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Waters JA, Urbano I, Robinson M, House CD. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5: Diverse roles in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1052457. [PMID: 36465383 PMCID: PMC9714447 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1052457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and the associated signaling components in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and adhesion. Of the IGFBPs, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) is the most evolutionarily conserved with a dynamic range of IGF-dependent and -independent functions, and studies on the actions of IGFBP5 in cancer have been somewhat paradoxical. In cancer, the IGFBPs respond to external stimuli to modulate disease progression and therapeutic responsiveness in a context specific manner. This review discusses the different roles of IGF signaling and IGFBP5 in disease with an emphasis on discoveries within the last twenty years, which underscore a need to clarify the IGF-independent actions of IGFBP5, the impact of its subcellular localization, the differential activities of each of the subdomains, and the response to elements of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, recent advances addressing the role of IGFBP5 in resistance to cancer therapeutics will be discussed. A better understanding of the contexts in which IGFBP5 functions will facilitate the discovery of new mechanisms of cancer progression that may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Waters
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ixchel Urbano
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mikella Robinson
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Carrie D. House
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States,Moore’s Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Carrie D. House,
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2
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Qian Y, Berryman DE, Basu R, List EO, Okada S, Young JA, Jensen EA, Bell SRC, Kulkarni P, Duran-Ortiz S, Mora-Criollo P, Mathes SC, Brittain AL, Buchman M, Davis E, Funk KR, Bogart J, Ibarra D, Mendez-Gibson I, Slyby J, Terry J, Kopchick JJ. Mice with gene alterations in the GH and IGF family. Pituitary 2022; 25:1-51. [PMID: 34797529 PMCID: PMC8603657 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of GH's action stems from animal models and the generation and characterization of genetically altered or modified mice. Manipulation of genes in the GH/IGF1 family in animals started in 1982 when the first GH transgenic mice were produced. Since then, multiple laboratories have altered mouse DNA to globally disrupt Gh, Ghr, and other genes upstream or downstream of GH or its receptor. The ability to stay current with the various genetically manipulated mouse lines within the realm of GH/IGF1 research has been daunting. As such, this review attempts to consolidate and summarize the literature related to the initial characterization of many of the known gene-manipulated mice relating to the actions of GH, PRL and IGF1. We have organized the mouse lines by modifications made to constituents of the GH/IGF1 family either upstream or downstream of GHR or to the GHR itself. Available data on the effect of altered gene expression on growth, GH/IGF1 levels, body composition, reproduction, diabetes, metabolism, cancer, and aging are summarized. For the ease of finding this information, key words are highlighted in bold throughout the main text for each mouse line and this information is summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most importantly, the collective data derived from and reported for these mice have enhanced our understanding of GH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R C Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Samuel C Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Mat Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jolie Bogart
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Mendez-Gibson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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Curran AM, Fogarty Draper C, Scott-Boyer MP, Valsesia A, Roche HM, Ryan MF, Gibney MJ, Kutmon M, Evelo CT, Coort SL, Astrup A, Saris WH, Brennan L, Kaput J. Sexual Dimorphism, Age, and Fat Mass Are Key Phenotypic Drivers of Proteomic Signatures. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:4122-4133. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M. Curran
- Institute
of Food and Health, Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Colleen Fogarty Draper
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Analytical BioSciences, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Pier Scott-Boyer
- The Microsoft Research − University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Armand Valsesia
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Institute
of Food and Health, Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
- Nutrigenomics
Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical
Research and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health,
Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 Republic of Ireland
| | - Miriam F. Ryan
- Institute
of Food and Health, Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Michael J. Gibney
- Institute
of Food and Health, Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Martina Kutmon
- Department
of Bioinformatics − BiGCaT, School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism and Maastricht
Centre for Systems Biology (McCSBio), Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris T. Evelo
- Department
of Bioinformatics − BiGCaT, School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism and Maastricht
Centre for Systems Biology (McCSBio), Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan L. Coort
- Department
of Bioinformatics − BiGCaT, School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism and Maastricht
Centre for Systems Biology (McCSBio), Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department
of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim H. Saris
- Department
of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in
Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- Institute
of Food and Health, Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jim Kaput
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Zhang X, Zeng D, Li N, Jiang X, Liu C, Li Y. Large-pore mesoporous Ca–Si-based bioceramics with high in vitro bioactivity and protein adsorption capability for bone tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3916-3924. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00454g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new type of large pore mesoporous Ca–Si-based bioceramics demonstrates high in vitro bioactivity and protein adsorption capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdi Zhang
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Deliang Zeng
- Department of Prosthodontics
- Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
- China
| | - Nan Li
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics
- Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
- China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
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5
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Liu J, Yang J. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin inhibits high glucose-induced ROS production and stimulates osteoblastic differentiation by preventing the activation of PI3K/Akt in MC3T3-E1 cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:173-81. [PMID: 26719856 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncarboxylated osteocalcin, an osteoblast-derived protein, plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. It has previously been demonstrated that high glucose levels inhibit osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, the mechanisms through which uncarboxylated osteocalcin regulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation under high glucose conditions remain unclear. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of uncarboxylated osteocalcin on the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells under high glucose conditions. We demonstrated that high glucose levels induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MC3T3-E1 cells, and this production was inhibited by treatment with uncarboxylated osteocalcin and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger. In addition, we found that uncarboxylated osteocalcin reduced high glucose‑induced oxidative stress and increased the mRNA expression of the osteogenic markers, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix and osteocalcin, as well as the formation of mineralized nodules; it also inhibited adipogenic differentiation, as shown by a decrease in the mRNA expression of the adipogenic markers, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (adipocyte protein 2; aP2) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), and reduced lipid drop accumulation. Furthermore, we found that uncarboxylated osteocalcin inhibited PI3K/Akt signaling which was induced by ROS and facilitated the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells under high glucose conditions. Taken together and to the best of ou knowledge, our results demonstrate for the first time that uncarboxylated osteocalcin inhibits high glucose-induced ROS production and stimulates osteoblastic differentiation by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/Akt in MC3T3-E1 cells. Therefore, we suggest that uncarboxylated osteocalcin may be a potential therapeutic agent for diabetes-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Brennan-Speranza TC, Conigrave AD. Osteocalcin: an osteoblast-derived polypeptide hormone that modulates whole body energy metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:1-10. [PMID: 25416346 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteocalcin is a bone-specific protein that is regularly used in the clinical setting as a serum marker of bone turnover. Recent evidence indicates that osteocalcin plays a previously unsuspected role in the control of energy metabolism. Thus, osteocalcin-deficient mice have a profoundly deranged metabolic phenotype that includes insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and abnormal fat deposition. Additionally, osteocalcin administration in mice improves insulin sensitivity and decreases fat pad mass and serum triglyceride levels. The role of osteocalcin in human macronutrient metabolism is less clear but recent studies report positive correlations between serum osteocalcin levels and established indices of metabolic health. Herein, we review key physiological functions of osteocalcin, focussing on the roles of osteocalcin in the modulation of macronutrient metabolism, male reproductive function and foetal brain development. We consider the implications of these findings for the coordination of metabolism with development and fertility. We also consider evidence that a Class C G-protein-coupled receptor from a subgroup known to mediate nutrient-sensing acts as the osteocalcin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Discipline of Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,
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7
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Pan G, Cao J, Yang N, Ding K, Fan C, Xiong WC, Hamrick M, Isales CM, Shi XM. Role of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in bone acquisition. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19373-82. [PMID: 24860090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have both anabolic and catabolic effects on bone. However, no GC anabolic effect mediator has been identified to date. Here we show that targeted expression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a GC anti-inflammatory effect mediator, enhances bone acquisition in mice. Transgenic mice, in which the expression of GILZ is under the control of a 3.6-kb rat type I collagen promoter, exhibited a high bone mass phenotype with significantly increased bone formation rate and osteoblast numbers. The increased osteoblast activity correlates with enhanced osteogenic differentiation and decreased adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cell cultures in vitro. In line with these changes, the mRNA levels of key osteogenic regulators (Runx2 and Osx) increased, and the level of adipogenic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ2 decreased significantly. We also found that GILZ physically interacts with C/EBPs and disrupts C/EBP-mediated PPARγ gene transcription. In conclusion, our results showed that GILZ is capable of increasing bone acquisition in vivo, and this action is mediated via a mechanism involving the inhibition of PPARγ gene transcription and shifting of bone marrow MSC/progenitor cell lineage commitment in favor of the osteoblast pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Pan
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, and
| | - Jay Cao
- the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Nianlan Yang
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Kehong Ding
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Cheng Fan
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Carlos M Isales
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedic Surgery,Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedic Surgery,Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912,
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Singhal V, Goh BC, Bouxsein ML, Faugere MC, DiGirolamo DJ. Osteoblast-restricted Disruption of the Growth Hormone Receptor in Mice Results in Sexually Dimorphic Skeletal Phenotypes. Bone Res 2013; 1:85-97. [PMID: 26273494 DOI: 10.4248/br201301006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) exerts profound anabolic actions during postnatal skeletal development, in part, through stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in liver and skeletal tissues. To examine the requirement for the GH receptor (GHR) in osteoblast function in bone, we used Cre-LoxP methods to disrupt the GHR from osteoblasts, both in vitro and in vivo. Disruption of GHR from primary calvarial osteoblasts in vitro abolished GH-induced signaling, as assessed by JAK2/STAT5 phosphorylation, and abrogated GH-induced proliferative and anti-apoptotic actions. Osteoblasts lacking GHR exhibited reduced IGF-1-induced Erk and Akt phosphorylation and attenuated IGF-1-induced proliferation and anti-apoptotic action. In addition, differentiation was modestly impaired in osteoblasts lacking GHR, as demonstrated by reduced alkaline phosphatase staining and calcium deposition. In order to determine the requirement for the GHR in bone in vivo, we generated mice lacking the GHR specifically in osteoblasts (ΔGHR), which were born at the expected Mendelian frequency, had a normal life span and were of normal size. Three week-old, female ΔGHR mice had significantly reduced osteoblast numbers, consistent with the in vitro data. By six weeks of age however, female ΔGHR mice demonstrated a marked increase in osteoblasts, although mineralization was impaired; a phenotype similar to that observed previously in mice lacking IGF-1R specifically in osteoblasts. The most striking phenotype occurred in male mice however, where disruption of the GHR from osteoblasts resulted in a "feminization" of bone geometry in 16 week-old mice, as observed by μCT. These results demonstrate that the GHR is required for normal postnatal bone development in both sexes. GH appears to serve a primary function in modulating local IGF-1 action. However, the changes in bone geometry observed in male ΔGHR mice suggest that, in addition to facilitating IGF-1 action, GH may function to a greater extent than previously appreciated in establishing the sexual dimorphism of the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Singhal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian C Goh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Douglas J DiGirolamo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
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Brennan-Speranza TC, Rizzoli R, Kream BE, Rosen C, Ammann P. Selective osteoblast overexpression of IGF-I in mice prevents low protein-induced deterioration of bone strength and material level properties. Bone 2011; 49:1073-9. [PMID: 21840432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein deficiency is frequently observed in elderly osteoporotic patients. Undernutrition leads to decreased levels of IGF-I, an important factor in regulating bone homeostasis throughout life. IGF-I is produced in the liver and locally in the skeleton. We hypothesized that increasing IGF-I expression in the osteoblasts, the bone forming cells, would protect the skeleton from the negative effects of a low-protein diet. To test our hypothesis, we employed a mouse model in which IGF-I was overexpressed exclusively in osteoblasts and fed either a 15% (normal) or a 2.5% (low) protein isocaloric diet to the transgenic (TG) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates for 8 weeks. Blood was collected for biochemical determinations and weight was monitored weekly. Bones were excised for microstructural analysis (μCT), as well as biomechanical and material level properties. Histomorphometric analysis was performed for bone formation parameters. A low protein diet decreased body weight, circulating IGF-I and osteocalcin levels regardless of genotype. Overexpression of IGF-I in the osteoblasts was, however, able to protect the negative effects of low protein diet on microstructure including tibia cortical thickness and volumetric density, and on bone strength. Overexpression of IGF-I in osteoblasts in these mice protected the vertebrae from the substantial negative effects of low protein on the material level properties as measured my nanoindentation. TG mice also had larger overall geometric properties than WT mice regardless of diet. This study provides evidence that while a low protein diet leads to decreased circulating IGF-I, altered microstructure and decreased bone strength, these negative effects can be prevented with IGF-I overexpression exclusively in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The metalloproteinase, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) functions to enhance local insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I bioavailability through cleavage of inhibitory IGF binding proteins. Because IGF-I is an important regulator of skeletal growth and remodeling and PAPP-A is highly expressed by osteoblastic cells, we hypothesized that, in the absence of PAPP-A, bone physiology would be compromised because of a blunting of local IGF-I action even in the presence of normal circulating IGF-I levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS pQCT, muCT, histomorphometry, and mechanical strength testing were performed on bones from PAPP-A knockout (KO) mice and wildtype (WT) littermates at 2-12 mo of age. IGF-I levels and bone formation and resorption markers were determined in sera from these animals. RESULTS Volumetric BMD in PAPP-A KO mice measured by pQCT at the femoral midshaft, which is primarily cortical bone, was 10% less than WT at 2 mo. This difference was maintained at 4, 6, and 12 mo. Cortical thickness at this site was similarly decreased. On the other hand, trabecular bone at the distal femur (pQCT) and in the tibia (muCT) showed age-progressive decreases in bone volume fraction in PAPP-A KO compared with WT mice. Tibial muCT indicated a 46% relative decrease in trabecular bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and a 28% relative decrease in trabecular thickness in PAPP-A KO compared with WT mice at 6 mo. These trabecular deficiencies in PAPP-A KO mice corresponded to a weakening of the bone. Serum markers and bone histomorphometry indicated that the primary impact of PAPP-A is on skeletal remodeling resulting in a state of low-turnover osteopenia in adult PAPP-A KO mice. Circulating IGF-I levels were not altered in PAPP-A KO mice. CONCLUSIONS PAPP-A is a bone growth regulatory factor in vivo and, in its absence, mice show skeletal insufficiency in mass, density, architecture, and strength. The data suggest a primary role for PAPP-A in modulating local IGF bioavailability for trabecular bone remodeling.
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Pochampally RR, Ylostalo J, Penfornis P, Matz RR, Smith JR, Prockop DJ. Histamine receptor H1 and dermatopontin: new downstream targets of the vitamin D receptor. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:1338-49. [PMID: 17547532 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, we used multipotential MSCs and microarray assays to follow the changing patterns of gene expression as MSCs were differentiated to osteoblasts. We analyzed co-expressed gene groups to identify new targets for known transcription factor VDR during differentiation. The roles of two genes (histamine receptor H1 and dermatopontin) as downstream targets for the VDR were confirmed by gel electromotility shift, siRNA inhibition, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. INTRODUCTION Osteogenesis is stringently controlled by osteoblast-specific signaling proteins and transcription factors. Mesenchymal stem or multipotential stromal cells from bone marrow (MSCs) have been shown to differentiate into osteoblasts in the presence of vitamin D(3). MATERIALS AND METHODS We used MSCs and microarray assays to follow the changing patterns of gene expression as MSCs were differentiated to osteoblasts. The data were analyzed with a previously developed strategy to identify new downstream targets of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), known osteogenesis transcription factor. Hierarchical clustering of the data identified 15 distinct patterns of gene expression. Three genes were selected that expressed in the same time-dependent pattern as osteocalcin, a known target for the VDR: histamine receptor H1 (HRH1), Spondin 2 (SPN), and dermatopontin (DPT). RT-PCR, electromotility shift, siRNA inhibition assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to analyze the role of VDR in activation of DPT and HRH1 during differentiation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS RT-PCR assays confirmed that the genes were expressed during differentiation of MSCs. The roles of two genes as downstream targets for the VDR were confirmed by gel electromotility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays that showed the presence of VDR complex binding sequences. Overexpression of VDR in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells induced the expression of HRH1 and DPT. Inhibition studies with siRNA to DPT and HRH1 showed a decrease in MSC differentiation to osteogenic lineage. In addition, osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was inhibited by the HRH1 inhibitor mepyramine but not the HRH2 inhibitor ranitidine. In conclusion, we show that analysis of co-expressed gene groups is a good tool to identify new targets for known transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika R Pochampally
- Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play a central role in controlling somatic growth in mammals and exert anabolic effects on most tissues, including bone. IGF action is mediated by the IGF-I receptor and additionally is regulated by six high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-1 through IGFBP-6), of which IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5 are most abundant in bone. The focus of this brief review is on the role of IGFBP-5 in bone biology. IGFBP-5 has been implicated as a pro-osteogenic factor in several studies but conversely has been shown to act as an inhibitor of bone formation, primarily by interfering with IGF actions on osteoblasts. These potentially contradictory effects of IGFBP-5 in bone are further complicated by observations indicating that IGFBP-5 additionally may function in an IGF-independent way, and may have been accentuated by differences in both experimental design and methodology among published studies. Suggestions are made for a more systematic approach to help discern the true roles of IGFBP-5 in bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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Govoni KE, Lee SK, Chung YS, Behringer RR, Wergedal JE, Baylink DJ, Mohan S. Disruption of insulin-like growth factor-I expression in type IIalphaI collagen-expressing cells reduces bone length and width in mice. Physiol Genomics 2007; 30:354-62. [PMID: 17519362 PMCID: PMC2925693 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00022.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is critical for the regulation of peak bone mineral density (BMD) and bone width. However, the role of systemic vs. local IGF-I is not well understood. To determine the role local IGF-I plays in regulating BMD and bone width, we crossed IGF-I flox/flox mice with procollagen, typeIIalphaI-Cre mice to generate conditional mutants in which chondrocyte-derived IGF-I was disrupted. Bone parameters were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry at 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk of age and peripheral quantitative computed tomography at 12 wk of age. Body length, areal BMD, and bone mineral content (BMC) were reduced (P < 0.05) between 4 and 12 wk in the conditional mutant mice. Bone width was reduced 7% in the vertebrae and femur (P < 0.05) of conditional mutant mice at 12 wk. Gains in body length and total body BMC and BMD were reduced by 27, 22, and 18%, respectively (P < 0.05) in conditional mutant mice between 2 and 4 wk of age. Expression of parathyroid hormone related protein, parathyroid hormone receptor, distal-less homeobox (Dlx)-5, SRY-box containing gene-9, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-5 were reduced 27, 36, 45, 33, and 45%, respectively, in the conditional mutant cartilage (P < 0.05); however, no changes in Indian hedgehog, Dlx-3, growth hormone receptor, IGF-I receptor, and IGFBP-3 expression were observed (P > or = 0.20). In conclusion, IGF-I from cells expressing procollagen type IIalphaI regulates bone accretion that occurs during postnatal growth period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Govoni
- Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA
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14
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Schreiweis MA, Butler JP, Kulkarni NH, Knierman MD, Higgs RE, Halladay DL, Onyia JE, Hale JE. A proteomic analysis of adult rat bone reveals the presence of cartilage/chondrocyte markers. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:466-76. [PMID: 17205546 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The non-mineral component of bone matrix consists of 90% collagenous, 10% non-collagenous proteins. These proteins regulate mineralization, growth, cell signaling and differentiation, and provide bone with its tensile strength. Expression of bone matrix proteins have historically been studied individually or in small numbers owing to limitations in analytical technologies. Current mass-spectrometric and separations technologies allow a global view of protein expression patterns in complex samples. To our knowledge, no proteome profile of bone matrix has yet been reported. Therefore, we have used mass spectrometry as a tool to generate a profile of proteins present in the extracellular matrix of adult rat bone. Overall, 108 and 25 proteins were identified with high confidence in the metaphysis and diaphysis, respectively, using a bottom up proteomic technique. Twenty-one of these proteins were present in both the metaphysis and diaphysis including the bone specific proteins, osteocalcin, type I collagen, osteopontin, osteoregulin, and bone sialoprotein. Interestingly, type II collagen, a protein thought to be exclusively expressed in cartilage, was identified in both the metaphysis and diaphysis. This observation was validated by Western blot. Additionally, the presence of aggrecan, another protein expressed in cartilage was identified in the bone matrix extracts by Western blot. The proteome profile generated using this technology represents an initial survey of the acid soluble proteins of bone matrix which provides a reference for the analysis of deviations from the normal composition due to perturbations or disease states.
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Tso CL, Shintaku P, Chen J, Liu Q, Liu J, Chen Z, Yoshimoto K, Mischel PS, Cloughesy TF, Liau LM, Nelson SF. Primary glioblastomas express mesenchymal stem-like properties. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4:607-19. [PMID: 16966431 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer. Recent isolation and characterization of brain tumor-initiating cells supports the concept that transformed neural stem cells may seed glioblastoma. We previously identified a wide array of mesenchymal tissue transcripts overexpressed in a broad set of primary glioblastoma (de novo) tumors but not in secondary glioblastoma (derived from lower-grade) tumors, low-grade astrocytomas, or normal brain tissues. Here, we extend this observation and show that a subset of primary glioblastoma tumors and their derived tumor lines express cellular and molecular markers that are associated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and that glioblastoma cell cultures can be induced to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineage-like cell types. These findings suggest either that a subset of primary glioblastomas derive from transformed stem cells containing MSC-like properties and retain partial phenotypic aspects of a MSC nature in tumors or that glioblastomas activate a series of genes that result in mesenchymal properties of the cancer cells to effect sustained tumor growth and malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Lea Tso
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Room 5506, 695 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Jiang J, Lichtler AC, Gronowicz GA, Adams DJ, Clark SH, Rosen CJ, Kream BE. Transgenic mice with osteoblast-targeted insulin-like growth factor-I show increased bone remodeling. Bone 2006; 39:494-504. [PMID: 16644298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of locally-expressed insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) on bone remodeling, a transgene was produced in which murine IGF-I cDNA was cloned downstream of a gene fragment comprising 3.6 kb of 5' upstream regulatory sequence and most of the first intron of the rat Col1a1 gene. The construct was expressed at the mRNA and protein level in transfected osteoblasts. Five lines of transgenic mice were generated by embryo microinjection. Transgene mRNA levels were highest in calvaria, long bone and tendon, and lower in skin. Serum IGF-I and body weight were increased in males and females only in the highest expressing line. Histomorphometry showed that transgenic calvaria were wider and had greater marrow area and bone area. Transgenic calvaria had increased osteoclast number per bone surface. Percent collagen synthesis and cell replication were increased in transgenic calvaria. Femur length, cortical width and cross-sectional area were increased in transgenic femurs of the highest expressing line, while femoral trabecular bone volume was little affected. Thus, broad overexpression of IGF-I in cells of the osteoblast lineage increased indices of bone formation and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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17
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Govoni K, Amaar Y, Kramer A, Winter E, Baylink D, Mohan S. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5, four and a half lim-2, and a disintegrin and metalloprotease-9 expression in osteoblasts. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006; 16:49-56. [PMID: 16311053 PMCID: PMC2904509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The roles of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in regulating growth and their modulation by six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) are well established. IGFBP-5, the most abundant IGFBP stored in bone, is an important regulator of bone formation via IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Two new proteins, four and a half lim (FHL)-2, a transcription modulator that interacts with IGFBP-5, and a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)-9, an IGFBP-5 protease, have been identified as potential regulators of IGFBP-5 action in bone. We tested the hypothesis that agents which modulate bone formation by regulating IGFBP-5 expression would also regulate FHL-2 and ADAM-9 expression in a coordinated manner. We evaluated the expression of IGFBP-5, FHL-2, and ADAM-9 by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR during differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts and in response to treatment with bone formation modulators in the LSaOS human osteosarcoma cell line. IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 increased 4.3- and 3.0-fold (P < or = 0.01), respectively, during osteoblast differentiation. Dexamethasone (Dex), an inhibitor of bone formation, decreased IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 and increased ADAM-9 in LSaOS cells (P < or = 0.05). Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7, a stimulator of bone formation, increased IGFBP-5 and decreased ADAM-9 (P<0.01). To determine if BMP-7 would eliminate Dex inhibition of IGFBP-5, cells were treated with Dex+BMP-7. The BMP-7-induced increase in IGFBP-5 was reduced, but not eliminated, in the presence of Dex (P < or = 0.01), indicating that BMP-7 and Dex may regulate IGFBP-5 via different mechanisms. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, a stimulator of bone formation, increased IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 expression (P < or = 0.01). IGF-I and TNF-alpha decreased expression of ADAM-9 (P<0.05). In conclusion, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that FHL-2 and ADAM-9 are important modulators of IGFBP-5 actions and are, in part, regulated in a coordinated manner in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Govoni
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
| | - Y.G. Amaar
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
| | - A. Kramer
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
| | - E. Winter
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
| | - D.J. Baylink
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - S. Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (151), Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA 92357, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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