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Li L, Zeng L, Wu W. Study on the mechanism of quercetin inducing mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into fibroblasts through TGF-β1 and IGF-1. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102383. [PMID: 38613933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell differentiation has opened up new avenues for disease treatment, tissue repair, and drug development in the study of regenerative medicine, and has huge application prospects. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of quercetin on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into fibroblasts. METHODS In this study, cell differentiation experiments and flow cytometry were used to detect the successful isolation of bone marrow MSCs from SD rats. Quercetin at 5, 10, and 20 μM was used as low, medium, and high doses to intervene in MSCs. The cell viability changes of ligament fibroblasts at 24, 48, and 72 hours after quercetin treatment were detected using a CCK-8 cell counting kit. Cell proliferative capacity was determined by flow cytometry. RT-qPCR measured the relative expression levels of TGF-β1, IGF-1, COL-Ⅰ, COL-Ⅲ, FN (fibronectin), and TNMD (Tenomodulin) in different experimental groups. Molecular docking experiments were conducted to explore the binding effect of quercetin on TGF-β1 and IGF-1 proteins. RESULTS Flow cytometry verified the successful isolation of MSCs, which had high expression of CD29 and CD73, while lower expression of CD90 and CD45. Experimental results show that low and medium doses of quercetin can enhance cell proliferation, while high doses have no significant effect on cells. Detection of cell proliferation through flow cytometry yielded similar results to CCK-8. Transwell experiments have shown that low and medium doses of quercetin can increase cell migration ability. In addition, RT-qPCR detection showed that quercetin can increase the mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and IGF-1, and promote the expression of COL-Ⅰ, COL-Ⅲ, FN, and TNMD genes in ligament fibroblasts. Molecular docking results showed that quercetin can bind firmly to TGF-β1 and IGF-1. CONCLUSION Overall, this study revealed the morphological characteristics and identification of MSCs, as well as the regulatory mechanism of quercetin on the behavior of ligament fibroblasts. Quercetin affects the proliferation and gene expression of ligament fibroblasts by regulating the expression of TGF-β1 and IGF-1, which may provide a new perspective for biomedical research on the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liji Li
- Liwan District Orthopedics Hospital Rehabilitation Department, China.
| | - Liang Zeng
- Liwan District Orthopedics Hospital Rehabilitation Department, China
| | - Weizhi Wu
- Liwan District Orthopedics Hospital Rehabilitation Department, China.
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Xu X, Zhao L, Terry PD, Chen J. Reciprocal Effect of Environmental Stimuli to Regulate the Adipogenesis and Osteogenesis Fate Decision in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs). Cells 2023; 12:1400. [PMID: 37408234 PMCID: PMC10216952 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. Various external stimuli, including environmental contaminants, heavy metals, dietary, and physical factors, are shown to influence the fate decision of BM-MSCs toward adipogenesis or osteogenesis. The balance of osteogenesis and adipogenesis is critical for the maintenance of bone homeostasis, and the interruption of BM-MSCs lineage commitment is associated with human health issues, such as fracture, osteoporosis, osteopenia, and osteonecrosis. This review focuses on how external stimuli shift the fate of BM-MSCs towards adipogenesis or osteogenesis. Future studies are needed to understand the impact of these external stimuli on bone health and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of BM-MSCs differentiation. This knowledge will inform efforts to prevent bone-related diseases and develop therapeutic approaches to treat bone disorders associated with various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Xu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul D. Terry
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA;
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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3
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Yong EL, Cheong WF, Huang Z, Thu WPP, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Seng KY, Logan S. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine the safety, pharmacokinetics and effects of Epimedium prenylflavonoids, on bone specific alkaline phosphatase and the osteoclast adaptor protein TRAF6 in post-menopausal women. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153680. [PMID: 34352588 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragility fractures due to menopausal osteoporosis are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Osteoporotic medications have substantial side effects that limit long term use. HYPOTHESES Ingestion of a purified extract of Epimedium spp. (EP) is safe, can increase serum levels of prenylflavonoid metabolites, exert positive changes in bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), suppress of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) protein in osteoclast-precursor monocytes in peripheral blood and therefore have the potential to reduce post-menopausal bone loss. STUDY DESIGN & METHODS Healthy postmenopausal women were randomized in a double-blind fashion to consume either EP prenylflavonoid extract (740 mg daily) or placebo daily for 6 weeks. The main outcome measures were safety and pharmacokinetics of EP flavonoids. Fasting blood was collected at 3- and 6-weeks, and two weeks after stopping medication for safety evaluations and measurement of BSAP. Peripheral blood monocytes were harvested for measurement of TRAF6 levels. Serum levels of the EP metabolites icariin, icariside I & II, icaritin and desmethylicaritin were measured using tandem mass spectrometry, and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analyses performed using WinNonlin software. RESULTS Between October 2018 and Jun 2020, 58 postmenopausal women, aged 57.9 ± 8.9 years, were randomized and completed the study. Consumption of EP prenylflavonoids was not associated with any significant adverse symptoms, with no changes in hepatic, hematological, and renal parameters observed. The main metabolites detected in sera after ingestion of EP prenylflavonoid capsules were desmethylicaritin, icaritin and icariside II. Icariin and icariside I were below detection levels. Ingestion of EP prenylflavonoids induced a median Cmax and AUC0→∞ for desmethylicaritin of 60.9 nM, and 157.9 nM ×day, respectively; and were associated with higher levels of BSAP (p < 0.05) and a trend (p = 0.068) towards lower levels of TRAF6 in peripheral blood monocytes eight weeks after commencing prenylflavonoid ingestion. Prenylflavonoid metabolites were not detected in the sera of placebo participants. CONCLUSIONS Despite the widespread consumption of EP extracts, the safety, mechanisms of action of their bioactive compounds, and therapeutic indications in humans are unknown. Daily consumption of EP prenylflavonoids for six weeks was safe. The predominant metabolite in sera was desmethylicaritin. Rise in prenylflavonoid metabolites was associated with higher levels of the bone anabolic marker BSAP, suggesting potential therapeutic value for post-menopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eu-Leong Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore.
| | - Wei Fun Cheong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research, 138673 Singapore
| | - Win Pa Pa Thu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore
| | - Kok Yong Seng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600 Singapore
| | - Susan Logan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
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He Z, Nie P, Lu J, Ling Y, Guo J, Zhang B, Hu J, Liao J, Gu J, Dai B, Feng Z. Less mechanical loading attenuates osteoarthritis by reducing cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone remodelling, secondary inflammation, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:731-741. [PMID: 33399476 PMCID: PMC7640939 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.910.bjr-2019-0368.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling joint disorder and mechanical loading is an important pathogenesis. This study aims to investigate the benefits of less mechanical loading created by intermittent tail suspension for knee OA. Methods A post-traumatic OA model was established in 20 rats (12 weeks old, male). Ten rats were treated with less mechanical loading through intermittent tail suspension, while another ten rats were treated with normal mechanical loading. Cartilage damage was determined by gross appearance, Safranin O/Fast Green staining, and immunohistochemistry examinations. Subchondral bone changes were analyzed by micro-CT and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and serum inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Our radiographs showed that joint space was significantly enlarged in rats with less mechanical loading. Moreover, cartilage destruction was attenuated in the less mechanical loading group with lower histological damage scores, and lower expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-5, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, and MMP-13. In addition, subchondral bone abnormal changes were ameliorated in OA rats with less mechanical loading, as reduced bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), and number of osteophytes and osteoclasts in the subchondral bone were observed. Finally, the level of serum inflammatory cytokines was significantly downregulated in the less mechanical loading group compared with the normal mechanical loading group, as well as the expression of NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the cartilage. Conclusion Less mechanical loading alleviates cartilage destruction, subchondral bone changes, and secondary inflammation in OA joints. This study provides fundamental insights into the benefit of non-weight loading rest for patients with OA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(10):731–741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennian He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Pengfei Nie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianli Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Ling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianghua Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiawei Liao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhiyun Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Collagen Extract Derived from Yeonsan Ogye Chicken Increases Bone Microarchitecture by Suppressing the RANKL/OPG Ratio via the JNK Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071967. [PMID: 32630655 PMCID: PMC7400104 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeonsan Ogye is a traditional Korean chicken breed (Gallus domesticus, GD), with a dominant gene for fibromelanosis, showing entirely black fluffy head feathers, ear lobes, and pupils. GD collagen extract (78.6 g per 100 g total protein) was derived from the flesh of Yeonsan Ogye. The effects of GD collagen on bone mass, microarchitecture, osteogenic, osteoclastogenic differentiations, and function factor expression were investigated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. GD collagen stimulated osteogenesis in OVX rats and increased tibial bone strength and calcium content. Micro-computed tomography analysis of tibia cross-sections revealed that GD collagen attenuated the OVX-induced changes in trabecular thickness, spacing, and number. GD collagen stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity, bone-specific matrix proteins (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, collagen type I (COL-I)) and mineralization by activating bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 (SMAD5)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). GD collagen inhibited osteoclast differentiation and function gene markers (TRAP, cathepsin K) by interfering with the Wnt signaling, increasing OPG production, and reducing the expression of RANKL, TRAP, and cathepsin K. GD collagen promoted osteogenesis by activating the p38 signal pathway and prevented osteoclastogenesis by lowering the RANKL/OPG ratio and blocking the JNK signaling pathway. Dietary supplementation with GD collagen might inhibit osteoclastogenesis, stimulate osteoblastogenesis, and regulate bone metabolism.
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Zhang XY, Chen YP, Zhang C, Zhang X, Xia T, Han J, Yang N, Song SL, Xu CH. Icariin Accelerates Fracture Healing via Activation of the WNT1/β-catenin Osteogenic Signaling Pathway. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1645-1653. [PMID: 32525771 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200611121539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Icariin has been shown to enhance bone formation. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate whether icariin also promotes bone fracture healing and its mechanisms. METHODS First, we isolated and cultured rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) with icariincontaining serum at various concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%) and then measured alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of Core-binding factor, alpha 1 (Cbfα1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in the rBMSCs. Second, we established a model of fracture healing in rats and performed gavage treatment for 20 days. Then, we detected bone biochemical markers (ELISA kits) in the serum, fracture healing (digital radiography, DR), and osteocalcin expression (immunohistochemistry). RESULTS Icariin treatment increased ALP activity and induced the expression of Cbfα1, BMP-2 and BMP-4 in rBMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Icariin increased the serum levels of osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX-1), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b); promoted osteocalcin secretion at the fracture site; and accelerated fracture healing. CONCLUSION Icariin can promote the levels of bone-formation markers, accelerate fracture healing, and activate the WNT1/β-catenin osteogenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Yue-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Shi-Lei Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
| | - Can-Hong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, China
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Experimental Study on the Influence of Apigenin K and Melatonin in Socket Preservation as Bone Stimulators: An Experimental Study in Beagle Dogs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to evaluate whether apigenin K and melatonin M5250 were able to stimulate bone formation after tooth extraction at one, two, and three months follow-up. Six male beagle dogs were used. Apigenin K and melatonin M5250 immersed in hemostatic collagen sponges were placed in the third and fourth premolar and the first molar extracted sockets; the second premolar was used as control. At one, two, and three months, bone core biopsies were performed, and picrosirius–hematoxylin was used for the staining process. In the first month, a higher amount of calcified bone tissue was observed in the melatonin (77.87% ± 1.2%) and apigenin K (69.81% ± 1.8%) groups than the control group (57.27% ± 0.54%), with apparent discrepancies in values between the three groups (p < 0.04). In the second month, there was a considerable improvement in the results in the areas with melatonin (79.81% ± 0.11%) than in those of apigenin K (71.65% ± 0.52%) and control (64.77% ± 0.44%) (p < 0.04). In the third month, the number of mature bone was similar to all the groups. The creation of new bone was significant in the melatonin group (82.78% ± 0.87%), followed by the apigenin K group (78.76% ± 0.43%) and the control group (57.27% ± 0.11%). From this experimental study in dogs, it can be concluded that melatonin and apigenin K can accelerate the process of mineralization of the bone matrix, and thus the creation of laminae in the early stages of healing (1 month). Less reabsorption of the post-extraction sockets can be expected with the topical application of melatonin and apigenin K. It seems that the stimulatory effects of bone healing induced by the topical application of melatonin and apigenin K are defect-size-dependent, being more evident in small defects compared to larger defects.
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He J, Li X, Wang Z, Bennett S, Chen K, Xiao Z, Zhan J, Chen S, Hou Y, Chen J, Wang S, Xu J, Lin D. Therapeutic Anabolic and Anticatabolic Benefits of Natural Chinese Medicines for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1344. [PMID: 31824310 PMCID: PMC6886594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by increasing osseous fragility and fracture due to the reduced bone mass and microstructural degradation. Primary pharmacological strategies for the treatment of osteoporosis, hormone replacement treatment (HRT), and alendronate therapies may produce adverse side-effects and may not be recommended for long-term usage. Some classic and bone-specific natural Chinese medicine are very popularly used to treat osteoporosis and bone fracture effectively in clinical with their potential value in bone growth and development, but with few adverse side-effects. Current evidence suggests that the treatments appear to improve bone metabolism and attenuate the osteoporotic imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption at a cellular level by promoting osteoblast activity and inhibiting the effects of osteoclasts. The valuable therapies might, therefore, provide an effective and safer alternative to primary pharmacological strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to comprehensively review these classic and bone-specific drugs in natural Chinese medicines for the treatment of osteoporosis that had been deeply and definitely studied and reported with both bone formation and antiresorption effects, including Gynochthodes officinalis (F.C.How) Razafim. & B.Bremer (syn. Morinda officinalis F.C.How), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., Psoralea corylifolia (L.) Medik Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Dipsacus inermis Wall. (syn. Dipsacus asperoides C.Y.Cheng & T.M.Ai), Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm., Velvet Antler, Cistanche deserticola Ma, Cuscuta chinensis Lam., Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, Epimedium brevicornum Maxim, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge., thus providing evidence for the potential use of alternative Chinese medicine therapies to effectively treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo He
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samuel Bennett
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kai Chen
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiheng Zhan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shudong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Hou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhao Chen
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shaofang Wang
- Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dingkun Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Hassanshahi M, Su YW, Khabbazi S, Fan CM, Tang Q, Wen X, Fan J, Chen KM, Xian CJ. Retracted: Icariin attenuates methotrexate chemotherapy-induced bone marrow microvascular damage and bone loss in rats. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16549-16561. [PMID: 30784063 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), a widely used antimetabolite in paediatric cancer to treatment, has been widely reported to cause bone loss and bone marrow (BM) microvascular (particularly sinusoids) damage. Investigations must now investigate how MTX-induced bone loss and microvasculature damage can be attenuated/prevented. In the present study, we examined the potency of icariin, an herbal flavonoid, in reducing bone loss and the dilation/damage of BM sinusoids in rats caused by MTX treatment. Groups of young rats were treated with five daily MTX injections (0.75 mg/kg) with and without icariin oral supplementation until Day 9 after the first MTX injection. Histological analyses showed a significant reduction in the bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) fraction (%) and trabecular number in the metaphysis trabecular bone of MTX-treated rats, but no significant changes in trabecular thickness and trabecular spacing. However, the BV/TV (%) and trabecular number were found to be significantly higher in MTX + icariin-treated rats than those of MTX alone-treated rats. Gene expression analyses showed that icariin treatment maintained expression of osteogenesis-related genes but suppressed the induction of adipogenesis-related genes in bones of MTX-treated rats. In addition, icariin treatment attenuated MTX-induced dilation of BM sinusoids and upregulated expression of endothelial cell marker CD31 in the metaphysis bone of icariin + MTX-treated rats. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest that icariin treatment can potentially enhance the survival of cultured rat sinusoidal endothelial cells against cytotoxic effect of MTX and promote their migration and tube formation abilities, which is associated with enhanced production of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhossein Hassanshahi
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Samira Khabbazi
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chia-Ming Fan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Qian Tang
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xuesen Wen
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Ming Chen
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cory J Xian
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Zhao D, Shu B, Wang C, Zhao Y, Cheng W, Sha N, Li C, Wang Q, Lu S, Wang Y. Oleanolic acid exerts inhibitory effects on the late stage of osteoclastogenesis and prevents bone loss in osteoprotegerin knockout mice. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:152-164. [PMID: 31318102 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women undergo rapid bone loss, which caused by the accelerated osteoclastic bone resorption. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) plays critical and essential roles on varied stages of osteoclastogenesis. Oleanolic acid (OA), a naturally derived small compound, has been found suppress osteoclastogenesis in early stage of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). However, whether OA also regulates the late stage of osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. Here, the regulatory effect of OA on the late stage of osteoclastogenesis was investigated in vitro using RANKL-pretreated BMMs and in vivo using osteoprotegerin (OPG) knockout mice. Our in vitro studies demonstrate that OA inhibits the late stage of osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-pretreated BMMs. For in vivo animal investigation, OA attenuates the bone loss phenotypes in OPG-knockout mice by decreasing the densities of osteoclast, which are in consistent with the finding with in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistic investigations found that OA largely inhibit the activity of c-Fos and Nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1) with RANKL-pretreated BMMs and OPG-knockout mice. Furthermore, OA suppresses the activities of osteoclast genes, such as Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), CathepsinK (Ctsk), and Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Taken together these findings, they have not only defined an inhibitory effect of OA in the late stage of osteoclastogenesis but have also gained new molecular mechanisms underlying the process of osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Shu
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Central Laboratory of Research, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Cheng
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Nannan Sha
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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11
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Preliminary studies on the anti-osteoporosis activity of Baohuoside I. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108850. [PMID: 31004988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-osteoporotic activity of Baohuoside I, an active component of Herba Epimedii. Effects of Baohuoside I on the differentiation of BMSCs and the formation of adipocytes were evaluated using alkaline phosphatase staining and methylene blue staining method, respectively. Osteoporosis model was established in ovariectomized rats prior to the measurement of the serum SOD and MDA levels as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines protein in the rats' tissues after treatment with Baohuoside I using ELISA assay kits. The estrogen-like effect of Baohuoside I was also measured on HeLa cells. The positive rates of ALP staining in Baohuoside I groups were significantly higher (p < 0.01) compared with the normal group, with no obvious adipocyte formation observed in the groups that received Baohuoside I treatments. The levels of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) in the treated groups were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the model group. Likewise, the treated groups exhibited a significantly higher (p < 0.05) serum levels of MDA compared with the model group, while SOD levels were markedly lower (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent fashion. Baohuoside I showed no estrogen-like effect on HeLa cells upon treatment with the drug. Collectively, these results indicated that the anti-osteoporotic activity of Baohuoside I could be related to the induction of BMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts coupled with the inhibition of adipocyte formation, regulation of immune functions, and antioxidant activity.
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12
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Huang L, Wang X, Cao H, Li L, Chow DHK, Tian L, Wu H, Zhang J, Wang N, Zheng L, Yao X, Yang Z, Qin L. A bone-targeting delivery system carrying osteogenic phytomolecule icaritin prevents osteoporosis in mice. Biomaterials 2018; 182:58-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Evaluation of selected traditional Chinese medical extracts for bone mineral density maintenance: A mechanistic study. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 9:227-235. [PMID: 31193882 PMCID: PMC6544583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the development of a minimal traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula using selected TCM ingredients and evaluating their biological activity with bone-specific in vitro tests. Finally, determining if the minimal formula can maintain bone mineral density (BMD) in a low bone mass (LBM)/osteoporosis (OP) model system. Methods and results Sixteen different TCM plant extracts were tested for estrogenic, osteogenic and osteoclastic activities. Despite robust activation of the full-length estrogen receptors α and β by Psoralea corylifolia and Epimedium brevicornu, these extracts do not activate the isolated estrogen ligand binding domains (LBD) of either ERα or ERβ; estrogen (17-β estradiol) fully activates the LBD of ERα and ERβ. E. brevicornu and Drynaria fortunei extracts activated cyclic AMP response elements (CRE) individually and when combined these ingredients stimulated the production of osteoblastic markers Runx2 and Bmp4 in MC3T3-E1 cells. E. brevicornu, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Astragalus onobrychis extracts inhibited the Il-1β mediated activation of NF-κβ and an E. brevicornu/D. fortunei combination inhibited the development of osteoclasts from precursor cells. Further, a minimal formula containing the E. brevicornu/D. fortunei combination with or without a third ingredient (S. miltiorrhiza, Angelica sinensis, or Lycium barbarum) maintained bone mineral density (BMD) similar to an estradiol-treated control group in the ovariectomized rat; a model LBM/OP system. Conclusion A minimal formula consisting of TCM plant extracts that activate CRE and inhibit of NF-κβ activation, but do not behave like estrogen, maintain BMD in a LBM/OP model system.
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Key Words
- Anti-inflammatory
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Bmp4, bone morphogenic protein 4
- CRE, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element
- CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein
- DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- Drynaria fortunei
- E2, estradiol
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ERE, estrogen response element
- Epimedium brevicornu
- Estrogenic
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fsk, forskolin
- Hprt, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase
- IL-1, interleukin 1
- LBD, ligand binding domain
- LBM, low bone mass
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase
- NF-κβ, nuclear factor kappa beta
- OP, osteoporosis
- Osteoporosis
- PTH, parathyroid hormone
- PTHrp, PTH related peptide
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand
- RLU, relative luminescence unit
- ROI, region of interest
- Runx2, runt-related transcription factor 2
- SFM, serum free media
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- UAS, upstream activating sequence
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Huang H, Lin H, Lan F, Wu Y, Yang Z, Zhang J. Application of bone transgenic zebrafish in anti-osteoporosis chemical screening. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:53-61. [PMID: 30891547 PMCID: PMC6354313 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently been shown to be an ideal model to study bone disease including osteoporosis. The zebrafish osteoporosis model could be induced by glucocorticoid treatment with chemical staining for reflecting the level of bone mineralization. However, this methodology was unstable. Here, we developed a novel methodology to directly evaluate the bone mass and density. METHODS We generated and used the bone of transgenic zebrafish Tg (ola.sp7:nlsGFP) to evaluate the bone mass and density by measuring the areal extent and the integrated optical density (IOD) of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). This methodology was further compared with the traditional chemically stained method showing the bone mineralization. Furthermore, genes related to zebrafish osteoporosis were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Our results of new methods were consistent with those from chemically stained fish, following glucocorticoid-induction or epimedium flavonoid (FE)-rescue treatments. qRT-PCR analyses on mRNA levels revealed that glucocorticoid induces osteoporosis by downregulating the expression of osteoblast-related factors osterix, osteocalcin, and osteopontin, and upregulating the expression of osteoclast-related factor tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. In FE-rescued fish, the expression of osteogenic factors osterix, osteocalcin, and osteopontin were increased. CONCLUSION Compared to the traditional chemical staining methods, the new osteoporosis model using Tg(ola.sp7:nlsGFP) is more convenient and efficient for studying osteoporosis in vivo, and especially for high-throughput anti-osteoporosis drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐xin Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Hao Lin
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Fen Lan
- The Central People's Hospital of HuizhouGuangdongGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Yong‐fu Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Zhen‐guo Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Jing‐jing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdong ProvinceChina
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15
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Bone mass improved effect of icariin for postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomy-induced rats: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Menopause 2017; 23:1152-7. [PMID: 27648597 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced rats are the most frequently used animal model to research postmenopausal osteoporosis. Our objective was to summarize and critically assess the bone mass improved effect of icariin (ICA) for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in an OVX-induced rat model. METHODS The PUBMED, EMBASE, and Chinese databases were searched from their inception date to February 2015. Two reviewers independently selected animal studies that evaluated the bone mass improved effect of ICA compared with control in OVX-induced rats. Extracted data were analyzed by RevMan statistical software, and the methodological quality of each study was assessed. RESULTS Seven studies with adequate randomization were included in the systematic review. Overall, ICA seemed to significantly improve bone mass as assessed using the bone mineral density (seven studies, n = 169; weighted mean difference, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.02, I = 77%, P < 0.00001) using a random-effects model. There is no significant difference between ICA and estrogen (E) (six studies, n = 128; weighted mean difference, 0.00; 95% CI, -0.00 to 0.01, I = 54%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Bone mass improved effect of ICA for postmenopausal osteoporosis was observed in OVX-induced rats. Assessment of the methodological quality of studies involving OVX-induced animal models is required, and good methodological quality should be valued in systematic reviews of animal studies.
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16
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Li ZR, Cheng LM, Wang KZ, Yang NP, Yang SH, He W, Wang YS, Wang ZM, Yang P, Liu XZ, Luo YZ, Sun W, Wang HT, Zheng LZ, Wang XL, Qin L. Herbal Fufang Xian Ling Gu Bao prevents corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head-A first multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Orthop Translat 2017; 12:36-44. [PMID: 29662777 PMCID: PMC5866478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective This is a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of Chinese herbal Fufang Xian Ling Gu Bao (XLGB) with antiadipogenic compounds for the prevention of corticosteroid (CS)-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH). Methods Patients of both genders, aged between 18 and 65 years, with diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, nephrosis, dermatosis and rheumatoid arthritis indicated for CS treatment and who did not show magnetic resonance imaging of ONFH at baseline were recruited into the study and then randomised into either XLGB group (n = 129) with daily oral administration of XLGB or placebo group (n = 146). Results Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a total of 30 ONFH cases at 6 months after CS treatment, with 6.98% (9 of 129 cases) and 14.4% (21 of 146 cases) in the XLGB group and placebo group, respectively, (p < 0.05), i.e., a 2-fold significantly less ONFH identified in the XLGB treatment group. Blood tests suggested that XLGB significantly inhibited the elevation of activated protein C resistance induced by CS treatment. Conclusion This is the first multicentre clinical study to demonstrate that the antiadipogenic compounds–rich herbal Fufang (formula) XLGB is effective in preventing CS-associated ONFH in patients with immune-inflammatory diseases under CS treatment. The translational potential of this article The translation potential of this clinical trial is that the initially officially approved clinical indication for XLGB for treatment of osteoporosis has been now also proven to be effective for a new clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li-Ming Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kun-Zheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Nan-Ping Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shu-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Hip Joint Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xian-Zhe Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yue-Zhong Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Li-Zhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin-Luan Wang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Translational Medicine R&D Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Translational Medicine R&D Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper may play an important role in icariin by suppressing osteogenesis inhibition induced by glucocorticoids in osteoblasts. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:237-243. [PMID: 28363169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Icariin is a potent stimulator of osteogenic differentiation; however, the mechanism underlying its osteogenic effect remains unclear. The osteogenic effect of icariin is related to the upstream glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) signaling pathway, and antagonism with dexamethasone-induced osteoblast inhibition was noted. METHODS MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in induced medium treated with icariin with or without dexamethasone. After short interfering RNA (siRNA) were used to silence GILZ expression, the degree of mineralization, proliferation, and GILZ expression as well as the levels of osteogenic (OPG, RANKL, ALP, OC and RUNX2) markers were tested. RESULTS Dexamethasone inhibited, while icariin increased, osteogenic activity, as indicated by ALP activity and calcium nodules. Meanwhile, dexamethasone dose-dependently (10-6M-10-4M) increased GILZ and RANKL expression and reduced ALP, OPG and OC, but the pattern of mRNA expression was reversed when icariin was added. Furthermore, GILZ (dexamethasone-induced) inhibition caused by icariin or moderately silenced by GILZ siRNA abolished the osteogenesis inhibition effect of dexamethasone, as indicated by the changes in the GILZ, ALP, OPG and RANKL expression levels; ALP activity; and calcium nodule. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the GILZ-mediated osteogenic signal pathway is involved in the osteogenic effect induced by icariin.
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18
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Cao H, Zhang Y, Qian W, Guo XP, Sun C, Zhang L, Cheng XH. Effect of icariin on fracture healing in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2399-2404. [PMID: 28565854 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is frequently asymptomatic, presenting a significant clinical and economic burden, particularly following an osteoporosis-associated fracture. Icariin has been reported to inhibit osteoporosis in vitro, and the present study investigated whether icariin also promoted bone fracture healing in ovariectomized osteoporotic (OVX) rats in vivo. A total of 30 female rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 per group): i) Sham surgery; ii) OVX; and iii) OVX with icariin (OVX + ICA) groups. At 3 months after the ovariectomy, a unilateral cross-tibia fracture was made at the proximal right tibia. Animals were then sacrificed after 5 weeks of oral treatment. X-rays were taken at 1 week, 3 weeks and 5 weeks of treatment, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD). Changes to the osteocalcin (BGLAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and estradiol levels in blood were measured. Callus formation and bone union were observed, the BMD was significantly higher and the BGLAP, ALP and TRAP levels were reduced, but no significant increase was observed in the blood estradiol level in the OVX + ICA group compared with the OVX group. The present findings indicate that icariin has potential as a novel alternative therapeutic agent for fracture healing in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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19
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Liu H, Xiong Y, Zhu X, Gao H, Yin S, Wang J, Chen G, Wang C, Xiang L, Wang P, Fang J, Zhang R, Yang L. Icariin improves osteoporosis, inhibits the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4 mRNA, N1ICD and jagged1 proteins, and increases Notch2 mRNA in ovariectomized rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1360-1368. [PMID: 28413478 PMCID: PMC5377361 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin (ICA) is a pharmacologically active flavonoid glycoside that shows promise in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis (OP). However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-osteoporotic effects of ICA remain largely unclear. The present study used quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemical analysis to examine the effects of ICA on several key targets in the Notch signaling pathway in bone tissue in ovariectomized rats. It was observed that ICA has a pronounced beneficial effect on OP rats and inhibits the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) mRNA. In addition, it was identified that ICA downregulates the expression of notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) and Jagged1 proteins in bone tissue, and suppresses the effect of N1ICD on Notch2 mRNA expression. It is proposed that ICA inhibits the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes by inhibiting the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and FABP4 mRNA via the Notch signaling pathway. In addition, it is proposed that ICA inhibits the expression of Notch2 mRNA by suppressing the effect of N1ICD. In conclusion, the results provide further mechanistic evidence for the clinical efficacy of ICA in the treatment of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengrui Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yingquan Xiong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jiefang Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Chaopeng Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Ji Fang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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20
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Wang J, Li SF, Wang T, Sun CH, Wang L, Huang MJ, Chen J, Zheng SW, Wang N, Zhang YJ, Chen TY. Isopsoralen-mediated suppression of bone marrow adiposity and attenuation of the adipogenic commitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:527-538. [PMID: 28204811 PMCID: PMC5360393 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) increases the risk of bone fractures and other complications, and is thus a major clinical problem. In this study, we examined the effect of isopsoralen on the differentiation of bone-derived marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts and adipocytes, as well as bone formation under osteoporotic conditions. Primary femoral BMSCs isolated from C57BL/6 mice were used to evaluate the isopsoralen-mediated regulation of the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) during osteogenesis 2 weeks. We also examined the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) under adipogenic conditions for 1 and 2 weeks. In addition, ovariectomized (OVX) mice were used to examine the effects of isopsoralen on bone formation for 2 months. Finally, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling was examined under osteogenic and adipogenic conditions. We found that following treatment with isopsoralen, the expression levels of ALP, OCN and RUNX2 were upregulated, whereas those of PPARγ and C/EBPβ were downregulated. mTORC1 signaling was also inhibited in vitro and in vivo. In the OVX mice that were intragastrically administered isopsoralen, bone parameters (trabecular thickness, bone volume/total volume and trabecular number) in the distal femoral metaphysis were significantly increased and the adipocyte number was decreased. On the whole, our findings demonstrate that isopsoralen promoted BMSC differentiation into osteoblasts and suppressed differentiation into adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010050, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Fa Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, Guangdong 516003, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Han Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, Guangdong 516003, P.R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Orthopedics Academy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, P.R. China
| | - Min-Jun Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Orthopedics Academy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404100, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wei Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, Guangdong 516003, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Orthopedics Academy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510665, P.R. China
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Li M, Zhang ND, Wang Y, Han T, Jiang YP, Rahman K, Qin LP, Xin HL, Zhang QY. Coordinate regulatory osteogenesis effects of icariin, timosaponin B II and ferulic acid from traditional Chinese medicine formulas on UMR-106 osteoblastic cells and osteoblasts in neonatal rat calvaria cultures. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:120-131. [PMID: 26983755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Icariin (I), ferulic acid (F) and timosaponin B II (T) derived respectively from the leaf of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim (EBM, Berberidaceae), rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (AAB, Liliaceae) and root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (ASD, Umbelliferae) are included in several traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas for the treatment of osteoporosis. In addition, the medicinal materials and chemical constituents in many traditional Chinese formulas have been shown to have potential synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects. AIM OF STUDY To explore the action mechanism and interactions between I, T and F as bone anabolic ingredients on osteoblasts, and fully understand their action mechanism and rationality of the formula design. MATERIALS AND METHODS An osteoporotic model was established in bilaterally ovariectomized mice. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and serum biochemical parameters including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and deoxypyridinoline cross-links (DPD) were measured to evaluate the effects of I, T or F alone and their combinations on osteoporotic mice. UMR-106 osteoblastic cells and primary osteoblasts in neonatal rat calvarias were used to evaluate the osteogenesis effect. The immunohistochemical method and Western-blot analysis were used to detect the expression of critical proteins in the process of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. RESULTS IFT combinations enhanced the therapeutic effect without increasing the adverse effects on osteoporotic mice, synergistically increased the osteoblast proliferation, ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation, and promoted the expression of bone matrix by regulating BMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in osteoblasts. CONCLUSION IFT combinations reinforced the therapeutic effect on osteoporosis by modulating multi-signaling pathways and action targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China; XiaMen ZhongKe New Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Nai-Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, PLA 102 Hospital, Changzhou, 213003 China.
| | - Ting Han
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hai-Liang Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qiao-Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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22
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Calvo-Guirado JL, López-López PJ, Domínguez MF, Gosálvez MM, Prados-Frutos JC, Gehrke SA. Retracted: Histologic evaluation of new bone in post-extraction sockets induced by melatonin and apigenin: an experimental study in American fox hound dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 29:1176. [PMID: 27191920 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical applications of melatonin and apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) on new bone formation in post-extraction sockets after 30, 60 and 90 days. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six American fox hounds were used in the study, extracting mandibular premolars (P2, P3 and P4) and first molar (M1). Melatonin or apigenin impregnated in collagen sponges were applied at P3, P4 and M1 sites in both hemimandibles; P2 sites were used as control sites. Bone biopsies were taken at 30, 60 and 90 days and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. RESULTS At 30 days, a higher percentage of immature bone was observed in the control group (58.11 ± 1.76%) than in the apigenin (34.11 ± 1.02%) and melatonin groups (24.9 ± 0.14%) with significant differences between the three groups (P < 0.05). At 60 days, results were significantly better at melatonin sites (10.34 ± 1.09%) than apigenin (19.22 ± 0.35%) and control sites (36.7 ± 1.11%) (P < 0.05). At 90 days, immature bone percentages were similar for all groups. New bone formation was higher in melatonin group (79.56 ± 1.9%) than apigenin (68.89 ± 1.5%) and control group (58.87 ± 0.12%). CONCLUSIONS Topical applications of either melatonin or apigenin have a potential to accelerate bone tissue in early healing stages; melatonin was seen to have stimulated bone maturation to a greater extent at the 60 days of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Calvo-Guirado
- Dentistry, International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia J López-López
- International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Maiquez Gosálvez
- International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Alexandre Gehrke
- Biotecnos, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
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23
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Ko CH, Lau KM, Chau L, Cheung DWS, Siu WS, Wong HL, Shum WT, Gao S, Fung KP, Leung PC, Poon SKS, Lau CBS. Multitargeted combination effects of a triherbal formulation containing ELP against osteoporosis: in vitro evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:826-33. [PMID: 27019348 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An anti-osteoporotic herbal formula ELP containing Epimedii Herba (E), Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (L) and Psoraleae Fructus (P) was studied to investigate the herb-herb interaction (or the possible synergistic effect) among each component and to identify the principal herbs in different modes of action. METHODS Rat osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells proliferation, rat MSCs-derived osteoblastogenesis and RANKL-induced RAW 264.7 osteoclastogenesis were adopted to investigate the bone-forming activity and bone-degrading activity of the herbal extracts. In the statistical aspect, a modified Tallarida's approach was employed to assess the synergistic effects in herbal combinations. KEY FINDINGS Psoraleae Fructus is the active herb for stimulating osteoblast proliferation, and mild synergy was detected in the pairwise combinations EL, LP and formula ELP. In osteoblastogenesis assay, E and L are the principal herbs for promoting osteoblast differentiation and significant synergy was detected in the pairwise combination EL. For inhibiting osteoclast formation, L is the active herb and significant synergy was detected in the 3-way combination ELP. CONCLUSIONS The presence of E, L and P is essential for ELP formula as a whole to act against osteoporosis via enhancing bone formation and reducing bone reabsorption. An optimal dosage at 150 μg/ml was proposed for ELP based on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kit Man Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Lily Chau
- School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Wing Shing Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Sum Siu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Hing Lok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Ting Shum
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Si Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Simon Kar-Sing Poon
- School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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24
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Beta-tricalcium phosphate granules improve osteogenesis in vitro and establish innovative osteo-regenerators for bone tissue engineering in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23367. [PMID: 27000963 PMCID: PMC4802206 DOI: 10.1038/srep23367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The drawbacks of traditional bone-defect treatments have prompted the exploration of bone tissue engineering. This study aimed to explore suitable β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) granules for bone regeneration and identify an efficient method to establish β-TCP-based osteo-regenerators. β-TCP granules with diameters of 1 mm and 1–2.5 mm were evaluated in vitro. The β-TCP granules with superior osteogenic properties were used to establish in vivo bioreactors, referred to as osteo-regenerators, which were fabricated using two different methods. Improved proliferation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), glucose consumption and ALP activity were observed for 1–2.5 mm β-TCP compared with 1-mm granules (P < 0.05). In addition, BMSCs incubated with 1–2.5 mm β-TCP expressed significantly higher levels of the genes for runt-related transcription factor-2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and collagen type-1 and the osteogenesis-related proteins alkaline phosphatase, collagen type-1 and runt-related transcription factor-2 compared with BMSCs incubated with 1 mm β-TCP (P < 0.05). Fluorochrome labelling, micro-computed tomography and histological staining analyses indicated that the osteo-regenerator with two holes perforating the femur promoted significantly greater bone regeneration compared with the osteo-regenerator with a periosteum incision (P < 0.05). This study provides an alternative to biofunctionalized bioreactors that exhibits improved osteogenesis.
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25
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Che CT, Wong MS, Lam CWK. Natural Products from Chinese Medicines with Potential Benefits to Bone Health. Molecules 2016; 21:239. [PMID: 26927052 PMCID: PMC6274145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive, systemic bone disorder characterized by loss of bone mass and microstructure, leading to reduced bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is often associated with reduced quality of life and other medical complications. The disease is common in the aging population, particularly among postmenopausal women and patients who receive long-term steroidal therapy. Given the rapid growth of the aging population, increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of bone loss, and financial burden to the healthcare system and individuals, demand for new therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements for the management and promotion of bone health is pressing. With the advent of global interest in complementary and alternative medicine and natural products, Chinese medicine serves as a viable source to offer benefits for the improvement and maintenance of bone health. This review summarizes the scientific information obtained from recent literatures on the chemical ingredients of Chinese medicinal plants that have been reported to possess osteoprotective and related properties in cell-based and/or animal models. Some of these natural products (or their derivatives) may become promising leads for development into dietary supplements or therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Man Sau Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Indran IR, Liang RLZ, Min TE, Yong EL. Preclinical studies and clinical evaluation of compounds from the genus Epimedium for osteoporosis and bone health. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 162:188-205. [PMID: 26820757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality associated with fractures due to osteoporosis or "porous bone" contributes significantly to global healthcare costs and will increase exponentially with ageing populations. In menopausal women, the onset of menopause and rapid estrogen withdrawal leads to osteoporotic fractures. Healthy bone requires the coordinated remodeling function of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in the basic bone multicellular unit, regulated by estrogen, RANKL/OPG, ROS, growth factors, and other kinase signaling pathways. Anti-osteoporotic drugs in current use such as hormone replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and bisphosphonates are designed to target these pathways, but all have their limitations. Extracts of the dried aerial parts of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Epimedium (Berberidaceae) has long been used for bone health. Some nine Epimedium prenylflavonoid compounds have been reported to target estrogen signaling and other bone morphogenesis pathways in mesenchymal stem cell, osteoblast, and osteoclast cell lineages. Epimedium prenylflavonoids and enriched extracts can exert beneficial effects on bone health in estrogen-deficient and other osteoporosis animal models. The development of sensitive and rapid mass chromatographic techniques to quantify compounds extracted from Epimedium, including icariin and icaritin, has been used to standardize production and to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Epimedium in animal models and humans. Recent clinical trials have reported positive effects on bone health, suggesting that compounds or extracts of Epimedium have the potential to be developed as agents, alone or in combination with other drugs, to prevent or delay the onset of osteoporosis and reduce the risk of hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inthrani Raja Indran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan Lim Zhen Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tan Ee Min
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eu-Leong Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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27
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Lin FX, Du SX, Liu DZ, Hu QX, Yu GY, Wu CC, Zheng GZ, Xie D, Li XD, Chang B. Naringin promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells by up-regulating Foxc2 expression via the IHH signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:5098-5107. [PMID: 27904711 PMCID: PMC5126353 DOI: pmid/27904711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Naringin is an active compound extracted from Rhizoma Drynariae, and studies have revealed that naringin can promote proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). In this study, we explored whether naringin could promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by upregulating Foxc2 expression via the Indian hedgehog (IHH) signaling pathway. BMSCs were cultured in basal medium, basal medium with naringin, osteogenic induction medium, osteogenic induction medium with naringin and osteogenic induction medium with naringin in the presence of the IHH inhibitor cyclopamine (CPE). We examined cell proliferation by using a WST-8 assay, and differentiation by Alizarin Red S staining (for mineralization) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. In addition, we detected core-binding factor α1 (Cbfα1), osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) and Foxc2 expression by using RT-PCR. We also determined Foxc2 and IHH protein levels by western blotting. Naringin increased the mineralization of BMSCs, as shown by Alizarin red S assays, and induced ALP activity. In addition, naringin significantly increased the mRNA levels of Foxc2, Cbfα1, OCN, and BSP, while decreasing PPARγ2 mRNA levels. Furthermore, the IHH inhibitor CPE inhibited the osteogenesis-potentiating effects of naringin. Naringin increased Foxc2 and stimulated the activation of IHH, as evidenced by increased expression of proteins that were inhibited by CPE. Our findings indicate that naringin promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by up-regulating Foxc2 expression via the IHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-xiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shi-xin Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - De-zhong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qin-xiao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guo-yong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chu-cheng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Gui-zhou Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Da Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xue-dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Chen Y, Sun Y, Pan X, Ho K, Li G. Joint distraction attenuates osteoarthritis by reducing secondary inflammation, cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone aberrant change. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1728-35. [PMID: 26028135 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disorder. To date, there is not effective medical therapy. Joint distraction has given us hope for slowing down the OA progression. In this study, we investigated the benefits of joint distraction in OA rat model and the probable underlying mechanisms. METHODS OA was induced in the right knee joint of rats through anterior cruciate ligament transaction (ACLT) plus medial meniscus resection. The animals were randomized into three groups: two groups were treated with an external fixator for a subsequent 3 weeks, one with and one without joint distraction; and one group without external fixator as OA control. Serum interleukin-1β level was evaluated by ELISA; cartilage quality was assessed by histology examinations (gross appearance, Safranin-O/Fast green stain) and immunohistochemistry examinations (MMP13, Col X); subchondral bone aberrant changes was analyzed by micro-CT and immunohistochemistry (Nestin, Osterix) examinations. RESULTS Characters of OA were present in the OA group, contrary to in general less severe damage after distraction treatment: firstly, IL-1β level was significantly decreased; secondly, cartilage degeneration was attenuated with lower histologic damage scores and the lower percentage of MMP13 or Col X positive chondrocytes; finally, subchondral bone abnormal change was attenuated, with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/total tissue volume (BV/TV) and the number of Nestin or Osterix positive cells in the subchondral bone. CONCLUSION In the present study, we demonstrated that joint distraction reduced the level of secondary inflammation, cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone aberrant change, joint distraction may be a strategy for slowing OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - X Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Bao-An District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - K Ho
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - G Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Comparative study of two types of herbal capsules with different Epimedium species for the prevention of ovariectomised-induced osteoporosis in rats. J Orthop Translat 2015; 4:14-27. [PMID: 30035062 PMCID: PMC5987012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Epimedii Folium is the most important osteogenic herb formulated for the traditional Chinese Medicine Xian Ling Gu Bao (XLGB) capsule. The present study compared XLGB capsules containing two different Epimedium species, i.e., either Epimedium pubescens (XEP) or Epimedium koreanum (XEK), with the focus being on the chemical constituents and antiosteoporotic efficacy. Methods Ultra performance liquid chromatography was used to demonstrate the different chemical constituents. Biomechanical tests, histological, and cytological evaluation were performed to characterise and compare the bone mineral density, bone strength, microstructure of bone tissue, and biological activity between XEP and XEK using an established ovariectomised (OVX) rat model. Results Six flavonoids with different contents between XEK and XEP were identified. As compared with the OVX group, significantly higher bone mineral density, elastic-modulus, and compressive strength were found in both the XEK group and XEP group (p < 0.05 for all, n = 8). Histomorphometric data presented significantly higher osteoblast surface ratio and osteoid area accompanied by significantly lower values of erosion surface and adiopocytes area in two treatment groups (p < 0.05, n = 6). XLGB Fufang with either XEK or XEP all showed significant preventive effects in OVX-induced osteoporosis and deterioration of bone mechanical properties. Conclusion The significance of the current preclinical experimental study was that these two Epimedium species used for formulating XLGB capsules were equally effective for the prevention of oestrogen-depletion induced osteoporosis.
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Jiang J, Li J, Zhang Z, Sun E, Feng L, Jia X. Mechanism of enhanced antiosteoporosis effect of circinal-icaritin by self-assembled nanomicelles in vivo with suet oil and sodium deoxycholate. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2377-89. [PMID: 25848257 PMCID: PMC4381633 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s76191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circinal-icaritin (CIT), one new active aglycone of Epimedium, can exert a beneficial effect on osteoporotic bone. However, its low bioavailability limits its clinical efficacy for the treatment of osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this paper, suet oil (SO) was used to improve the oral bioavailability of CIT and enhance its antiosteoporosis effect and absorption. After oral administration of CIT together with SO, the CIT and SO self-assembled into nanomicelles under the action of sodium deoxycholate (DOC) by bile secretion. The antiosteoporosis effects of the CIT-SO-DOC nanomicelles were evaluated in osteoporotic rats by bone mineral density, serum biochemical markers, bone microarchitecture, bone biomechanical properties, and related protein and gene expressions. We examined the bioavailability of CIT and its nanomicelles in vivo, and subsequently the nanomicelles were verified using transmission electron microscopy. Finally, we evaluated absorption across a rat intestinal perfusion model. RESULTS Compared with CIT, in the CIT-SO groups, protein and messenger ribonucleic acid expressions of osteoprotegerin were increased, while expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in bone tissue were decreased; bone-turnover markers in serum of hydroxyproline, alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand levels were decreased, while osteoprotegerin and osteocalcin levels were increased; and trabecular bone mass, microarchitecture, and bone biomechanical strength were enhanced. The relative bioavailabilities of CIT-SO high dosage, CIT-SO medium dosage, and CIT-SO low dosage (area under concentration-time curve [AUC]0-∞) compared with that of raw CIT high dosage, CIT medium dosage, and CIT low dosage (AUC0-∞) were 127%, 121%, and 134%, respectively. The average particle size of CIT-DOC was significantly decreased after adding SO (P<0.01), and the intestinal permeability coefficients of CIT-SO-DOC nanomicelles in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon were all significantly improved (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The increased antiosteoporosis effects and bioavailability of CIT-SO-DOC self-assembled nanomicelles were due to an increase in absorption of CIT by reducing the particle sizes of CIT. SO may be a practical oral carrier for antiosteoporosis drugs with low bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - E Sun
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Wang X, He Y, Guo B, Tsang MC, Tu F, Dai Y, Yao Z, Zheng L, Xie X, Wang N, Yao X, Zhang G, Qin L. In vivo screening for anti-osteoporotic fraction from extract of herbal formula Xianlinggubao in ovariectomized mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118184. [PMID: 25695519 PMCID: PMC4335011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Fufang or formula Xianlinggubao (XLGB) is a prescribed TCM drug in China registered for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Fufang in TCM is comprised of a group of herbal compounds contributing in group to the treatment efficacy. The present study aims to identify the bioactive fraction(s) in XLGB extract that account(s) dominantly for its osteogenic effects. Methods The extract of XLGB formula was separated into three fractions using chromatography, i.e., XLGB-A, XLGB-B and XLGB-C. They were administrated to 4-month old ovariectomized (OVX) mice for 6 weeks to determine which bioactive fraction(s) were more effective for preventing OVX-induced bone loss evaluated by microCT, biomechanical testing and biochemical markers. The main peaks of the key fraction were identified using reference compounds isolated from the fraction. In addition, the effects of the composite compounds in XLGB-B on osteoblasts’ proliferation and mineralization were evaluated in UMR 106 cells. Results XLGB-B with a yield of 13.0% from herbal Fufang XLGB was identified as the most potential one among the three fractions for prevention of OVX-induced bone loss confirmed with bone mass, bone microarchitecture, bone strength and bone turnover markers. Nine compounds in HPLC fingerprint were identified in the XLGB-B fraction, including phenylpropanoids from Herba Epimedii, terpenes from Radix Dipsaci and coumarins from Fructus Psoraleae. In addition, the identified compounds effectively promoted proliferation and/or mineralization of osteoblast-like UMR 106 cells in vitro. Conclusion XLGB-B with defined phytochemical structures was screened as the key fraction that demonstrated preventive effects on OVX-induced bone loss in mice. The present study laid down a foundation towards a new generation of herbal Fufang characterized with “less herbal materials for achieving equal treatment efficacy” in development strategy of TCM for prevention of OVX-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinluan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Tec, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yixin He
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Baosheng Guo
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man-Ching Tsang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fengjuan Tu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lizhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinhui Xie
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Tec, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- * E-mail: (LQ); (XY); (GZ)
| | - Ge Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail: (LQ); (XY); (GZ)
| | - Ling Qin
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Tec, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail: (LQ); (XY); (GZ)
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The antiosteoporotic activity of central-icaritin (CIT) on bone metabolism of ovariectomized rats. Molecules 2014; 19:18690-704. [PMID: 25405287 PMCID: PMC6271928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Central-icaritin (CIT) is a flavonoid aglycone first discovered in our laboratory, which is an isomeric aglycone of icaritin (IT). We wanted to know whether CIT also had anti-osteoporosis activity. In this study, CIT was investigated in an ovariectomized rat (OVX) model. Fifty-six 6-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham operated group (Sham) and six OVX subgroups (n = 8 each). The OVX rats were then subdivided into six groups treated with vehicle (OVX), icaritin (IT, 40 mg/kg body weight/day), estradiol valerate (EV, 100 μg/kg body weight/day) or CIT (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight/day) for 12 weeks, respectively. Then, the serum biochemical parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), bone biomechanical properties, bone microarchitecture, bone immunohistochemistry and related protein and gene expressions were evaluated. In OVX rats, the increases of body weight, HOP, AKP, and TRACP5b levels, and the decreases of uterus wet weight, femurs weight, BMD, serum OPG/RANKL and OCN were significantly inhibited by CIT treatment. Micro-CT analysis results showed that CIT apparently enhanced trabecular bone compared with the OVX group (p < 0.05). Total femur BMD and biomechanical strength of tibia were significantly improved (p < 0.05) after 12 weeks of CIT administration. In addition, the CIT administration also significantly enhanced the OPG expression, whereas reduced the RANKL expression in femurs according to RT-PCR, western blot assays and immunohistochemical evaluation. CIT had the antiosteoporotic activity, and its antiosteoporotic effects in OVX rats may be stronger than that of IT.
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Li N, Lee WYW, Lin SE, Ni M, Zhang T, Huang XR, Lan HY, Li G. Partial loss of Smad7 function impairs bone remodeling, osteogenesis and enhances osteoclastogenesis in mice. Bone 2014; 67:46-55. [PMID: 24998669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Smad7 is well demonstrated as a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling. Its alteration in expression often results in diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. However, the exact role of Smad7 in regulating bone remodeling during mammalian development has not been properly delineated. In this study we performed experiments to clarify the involvement of Smad7 in regulating osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis both invivo and invitro. Genetically engineered Smad7(ΔE1) (KO) mice were used, whereby partial functional of Smad7 is lost by deleting exon I of the Smad7 gene and the truncated proteins cause a hypomorphic allele. Analysis with μCT imagery and bone histomorphometry showed that the KO mice had lower TbN, TbTh, higher TbSp in the metaphysic region of the femurs at 6, 12, 24weeks from birth, as well as decreased MAR and increased osteoclast surface compared with the WT mice. In vitro BM-MSC multi-lineage differentiation evaluation showed that the KO group had reduced osteogenic potential, fewer mineralized nodules, lower ALP activity, and reduced gene expression of Col1A1, Runx2 and OCN. The adipogenic potential was elevated in the KO group with more formation of lipid droplets, and increased gene expression of Adipsin and C/EBPα. The osteoclastogenic potential of KO mice BMMs was elevate, with emergence of more osteoclasts, larger resorptive areas, and increased gene expression of TRAP and CTR. Our results indicate that partial loss of Smad7 function in mice leads to compromised bone formation and enhanced bone resorption. Thus, Smad7 is acknowledged as a novel key regulator between osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Si-En Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China; The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhai YK, Guo XY, Ge BF, Zhen P, Ma XN, Zhou J, Ma HP, Xian CJ, Chen KM. Icariin stimulates the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells via activating the PI3K-AKT-eNOS-NO-cGMP-PKG. Bone 2014; 66:189-98. [PMID: 24956021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Icariin, a prenylated flavonol glycoside isolated from Epimedii herba, has been found to be a potent stimulator of osteogenic differentiation and has potential application in preventing bone loss. However, the signaling pathway underlying its osteogenic effect remains unclear. We hypothesized that the osteogenic activity of icariin is related to the nitric oxide (NO) signal pathway and PI3K/AKT pathway in its upstream. Rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) were cultured in osteogenic medium and treated with icariin or together with L-NAME, ODQ, PDE5, and/or LY294002 (the inhibitor of NOS, sGC, cGMP, and PI3K respectively), and effects were examined on the expression of signal messengers (NOS, NO, sGC, cGMP, PKG and PI3K) and the levels of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase or ALP, osteocalcin and calcified nodules). It was found that icariin dose-dependently increased ALP activity, and treatment at the optimal concentration (10(-5)M) increased NOS activity, iNOS and eNOS expression, NO production, sGC and cGMP contents and PKG expression besides the phosphorylation of AKT. The addition of L-NAME, ODQ and PDE5 significantly inhibited the icariin effects on above markers respectively. The addition of LY294002 decreased the p-AKT level, NOS activity, eNOS expression and NO production significantly, but had no significant effect on iNOS expression. The addition of any of the four inhibitors also abolished the osteogenic effect of icariin on rBMSCs as indicated by ALP activity, osteocalcin synthesis, calcium deposition and the number and areas of calcified nodules. These results suggest that the osteogenic effect of icariin involves the PI3K-AKT-eNOS-NO-cGMP-PKG signal pathway. Furthermore, dosage response studies showed that icariin at 10(-6)M (a physiologically achievable concentration in vivo) also activated this signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kun Zhai
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Guo
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bao-Feng Ge
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Zhen
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Ni Ma
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Ping Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cory J Xian
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Ke-Ming Chen
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
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Lee CJ, Wu YT, Hsueh TY, Lin LC, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of epimedin C after oral administration of epimedin C and Herba Epimedii extract in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:630-6. [PMID: 24264996 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epimedin C, an ingredient of Herba Epimedii, has potential for treatment of cardiovascular disease and bone loss. However, there is still no sensitive analytical method to monitor epimedin C in biological samples. The goal of this study was to develop a sensitive and reliable method based on a LC-MS/MS for evaluating the pharmacokinetics of epimedin C after administration of Herba Epimedii in rat. Electrospray ionization in positive-ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring were used to identify and quantitate active components. Analytes were separated by a reverse-phase C18 column. Liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate, evaporation and reconstitution was used to plasma sample preparation. Mass transition of precursor ion → product ion pairs were monitored at m/z 823.4 → 313.1 for epimedin C and m/z 237.1 → 178.9 for carbamazepine (internal standard). A calibration curve gave good linearity (r > 0.999) over the concentration range 2.5-500 ng/mL. Pharmacokinetic data demonstrated that there was rapid distribution and slow elimination after epimedin C administration (1 mg/kg, i.v.). Oral bioavailabilities of epimedin C in the pure compound and in the Herba Epimedii were around 0.58% and 0.13%, respectively. The result suggests that other herbal ingredients of Herba Epimedii may suppress the oral bioavailability of epimedin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Icariin Augments Bone Formation and Reverses the Phenotypes of Osteoprotegerin-Deficient Mice through the Activation of Wnt/ β -Catenin-BMP Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:652317. [PMID: 24348713 PMCID: PMC3835354 DOI: 10.1155/2013/652317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Icariin has been mostly reported to enhance bone fracture healing and treat postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomized animal model. As another novel animal model of osteoporosis, there is few publication about the effect of Icariin on osteoprotegerin-deficient mice. Therefore, the goal of this study is to find the effect on bone formation and underlying mechanisms of Icariin in osteoprotegerin (OPG) knockout (KO) mice. We found that Icariin significantly stimulated new bone formation after local injection over the surface of calvaria at the dose of 5 mg/kg per day. With this dose, Icariin was also capable of significantly reversing OPG-deficient-induced bone loss and bone strength reduction. Real-time PCR analysis showed that Icariin significantly upregulated the expression of BMP2, BMP4, RUNX2, OC, Wnt1, and Wnt3a in OPG KO mice. Icariin also significantly increased the expression of AXIN2, DKK1, TCF1, and LEF1, which are the direct target genes of β -catenin signaling. The in vitro studies showed that Icariin induced osteoblast differentiation through the activation of Wnt/ β -catenin-BMP signaling by in vitro deletion of the β -catenin gene using β -catenin(fx/fx) mice. Together, our findings demonstrate that Icariin significantly reverses the phenotypes of OPG-deficient mice through the activation of Wnt/ β -catenin-BMP signaling.
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Sun P, Liu Y, Deng X, Yu C, Dai N, Yuan X, Chen L, Yu S, Si W, Wang X, Wu D, Liu S, Pang H. An inhibitor of cathepsin K, icariin suppresses cartilage and bone degradation in mice of collagen-induced arthritis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:975-979. [PMID: 23746958 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The collagenase cathepsin K has been shown important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Icariin is the major pharmacologically active flavonol diglycoside of Herba Epimedii, an herb used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat arthritis. We investigated whether icariin can inhibit the protease activity of cathepsin K and its effects on a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Six-week old female BALB/C mice were immunized with type II collagen and treated with vehicle alone icariin (25mg/kg) for 21 days; a control remained untreated. Serum concentrations of type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide (CTX-I) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and urinary concentrations of deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were measured, and disease severity was assessed. Compared with immunized, untreated mice, immunized icariin-treated mice had significantly lower urinary DPD (~25%, p<0.01) and serum COMP (~11.9%, p<0.01) concentrations, with serum CTX-1 (RatLaps) concentrations being significantly lower in immunized, icariin treated mice than in immunized, vehicle treated (p<0.01) and non-immunized (p<0.005) mice. Icariin also reduced the clinical signs of arthritis. Icariin inhibited cathpesin K activity in vitro and was effective in a mouse model of CIA similar to human RA, suggesting that this agent may have promise in the treatment of patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijiao Sun
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Peng S, Zhang G, Zhang BT, Guo B, He Y, Bakker AJ, Pan X, Zhen W, Hung L, Qin L, Leung WN. The beneficial effect of icaritin on osteoporotic bone is dependent on the treatment initiation timing in adult ovariectomized rats. Bone 2013; 55:230-40. [PMID: 23486180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epimedium-derived flavonoids (EFs) have a potential to treat established osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. However, one of the main disadvantages of the compound is the high volume and dosage during long-term administration period. Meanwhile, the beneficial effect of EFs on osteoporotic bone depends greatly on the intervention timing. Whether icaritin (ICT), an active molecular compound from EFs, can exert beneficial effect on osteoporotic bone and whether the beneficial effect is also dependent on the intervention timing remain unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the early and late ICT treatment on bone turnover markers, trabecular architecture, bone remodeling, biomechanics, colony formation of bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblast, adipocyte and osteoclast-related gene expression in adult ovariectomized rats. METHODS Eighty 9-month-old female rats (n=8/group) were sham-operated (Sham) or ovariectomized (OVX). The OVX rats were subjected to ICT treatment initiation at 1 month (early treatment) and 3 months (late treatment) post-operation, respectively. The vehicle-treated Sham and OVX rats starting at month 1 and month 3 post-operation served as the corresponding controls (Sham and OVX controls) for early and late ICT treatment, respectively. Those Sham and OVX rats sacrificed immediately before early and late ICT treatment served as the pretreatment baseline controls. Both ICT and vehicle treatments lasted for 2 months. The bone turnover markers, trabecular architecture, bone remodeling and bone biomechanical properties were analyzed with biochemistry, microCT, histomorphometry and mechanical testing, respectively. The population of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and osteoblasts were evaluated with colony formation assays, respectively. The expression levels of osteoblast, adipocyte and osteoclast-related genes in bone marrow were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. RESULTS At the tissue level, early ICT treatment remarkably restored the trabecular bone mass, trabecular architecture and bone biomechanical properties towards pretreatment Sham levels, and significantly increased bone formation from pretreatment OVX level and markedly inhibited bone resorption towards pretreatment Sham level, whereas late ICT treatment failed to have any effect. At the cellular and molecular level, early ICT treatment significantly increased the number of osteoblastic colonies and the level of osteoblast-related gene expression compared to pretreatment OVX levels and remarkably decreased adipocyte and osteoclast-related gene expression towards pretreatment Sham levels. Late ICT treatment failed to have beneficial effect on any of these parameters. CONCLUSION ICT can exert anabolic and anti-resorptive effect on osteoporotic bone. The beneficial effect of ICT treatment is dependent on the intervention timing in established osteoporosis induced by estrogen depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University Second College of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Chen SH, Lei M, Xie XH, Zheng LZ, Yao D, Wang XL, Li W, Zhao Z, Kong A, Xiao DM, Wang DP, Pan XH, Wang YX, Qin L. PLGA/TCP composite scaffold incorporating bioactive phytomolecule icaritin for enhancement of bone defect repair in rabbits. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6711-22. [PMID: 23376238 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone defect repair is challenging in orthopaedic clinics. For treatment of large bone defects, bone grafting remains the method of choice for the majority of surgeons, as it fills spaces and provides support to enhance biological bone repair. As therapeutic agents are desirable for enhancing bone healing, this study was designed to develop such a bioactive composite scaffold (PLGA/TCP/ICT) made of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) as a basic carrier, incorporating a phytomolecule icaritin (ICT), i.e., a novel osteogenic exogenous growth factor. PLGA/TCP/ICT scaffolds were fabricated as PLGA/TCP (control group) and PLGA/TCP in tandem with low/mid/high-dose ICT (LICT/MICT/HICT groups, respectively). To evaluate the in vivo osteogenic and angiogenic potentials of these bioactive scaffolds with slow release of osteogenic ICT, the authors established a 12 mm ulnar bone defect model in rabbits. X-ray and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography results at weeks 2, 4 and 8 post-surgery showed more newly formed bone within bone defects implanted with PLGA/TCP/ICT scaffolds, especially PLGA/TCP/MICT scaffold. Histological results at weeks 4 and 8 also demonstrated more newly mineralized bone in PLGA/TCP/ICT groups, especially in the PLGA/TCP/MICT group, with correspondingly more new vessel ingrowth. These findings may form a good foundation for potential clinical validation of this innovative bioactive scaffold incorporated with the proper amount of osteopromotive phytomolecule ICT as a ready product for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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40
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Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Failure to generate bone marrow adipocytes does not protect mice from ovariectomy-induced osteopenia. Bone 2013; 53:145-53. [PMID: 23246792 PMCID: PMC3564669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A reciprocal association between bone marrow fat and bone mass has been reported in ovariectomized rodents, suggesting that bone marrow adipogenesis has a negative effect on bone growth and turnover balance. Mice with loss of function mutations in kit receptor (kit(W/W-v)) have no bone marrow adipocytes in tibia or lumbar vertebra. We therefore tested the hypothesis that marrow fat contributes to the development of osteopenia by comparing the skeletal response to ovariectomy (ovx) in growing wild type (WT) and bone marrow adipocyte-deficient kit(W/W-v) mice. Mice were ovx at 4 weeks of age and sacrificed 4 or 10 weeks post-surgery. Body composition was measured at necropsy by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Cortical (tibia) and cancellous (tibia and lumbar vertebra) bone architecture were evaluated by microcomputed tomography. Bone marrow adipocyte size and density, osteoblast- and osteoclast-lined bone perimeters, and bone formation were determined by histomorphometry. Ovx resulted in an increase in total body fat mass at 10 weeks post-ovx in both genotypes, but the response was attenuated in the in kit(W/W-v) mice. Adipocytes were present in bone marrow of tibia and lumbar vertebra in WT mice and bone marrow adiposity increased following ovx. In contrast, marrow adipocytes were not detected in either intact or ovx kit(W/W-v) mice. However, ovx in WT and kit(W/W-v) mice resulted in statistically indistinguishable changes in cortical and cancellous bone mass, cortical and cancellous bone formation rate, and cancellous osteoblast and osteoclast-lined bone perimeters. In conclusion, our findings do not support a causal role for increased bone marrow fat as a mediator of ovx-induced osteopenia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Wang XL, Xie XH, Zhang G, Chen SH, Yao D, He K, Wang XH, Yao XS, Leng Y, Fung KP, Leung KS, Qin L. Exogenous phytoestrogenic molecule icaritin incorporated into a porous scaffold for enhancing bone defect repair. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:164-72. [PMID: 22807243 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to develop a bioactive scaffold to enhance bone defect repair in steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON). Icaritin, a metabolite of the herb Epimedium, has been identified as an angiogenic and osteogenic phytomolecule. Icaritin was homogenized into poly lactic-co-glycolic acid/tricalcium phosphate (PLGA/TCP) to form an icaritin-releasing porous composite scaffold (PLGA/TCP/icaritin) by fine-spinning technology. In vitro, high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the release of icaritin during degradation of PLGA/TCP/icaritin. The osteogenic effects of PLGA/TCP/icaritin were evaluated using rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In vivo, the osteogenic effect of PLGA/TCP/icaritin was determined within a bone tunnel after core decompression in SAON rabbits and angiography within scaffolds was examined in rabbit muscle pouch model. In vitro study confirmed the sustainable release of icaritin from PLGA/TCP/icaritin with the bioactive scaffold promoting the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of rat BMSCs. In vivo study showed that PLGA/TCP/icaritin significantly promoted new bone formation within the bone defect after core decompression in SAON rabbits and enhanced neovascularization in the rabbit muscle pouch experiment. In conclusion, PLGA/TCP/icaritin is an innovative local delivery system that demonstrates sustainable release of osteogenic phytomolecule icaritin enhancing bone repair in an SAON rabbit model. The supplement of scaffold materials with bioactive phytomolecule(s) might improve treatment efficiency in challenging orthopedic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Luan Wang
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Potential antiosteoporotic agents from plants: a comprehensive review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:364604. [PMID: 23365596 PMCID: PMC3551255 DOI: 10.1155/2012/364604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major health hazard and is a disease of old age; it is a silent epidemic affecting more than 200 million people worldwide in recent years. Based on a large number of chemical and pharmacological research many plants and their compounds have been shown to possess antiosteoporosis activity. This paper reviews the medicinal plants displaying antiosteoporosis properties including their origin, active constituents, and pharmacological data. The plants reported here are the ones which are commonly used in traditional medical systems and have demonstrated clinical effectiveness against osteoporosis. Although many plants have the potential to prevent and treat osteoporosis, so far, only a fraction of these plants have been thoroughly investigated for their physiological and pharmacological properties including their mechanism of action. An attempt should be made to highlight plant species with possible antiosteoporosis properties and they should be investigated further to help with future drug development for treating this disease.
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Xu YX, Wu CL, Wu Y, Tong PJ, Jin HT, Yu NZ, Xiao LW. Epimedium-derived flavonoids modulate the balance between osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation in bone marrow stromal cells of ovariectomized rats via Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway activation. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 18:909-17. [PMID: 23238999 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the function of wnt/β-catenin signal pathway on the process that epimedium-derived flavonoids (EFs) regulate the balance between osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation in bone marrow stromal cells of ovariectomized rats, and to provide an experimental evidence for the mechanism of EFs on treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS Bone marrow stromal cells from ovariectomized rats were separated and cultivated in the condition of osteoinductive medium or liquid medium for 15 days. Low- (1 μg/mL), medium- (10 μg/mL) and high- (100 μg/mL) dose EFs were administrated correspondingly. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP activity determination, oil red O staining and realtime polymerese chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to determine the effect of EFs on osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation in bone marrow stromal cells of ovariectomized rats. Moreover, in order to explore the mechanism of EFs on osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation in bone marrow stromal cells of ovariectomized rats, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) was used in the medium group. Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RT-PCR were used to determine mRNA levels of β-catenin, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) and T cell factor (TCF) protein, known as wnt/β-catenin signal pathway related factors. RESULTS EFs increased mRNA expression levels of ALP and early osteoblast differentiation factors, such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin and collagen I, and decreased mRNA expression levels of fat generation factors, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ-2) and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) in a dose-dependent manner. While osteoblast differentiation factors were down-regulated, fat generation factors were up-regulated when DKK1 was applied. Also EFs up-regulated mRNA expression levels of β-catenin, LRP5 and TCF protein which could be blocked by DKK1. CONCLUSION EFs regulate the balance between osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation in bone marrow stromal cells of ovariectomized rats by activating wnt/β-catenin signal pathway, which may be an important molecular mechanism of EFs on treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-xing Xu
- Research Institution of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Therapeutic Effects of Cortex acanthopanacis Aqueous Extract on Bone Metabolism of Ovariectomized Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:492627. [PMID: 22997530 PMCID: PMC3446781 DOI: 10.1155/2012/492627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of aqueous extract from Cortex acanthopanacis (CAE) on osteoporosis rats induced by ovariectomy (OVX) using aqueous extract from Folium Epimedii (FEE) as positive control agent. Three-month-old female rats that underwent OVX were treated with CAE. After 12 weeks, bone mineral density (BMD) and indices of bone histomorphometry of tibia were measured. Levels of protein and mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in tibia were evaluated. In addition, the serum concentrations of osteocalcin (OC), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were determined. Administration of CAE significantly prevented OVX-induced rats from gain of the body weight. Treatment with CAE increased bone mass remarkably and showed a significant inhibitory effect on bone resorption by downregulating significantly the expression of RANKL in tibia of OVX rats. Meanwhile, treatment of CAE significantly reduced serum level of IL-1β and increased level of CT in OVX rats. This suggests that CAE has the potential to be used as an alternative therapeutic agent for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Icaritin, an exogenous phytomolecule, enhances osteogenesis but not angiogenesis--an in vitro efficacy study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41264. [PMID: 22952579 PMCID: PMC3431393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that Icaritin, an intestinal metabolite of Epimedium-derived flavonoids (EF) enhanced osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) only under osteogenic induction conditions. We also demonstrated its effect on inhibition of adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Unlike the findings of others on EF compounds, we showed that Icaritin was unable to promote proliferation, migration and tube like structure formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. These results suggested that the exogenous phytomolecule Icaritin possessed the potential for enhancing bone formation via its osteopromotive but not an osteoinductive mechanism. Though some flavonoids were shown to regulate the coupling process of angiogenesis and osteogenesis during bone repair, our results suggested that Icaritin did not have direct effect on enhancing angiogenesis in vitro.
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LIANG WENNA, LIN MUNAN, LI XIHAI, LI CANDONG, GAO BIZHENG, GAN HUIJUAN, YANG ZHAOYANG, LIN XUEJUAN, LIAO LINGHONG, YANG MIN. Icariin promotes bone formation via the BMP-2/Smad4 signal transduction pathway in the hFOB 1.19 human osteoblastic cell line. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:889-95. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Zheng D, Peng S, Yang SH, Shao ZW, Yang C, Feng Y, Wu W, Zhen WX. The beneficial effect of Icariin on bone is diminished in osteoprotegerin-deficient mice. Bone 2012; 51:85-92. [PMID: 22551876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoprogeterin (OPG) plays an important role in regulating bone homeostasis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Icariin is the major ingredient of Herba Epimedii, which exerts anabolic and anti-resorptive effects on bone, but the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the role of OPG in Icariin-mediated beneficial effects on bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve-week-old Opg knockout (KO) male mice and their wild type (WT) littermates were orally administered with Icariin (0.3 mg/g) everyday for 8 weeks. Bone mass and microstructure in the right proximal tibiae were analyzed with micro-computed tomography (μCT). Bone remodeling was evaluated with serum biochemical analyses and bone histomorphometry. The colonies of fibroblast and osteoblast from bone marrow derived cells were quantified. The mRNA expressions of osteoblast and osteoclast related genes in trabecular bone from the femora were analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS Icariin treatment led to greater trabecular bone volume and trabecular number compared with vehicle treatment in WT mice. Icariin treatment increased bone formation parameters while it decreased bone resorption parameters in WT mice; however, the anabolic response of trabecular bone to Icariin treatment was diminished in KO mice. At cellular and molecular levels, Icariin significantly increased the formation of osteoblast colonies from bone marrow derived cells and the Opg gene expression in trabecular bone of WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Icariin treatment exerted anabolic and anti-resorptive effects on trabecular bone of WT mice, in which the effects were diminished in KO mice. The effects of Icariin treatment on bone are dependent on up-regulation of Opg, therefore, OPG plays an essential role in Icariin-mediated beneficial effects on trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Siu WS, Wong HL, Lau CP, Shum WT, Wong CW, Gao S, Fung KP, Lau CBS, Hung LK, Ko CH, Leung PC. The Effects of an Antiosteoporosis Herbal Formula Containing Epimedii Herba, Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and Psoraleae Fructus on Density and Structure of Rat Long Bones Under Tail-Suspension, and its Mechanisms of Action. Phytother Res 2012; 27:484-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hing-Lok Wong
- Jockey Club Centre for Osteoporosis Care and Control; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin; New Territories; Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leung-Kim Hung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin; New Territories; Hong Kong
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An MC3T3-E1 Cell Line Biomembrane Extraction and HPLC–ESI-MS n Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Potential Anti-Osteoporosis Components of Epimedium koreanum. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Xu YX, Xu B, Wu CL, Wu Y, Tong PJ, Xiao LW. Dynamic expression of DKK1 protein in the process whereby Epimedium-derived flavonoids up-regulate osteogenic and down-regulate adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in ovariectomized rats. Orthop Surg 2012; 3:119-26. [PMID: 22009597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-7861.2011.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the dynamic expression of DKK1 protein in the process whereby Epimedium-derived flavonoids (EFs) regulate the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in ovariectomized rats, and to provide experimental evidence for the mechanism of EFs in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS Bone marrow stromal cells from ovariectomized rats were separated and cultivated in osteoinductive or liquid medium for 15 days in vitro. EFs (10 µg/mL) were applied to both cultures. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP activity determination, Oil Red O staining and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the influence of EFs on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in ovariectomized rats. Moreover, in order to explore the exact mechanism of EFs on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in ovariectomized rats, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the dynamic expression of DKK1 protein in this process. RESULTS EFs increased activity of ALP and mRNA expression of Runx2 (early osteoblast differentiation factor) and decreased mRNA expression of PPARγ-2 (key factor of fat generation). Importantly, EFs down-regulated expression of DKK1 protein in an osteogenic induction medium and inhibited up-regulation of DKK1 protein in an adipogenic induction medium. CONCLUSION EFs regulate the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in ovariectomized rats by down-regulating expression of DKK1 protein. This may be an important molecular mechanism of EFs in the context of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-xing Xu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medical University, China
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