1
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Kothapalli Y, Jones RA, Chu CK, Singh US. Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides/Nucleotides and Their Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2390. [PMID: 38792251 PMCID: PMC11124531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The FDA has approved several drugs based on the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and numerous drugs are currently in clinical trials. Fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides offer significant antiviral and anticancer activity. The insertion of a fluorine atom, either in the base or sugar of nucleos(t)ides, alters its electronic and steric parameters and transforms the lipophilicity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of these moieties. The fluorine atom restricts the oxidative metabolism of drugs and provides enzymatic metabolic stability towards the glycosidic bond of the nucleos(t)ide. The incorporation of fluorine also demonstrates additional hydrogen bonding interactions in receptors with enhanced biological profiles. The present article discusses the synthetic methodology and antiviral activities of FDA-approved drugs and ongoing fluoro-containing nucleos(t)ide drug candidates in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
| | - Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
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2
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Choi SM, Nam YE, An YJ, Choi ER, Park H, Schinazi RF, Cho JH. Direct Synthesis of Aryloxy Phosphonamidate Nucleotide Prodrugs Using the Cross Metathesis Assisted by Ultrasonic Irradiation. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38381649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A direct synthetic strategy of aryloxy phosphonamidate nucleotide prodrugs (A, G, C, and U) was developed with the CM reaction assisted by ultrasonic irradiation and partitioned addition of 12 mol % of Hoveyda-Grubbs (H-G) II catalyst in 61-82% yields as a mixture of E-/Z-isomers (∼2:1) from aryloxy vinylphosponamidate and 5'-vinyl nucleoside moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Myeong Choi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Ye Eun Nam
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Yeon Jin An
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Eun Rang Choi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Hyejin Park
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
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3
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Bivacqua R, Barreca M, Spanò V, Raimondi MV, Romeo I, Alcaro S, Andrei G, Barraja P, Montalbano A. Insight into non-nucleoside triazole-based systems as viral polymerases inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115136. [PMID: 36708678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have been recognized as the etiological agents responsible for many pathological conditions ranging from asymptomatic infections to serious diseases, even leading to death. For this reason, many efforts have been made to identify selective viral targets with the aim of developing efficient therapeutic strategies, devoid of drug-resistance issues. Considering their crucial role in the viral life cycle, polymerases are very attractive targets. Among the classes of compounds explored as viral polymerases inhibitors, here we present an overview of non-nucleoside triazole-based compounds identified in the last fifteen years. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the different chemical entities are described in order to highlight the key chemical features required for the development of effective antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bivacqua
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marilia Barreca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Isabella Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science srl, Academic Spinoff, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Net4Science srl, Academic Spinoff, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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4
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Guenther DC, Mori S, Matsuda S, Gilbert JA, Willoughby JLS, Hyde S, Bisbe A, Jiang Y, Agarwal S, Madaoui M, Janas MM, Charisse K, Maier MA, Egli M, Manoharan M. Role of a "Magic" Methyl: 2'-Deoxy-2'-α-F-2'-β- C-methyl Pyrimidine Nucleotides Modulate RNA Interference Activity through Synergy with 5'-Phosphate Mimics and Mitigation of Off-Target Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14517-14534. [PMID: 35921401 PMCID: PMC9389587 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Although 2′-deoxy-2′-α-F-2′-β-C-methyl (2′-F/Me) uridine nucleoside derivatives
are a successful class of antiviral drugs, this modification had not
been studied in oligonucleotides. Herein, we demonstrate the facile
synthesis of 2′-F/Me-modified pyrimidine phosphoramidites and
their subsequent incorporation into oligonucleotides. Despite the
C3′-endo preorganization of the parent nucleoside,
a single incorporation into RNA or DNA resulted in significant thermal
destabilization of a duplex due to unfavorable enthalpy, likely resulting
from steric effects. When located at the terminus of an oligonucleotide,
the 2′-F/Me modification imparted more resistance to degradation
than the corresponding 2′-fluoro nucleotides. Small interfering
RNAs (siRNAs) modified at certain positions with 2′-F/Me had
similar or better silencing activity than the parent siRNAs when delivered
via a lipid nanoparticle formulation or as a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine conjugate in cells and in mice. Modification
in the seed region of the antisense strand at position 6 or 7 resulted
in an activity equivalent to the parent in mice. Additionally, placement
of the antisense strand at position 7 mitigated seed-based off-target
effects in cell-based assays. When the 2′-F/Me modification
was combined with 5′-vinyl phosphonate, both E and Z isomers had silencing activity comparable
to the parent. In combination with other 2′-modifications such
as 2′-O-methyl, the Z isomer
is detrimental to silencing activity. Presumably, the equivalence
of 5′-vinyl phosphonate isomers in the context of 2′-F/Me
is driven by the steric and conformational features of the C-methyl-containing sugar ring. These data indicate that
2′-F/Me nucleotides are promising tools for nucleic acid-based
therapeutic applications to increase potency, duration, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale C Guenther
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shohei Mori
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shigeo Matsuda
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jason A Gilbert
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Sarah Hyde
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anna Bisbe
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yongfeng Jiang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mimouna Madaoui
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maja M Janas
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Klaus Charisse
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin A Maier
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Muthiah Manoharan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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5
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A Cyclic Phosphoramidate Prodrug of 2'-Deoxy-2'-Fluoro-2'- C-Methylguanosine for the Treatment of Dengue Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00654-20. [PMID: 32958712 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00654-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monophosphate prodrug analogs of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylguanosine have been reported as potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. These prodrugs also display potent anti-dengue virus activities in cellular assays although their prodrug moieties were designed to produce high levels of triphosphate in the liver. Since peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are among the major targets of dengue virus, different prodrug moieties were designed to effectively deliver 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylguanosine monophosphate prodrugs and their corresponding triphosphates into PBMCs after oral administration. We identified a cyclic phosphoramidate, prodrug 17, demonstrating well-balanced anti-dengue virus cellular activity and in vitro stability profiles. We further determined the PBMC concentration of active triphosphate needed to inhibit virus replication by 50% (TP50). Compound 17 was assessed in an AG129 mouse model and demonstrated 1.6- and 2.2-log viremia reductions at 100 and 300 mg/kg twice a day (BID), respectively. At 100 mg/kg BID, the terminal triphosphate concentration in PBMCs exceeded the TP50 value, demonstrating TP50 as the target exposure for efficacy. In dogs, oral administration of compound 17 resulted in high PBMC triphosphate levels, exceeding the TP50 at 10 mg/kg. Unfortunately, 2-week dog toxicity studies at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day showed that "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) could not be achieved due to pulmonary inflammation and hemorrhage. The preclinical safety results suspended further development of compound 17. Nevertheless, present work has proven the concept that an efficacious monophosphate nucleoside prodrug could be developed for the potential treatment of dengue virus infection.
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6
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Wang G, Dyatkina N, Prhavc M, Williams C, Serebryany V, Hu Y, Huang Y, Wu X, Chen T, Huang W, Rajwanshi VK, Deval J, Fung A, Jin Z, Stoycheva A, Shaw K, Gupta K, Tam Y, Jekle A, Smith DB, Beigelman L. Synthesis and Anti-HCV Activity of Sugar-Modified Guanosine Analogues: Discovery of AL-611 as an HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10380-10395. [PMID: 32816483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a major liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus. The current standard of care for CHC can achieve cure rates above 95%; however, the drugs in current use are administered for a period of 8-16 weeks. A combination of safe and effective drugs with a shorter treatment period is highly desirable. We report synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 2',3'- and 2',4'-substituted guanosine nucleotide analogues. Their triphosphates exhibited potent inhibition of the HCV NS5B polymerase with IC50 as low as 0.13 μM. In the HCV replicon assay, the phosphoramidate prodrugs of these analogues demonstrated excellent activity with EC50 values as low as 5 nM. A lead compound AL-611 showed high levels of the nucleoside 5'-triphosphate in vitro in primary human hepatocytes and in vivo in dog liver following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Wang
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Natalia Dyatkina
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marija Prhavc
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Caroline Williams
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vladimir Serebryany
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yujian Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Tongqian Chen
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Huang
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Vivek K Rajwanshi
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jerome Deval
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Antitsa Stoycheva
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kenneth Shaw
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kusum Gupta
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuen Tam
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andreas Jekle
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David B Smith
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leonid Beigelman
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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7
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Lorke DE, Stegmeier-Petroianu A, Petroianu GA. Biologic activity of cyclic and caged phosphates: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:13-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich E. Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine; Florida International University; Miami Florida USA
| | - Anka Stegmeier-Petroianu
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; D-68167 Mannheim Germany
| | - Georg A. Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine; Florida International University; Miami Florida USA
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8
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Jonckers THM, Tahri A, Vijgen L, Berke JM, Lachau-Durand S, Stoops B, Snoeys J, Leclercq L, Tambuyzer L, Lin TI, Simmen K, Raboisson P. Discovery of 1-((2R,4aR,6R,7R,7aR)-2-Isopropoxy-2-oxidodihydro-4H,6H-spiro[furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-7,2'-oxetan]-6-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (JNJ-54257099), a 3'-5'-Cyclic Phosphate Ester Prodrug of 2'-Deoxy-2'-Spirooxetane Uridine Triphosphate Useful for HCV Inhibition. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5790-8. [PMID: 27181575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
JNJ-54257099 (9) is a novel cyclic phosphate ester derivative that belongs to the class of 2'-deoxy-2'-spirooxetane uridine nucleotide prodrugs which are known as inhibitors of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In the Huh-7 HCV genotype (GT) 1b replicon-containing cell line 9 is devoid of any anti-HCV activity, an observation attributable to inefficient prodrug metabolism which was found to be CYP3A4-dependent. In contrast, in vitro incubation of 9 in primary human hepatocytes as well as pharmacokinetic evaluation thereof in different preclinical species reveals the formation of substantial levels of 2'-deoxy-2'-spirooxetane uridine triphosphate (8), a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS5B polymerase. Overall, it was found that 9 displays a superior profile compared to its phosphoramidate prodrug analogues (e.g., 4) described previously. Of particular interest is the in vivo dose dependent reduction of HCV RNA observed in HCV infected (GT1a and GT3a) human hepatocyte chimeric mice after 7 days of oral administration of 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim H M Jonckers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Abdellah Tahri
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Leen Vijgen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Martin Berke
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lachau-Durand
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lotke Tambuyzer
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tse-I Lin
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kenny Simmen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Infectious Diseases - Diagnostics BVBA , Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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9
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Řlepokura KA. Purine 3':5'-cyclic nucleotides with the nucleobase in a syn orientation: cAMP, cGMP and cIMP. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2016; 72:465-79. [PMID: 27256694 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229616006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purine 3':5'-cyclic nucleotides are very well known for their role as the secondary messengers in hormone action and cellular signal transduction. Nonetheless, their solid-state conformational details still require investigation. Five crystals containing purine 3':5'-cyclic nucleotides have been obtained and structurally characterized, namely adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate dihydrate, C10H12N5O6P·2H2O or cAMP·2H2O, (I), adenosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate 0.3-hydrate, C10H12N5O6P·0.3H2O or cAMP·0.3H2O, (II), guanosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate pentahydrate, C10H12N5O7P·5H2O or cGMP·5H2O, (III), sodium guanosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate tetrahydrate, Na(+)·C10H11N5O7P(-)·4H2O or Na(cGMP)·4H2O, (IV), and sodium inosine 3':5'-cyclic phosphate tetrahydrate, Na(+)·C10H10N4O7P(-)·4H2O or Na(cIMP)·4H2O, (V). Most of the cyclic nucleotide zwitterions/anions [two from four cAMP present in total in (I) and (II), cGMP in (III), cGMP(-) in (IV) and cIMP(-) in (V)] are syn conformers about the N-glycosidic bond, and this nucleobase arrangement is accompanied by Crib-H...Npur hydrogen bonds (rib = ribose and pur = purine). The base orientation is tuned by the ribose pucker. An analysis of data obtained from the Cambridge Structural Database made in the context of syn-anti conformational preferences has revealed that among the syn conformers of various purine nucleotides, cyclic nucleotides and dinucleotides predominate significantly. The interactions stabilizing the syn conformation have been indicated. The inter-nucleotide contacts in (I)-(V) have been systematized in terms of the chemical groups involved. All five structures display three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded networks.
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10
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Vankar YD, Linker T. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of 2-C-Branched and 1,2-Annulated Carbohydrates. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Zhao C, Wang Y, Ma S. Recent advances on the synthesis of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:188-214. [PMID: 26276434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a viral liver infection considered as the major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HCV NS5B polymerase, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is essential for HCV replication, which is able to catalyze the synthesis of positive (genomic) and negative (template) strand HCV RNA, but has no functional equivalent in mammalian cells. Therefore, the NS5B polymerase has emerged as an attractive target for the development of specifically targeted antiviral therapy for HCV (DAA, for direct-acting antivirals). Recently, a growing number of compounds have been reported as the NS5B polymerase inhibitors, some of which especially have been licensed in clinical trials. This review describes recent advances on the synthesis of the NS5B polymerase inhibitors, focusing on the merits and demerits of their synthetic methods. In particular, inspiration from the synthesis and the future direction of the NS5B polymerase inhibitors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yinhu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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12
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Kirschberg TA, Mish MR, Zhang L, Squires NH, Wang KY, Cho A, Feng JY, Fenaux M, Babusis D, Park Y, Ray AS, Kim CU. Synthesis and characterization of 1'-C-cyano-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl pyrimidine nucleosides as HCV polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1040-3. [PMID: 25650256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of 1'-C-CN, 2'-F, 2'-C-Me pyrimidines is described. Anti-HCV activity was assessed and compared to the 1'-C-CN, 2'-C-Me as well as the 2'-F, 2'-C-Me pyrimidines. A phosphoramidate prodrug of the cytidine derivative showed activity in the low micromolar range against HCV replicons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R Mish
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Neil H Squires
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Ke-Yu Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Yeojin Park
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Choung U Kim
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
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13
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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14
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Sontakke VA, Shinde VS, Lönnberg H, Ora M. Synthesis and Stability of Nucleoside 3′,5′-Cyclic Phosphate Triesters Masked with Enzymatically and Thermally Labile Phosphate Protecting Groups. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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16
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Dang Q, Zhang Z, Chen T, Tang B, He X, He S, Song Y, Bogen S, Girijavallabhan V, Olsen DB, Meinke PT. Syntheses of 1′,2′-cyclopentyl nucleosides as potential antiviral agents. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Dang Q, Zhang Z, Tang B, Song Y, Wu L, Chen T, Bogen S, Girijavallabhan V, Olsen DB, Meinke PT. Syntheses of nucleosides with 2′-spirolactam and 2′-spiropyrrolidine moieties as potential inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Wang C, Ma X, Zhang J, Tang Q, Jiao W, Shao H. Methanesulfonic-Acid-Catalysed Ring Opening and Glycosylation of 1,2-(Acetylcyclopropane)-AnnulatedD-Lyxofuranose. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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De Clercq E. Current race in the development of DAAs (direct-acting antivirals) against HCV. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:441-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Sofia MJ. Beyond sofosbuvir: what opportunity exists for a better nucleoside/nucleotide to treat hepatitis C? Antiviral Res 2014; 107:119-24. [PMID: 24792751 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sofosbuvir is a liver-targeting uridine nucleotide prodrug inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase recently approved by the FDA and EU regulators for treatment of patients infected with genotype 1, 2, 3 and 4 virus. The request for regulatory approval of the fixed-dose combination containing sofosbuvir and the NS5A inhibitor ledipasvir is also under review. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that sofosbuvir is effective, safe and well tolerated. Review of sofosbuvir's preclinical and clinical profile reveals a drug that has the potential to become the backbone of standard of care. Pursuit of a next generation nucleos(t)ide HCV inhibitor that could compete with sofosbuvir would need to address whatever limitations sofosbuvir exhibits. These include reduced efficacy in genotype 3 patients and use in severe renally impaired patients or those patients currently on drugs that are inducers of P-glycoprotein. However, it has been shown that reduced efficacy in genotype 3 is largely eliminated when sofosbuvir is combined with another oral DAA. Next-generation inhibitors would also benefit by enabling a reduced duration of therapy and an orthogonal resistance profile. The more recent group of nucleos(t)ides in clinical development maintains similarities to sofosbuvir, in that they are uridine nucleotide prodrugs. The question therefore remains whether these new agents will be sufficiently differentiated from sofosbuvir to provide any additional benefit to patients. This paper forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Hepatitis C: next steps toward global eradication."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sofia
- OnCore Biopharma, Inc., 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States; The Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
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21
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Efficiency of incorporation and chain termination determines the inhibition potency of 2'-modified nucleotide analogs against hepatitis C virus polymerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3636-45. [PMID: 24733478 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02666-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide analog inhibitors of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus (HCV) represent one of the most exciting recent developments in HCV antiviral therapy. Although it is well established that these molecules cause chain termination by competing at the triphosphate level with natural nucleotides for incorporation into elongating RNA, strategies to rationally optimize antiviral potency based on enzyme kinetics remain elusive. In this study, we used the isolated HCV polymerase elongation complex to determine the pre-steady-state kinetics of incorporation of 2'F-2'C-Me-UTP, the active metabolite of the anti-HCV drug sofosbuvir. 2'F-2'C-Me-UTP was efficiently incorporated by HCV polymerase with apparent Kd (equilibrium constant) and kpol (rate of nucleotide incorporation at saturating nucleotide concentration) values of 113 ± 28 μM and 0.67 ± 0.05 s(-1), respectively, giving an overall substrate efficiency (kpol/Kd) of 0.0059 ± 0.0015 μM(-1) s(-1). We also measured the substrate efficiency of other UTP analogs and found that substitutions at the 2' position on the ribose can greatly affect their level of incorporation, with a rank order of OH > F > NH2 > F-C-Me > C-Me > N3 > ara. However, the efficiency of chain termination following the incorporation of UMP analogs followed a different order, with only 2'F-2'C-Me-, 2'C-Me-, and 2'ara-UTP causing complete and immediate chain termination. The chain termination profile of the 2'-modified nucleotides explains the apparent lack of correlation observed across all molecules between substrate efficiency at the single-nucleotide level and their overall inhibition potency. To our knowledge, these results provide the first attempt to use pre-steady-state kinetics to uncover the mechanism of action of 2'-modified NTP analogs against HCV polymerase.
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22
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Guedj J, Pang PS, Denning J, Rodriguez-Torres M, Lawitz E, Symonds W, Perelson AS. Analysis of hepatitis C viral kinetics during administration of two nucleotide analogues: sofosbuvir (GS-7977) and GS-0938. Antivir Ther 2014; 19:211-20. [PMID: 24464551 DOI: 10.3851/imp2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sofosbuvir (GS-7977) and GS-0938 are nucleotide analogue HCV polymerase inhibitors, with sofosbuvir being a pyrimidine and GS-0938 being a purine. Mathematical modelling has provided important insights for characterizing HCV RNA decline and for estimating the in vivo effectiveness of single direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs); however it has not been used to characterize viral kinetics with combination DAA therapy. METHODS We evaluated the antiviral activity of sofosbuvir and GS-0938 given alone and in combination for 14 days in 32 HCV genotype 1 treatment-naive patients (P2938-0212; NUCLEAR study). RESULTS Viral load declined rapidly in a biphasic manner in all subjects and could be well fitted by assuming that both drugs had a similar and additive level of effectiveness in reducing viral production equal to 99.96%, on average. The model predicted that this level of effectiveness was not reached until 0.6 and 2 days for GS-0938 and sofosbuvir, respectively, and likely represents the time needed to accumulate intracellular triphosphates. Subsequently, both drugs led to a rapid second phase of viral decline with a mean rate of 0.35 d(-1). No effect of IL28B-polymorphism was found on viral kinetic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Both sofosbuvir and GS-0938 are highly effective at blocking viral production from HCV-infected cells. Both drugs led to a rapid and consistent second phase viral decline and exhibited no breakthroughs or other signs of resistance. From a kinetics perspective, because both drugs were of the same class there was little benefit in combining them, suggesting that future DAA combinations should consider utilizing drugs with different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie Guedj
- INSERM UMR 738, University Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France
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23
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Coats SJ, Garnier-Amblard EC, Amblard F, Ehteshami M, Amiralaei S, Zhang H, Zhou L, Boucle SRL, Lu X, Bondada L, Shelton JR, Li H, Liu P, Li C, Cho JH, Chavre SN, Zhou S, Mathew J, Schinazi RF. Chutes and ladders in hepatitis C nucleoside drug development. Antiviral Res 2013; 102:119-47. [PMID: 24275341 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chutes and Ladders is an exciting up-and-down-again game in which players race to be the first to the top of the board. Along the way, they will find ladders to help them advance, and chutes that will cause them to move backwards. The development of nucleoside analogs for clinical treatment of hepatitis C presents a similar scenario in which taking shortcuts may help quickly advance a program, but there is always a tremendous risk of being sent backwards as one competes for the finish line. In recent years the treatment options for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have expand due to the development of a replicon based in vitro evaluation system, allowing for the identification of multiple drugable viral targets along with a concerted and substantial drug discovery effort. Three major drug targets have reached clinical study for chronic HCV infection: the NS3/4A serine protease, the large phosphoprotein NS5A, and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Recently, two oral HCV protease inhibitors were approved by the FDA and were the first direct acting anti-HCV agents to result from the substantial research in this area. There are currently many new chemical entities from several different target classes that are being evaluated worldwide in clinical trials for their effectiveness at achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR) (Pham et al., 2004; Radkowski et al., 2005). Clearly the goal is to develop therapies leading to a cure that are safe, widely accessible and available, and effective against all HCV genotypes (GT), and all stages of the disease. Nucleoside analogs that target the HCV NS5B polymerase that have reached human clinical trials is the focus of this review as they have demonstrated significant advantages in the clinic with broader activity against the various HCV GT and a higher barrier to the development of resistant viruses when compared to all other classes of HCV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coats
- RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sheida Amiralaei
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sebastien R L Boucle
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Lavanya Bondada
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jadd R Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Chengwei Li
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Satish N Chavre
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Shaoman Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Judy Mathew
- RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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24
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Abstract
This review highlights ten "hot topics" in current antiviral research: (i) new nucleoside derivatives (i.e., PSI-352938) showing high potential as a direct antiviral against hepatitis C virus (HCV); (ii) cyclopropavir, which should be further pursued for treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections; (iii) North-methanocarbathymidine (N-MCT), with a N-locked conformation, showing promising activity against both α- and γ-herpesviruses; (iv) CMX001, an orally bioavailable prodrug of cidofovir with broad-spectrum activity against DNA viruses, including polyoma, adeno, herpes, and pox; (v) favipiravir, which is primarily pursued for the treatment of influenza virus infections, but also inhibits the replication of other RNA viruses, particularly (-)RNA viruses such as arena, bunya, and hanta; (vi) newly emerging antiarenaviral compounds which should be more effective (and less toxic) than the ubiquitously used ribavirin; (vii) antipicornavirus agents in clinical development (pleconaril, BTA-798, and V-073); (viii) natural products receiving increased attention as potential antiviral drugs; (ix) antivirals such as U0126 targeted at specific cellular kinase pathways [i.e., mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)], showing activity against influenza and other viruses; and (x) two structurally unrelated compounds (i.e., LJ-001 and dUY11) with broad-spectrum activity against virtually all enveloped RNA and DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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McGuigan C, Bourdin C, Derudas M, Hamon N, Hinsinger K, Kandil S, Madela K, Meneghesso S, Pertusati F, Serpi M, Slusarczyk M, Chamberlain S, Kolykhalov A, Vernachio J, Vanpouille C, Introini A, Margolis L, Balzarini J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphorodiamidate prodrugs of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:326-40. [PMID: 24177359 PMCID: PMC4358806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the application of the phosphorodiamidate phosphate prodrug approach to a series of thirteen nucleoside analogs with antiviral or anticancer activity. Twenty-five symmetrical phosphorodiamidates were synthesized, bearing esterified l-Alanine (and in one case d-Alanine) in the prodrug moiety, each as single stereoisomer. The presence of an achiral phosphorus represents a potential advantage over the phosphoramidate ProTide approach, where diastereoisomeric mixtures are routinely obtained, and different biological profiles may be expected from the diastereoisomers. Optimization of the synthetic pathway allowed us to identify two general methods depending on the particular nucleoside analogs. All the compounds were biologically evaluated in antiviral and anticancer assays and several showed improvement of activity compared to their parent nucleosides, as in the case of ddA, d4T, abacavir and acyclovir against HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. The biological results were supported by metabolism studies with carboxypeptidase Y monitored by 31P NMR to investigate their bioactivation. This work further validates the phosphorodiamidate approach as a monophosphate prodrug motif with broad application in the antiviral and anticancer fields. Application of diamidate approach to nucleoside analogs as potential antiviral and anticancer agents. A markedly improved antiviral activity was observed in some cases, whilst the parent nucleosides were inactive. Inhibitory effect on the proliferation of tumor cell lines was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.
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Miralles-Llumà R, Figueras A, Busqué F, Alvarez-Larena A, Balzarini J, Figueredo M, Font J, Alibés R, Maréchal JD. Synthesis, Antiviral Evaluation, and Computational Studies of Cyclobutane and CyclobuteneL-Nucleoside Analogues. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Lawitz EJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Denning J, Mathias A, Mo H, Gao B, Cornpropst MT, Berrey MM, Symonds WT. All-oral therapy with nucleotide inhibitors sofosbuvir and GS-0938 for 14 days in treatment-naive genotype 1 hepatitis C (nuclear). J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:699-707. [PMID: 24010644 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sofosbuvir and GS-0938 are distinct nucleotide analogues with activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vitro. We evaluated the antiviral activity and safety of sofosbuvir and GS-0938 alone and in combination in HCV genotype 1 patients. In this double-blind study, 40 treatment-naïve patients were randomly assigned to 4 treatment cohorts: (i) GS-0938 for 14 days, (ii) GS-0938 for 7 days followed by GS-0938 plus sofosbuvir for 7 days, (iii) sofosbuvir for 7 days followed by GS-0938 plus sofosbuvir for 7 days and (iv) GS-0938 plus sofosbuvir for 14 days. In each arm, 8 patients received active drug and 2 placebo. After 7 days of dosing, patients in all 4 dose groups experienced substantial reductions in HCV RNA, with median declines (Q1, Q3) of -4.50 (-4.66, -4.24) in Cohort 1, -4.55 (-4.97, -4.13) in Cohort 2, -4.65 (-4.78, -4.17) in Cohort 3 and -4.43 (-4.81, -4.13) in Cohort 4; patients receiving placebo had essentially no change in HCV RNA (+0.07 log(10) IU/mL). Seven days after the end of treatment, the proportions of patients with HCV RNA <15 IU/mL were 4 (50%), 8 (100%), 7 (88%) and 5 (63%) for Cohorts 1-4, respectively, vs 0 for placebo. No viral breakthrough or resistance mutations were observed. No serious adverse events or Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported. Sofosbuvir and GS-0938-alone and in combination--were well tolerated and led to substantial reductions in viral load. Sofosbuvir is undergoing further investigation as a possible backbone of an all-oral regimen for chronic HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lawitz
- Texas Liver Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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28
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Song WH, Liu MM, Zhong DW, Zhu YL, Bosscher M, Zhou L, Ye DY, Yuan ZH. Tetrazole and triazole as bioisosteres of carboxylic acid: Discovery of diketo tetrazoles and diketo triazoles as anti-HCV agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4528-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Evaluation of 2'-α-fluorine modified nucleoside phosphonates as potential inhibitors of HCV polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3354-7. [PMID: 23639543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleoside phosphonate analogues containing 2'-α-fluoro modifications were synthesized and their potency evaluated against HCV RNA polymerase. The diphosphophosphonate (triphosphate equivalent) adenine and cytidine analogues displayed potent inhibition of the HCV polymerase in the range of 1.9-2.1 μM, but only modest cell-based activity in the HCV replicon. Pro-drugs of the parent nucleoside phosphonates improved the cell-based activity.
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30
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Sofia MJ. Nucleotide prodrugs for the treatment of HCV infection. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:39-73. [PMID: 23885998 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an essential enzyme in HCV viral replication and has been a prominent target in the search for therapies to treat individuals infected with HCV. The development of both nucleoside and nucleotide HCV inhibitors has been pursued because of their potential for showing pangenotypic activity and because of their high barrier to resistance. Even though nucleoside inhibitors were shown to be effective in a clinical setting, their potency limited their effectiveness. The exploitation of prodrug strategies to deliver nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has resulted in the development of a number of very potent inhibitors of HCV replication. In addition, several of these nucleotide prodrugs have demonstrated liver-targeting characteristics when administered orally. Human clinical studies have shown that a number of nucleotide prodrugs are potent inhibitors of viral replication leading to significant reductions in viral load when given orally. Combinations of these nucleotide prodrugs with either pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin or another direct acting antiviral alone has lead to cure rates as high as 100% after only 12 weeks of therapy. The combination of a nucleotide prodrug and another direct-acting antiviral agent holds the promise of delivering an interferon-free therapy for HCV patients thus eliminating the undesirable side effects associated with taking interferon.
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31
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Leisvuori A, Ahmed Z, Ora M, Beigelman L, Blatt L, Lönnberg H. Synthesis of 3′,5′-Cyclic Phosphate and Thiophosphate Esters of 2′-C-Methyl Ribonucleosides. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Progress in the development of anti-hepatitis C virus nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:625-50. [PMID: 22458682 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapeutics continues as the current treatment, consisting of PEGylated IFN-α and ribavirin, is of limited efficacy, nonspecific and can cause significant side effects. Modified nucleoside analogues with improved efficacy and selectivity, may become the backbone of the future standard of care for anti-HCV therapies. Several families of modified nucleoside are known to inhibit HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a vital enzyme for viral replication. Ongoing efforts are focused on improvement of potency, selectivity and delivery of antiviral nucleoside analogues, with several recent promising advances into clinical trials. This review summarizes the current progress in the development of new anti-HCV nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs.
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Du J, Bao D, Chun BK, Jiang Y, Reddy PG, Zhang HR, Ross BS, Bansal S, Bao H, Espiritu C, Lam AM, Murakami E, Niu C, Micolochick Steuer HM, Furman PA, Otto MJ, Sofia MJ. β-D-2'-α-F-2'-β-C-Methyl-6-O-substituted 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleotide prodrugs as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus replication: a structure-activity relationship study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5924-9. [PMID: 22892115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 3',5'-cyclic phosphate prodrug 9-[β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methylribofuranosyl]-2-amino-6-ethoxypurine, PSI-352938 1, has demonstrated promising anti-HCV efficacy in vitro and in human clinical trials. A structure-activity relationship study of the nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate series of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methylribofuranosyl nucleoside prodrugs was undertaken and the anti-HCV activity and in vitro safety profile were assessed. Cycloalkyl 3',5'-cyclic phosphate prodrugs were shown to be significantly more potent as inhibitors of HCV replication than branched and straight chain alkyl 3',5'-cyclic phosphate prodrugs. No cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity for prodrugs 12, 13 and 19 were observed at concentrations up to 100 μm in vitro. Cycloalkyl esters of 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleotide prodrugs demonstrated the ability to produce high levels of active triphosphate in clone-A cells and primary human hepatocytes. Compounds 12, 13 and 19 also demonstrated the ability to effectively deliver in vivo high levels of active nucleoside phosphates to rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfa Du
- Pharmasset, Inc., Princeton 303A College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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34
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Metabolic activation of the anti-hepatitis C virus nucleotide prodrug PSI-352938. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3767-75. [PMID: 22526308 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00530-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PSI-352938 is a novel cyclic phosphate prodrug of β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate with potent anti-HCV activity. In order to inhibit the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, PSI-352938 must be metabolized to the active triphosphate form, PSI-352666. During in vitro incubations with PSI-352938, significantly larger amounts of PSI-352666 were formed in primary hepatocytes than in clone A hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon cells. Metabolism and biochemical assays were performed to define the molecular mechanism of PSI-352938 activation. The first step, removal of the isopropyl group on the 3',5'-cyclic phosphate moiety, was found to be cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 dependent, with other CYP isoforms unable to catalyze the reaction. The second step, opening of the cyclic phosphate ring, was catalyzed by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) 2A1, 5A, 9A, and 11A4, all known to be expressed in the liver. The role of these enzymes in the activation of PSI-352938 was confirmed in primary human hepatocytes, where prodrug activation was reduced by inhibitors of CYP3A4 and PDEs. The third step, removal of the O(6)-ethyl group on the nucleobase, was shown to be catalyzed by adenosine deaminase-like protein 1. The resulting monophosphate was consecutively phosphorylated to the diphosphate and to the triphosphate PSI-352666 by guanylate kinase 1 and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, respectively. In addition, formation of nucleoside metabolites was observed in primary hepatocytes, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase was able to dephosphorylate the monophosphate metabolites. Since CYP3A4 is highly expressed in the liver, the CYP3A4-dependent metabolism of PSI-352938 makes it an effective liver-targeted prodrug, in part accounting for the potent antiviral activity observed clinically.
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Genotype and subtype profiling of PSI-7977 as a nucleotide inhibitor of hepatitis C virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3359-68. [PMID: 22430955 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00054-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PSI-7977, a prodrug of 2'-F-2'-C-methyluridine monophosphate, is the purified diastereoisomer of PSI-7851 and is currently being investigated in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of hepatitis C. In this study, we profiled the activity of PSI-7977 and its ability to select for resistance using a number of different replicon cells. Results showed that PSI-7977 was active against genotype (GT) 1a, 1b, and 2a (strain JFH-1) replicons and chimeric replicons containing GT 2a (strain J6), 2b, and 3a NS5B polymerase. Cross-resistance studies using GT 1b replicons confirmed that the S282T change conferred resistance to PSI-7977. Subsequently, we evaluated the ability of PSI-7977 to select for resistance using GT 1a, 1b, and 2a (JFH-1) replicon cells. S282T was the common mutation selected among all three genotypes, but while it conferred resistance to PSI-7977 in GT 1a and 1b, JFH-1 GT 2a S282T showed only a very modest shift in 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) for PSI-7977. Sequence analysis of the JFH-1 NS5B region indicated that additional amino acid changes were selected both prior to and after the emergence of S282T. These include T179A, M289L, I293L, M434T, and H479P. Residues 179, 289, and 293 are located within the finger and palm domains, while 434 and 479 are located on the surface of the thumb domain. Data from the JFH-1 replicon variants showed that amino acid changes within the finger and palm domains together with S282T were required to confer resistance to PSI-7977, while the mutations on the thumb domain serve to enhance the replication capacity of the S282T replicons.
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36
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Chun BK, Du J, Zhang HR, Chang W, Ross BS, Jiang Y, Bao D, Espiritu CL, Keilman M, Steuer HMM, Furman PA, Sofia MJ. Synthesis of stable isotope labeled analogs of the anti-hepatitis C virus nucleotide prodrugs PSI-7977 and PSI-352938. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 30:886-96. [PMID: 22060553 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.614308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to support bioanalytical LC/MS method development and plasma sample analysis in preclinical and clinical studies of the anti-hepatitis C-virus nucleotides, PSI-7977 and PSI-352938, the corresponding stable isotope labeled forms were prepared. These labeled compounds were prepared by addition reaction of the freshly prepared Grignard reagent (13)CD(3)MgI to the corresponding 2 '-ketone nucleosides followed by fluorination of the resulting carbinol with DAST. As expected, these 2 '-C-(trideuterated-(13)C-methyl) nucleotide prodrugs showed similar anti-HCV activity to that of the corresponding unlabeled ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Kwon Chun
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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37
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Chen KX, Lesburg CA, Vibulbhan B, Yang W, Chan TY, Venkatraman S, Velazquez F, Zeng Q, Bennett F, Anilkumar GN, Duca J, Jiang Y, Pinto P, Wang L, Huang Y, Selyutin O, Gavalas S, Pu H, Agrawal S, Feld B, Huang HC, Li C, Cheng KC, Shih NY, Kozlowski JA, Rosenblum SB, Njoroge FG. A novel class of highly potent irreversible hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2089-101. [PMID: 22247956 DOI: 10.1021/jm201322r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from indole-based C-3 pyridone HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor 2, structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations of the indole N-1 benzyl moiety were performed. This study led to the discovery of irreversible inhibitors with p-fluoro-sulfone- or p-fluoro-nitro-substituted N-1 benzyl groups which achieved breakthrough replicon assay potency (EC(50) = 1 nM). The formation of a covalent bond with adjacent cysteine-366 thiol was was proved by mass spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure studies. The C-5 ethyl C-2 carboxylic acid derivative 47 had an excellent oral area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 18 μM·h (10 mg/kg). Its oral exposure in monkeys and dogs was also very good. The NMR ALARM assay, mass spectroscopy experiments, in vitro counter screening, and toxicology assays demonstrated that the covalent bond formation between compound 47 and the protein was highly selective and specific. The overall excellent profile of 47 made it an interesting candidate for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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Sofia MJ, Chang W, Furman PA, Mosley RT, Ross BS. Nucleoside, nucleotide, and non-nucleoside inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2481-531. [PMID: 22185586 DOI: 10.1021/jm201384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sofia
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States.
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39
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Chen KX, Vibulbhan B, Yang W, Sannigrahi M, Velazquez F, Chan TY, Venkatraman S, Anilkumar GN, Zeng Q, Bennet F, Jiang Y, Lesburg CA, Duca J, Pinto P, Gavalas S, Huang Y, Wu W, Selyutin O, Agrawal S, Feld B, Huang HC, Li C, Cheng KC, Shih NY, Kozlowski JA, Rosenblum SB, Njoroge FG. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) development and discovery of potent indole-based inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:754-65. [PMID: 22148957 DOI: 10.1021/jm201258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Starting with the indole-based C-3 pyridone lead HCV polymerase inhibitor 2, extensive SAR studies were performed at different positions of the indole core. The best C-5 groups were found to be compact and nonpolar moieties and that the C-6 attachments were not affecting potency. Limited N-1 benzyl-type substituent studies indicated that the best substitutions were fluoro or methyl groups at 2' or 5' positions of the benzyl group. To improve pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, acylsulfonamides were incorporated as acid isosteres at the C-2 position. Further optimization of the combination at N-1, C-2, C-5, and C-6 resulted in the identification of compound 56, which had an excellent potency in both NS5B enzyme (IC(50) = 0.008 μM) and cell-based replicon (EC(50) = 0.02 μM) assays and a good oral PK profile with area-under-the curve (AUC) of 14 and 8 μM·h in rats and dogs, respectively. X-ray structure of inhibitor 56 bound to the enzyme was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States.
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40
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Abstract
HCV infection is a significant worldwide health problem and is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current standard of care, interferon and ribavirin, is only effective against a proportion of the patient population infected with HCV. To address the shortcomings of existing therapy, the development of direct acting antiviral agents is under investigation. The HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase is an essential enzyme for viral replication and is therefore a logical target against which to develop novel anti-HCV agents. Nucleosides have been shown to be effective as antiviral agents for other viral diseases and therefore, have been investigated as inhibitors of HCV replication. The development of prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has been pursued to address limitations associated with poor nucleoside phosphorylation. This is required to produce the nucleoside 5'-triphosphate which is the anabolite that is the actual inhibitor of the polymerase enzyme. Prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates have been developed that enable their delivery into cells and in vivo into the liver. The implementation of these prodrug strategies has ultimately led to the identification of several prodrugs of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates that are potent inhibitors of HCV replication in vitro. They have progressed into the clinic and the early data demonstrate greatly reduced viral load levels in HCV-infected patients. This review will survey the state of nucleotide prodrugs for the treatment of HCV.
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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42
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Murakami E, Bao H, Mosley RT, Du J, Sofia MJ, Furman PA. Adenosine deaminase-like protein 1 (ADAL1): characterization and substrate specificity in the hydrolysis of N(6)- or O(6)-substituted purine or 2-aminopurine nucleoside monophosphates. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5902-14. [PMID: 21755941 DOI: 10.1021/jm200650j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human N(6)-methyl-AMP/dAMP aminohydrolase has been shown to be involved in metabolism of pharmacologically important N(6)-substituted purine nucleosides and 5'-monophosphate prodrugs thereof. This enzyme was cloned and expressed in E. coli, and mass spectroscopic analysis followed by amino acid sequence analyses indicated that the protein was adenosine deaminase-like protein isoform 1 (ADAL1). An extensive structure-activity relationship study showed that ADAL1 was able to catalyze removal of different alkyl groups not only from N(6)-substituted purine or 2-aminopurine nucleoside monophosphates but also from O(6)-substituted compounds. The ADAL1 activity was susceptible to modifications in the phosphate moiety but not to changes in the sugar moiety. Overall, our data indicated that ADAL1 specifically acts at the 6-position of purine and 2-aminopurine nucleoside monophosphates. Our results may help designing of new therapeutic nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs with desired metabolic profiles. Furthermore, amino acid sequence analysis in conjunction with crystallographic data and metal analysis suggested that ADAL1 contains a catalytic zinc ion. Finally, a potential physiological role of ADAL1 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Murakami
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
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43
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Reddy PG, Chun BK, Zhang HR, Rachakonda S, Ross BS, Sofia MJ. Stereoselective Synthesis of PSI-352938: A β-d-2′-Deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-C-methyl-3′,5′-cyclic Phosphate Nucleotide Prodrug for the Treatment of HCV. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3782-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200060f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ganapati Reddy
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Byoung-Kwon Chun
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hai-Ren Zhang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Suguna Rachakonda
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Bruce S. Ross
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Michael J. Sofia
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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44
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Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replicon RNA synthesis by PSI-352938, a cyclic phosphate prodrug of β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methylguanosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2566-75. [PMID: 21444700 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00032-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PSI-352938 is a novel cyclic phosphate prodrug of β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate that has potent activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vitro. The studies described here characterize the in vitro anti-HCV activity of PSI-352938, alone and in combination with other inhibitors of HCV, and the cross-resistance profile of PSI-352938. The effective concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition for PSI-352938, determined using genotype 1a-, 1b-, and 2a-derived replicons stably expressed in the Lunet cell line, were 0.20, 0.13, and 0.14 μM, respectively. The active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, PSI-352666, inhibited recombinant NS5B polymerase from genotypes 1 to 4 with comparable 50% inhibitory concentrations. In contrast, PSI-352938 did not inhibit the replication of hepatitis B virus or human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. PSI-352666 did not significantly affect the activity of human DNA and RNA polymerases. PSI-352938 and its cyclic phosphate metabolites did not affect the cyclic GMP-mediated activation of protein kinase G. Clearance studies using replicon cells demonstrated that PSI-352938 cleared cells of HCV replicon RNA and prevented replicon rebound. An additive to synergistic effect was observed when PSI-352938 was combined with other classes of HCV inhibitors, including alpha interferon, ribavirin, NS3/4A inhibitors, an NS5A inhibitor, and nucleoside/nucleotide and nonnucleoside inhibitors. Cross-resistance studies showed that PSI-352938 remained fully active against replicons containing the S282T or the S96T/N142T amino acid alteration. Replicons that contain mutations conferring resistance to various classes of nonnucleoside inhibitors also remained sensitive to inhibition by PSI-352938. PSI-352938 is currently being evaluated in a phase I clinical study in genotype 1-infected individuals.
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