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Shi X, Li X, He X, Zhang D, Quan C, Xiu Z, Dong Y. Chemical Epigenetic Regulation Secondary Metabolites Derived from Aspergillus sydowii DL1045 with Inhibitory Activities for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Molecules 2024; 29:670. [PMID: 38338416 PMCID: PMC10856041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are ubiquitous in living organisms and are promising drug targets for cancer, diabetes/obesity, and autoimmune disorders. In this study, a histone deacetylase inhibitor called suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) was added to a culture of marine fungi (Aspergillus sydowii DL1045) to identify potential drug candidates related to PTP inhibition. Then, the profile of the induced metabolites was characterized using an integrated metabolomics strategy. In total, 46% of the total SMs were regulated secondary metabolites (SMs), among which 20 newly biosynthesized metabolites (10% of the total SMs) were identified only in chemical epigenetic regulation (CER) broth. One was identified as a novel compound, and fourteen compounds were identified from Aspergillus sydowii first. SAHA derivatives were also biotransformed by A. sydowii DL1045, and five of these derivatives were identified. Based on the bioassay, some of the newly synthesized metabolites exhibited inhibitory effects on PTPs. The novel compound sydowimide A (A11) inhibited Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP1), T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) and leukocyte common antigen (CD45), with IC50 values of 1.5, 2.4 and 18.83 μM, respectively. Diorcinol (A3) displayed the strongest inhibitory effect on SHP1, with an IC50 value of 0.96 μM. The structure-activity relationship analysis and docking studies of A3 analogs indicated that the substitution of the carboxyl group reduced the activity of A3. Research has demonstrated that CER positively impacts changes in the secondary metabolic patterns of A. sydowii DL1045. The compounds produced through this approach will provide valuable insights for the creation and advancement of novel drug candidates related to PTP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Xia Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Xiaoshi He
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Danyang Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Chunshan Quan
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China;
| | - Zhilong Xiu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yuesheng Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (Z.X.)
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Seonu SY, Kim MJ, Yin J, Lee MW. Alnus sibirica Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Proliferative, Apoptosis-Inducing, and GSTP1 Demethylating Effects on Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133830. [PMID: 34201712 PMCID: PMC8270241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alnus sibirica (AS) is distributed in Korea, Japan, China, and Russia and has reported anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and reducing activities on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, along with other beneficial health properties. In the present study, we tried to prove the cancer-preventive activity against prostate cancer. The extracted and isolated compounds, oregonin (1), hirsutenone (2), and hirsutanonol (3), which were isolated from AS, were tested for anti-proliferative activity. To do this, we used the MTT assay; NF-κB inhibitory activity, using Western blotting; apoptosis-inducing activity using flow cytometry; DNA methylation activity, using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (PC-3) prostate cancer cell lines. The compounds (1–3) showed potent anti-proliferative activity against both prostate cancer cell lines. Hirsutenone (2) exhibited the strongest NF-κB inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities compared with oregonin (1) and hirsutanonol (3). DNA methylation activity, which was assessed for hirsutenone (2), revealed a concentration-dependent enhancement of the unmethylated DNA content and a reduction in the methylated DNA content in both PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Overall, these findings suggest that hirsutenone (2), when isolated from AS, may be a potential agent for preventing the development or progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Min-Won Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5602; Fax: +82-2-822-7338
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3
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Kang KB, Woo S, Ernst M, van der Hooft JJJ, Nothias LF, da Silva RR, Dorrestein PC, Sung SH, Lee M. Assessing specialized metabolite diversity of Alnus species by a digitized LC-MS/MS data analysis workflow. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 173:112292. [PMID: 32062198 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alnus spp. (Betulaceae) have been used for treatments of hemorrhage, burn injuries, antipyretic fever, diarrhea, and alcoholism in traditional medicines. In this study, a digitized LC-MS/MS data analysis workflow was applied to provide an overview on chemical diversity of 15 Alnus extracts prepared from bark, twigs, leaves, and fruits of A. japonica, A. firma, A. hirsuta, and A. hirsuta var. sibirica. Most of the MS/MS spectra could be putatively annotated based on library matching, in silico fragmentation, and substructural topic modeling. The putative annotation allowed us to discriminate the extracts into three chemotypes based on dominant chemical scaffolds: diarylheptanoids, flavonoids or tannins. This high-throughput chemical annotation was correlated with α-glucosidase inhibition data of extracts, and it allowed us to identify gallic acid as the major active compound of A. firma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Bin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Sunmin Woo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Madeleine Ernst
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Newborn Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Justin J J van der Hooft
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Bioinformatics Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo R da Silva
- NPPNS, Physic and Chemistry Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea.
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Inhibitory Effects on NO Production and DPPH Radicals and NBT Superoxide Activities of Diarylheptanoid Isolated from Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Ehthanolic Extract of Alnus sibirica. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101938. [PMID: 31137531 PMCID: PMC6572109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alnus sibirica (AS) is geographically distributed in Korea, Japan, Northeast China, and Russia. Various anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-atopic dermatitis and anti-cancer biological effects of AS have been reported. Enzymatic hydrolysis decomposes the sugar bond attached to glycoside into aglycone which, generally, has a superior biological activity, compared to glycoside. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the extract (EAS) from AS was processed and the isolated compounds were investigated—hirsutanonol (1), hirsutenone (2), rubranol (3), and muricarpon B (4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated, and the biological activities were assessed. The ability of EAS and the compounds (1–4) to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) superoxide, and to inhibit NO production was evaluated in vitro. EAS showed more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity than AS. All investigated compounds showed excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Ganapathy G, Preethi R, Moses J, Anandharamakrishnan C. Diarylheptanoids as nutraceutical: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 19:101109. [PMID: 32288931 PMCID: PMC7102868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are naturally occurring compounds present ubiquitously in plants. They have potential health benefits and substantiate evidence for their nutraceutical applications. Diarylheptanoids are part of the broad class of plant phenolics with structurally divergent compounds. They have been used in traditional medicines and homemade remedies to treat various ailments, as organoleptic additives in foods, and also for aesthetic purposes. With their potential therapeutic and organoleptic characteristics, diarylhepatanoids can be rightly termed as nutraceuticals. This review summarizes the wide range of pharmacological activities of diarylhepatanoids and nutraceutical formulations, with relevance to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ganapathy
- Computational modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur 613005, India
| | - R. Preethi
- Computational modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur 613005, India
| | - J.A. Moses
- Computational modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur 613005, India
| | - C. Anandharamakrishnan
- Computational modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur 613005, India
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Du D, Gu H, Djukovic D, Bettcher L, Gong M, Zheng W, Hu L, Zhang X, Zhang R, Wang D, Raftery D. Multiplatform Metabolomics Investigation of Antiadipogenic Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by a Potent Diarylheptanoid. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2092-2101. [PMID: 29688022 PMCID: PMC6289581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is fast becoming a serious health problem worldwide. Of the many possible antiobesity strategies, one interesting approach focuses on blocking adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation to counteract the rise in fat storage. However, there is currently no drug available for the treatment of obesity that works by inhibiting adipocyte differentiation. Here we use a broad-based metabolomics approach to interrogate and better understand metabolic changes that occur during adipocyte differentiation. In particular, we focus on changes induced by the antiadipogenic diarylheptanoid, which was isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine Dioscorea zingiberensis and identified as (3 R,5 R)-3,5-dihydroxy-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptane (1). Targeted aqueous metabolic profiling indicated that a total of 14 metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, and purine catabolism participate in regulating energy metabolism, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in adipocyte differentiation and can be modulated by diarylheptanoid 1. As indicated by lipidomics analysis, diarylheptanoid 1 restored the quantity and degree of unsaturation of long-chain free fatty acids and restored the levels of 171 lipids mainly from 10 lipid classes in adipocytes. In addition, carbohydrate metabolism in diarylheptanoid-1-treated adipocytes further demonstrated the delayed differentiation process by flux analysis. Our results provide valuable information for further understanding the metabolic adjustment in adipocytes subjected to diarylheptanoid 1 treatment. Moreover, this study offers new insight into developing antiadipogenic leading compounds based on metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Du
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Haiwei Gu
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lisa Bettcher
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Meng Gong
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Liqiang Hu
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Renke Zhang
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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7
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Choi SI, Lee JS, Lee S, Lee JH, Yang HS, Yeo J, Kim JY, Lee BY, Kang IJ, Lee OH. Radical scavenging-linked anti-adipogenic activity of Alnus firma extracts. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:119-128. [PMID: 29115568 PMCID: PMC5746329 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and anti-adipogenic effect of extracts from Alnus firma (A. firma), which is an edible plant that grows in mountainous areas. The total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content as well as the antioxidant activity of a 70% ethanolic extract of A. firma (AFE) was assessed. Furthermore, the effects of AFE on lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells were investigated. The results revealed that the total phenolic, flavonoid and pro-anthocyanidin content of AFE as 436.26±3.30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, 73.82±0.54 mg quercetin equivalents/g and 149.25±6.06 mg catechin equivalents/g, respectively. In addition, AFE exerted significant antioxidant effects in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. As for its anti-adipogenic activity, AFE significantly inhibited ROS production and lipid accumulation during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells compared with those in control cells. In addition, AFE regulated adipogenic transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhance-binding protein α and adipocyte protein 2. These results indicated that A. firma is a potential candidate for a functional food supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Il Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Yang
- National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohong Yeo
- National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yea Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Strehmel N, Strunk D, Strehmel V. White Birch Trunk Extracts as a Source of Organic Compounds. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Strehmel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Federal Institute of Forensic and Social Medicine; Turmstraße 21 D-10559 Berlin Germany
| | - David Strunk
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry; Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences; Adlerstrasse 32 D-47798 Krefeld Germany
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry; Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences; Adlerstrasse 32 D-47798 Krefeld Germany
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Alberti Á, Riethmüller E, Béni S. Characterization of diarylheptanoids: An emerging class of bioactive natural products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:13-34. [PMID: 28958734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diarylheptanoids are a class of secondary plant metabolites with a wide variety of bioactivity. Research on their phytochemistry and phytoanalysis is rapidly growing and the number of identified structures bearing the aryl-C7-aryl skeleton is at present approaching 500. Historically, the yellow pigment curcumin has been characterized as the first diarylheptanoid and the extensive research on naturally occurring analogues is still ongoing. In this review, studies dealing with the characterization of linear and cyclic derivatives are discussed from the phytoanalytical point of view. Isolation, fractionation and purification strategies from natural sources along with their chromatographic behavior and structural characteristics are discussed. The role of various techniques used for the extraction (such as Soxhlet extraction, sonication, maceration/percolation, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction); isolation (liquid-liquid extraction, column chromatographic techniques, preparative thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography, centrifugal partition chromatography, counter-current chromatography); separation (thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis) and structural characterization (UV/Vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy) are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Alberti
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmacognosy, 1085 Budapest, Üllői út, 26. Hungary.
| | - Eszter Riethmüller
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmacognosy, 1085 Budapest, Üllői út, 26. Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmacognosy, 1085 Budapest, Üllői út, 26. Hungary.
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Le TT, Yin J, Lee M. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Activities of Phenolic Compounds from Alnus sibirica Stems Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091566. [PMID: 28927000 PMCID: PMC6151828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of Alnus sibirica (AS) stems using Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis was conducted and three compounds isolated from the Alnus species were identified for the first time, 7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptan-3-one, 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptan-3-one and 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one, along with 14 known compounds. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory abilities of AS and fermented AS (FAS) as well as the isolated phenolic compounds from FAS were investigated. FAS showed stronger anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities than non-fermented AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tam Le
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product based Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - Jun Yin
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product based Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
| | - MinWon Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product based Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
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Ren X, He T, Chang Y, Zhao Y, Chen X, Bai S, Wang L, Shen M, She G. The Genus Alnus, A Comprehensive Outline of Its Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities. Molecules 2017; 22:E1383. [PMID: 28825681 PMCID: PMC6152317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Alnus (Betulaceae) is comprised of more than 40 species. Many species of this genus have a long history of use in folk medicines. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of diarylheptanoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and other compounds. Diarylheptanoids, natural products with a 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, are the dominant constituents in the genus, whose anticancer effect has been brought into focus. Pure compounds and crude extracts from the genus exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo. This paper compiles 273 naturally occurring compounds from the genus Alnus along with their structures and pharmacological activities, as reported in 138 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Ren
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Ting He
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanli Chang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Shaojuan Bai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Le Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Meng Shen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Chen F, Li Y, Li Y, Tan Y, Gong J, Zhong X, Li H, Zhang J. A new diarylheptanoid from Alpinia officinarum promotes the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:529-535. [PMID: 28539051 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1327858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new diarylheptanoid, namely trans-(4R,5S)-epoxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone (1), and a new natural product, 7-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-hepta-4E,6E-dien-3-one (2), were obtained from the aqueous extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance, together with three other diarylheptanoids, 5-hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone (3), 1,7-diphenyl-4E-en-3-heptanone (4) and 5-methoxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone (5). The structures were characterised mainly by analysing their physical data including IR, NMR and HRMS. This study highlights that the 4,5-epoxy moiety in 1 is rarely seen in diarylheptanoids. In addition, the five isolates were tested for their differentiation activity of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The results showed that these compounds could dose-dependently promote adipocyte differentiation without cytotoxicity (IC50 > 100 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Zhang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Youbin Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Yinfeng Tan
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Gong
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhong
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Hailong Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China.,b Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , P.R. China
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13
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Du D, Jin T, Xing ZH, Hu LQ, Long D, Li SF, Gong M. One new linear C14 polyacetylene glucoside with antiadipogenic activities on 3T3-L1 cells from the capitula of Coreopsis tinctoria. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2016; 18:784-90. [PMID: 26959764 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1157077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Du
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Xing
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li-Qiang Hu
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Long
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Fu Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meng Gong
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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14
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Cheong LY, Suk S, Thimmegowda NR, Chung MY, Yang H, Seo SG, Shwetha B, Kim JE, Kwon JY, Kim BY, Lee KW. Hirsutenone Directly Targets PI3K and ERK to Inhibit Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1361-70. [PMID: 25756947 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is a key driver of the expansion of adipose tissue mass that causes obesity. Hirsutenone (HST) is an active botanical diarylheptanoid present in Alnus species. In this study, we evaluated the effects of HST on adipogenesis, its mechanisms of action and the molecular targets involved. Using Oil Red O staining, we observed that HST dose-dependently suppresses lipid accumulation during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, concomitant with a decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein expression. This inhibitory effect was largely limited to the early stage of adipogenesis, which includes mitotic clonal expansion (MCE), as evidenced by delayed cell cycle entry of preadipocytes from G1 to S phase. Furthermore, the regulation of MCE was accompanied by suppression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. HST was also shown to bind directly to PI3K and ERK1 in a non-ATP competitive manner. Our results suggest that HST attenuates adipogenesis by directly targeting PI3K and ERK during MCE in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, underscoring the potential therapeutic application of HST in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Yee Cheong
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Suk
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Biotechnology Major, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - N R Thimmegowda
- Chemical Biology Research Center and World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Yu Chung
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Metabolism and Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yang
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gwon Seo
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B Shwetha
- Chemical Biology Research Center and World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Kwon
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Chemical Biology Research Center and World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Biotechnology Major, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Balaji M, Ganjayi MS, Hanuma Kumar GEN, Parim BN, Mopuri R, Dasari S. A review on possible therapeutic targets to contain obesity: The role of phytochemicals. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 10:363-80. [PMID: 26740473 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of obesity has increased markedly in recent decades making it a global public health concern. Since obesity is a potential risk factor in the development of hypertension, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, infertility, etc., it is no more viewed as a cosmetic issue. Currently, only a few FDA-approved anti-obesity drugs like Orlistat, Lorcaserin and Phentermine-topiramate are available in the market, but they have considerable side effects. On the other hand, bariatric surgery as an alternative is associated with high risk and expensive. In view of these there is a growing trend towards natural product-based drug intervention as one of the crucial strategies for management of obesity and related ailments. In Asian traditional medicine and Ayurvedic literature a good number of plant species have been used and quoted for possible lipid-lowering and anti-obesity effects; however, many of them have not been evaluated rigorously for a definite recommendation and also lack adequate scientific validation. This review explores and updates on various plant species, their used parts, bioactive components and focuses multiple targets/pathways to contain obesity which may pave the way to develop novel and effective drugs. We also summarised different drugs in use to treat obesity and their current status. Nature is future promise of our wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriga Balaji
- Animal Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Muni Swamy Ganjayi
- Animal Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gali E N Hanuma Kumar
- Animal Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Brahma Naidu Parim
- Animal Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramgopal Mopuri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sreenivasulu Dasari
- Animal Physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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16
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Effects of canola proteins and hydrolysates on adipogenic differentiation of C3H10T/2 mesenchymal stem cells. Food Chem 2015; 185:226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Sung SH, Lee M. Anti-adipogenic activity of a new cyclic diarylheptanoid isolated from Alnus japonica on 3T3-L1 cells via modulation of PPARγ, C/EBPα and SREBP1c signaling. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4648-51. [PMID: 26341132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Total methanolic extract of Alnus japonica fruits exhibited significant anti-adipogenic activities in 3T3-L1 cells. A new cyclic diarylheptanoid (1) along with ten known compounds (2-11) were isolated by activity-guided fractionation. Compound 1, determined to be 4-hydroxy-alnus-3,5-dione, showed the most potent anti-adipogenic effect. Compound 1 significantly down-regulated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1c) in 3T3-L1 cells, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, compound 1 suppressed mRNA expression of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ during the early stage of adipogenesis as well as stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), target genes of SREBP1c. Upon investigating the mechanism of natural products, we propose that cyclic diarylheptanoid (1), the most potent constituent of A. japonica, can be a potent therapeutic agent against obesity through anti-adipogenesis via down-regulation of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1c signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kim MH, Park KH, Kim SR, Park KJ, Oh MH, Heo JH, Yoon KH, Yin J, Yoon KH, Lee MW. Two new phenolic compounds from the leaves of Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz. Nat Prod Res 2015. [PMID: 26211877 PMCID: PMC4699475 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1053087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two new phenolic compounds, 4-O-glucopyranosyl-5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid (1) and 2,3-digalloyl oregonin (2), were isolated along with eight known phenolic compounds (3-10) from an 80% acetone extract of Alnus sibirica leaves. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated using 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance and high resolution-MS. The anti-oxidative activities of these compounds were determined by assaying their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and nitroblue tetrazolium superoxide anion scavenging activity. All of the isolated phenolic compounds (1-10) exhibited potent anti-oxidative activities. In particular, 2 and 4, which are diarylheptanoids, and 10 which is ellagitannin exhibited excellent anti-oxidative activities with almost the same potency as that of the positive controls L-ascorbic acid and allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Heun Kim
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hee Park
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Kim
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jun Park
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hwan Oh
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeok Heo
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Yoon
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yin
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Yoon
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Won Lee
- a Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756 , Republic of Korea
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Hong SS, Choi YH, Lee JA, Ahn EK, Suh JW, Oh JS. Two New Isoflavone Glycosides from the Extracts of the Fungus Monascus pilosus-Fermented Black Soybean. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.12.3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Salicortin-derivatives from Salix pseudo-lasiogyne twigs inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells via modulation of C/EBPα and SREBP1c dependent pathway. Molecules 2013; 18:10484-96. [PMID: 23999723 PMCID: PMC6269758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is reported to be associated with excessive growth of adipocyte mass tissue as a result of increases in the number and size of adipocytes differentiated from preadipocytes. To search for anti-adipogenic phytochemicals, we screened for inhibitory activities of various plant sources on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Among the sources, a methanolic extract of Salix pseudo-lasiogyne twigs (Salicaceae) reduced lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. During our search for anti-adipogenic constituents from S. pseudo-lasiogyne, five salicortin derivatives isolated from an EtOAc fraction of this plant and bearing 1-hydroxy-6-oxo-2-cyclohexene-carboxylate moieties, namely 2′,6′-O-acetylsalicortin (1), 2′-O-acetylsalicortin (2), 3′-O-acetylsalicortin (3), 6′-O-acetylsalicortin (4), and salicortin (5), were found to significantly inhibit adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. In particular, 2′,6′-O-acetylsalicortin (1) had the most potent inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation, with an IC50 value of 11.6 μM, and it significantly down-regulated the expressions of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1c). Furthermore, 2′,6′-O-acetylsalicortin (1) suppressed mRNA expression levels of C/EBPβ during the early stage of adipocyte differentiation and stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression, target genes of SREBP1c. In the present study, we demonstrate that the anti-adipogenesis mechanism of 2′,6′-O-acetylsalicortin (1) may be mediated via down-regulation of C/EBPα and SREBP1c dependent pathways. Through their anti-adipogenic activity, salicortin derivatives may be potential novel therapeutic agents against obesity.
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