, Wiemer DF, Hohl RJ. A novel bisphosphonate inhibitor of squalene synthase combined with a statin or a nitrogenous bisphosphonate in vitro. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1957-64. [PMID: 21903868 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m016089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins and nitrogenous bisphosphonates (NBP) inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase (HMGCR) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS), respectively, leading to depletion of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and disruption of protein prenylation. Squalene synthase (SQS) utilizes FPP in the first committed step from the mevalonate pathway toward cholesterol biosynthesis. Herein, we have identified novel bisphosphonates as potent and specific inhibitors of SQS, including the tetrasodium salt of 9-biphenyl-4,8-dimethyl-nona-3,7-dienyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (compound 5). Compound 5 reduced cholesterol biosynthesis and lead to a substantial intracellular accumulation of FPP without reducing cell viability in HepG2 cells. At high concentrations, lovastatin and zoledronate impaired protein prenylation and decreased cell viability, which limits their potential use for cholesterol depletion. When combined with lovastatin, compound 5 prevented lovastatin-induced FPP depletion and impairment of protein farnesylation. Compound 5 in combination with the NBP zoledronate completely prevented zoledronate-induced impairment of both protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation. Cotreatment of cells with compound 5 and either lovastatin or zoledronate was able to significantly prevent the reduction of cell viability caused by lovastatin or zoledronate alone. The combination of an SQS inhibitor with an HMGCR or FDPS inhibitor provides a rational approach for reducing cholesterol synthesis while preventing nonsterol isoprenoid depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Wasko
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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36
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Lee JY, Lee JH, Jeong KW, Lee EJ, Kim YM. Flavonoid Inhibitors of β-Ketoacyl Acyl Carrier Protein Synthase III against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Jeong KW, Shin SY, Kim JK, Kim YM. Analogues of Hybrid Antimicrobial Peptide, CAMA-P2, Designed with Improved Antimicrobial and Synergistic Activities. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Placzek AT, Krzysiak AJ, Gibbs RA. Chemical Probes of Protein Prenylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415922-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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39
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Ortial S, Thompson DA, Montchamp JL. Mixed 1,1-Bisphosphorus Compounds: Synthesis, Alkylation, and Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons Olefination Reactions. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8166-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101814w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ortial
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Dane A. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Montchamp
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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40
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Geranylgeranyl diphosphate depletion inhibits breast cancer cell migration. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:912-20. [PMID: 20480384 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibition, and therefore geranylgeranyl diphosphate depletion, interferes with breast cancer cell migration. Digeranyl bisphosphonate is a specific geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitor. We demonstrate that digeranyl bisphosphonate depleted geranylgeranyl diphosphate and inhibited protein geranylgeranylation in MDA-MB-231 cells. Similar to GGTI-286, a GGTase I inhibitor, digeranyl bisphosphate significantly inhibited migration of MDA-MB-231 cells as measured by transwell assay. Similarly, digeranyl bisphosphonate reduced motility of MDA-MB-231 cells in a time-dependent manner as measured by large scale digital cell analysis system microscopy. Digeranyl bisphosphonate was mildly toxic and did not induce apoptosis. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with digeranyl bisphosphonate decreased membrane while it increased cytosolic RhoA localization. In addition, digeranyl bisphosphonate increased RhoA GTP binding in MDA-MB-231 cells. The specificity of geranylgeranyl diphosphonate synthase inhibition by digeranyl bisphosphonate was confirmed by exogenous addition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate addition prevented the effects of digeranyl bisphosphonate on migration, RhoA localization, and GTP binding to RhoA in MDA-MB-231 cells. These studies suggest that geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors are a novel approach to interfere with cancer cell migration.
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Zhang Y, Cao R, Yin F, Lin FY, Wang H, Krysiak K, No JH, Mukkamala D, Houlihan K, Li J, Morita CT, Oldfield E. Lipophilic pyridinium bisphosphonates: potent gammadelta T cell stimulators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1136-8. [PMID: 20039246 PMCID: PMC2819003 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Zhang Y, Cao R, Yin F, Lin FY, Wang H, Krysiak K, No JH, Mukkamala D, Houlihan K, Li J, Morita C, Oldfield E. Lipophilic Pyridinium Bisphosphonates: Potent γδ T Cell Stimulators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Novel E. coli beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III inhibitors as targeted antibiotics. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1506-13. [PMID: 19185501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) III is a condensing enzyme that initiates fatty acid biosynthesis in most bacteria. We determined three pharmacophore maps from receptor-oriented pharmacophore-based in silico screening of the X-ray structure of Escherichia coli KAS III (ecKAS III) and choose 16 compounds as candidate ecKAS III inhibitors. Binding inhibitors were characterized using saturation-transfer difference NMR spectroscopy (STD-NMR), and binding constants were determined with fluorescence quenching experiments. Based on the results, we propose that the antimicrobial compound, 4-cyclohexyliminomethyl-benzene-1,3-diol (YKAs3003), is a potent inhibitor of pathogenic KAS III, displaying minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range 128-256 microg/mL against various bacteria.
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Tong H, Wiemer AJ, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Quantitative determination of farnesyl and geranylgeranyl diphosphate levels in mammalian tissue. Anal Biochem 2008; 378:138-43. [PMID: 18457649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) are branch point intermediates of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis, such as the statins and bisphosphonates, are widely used therapeutic agents. However, little is known about the degree to which they alter levels of upstream and downstream isoprenoids, including FPP and GGPP. Therefore, we developed a method to isolate and quantify FPP and GGPP from mammalian tissues. Tissues from mice were collected, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 degrees C. FPP and GGPP were isolated by a combined homogenization and extraction procedure and were purified with a C18 solid phase extraction column. Farnesyl protein transferase (FTase) or geranylgeranyl protein transferase I (GGTase I) were used to conjugate FPP and GGPP with fluorescent dansylated peptides. FPP and GGPP were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The respective concentrations of FPP and GGPP are as follows: 0.355+/-0.030 and 0.827+/-0.082 units of nmol/g wet tissues in brain, 0.320+/-0.019 and 0.293+/-0.035 units of nmol/g wet tissues in kidney, 0.326+/-0.064 and 0.213+/-0.029 units of nmol/g wet tissues in liver, and 0.364+/-0.015 and 0.349+/-0.023 units of nmol/g wet tissues in heart (means+/-SEM). This method allows for determination of FPP and GGPP concentrations in any tissue type and is sensitive enough to detect changes following treatment with inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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