Identification and pharmacokinetics of bioavailable anti-resorptive phytochemicals after oral administration of Psoralea corylifolia L

Osteoporosis and resulting bone fractures are the major health issues associated with morbidity in the aging population; however, there is no effective treatment that does not cause severe side effects. In East Asia, dried seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. (PC) have traditionally been used as an herbal medicine to manage urinary tract, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as bone health. However, the mechanism of action and active biocomponents of PC are unclear. Here, we adopted a pharmacokinetic (PK) study aiming to identify the bioavailable phytochemicals in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of PC (APC) and (EPC), respectively. In addition, we aimed to determine anti-resorptive constituents of PC, which accounted for its beneficial effects on bone health. To this end, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A rapid, sensitive, and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and determined the 17 PC ingredients. In the PK study, nine components (two chalcones, two coumarins, one coumestan, two flavonoids, and two isoflavonoids) were observed between 36 and 48 h after oral administration of APC or EPC. Among the bioavailable ingredients, four PC constituents (psoralidin, isobavachin, corylifol A, and neobavaisoflavone) inhibited M-CSF-and RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. In addition, two chalcones and two isoflavonoids markedly inhibited cathepsin K activity, and their binding modes to cathepsin K were determined by molecular docking. In summary, our data suggest that bioavailable multicomponents of PC could contribute to the management of bone health.

Structural elucidation and anti-diabetic osteoporotic activity of an arabinogalactan from Phellodendron chinense Schneid

Phellodendron chinense Schneid. was widely used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of diabetic osteoporosis in China. In this study, an arabinogalactan, named as PPCP-1, was isolated from the bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid., and purified by DEAE-cellulose DE52 and Sephacryl S-200 HR column chromatography. The structure of PPCP-1 was characterized as a repeating unit consisting of →3)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →3)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-d-Manp-(1→ with branches of →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-l-Araf-(1→ and terminal α-l-Araf. Pharmacologically, the oral administration of PPCP-1 preserved osteoporosis associated with hyperglycemia by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, improving glucose tolerance, decreasing the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), as well as down-regulating the expression of receptor for AGEs in tibias of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Collectively, the present study suggested that the arabinogalactan PPCP-1 from Phellodendron chinense Schneid. might potentially be used as functional foods for bone health and/or developed for drug discovery for alleviating diabetic osteoporosis.

Austalide K from the Fungus Penicillium rudallense Prevents LPS-Induced Bone Loss in Mice by Inhibiting Osteoclast Differentiation and Promoting Osteoblast Differentiation

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that has become a serious public health problem due to the associated reduction in quality of life and its increasing financial burden. It is known that inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and promoting osteoblast formation prevents osteoporosis. As there is no drug with this dual activity without clinical side effects, new alternatives are needed. Here, we demonstrate that austalide K, isolated from the marine fungus Penicillium rudallenes, has dual activities in bone remodeling. Austalide K inhibits the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation and improves bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-mediated osteoblast differentiation in vitro without cytotoxicity. The nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), and cathepsin K (CTSK) osteoclast-formation-related genes were reduced and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) (osteoblast activation-related genes) were simultaneously upregulated by treatment with austalide K. Furthermore, austalide K showed good efficacy in an LPS-induced bone loss in vivo model. Bone volume, trabecular separation, trabecular thickness, and bone mineral density were recovered by austalide K. On the basis of these results, austalide K may lead to new drug treatments for bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

Structural elucidation and osteogenic activity of a novel heteropolysaccharide from Alhagi pseudalhagi

Alhagi pseudalhagi, commonly known as camel thorn, is used as an indigenous medicinal plant in China. The present study was designed to elucidate the structure of a novel polysaccharide, APP90-2, isolated from Alhagi pseudalhagi and evaluate its osteogenic activity. A homogeneous polysaccharide (APP90-2) was obtained from A. pseudalhagi via DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-100 columns, with a molecular weight of 5.9 kDa. Monosaccharide, GC-MS, and NMR analyses showed that APP90-2 consisted of α-l-Rhap-(1→, →3)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→, α-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-d-GlcAp-(1→, →4)-3-OAc-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →3)-α-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-β-d-GalAp-(1→, →4)-α-d-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-d-Manp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, and →3,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ with relative molar ratios of 4.1:1.8:6.1:6.7:1.7:1.0:1.5:2.7:2.4:1.1:2.3:2.6:1.4:2.0. Morphological analyses revealed that APP90-2 interacted with Congo-red and had an obvious honeycomb structure. Additionally, APP90-2 significantly promoted proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells, indicating that APP90-2 exhibited pronounced osteogenic activity. Therefore, our findings suggest that A. pseudalhagi may be used as an alternative medicine or health supplement for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Bioassay-guided isolation and evaluation of anti-osteoporotic polysaccharides from Morinda officinalis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Morinda officinalis is a well-known Chinese tonic herb that has shown clinical efficacy in the treatment of bone disease. However, its anti-osteoporotic potential and the M. officinalis polysaccharides (MOPs) responsible for activity require further investigation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the anti-osteoporotic effects of different MOP fractions in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and to identify the osteoprotective components by bioassay-guided isolation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MOPs were prepared by hot water and alkali extraction, separated into three fractions (MO50, MO70, and MOB) and evaluated in the classic OVX rat model and in MC3T3-E1 cells for anti-osteoporotic activity.

RESULTS

Administration of MOPs (400 mg/kg/day) provided significant protection against ovariectomy-induced bone loss and biomechanical dysfunction in rats. Treated animals exhibited reduced deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture and lower levels of bone turnover markers. Bioactivity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of two inulin-type fructans from MO50, MOW50-1 and MOP50-2, with potential anti-osteoporotic activities. These consisted of (2 → 1)-linked β-D-fructosyl residues with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 7 and 13, respectively. Furthermore, MOW50-1 promoted osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest very strongly that MOPs, especially MO50 and MOW50-1, may play important roles in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

PHNQ from Evechinus chloroticus Sea Urchin Supplemented with Calcium Promotes Mineralization in Saos-2 Human Bone Cell Line

Polyhydroxylated naphthoquinones (PHNQs), known as spinochromes that can be extracted from sea urchins, are bioactive compounds reported to have medicinal properties and antioxidant activity. The MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay showed that pure echinochrome A exhibited a cytotoxic effect on Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner within the test concentration range (15.625-65.5 µg/mL). The PHNQ extract from New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus did not induce any cytotoxicity within the same concentration range after 21 days of incubation. Adding calcium chloride (CaCl2) with echinochrome A increased the number of viable cells, but when CaCl2 was added with the PHNQs, cell viability decreased. The effect of PHNQs extracted on mineralized nodule formation in Saos-2 cells was investigated using xylenol orange and von Kossa staining methods. Echinochrome A decreased the mineralized nodule formation significantly (p < 0.05), while nodule formation was not affected in the PHNQ treatment group. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in mineralization was observed in the presence of PHNQs (62.5 µg/mL) supplemented with 1.5 mM CaCl2. In conclusion, the results indicate that PHNQs have the potential to improve the formation of bone mineral phase in vitro, and future research in an animal model is warranted.

Biovalorization of soybean residue (okara) via fermentation with Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinus edodes to attain products with high anti-osteoporotic effects

Okara, despite being a soybean processing by-product, still holds many nutrients. Thus, considerable attention has been recently paid to its reuse. In this study, solid-state fermentation was performed using Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinus edodes. Antioxidant activity and bioactive compound levels in G. lucidum-fermented okara (GLFO) and L. edodes-fermented okara (LEFO) were assayed. Antiosteoporosis bioactivity was evaluated using an animal model. The results demonstrated that solid-state fermentation significantly improved the antioxidant activity and bioactive compound levels. Furthermore, GLFO and LEFO increased trabecular bone volume, although only the GLFO-treated group exhibited significantly improved trabecular separation compared with the bilateral ovariectomy-treated control group. GLFO-related outcomes were superior to those of LEFO. The results demonstrate that okara products are effective for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis in humans.

Symphytum officinale augments osteogenesis in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro as they differentiate into osteoblasts

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells possessing regenerative potential. Symphytum officinale (SO) is a medicinal plant and in homoeopathic literature, believed to accelerate bone healing.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to determine if homoeopathic doses of SO could augment osteogenesis in MSCs as they differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bone marrow samples were obtained from patients who underwent bone grafting procedures (n = 15). MSCs were isolated, expanded and characterized by flow cytometry (CD90, CD105). Cytotoxicity of SO was evaluated by MTT assay. Osteogenic differentiation was induced in MSCs with β-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid and dexamethasone over 2 weeks. Different homoeopathic doses of SO (MT, 3C, 6C, 12C and 30C) were added to the basic differentiation medium (BDM) and efficiency of MSCs differentiating into osteoblasts were measured by evaluating expression of Osteocalcin using flow cytometry, and alkaline phosphatase activity using ELISA. Gene expression analyses for osteoblast markers (Runx-2, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin) were evaluated in differentiated osteoblasts using qPCR.

RESULTS

Flow cytometry (CD90, CD105) detected MSCs isolated from bone marrow (93-98%). MTT assay showed that the selected doses of SO did not induce any cytotoxicity in MSCs (24 hours). The efficiency of osteogenic differentiation (2 weeks) for different doses of Symphytum officinale was determined by flow cytometry (n = 10) for osteoblast marker, Osteocalcin, and most doses of Symphytum officinale enhanced osteogenesis. Interestingly, gene expression analysis for Runx-2 (n = 10), Osteopontin (n = 10), Osteocalcin (n = 10) and alkaline phosphatase activity (n = 8) also showed increased osteogenesis with the addition of Symphytum officinale to BDM, specially mother tincture.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that homoeopathic dose (specially mother tincture) of Symphytum officinale has the potential to enhance osteogenesis.

Osteogenic potential of zingerone, a phenolic compound in mouse mesenchymal stem cells

Zingerone, 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (Zg), a phenolic compound isolated from ginger is reported to have anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. However, its role in the promotion of osteogenesis is not known. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of Zg on osteogenesis at the cellular and molecular levels. Zg treatment was nontoxic to mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). At the cellular level, it enhanced osteoblast differentiation as evidenced by more calcium deposits. At the molecular level, Zg stimulated the expression of Runx2 (a bone transcription factor) and other marker genes of osteoblast differentiation in mMSCs. Recent studies indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate bone metabolism, and we identified that Zg treatment in mMSCs upregulated mir-590, a positive regulator of Runx2 by targeting Smad7, an antagonist of TGF-β1 signaling. Thus, the osteogenic potential of Zg would be beneficial for treating bone and bone-related diseases.

Fermented Oyster Extract Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss and Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis

There is growing interest in bioactive substances from marine organisms for their potential use against diverse human diseases. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder associated with bone loss primarily occurring through enhanced osteoclast differentiation and resorption. Recently, we reported the anti-osteoclastogenic activity of fermented Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) extract (FO) in vitro. The present study focused on investigating the anti-osteoporotic efficacy of FO in bone loss prevention in an experimental animal model of osteoporosis and elucidating the mechanism underlying its effects. Oral administration of FO significantly decreased ovariectomy-induced osteoclast formation and prevented bone loss, with reduced serum levels of bone turnover biomarkers including osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type I collagen C-terminus (CTX). FO significantly suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) into osteoclasts and attenuated the induction of osteoclast-specific genes required for osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Furthermore, FO inhibited RANKL-mediated IκBα and p65 phosphorylation in BMMs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FO effectively suppresses osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro, and that FO can be considered as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of osteoporosis and osteoclast-mediated skeletal diseases.

In silico estrogen-like activity and in vivo osteoclastogenesis inhibitory effect of Cicer arietinum extract

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common disorder accompanied with estrogen deficiency in women. Plants containing phytoestrogens and amino acids have been used in the osteoporosis treatment. The present study aims to evaluate the estrogen-like activity of the Cicer arietinum extract (CAE) and its ability to inhibit osteoclastogenesis process. These achieved by investigating the binding of its active phytoestrogens (genistein, daidzein, formononetin and biochanin A) to the estrogen receptors (ER) α and β of rats and human in silico. In addition, in vivo study on ovariectomized (OVX) rats is performed. For in vivo study, twenty four rats were divided into four groups (n= 6). Group I is the sham control rats which administered distilled water. Groups II, III, and IV are OVX groups which administered distilled water, CAE (500 mg/kg), and alendronate; respectively. The docking study revealed that the phytoestrogens docked into the protein active site with binding energies comparable with that of estrogens (estriol and β-estradiol) which means the similarity between the estrogenic contents of CAE and the ensogenous ones. Additionally, in vivo study revealed that CAE reverse TRAP5b and RANKL levels that drastically increased in the untreated OVX group. But, it trigger upregulation of OPG, enhance the OPG/RANKL ratio and modulate the bone and uterus alterations of OVX group. Phytoestrogens and the bone-protective amino acids contents of CAE could be responsible for their estrogen-like effect and antiosteoporotic activity. These results concluded that CAE is an attractive candidate for developing a potential therapeutic cheap agent used as an alternative to the synthetic estrogen replacement therapy. Further, in vivo validation is required for its clinical application.

Antioxidant and Anti-Osteoporotic Activities of Aromatic Compounds and Sterols from Hericium erinaceum

Hericium erinaceum, commonly called lion's mane mushroom, is a traditional edible mushroom widely used in culinary applications and herbal medicines in East Asian countries. In this study, a new sterol, cerevisterol 6-cinnamate (6), was isolated from the fruiting bodies of H. erinaceum together with five aromatic compounds 1-5 and five sterols 7-11. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated using chemical and physical methods and comparison of HRESIMS, ¹D-NMR (¹H, 13C, and DEPT) and 2D-NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) spectra with previously reported data. The antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic activities of extracts and the isolated compounds 1-11 were investigated. All compounds exhibited peroxyl radical-scavenging capacity but only compounds 1, 3, and 4 showed potent reducing capacity. Moreover, compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 showed moderate effects on cellular antioxidant activity and inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastic differentiation. These results suggested that H. erinaceum could be utilized in the development of natural antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Eurycoma longifolia as a potential alternative to testosterone for the treatment of osteoporosis: Exploring time-mannered proliferative, differentiative and morphogenic modulation in osteoblasts

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Eurycoma longifolia (EL) has been well-studied traditionally as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the management of male osteoporosis. It has also been well-recognised to protect against bone calcium loss in orchidectomised rats.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the effects of EL on the time-mannered sequential proliferative, differentiative, and morphogenic modulation in osteoblasts compared with testosterone.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell proliferation was analysed using MTS assay and phase contrast microscopy. Osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells was assessed through a series of characteristic assays which include crystal violet staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Van Gieson staining. Taken together, the bone mineralization of extra cellular matrix (ECM) was estimated using alizarin red s (ARS) staining, von kossa staining, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis.

RESULTS

The cell proliferation data clearly revealed the efficiency of EL particularly at a dose of 25µg/mL, in improving the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells compared with the untreated cells. Data also showed the prominence of EL in significantly promoting ALP activity throughout the entire duration of treatment compared with the testosterone-treated cells. The osteogenic differentiation potential of EL was further explored by analysing mineralization data which revealed that the calcified nodule formation (calcium deposition) and phosphate deposition was more pronounced in cells treated with 25µg/mL concentration of EL at various time points compared with the untreated and testosterone treated cells. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis also revealed highest globular masses of mineral deposits (identified as white colour crystals) in the ECM of cultured cells treated with 25µg/mL concentration of EL.

CONCLUSION

Compared to testosterone, greater potential of EL in promoting the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells provides an in vitro basis for the prevention of male osteoporosis. Thus, we anticipate that EL can be considered as an alternative approach to testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for the treatment of male osteoporosis.

Zanthoxylum piperitum reversed alveolar bone loss of periodontitis via regulation of bone remodeling-related factors

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Zanthoxylum piperitum (ZP) has been used to prevent toothache in East Asia.

AIM OF STUDY

In this study, we investigated the effects of ZP on periodontitis along with alveolar bone loss.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into 4 groups; non-ligated (NOR), ligated and treated vehicle (CTR), ligated and treated 1mg/mL ZP (ZP1), and ligated and treated 100mg/mL ZP (ZP100). Sterilized 3-0 nylon ligature was placed into the subgingival sulcus around the both sides of mandibular first molar. After topical application of 1 and 100mg/mL ZP for 2 weeks, mandibles was removed for histology. In addition, SaOS-2 osteoblast cells were treated 1, 10 and 100μg/mL ZP for 24h to analyze the expressions of alveolar bone-related markers.

RESULTS

Several alveolar bone resorption pits, which indicate cementum demineralization were decreased by ZP treatment. Topical ZP treatment inhibited periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss. In addition, there were significant reduction of osteoclastic activities following topical ZP treatment in periodontium. The expression of RANKL was decreased in SaOS-2 osteoblast cells by treating ZP, while that of OPG was increased. ZP treatment increased the expressions of Runx2 and Osterix in SaOS-2 cells.

CONCLUSION

In summary, ZP treatment inhibited alveolar bone loss as well as maintained the integrity of periodontal structures via regulation of bone remodeling. ZP may be a therapeutic target for treating periodontitis.

Comparative proteomic and metabolomic analysis reveal the antiosteoporotic molecular mechanism of icariin from Epimedium brevicornu maxim

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Icariin, a principal flavonoid glycoside of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim, has been widely proved to possess antiosteoporotic activity with promoting bone formation and decreasing bone resorption. However, the involving mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To clear a global insight of signal pathways involved in anti-osteoporotic mechanism of icariin at proteins and metabolites level by integrating the proteomics and NMR metabonomics, in a systems biology approach.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Mice were divided into sham, OVX model and icariin-treated OVX group, after 90 days treatment, difference gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomics analysis on bone femur and serum metabolomics were carried out for monitor intracellular processes and elucidate anti-osteoporotic mechanism of icariin. Osteoblast and osteoclast were applied to evaluate the potential signal pathways.

RESULTS

Twenty three proteins in bone femur, and 8 metabolites in serum, were significantly altered and identified, involving in bone remodeling, energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, lipid metabolism, MAPK signaling, Ca²⁺ signaling et, al. Furthermore, animal experiment show icariin could enhance the BMD and BMC, decrease CTX-I level in ovariectomized mice. The mitochondrial membrane potential and the intracellular ATP levels were increased significantly, and the cytoskeleton were improved in icariin-treatment osteoblast and osteoclast. Icariin also increased mRNA expression of Runx2 and osterix of OB, decreased CTR and CAII mRNA expression and protein expression of P38 and JNK. However, icariin did not reveal any inhibition of the collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K, mRNA expression of MMP-9 and protein expression of ERK in osteoclast.

CONCLUSION

we consider icariin as multi-targeting compounds for treating with osteoporosis, involve initiating osteoblastogenesis, inhibiting adipogenesis, and preventing osteoclast differentiation.

Root bark of Sambucus Williamsii Hance promotes rat femoral fracture healing by the BMP-2/Runx2 signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sambucus Williamsii Hance (SWH) is a plant from a family of Caprifoliaceae, which has a long medical history of use as an effective folk treatment for fracture bruises.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the effects of 50% ethanol extracts of root-bark of Sambucus Williamsii Hance(EE-rbSWH) on fracture healing of rats and explore its mechanism of actions related to the BMP-2 signaling pathway.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

EE-rbSWH was orally administered at the doses of 340 and 680mg/kg to adult Sprague-Dawley rats with operation of open femur fracture completely for 2, 4 and 8 weeks. And the rats of sham operation and Model groups were administered Vehicle (distilled water 0.8mL/200g/day). Firstly, the bone X-ray morphology and bone mineral density(BMD) of the fracture site were observed and measured after anesthesia the rats at weeks 2, 4, and 8 after surgery, then the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and osteocalcin (BGP) were measured; Secondly, the tissue morphology of the fracture site was observed after sacrificed the rats; Thirdly, the formation of mineralized nodules in bone marrow stromal cells(BMSC) were evaluated at week 2; Lastly, the genes levels of BMP-2 and Runx2 in the femur were detected at week 2 and 4, and the proteins expression of BMP-2 signaling pathway (BMP-2, BMPRIB, BMPRII and Runx2) in the femur also were detected at week 2.

RESULTS

EE-rbSWH remarkably accelerated fracture healing by promoting bone formation at all the time points of fracture healing. Mainly by increasing the BMD level at the fracture site, the levels of serum ALP and BGP, and also the numbers increasing of calcified nodules in BMSC. The mechanism studies, EE-rbSWH can promote fracture healing by enhancing the expressions of BMP-2 and Runx2 mRNA, and also the proteins of BMP-2, BMPRIB, BMPRII and Runx2 at the fracture site of rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggested that 50% ethanol extracts of root-bark of Sambucus Williamsii Hance can accelerate fracture healing by recruitment of osteoblasts at the fracture site and through up-regulation of the BMP-2 signaling pathway.

Traditional Chinese medicine formulas for the treatment of osteoporosis: Implication for antiosteoporotic drug discovery

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Osteoporosis is a chronic epidemic which can leads to enhanced bone fragility and consequent an increase in fracture risk. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas have a long history of use in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Antiosteoporotic TCM formulas have conspicuous advantage over single drugs. Systematic data mining of the existing antiosteoporotic TCM formulas database can certainly help the drug discovery processes and help the identification of safe candidates with synergistic formulations. In this review, the authors summarize the clinical use and animal experiments of TCM formulas and their mechanism of action, and discuss the potential antiosteoporotic activity and the active constituents of commonly used herbs in TCM formulas for the therapy of osteoporosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature was searched from Medline, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Spring Link, Web of Science, CNKI and VIP database from 1989 to 2015, and also collected from Chinese traditional books and Chinese Pharmacopoeia with key words such as osteoporosis, osteoblast, osteoclast, traditional Chinese medicine formulas to identify studies on the antiosteoporotic effects of TCM formulas, herbs and chemical constituents, and also their possible mechanisms.

RESULTS

Thirty-three TCM formulas were commonly used to treat osteoporosis, and showed significant antiosteoporotic effects in human and animal. The herb medicines and their chemical constituents in TCM formulas were summarized, the pharmacological effects and chemical constituents of commonly used herbs in TCM formulas were described in detail. The action mechanisms of TCM formulas and their chemical constituents were described. Finally, the implication for the discovery of antiosteoporotic leads and combinatory ingredients from TCM formulas were prospectively discussed.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinical practice and animal experiments indicate that TCM formulas provide a definite therapeutic effect on osteoporosis. The active constituents in TCM formulas are diverse in chemical structure, and include flavonoids, lignans, saponins and iridoid glycosides. Antiosteoporotic mechanism of TCM formulas and herbs involves multi regulatory pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, BMP/Smad, MAPK pathway and RANKL/OPG system. Phytochemicals from TCM formulas and their compositional herb medicines offer great potential for the development of novel antiosteoporotic drugs. The active ingredients in TCM formulas can be developed in combination as potent drugs, which may exhibit better antiosteoporotic effects compared to the individual compound.

Anti-osteoarthritic activity of Bungarus fasciatus venom fraction BF-F47 involving molecular markers in the rats

A heat stable protein BF-F47 was purified from the crude venom of Bungarus fasciatus by CM cellulose ion exchange chromatography and HPLC. Osteoarthritis (OA) was developed in male albino Wistar rats by collagenase injection. BF-F47 treatment significantly restored urinary hydroxyproline and glucosamine in OA rats. Serum acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and serum molecular markers TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, matrix metalloproteinase-1, cathepsin-K, osteocalcin and PGE2 were also significantly altered. BF-F47 showed partial restoration of osteoarthritis joints. Thus, BF-F47 induced anti-osteoarthritic activity in Wistar rats acted through molecular markers of arthritis and inflammation.

Effects of Potentilla fulgens as a Prophylactic Agent in Tibial Defects in Rats

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of Potentilla fulgens as a prophylactic agent on tibial defects in the rat.

STUDY DESIGN

Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats weighing 200-215 g each were divided into 3 experimental groups. The tibial bone defect group served as the control group. The experimental groups were Potentilla fulgens with tibial defect (14 days) and Potentilla fulgens with tibial defect (28 days). Extract of Potentilla fulgens was mixed with water (400 mg/kg/day) and given to groups 14 and 28 as drinking water. The histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of each tibial bone cavity within each group were observed. The trabecular new bone formation was evaluated by expression rate of osteonectin and osteopontin.

RESULTS

In the Potentilla fulgens + tibial defect group (14 days), trabecular bone had started combining extensive new bone formation, osteocyte cells were evident, and lamellar bone was formed. Osteoblasts showed a positive reaction with osteonectin. Osteopontin expression was positively observed between fibrous structures and in the osteoblast and osteocyte cells. This can be considered indicative of new bone formation. In the Potentilla fulgens + tibial defect group (28 days), an increase in expansion in trabecular bone and myeloid tissue was observed. Osteoblastic activity and osteocyte cells began to be observed in new bone fragments.

CONCLUSION

In our study we show that Potentilla fulgens extract provided a protective effect on new bone formation and aided in the development of osteocytes and secretion of matrix in osteoblasts. Additionally, we show the inductive effect of the extract on new bone formation. In particular, the expression of osteopontin and osteonectin was also supported with the Western blot technique on the development of osteoblasts and osteocytes, showing a similar trend with our results.

Natural Products from Chinese Medicines with Potential Benefits to Bone Health

Osteoporosis is a progressive, systemic bone disorder characterized by loss of bone mass and microstructure, leading to reduced bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is often associated with reduced quality of life and other medical complications. The disease is common in the aging population, particularly among postmenopausal women and patients who receive long-term steroidal therapy. Given the rapid growth of the aging population, increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of bone loss, and financial burden to the healthcare system and individuals, demand for new therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements for the management and promotion of bone health is pressing. With the advent of global interest in complementary and alternative medicine and natural products, Chinese medicine serves as a viable source to offer benefits for the improvement and maintenance of bone health. This review summarizes the scientific information obtained from recent literatures on the chemical ingredients of Chinese medicinal plants that have been reported to possess osteoprotective and related properties in cell-based and/or animal models. Some of these natural products (or their derivatives) may become promising leads for development into dietary supplements or therapeutic drugs.

The Protective Effects of Alisol A 24-Acetate from Alisma canaliculatum on Ovariectomy Induced Bone Loss in Vivo

Alisma canaliculatum is a herb commonly used in traditional Korean medicine, and has been shown in scientific studies to have antitumor, diuretic hepatoprotective, and antibacterial effects. Recently, the anti-osteoclastogenesis of alisol A 24-acetate from Alisma canaliculatum was investigated in vitro. However, the influence of alisol A 24-acetate on osteoporosis in animals has not been investigated. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-osteoporotic effect of alisol A 24-acetate on bone mass in ovariectomized (OVX) mice and to identify the mechanism responsible for its effects. OVX mice were treated daily with 0.5 or 2 μg/g of alisol A 24-acetate for a period of six weeks. It was found that these administrations significantly suppressed osteoporosis in OVX mice and improved bone morphometric parameters. The serum estradiol, bone alkaline phosphatase levels, regulatory T/Th17 cell numbers were significantly increased by alisol A 24-acetate as compared with untreated OVX mice. In addition, TRAP activity was inhibited by alisol A 24-acetate in OVX mice. These results suggest alisol A 24-acetate effectively prevents bone loss in OVX mice, and that it can be considered a potential therapeutic for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

[PHYTOSAPONINS OF DIOSCOREA: PROSPECTS FOR APPLICATION IN WOMEN]

This literature review is focused on findings concerning the pharmacological effects of Dioscorea phytosaponins (DPSs) on female organism. Expediency and prospects of developing DPS preparations for the treatment of mnestic and metabolic disorders accompanying climacteric syndrome are assessed.

Effects of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide on the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells in mice

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) is a traditional Chinese medicine and is widely used to treat many diseases for hundreds of years conventionally. This study was to access the effects of PSP on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the mice. Cells collected from BALB/C mice in the bone marrow were isolated and cultured with osteogenic medium (OM) with different concentrations of PSP. The proliferation and morphological changes of BMSCs were observed using an inverted microscope. Flow cytometric analysis was used to identify the BMSCs. MTT test was performed to analyze the proliferation and viability of the cells. ELISA was used to determine the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Immunocytochemistry and western blot were respectively used to determine the expressions of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and SPARC/osteonectin (OSN). The growth curves of the proliferation and differentiation of the Control, OM, 17β-E2 and PSP groups were increased. Compared to the Control and OM groups, the expression levels of ALP, OC, PINP and BMP-2 were significantly increased in the PSP induced group (P<0.05). Immunocytochemistry and western blot showed that BSP and SPARC were increased after induction of PSP compared to the OM group (P<0.05). The study demonstrates that PSP promotes the proliferation and enhances the viability of BMSCs during osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, PSP may be a potential treatment of osteoporosis in the clinic.

Treatment of Radix Dipsaci extract prevents long bone loss induced by modeled microgravity in hindlimb unloading rats

CONTEXT

Radix Dipsaci is a kidney tonifying herbal medicine with a long history of safe use for treatment of bone fractures and joint diseases in China. Previous studies have shown that Radix Dipsaci extract (RDE) could prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the effect of RDE against bone loss induced by simulated microgravity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A hindlimb unloading rat model was established to determine the effect of RDE on bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group): control (CON), hindlimb unloading with vehicle (HLU), hindlimb unloading treated with alendronate (HLU-ALN, 2.0 mg/kg/d), and hindlimb unloading treated with RDE (HLU-RDE, 500 mg/kg/d). RDE or ALN was administrated orally for 4 weeks.

RESULTS

Treatment with RDE had a positive effect on mechanical strength, BMD, BMC, bone turnover markers, and the changes in urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. MicroCT analysis showed that RDE significantly prevented the reduction of the bone volume fraction, connectivity density, trabecular number, thickness, tissue mineral density, and tissue mineral content as well as improved the trabecular separation and structure model index.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

RDE was demonstrated to prevent the loss of bone mass induced by HLU treatment, which suggests the potential application of RDE in the treatment of microgravity-induced bone loss.

Comparative "in vitro" evaluation of the antiresorptive activity residing in four Ayurvedic medicinal plants. Hemidesmus indicus emerges for its potential in the treatment of bone loss diseases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Four Indian plants, traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine: Asparagus racemosus Willd., Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Hemidesmus indicus R. Br., and Rubia cordifolia L. were selected on the basis of their ethnobotanical use and of scientific evidence that suggests a potential efficacy in the treatment of bone-loss diseases. The antiresorptive properties of the four plants have been investigated. The aim was to provide adequate evidence for the exploitation of natural compounds as alternative therapeutics for the treatment of diseases caused by increased osteoclast activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Decoctions were prepared from dried plant material according to the traditional procedure and standardization by HPLC was performed using marker compounds for each species. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of the decoctions were also determined. The bioactivity of the plant decoctions was evaluated in subsequent phases. (1) A cytotoxicity screening was performed on the mouse monocytic RAW 264.7 cell line to define the concentrations that could be utilized in the following step. (2) The antiresorptive properties of plant decoctions were compared with that of a "gold standard" drug (alendronate) by measuring osteoclastogenesis inhibition and osteoclast apoptosis. (3) The toxic effect on bone forming cells was excluded by evaluating the impact on the proliferation of osteogenic precursors (mesenchymal stem cells, MSC).

RESULTS

All the decoctions inhibited osteoclastogenesis similarly to alendronate at the highest doses, but Hemidesmus indicus and Rubia cordifolia were also effective at lower concentrations. Apoptosis increased significantly when cells were exposed to the highest concentration of Emblica officinalis, Hemidesmus indicus, and Rubia cordifolia. All concentrations of Emblica officinalis tested inhibited the proliferation of osteogenic precursors, while only the highest doses of Asparagus racemosus and Rubia cordifolia were toxic. On the contrary, Hemidesmus indicus did not affect osteogenic precursor growth at any concentration tested.

CONCLUSION

Among the medicinal plants included in the study, Hemidesmus indicus showed the greatest antiosteoclastic activity without toxic effect on osteogenic precursors. Therefore, Hemidesmus indicus exhibits the properties of an antiresorptive drug and represents the ideal candidate for further clinical investigations.

[Screening on antiosteoporotic active parts of dipsacus radix based on zebrafish model]

OBJECTIVE

Prednisolone-induced osteoporosis model using zebrafish was used to screen the antiosteoporotic active parts of Dipsacus Radix, in order to investigate the applicability and rationality of the zebrafish model of osteoporosis.

METHODS

Zebrafish larvae at 5 days post fertilization (dpf) were exposed with 25 micromol/L prednisolone and 0.5% DMSO for 48 h, then except one group of 25 micromol/L prednisolone, other groups of 25 micromol/L prednisolone were treated with a range of concentration (0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 25 microg crude drug/mL) of extract of Dipsacus Radix and its different concentration ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin with 25 micromol/L prednisolone. All groups were incubated in 24-well plates (28.5 degrees C) until 10 dpf. Zebrafish skeleton at 10 dpf were anesthetized and fixed for staining with alizarin red. Quantitative analysis of the stained area was performed by microscopic inspection and digital imaging methods to reflect the amount of zebrafish head skeleton mineralization.

RESULTS

The results indicated that head skeleton mineral area and integrated optical density (IOD) of 25 micromol/L prednisolone model group were significantly decreased when compared with vehicle control group, and the extract of Dipsacus Radix and its 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin rescued the further bone loss of zebrafish induced by prednisolone when compared with the model group. HPLC analysis indicated that components of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% ethanol elution parts of macroporous resin containing saponins and nonsaponins components.

CONCLUSION

Both saponins and nonsaponins can prevent bone loss of zebrafish induced by prednisolone. This novel osteoporosis zebrafish model was successfully used to screen antiosteoporotic active parts of Dipsacus Radix, which had advantages of simple, high efficiency and easy to perform.

Protection by salidroside against bone loss via inhibition of oxidative stress and bone-resorbing mediators

Oxidative stress is a pivotal pathogenic factor for bone loss in mouse model. Salidroside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside extracted from Rhodiola rosea L, exhibits potent antioxidative effects. In the present study, we used an in vitro oxidative stress model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in MC3T3-E1 cells and a murine ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis model to investigate the protective effects of salidroside on bone loss and the related mechanisms. We demonstrated that salidroside caused a significant (P<0.05) elevation of cell survival, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity, calcium deposition, and the transcriptional expression of Alp, Col1a1 and Osteocalcin (Ocn) in the presence of H₂O₂. Moreover, salidroside decreased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and osteoclast differentiation inducing factors such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and IL-6 induced by H₂O₂. In vivo studies further demonstrated that salidroside supplementation for 3 months caused a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in blood of ovariectomized mouse (P<0.05), it also improved trabecular bone microarchitecture and bone mineral density in the fourth lumbar vertebra and distal femur. Our study indicated that the protection provided by salidroside in alleviating bone loss was mediated, at least in part, via inhibition of the release of bone-resorbing mediators and oxidative damage to bone-forming cells, suggesting that salidroside can be used as an effective remedy in the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis.

Cistanches Herba aqueous extract affecting serum BGP and TRAP and bone marrow Smad1 mRNA, Smad5 mRNA, TGF-β1 mRNA and TIEG1 mRNA expression levels in osteoporosis disease

We studied molecular mechanism of Cistanches Herba aqueous extract (CHAE) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, as an experimental model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Female rats were either sham-operated or bilaterally OVX; and at 60 days postoperatively. The OVX group (n = 8) received an ovariectomy and treatment with normal saline for 90 days commencing from 20th post ovariectomy day. The ovariectomized +CHAE (OVX + CHAE) group (n = 8) received an ovariectomy and were treated with Cistanches Herba aqueous extract of 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 90 days commencing from 22nd post ovariectomy day. The ovariectomy +CHAE (OVX + CHAE) group (n = 8) received an ovariectomy, and were treated with the of 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 90 days commencing from 20th post ovariectomy day. Serum BGP and TRAP, E2, FSH and LH level, bone marrow Smad1, Smad5, TGF-β1 and TIEG1 mRNA expression levels were examined. Results showed that serum BGP and TRAP, FSH and LH levels were significantly increased, whereas E2, Smad1, Smad5, TGF-β1 and TIEG1 mRNA and proteins expression levels were significantly decreased in OVX rats compared to sham rats. 90 days of CHAE treatment could significantly decrease serum BGP and TRAP, FSH and LH levels, and increase E2, Smad1, Smad5, TGF-β1 and TIEG1 mRNA and proteins expression levels in OVX rats. It can be concluded that CHAE play its protective effect against OVX-induced bone degeneration partly by regulating some bone metabolism related genes, e.g. Smad1, Smad5, TGF-β1 and TIEG1.

Methanol extract of dried exudate of Commiphora mukul prevents bone resorption in ovariectomized rats

CONTEXT

Gum guggul, a resinous exudate of the plant Commiphora mukul Engl. (Burseraceae), has been found efficacious in the treatment of bone fractures, arthritis, and hyperlipidemic disorders.

OBJECTIVE

The present study is an effort to explore the anti-bone-resorptive potential of the dried methanol extract of the gummy exudate of C. mukul (MECM) in ovariectomized rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The animals were randomly divided into five groups of equal size (n = 6). Animals in all the groups were ovariectomized except group 1, which was sham operated. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with Raloxifene, MECM 250 mg/kg and MECM 500 mg/kg, respectively. The 2nd group was fed with vehicle.

ASSESSMENT

biochemical estimations, viz., alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartarate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum calcium (Ca); biomechanical evaluations, and histopathological examinations.

RESULTS

The LD(50) of MECM was found to be > 2500 mg/kg orally. A significant elevation was observed in the ALP, TRAP, Ca and cholesterol levels in the 2nd group with a significant reduction in biomechnical strength. Groups 3, 4 and 5, showed a significant reduction in TRAP and ALP levels (p < 0.001). The Ca levels were normalized in the groups 4 and 5, while cholesterol levels dropped in group 5. The bone strength, however, was normalized in all the groups (p < 0.001) along with the histopathology.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Findings suggested a significant gain in bone strength and nearly complete restoration of bone microarchitecture along with lowered levels of TRAP indicating the anti-bone resorptive potential of the extract.

Effects of Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast model systems in vitro

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ancient Indian ayurvedic literature prescribes Tinospora cordifolia as a remedy to rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory and allied diseases of musculo skeletal system.

AIM

To investigate the effects of the alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) on the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of bone like matrix on osteoblast model systems in vitro and hence its possible use as a potential anti-osteoporotic agent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two in vitro osteoblast model systems were used in the study viz., human osteoblast-like cells MG-63 and primary osteoblast cells isolated from femur of rats. Cell growth and viability was assessed by standard colorimetric assays like MTT assay. The cell differentiation into osteoblastic lineage was evaluated by the activities of bone marker alkaline phosphatase. The effect of the extract on matrix mineralization was assessed by alizarin red-s staining and Von kossa staining. Cell morphology was studied by phase contrast microscopy and light microscopy (Giemsa/crystal violet staining).

RESULTS

Results indicate that the alcoholic extract of TC at a dosage of 25μg/ml stimulated the growth of osteoblasts, increased the differentiation of cells into osteoblastic lineage and increased the mineralization of bone like matrix on both the osteoblast model systems used in the study. Cell morphology studies clearly indicated the increase in cell numbers and absence of adverse change in the cell morphology on treatment with the extract.

CONCLUSION

TC extract has a potential influence on osteogenesis and hence its use could be explored as a potential anti-osteoporotic agent.

Evaluation of Cameroonian plants towards experimental bone regeneration

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Elephantopus mollis, Spilanthes africana, Urena lobata, Momordica multiflora, Asystasia gangetica and Brillantaisia ovariensis are used in Cameroonian traditional medicine for the treatment of bone diseases and fracture repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extracts of six Cameroonian medicinal plants on bone regeneration following bone and marrow injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ethanol extract of Cameroonian medicinal plants were administered (each extract at 250, 500 and 750mg/kg doses) orally to adult female Sprague-Dawley rats having a drill hole injury (0.8mm) in the femur diaphysis. Vehicle (gum-acacia in distilled water) was given to the control group. After 12 days of treatment, animals were euthanized and femur bones collected. Confocal microscopy of fractured bone was performed to evaluate bone regeneration (calcein labeling). Only active plant extracts were used for further experiments. Thus, callus was analyzed by microcomputed tomography. Osteogenic effects of the extracts were evaluated by assessing mineralized nodules formation of bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblast recruitment at drill hole site by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Ethanolic extract of the leaves and twigs of Elephantopus mollis (EM) and whole plant of Spilanthes africana (SA) dose-dependently stimulated bone regeneration at the drill hole site. EM at 250 and 750mg/kg doses and SA at 750mg/kg dose significantly increased mineral deposition compared to controls. Both extracts at 500 and 750mg/kg doses improved microarchitecture of the regenerating bone evident from increased bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and decreased trabecular separation and structure model index. EM and SA extracts increased the formation of mineralized nodules from the bone marrow stromal cells. In addition, EM and SA extracts increased osteoblast recruitment at the drill hole site evident from increased Runx-2 positive cells following their treatments compared to control.

CONCLUSION

Ethanolic extracts of EM and SA accelerate fracture repair in rats via stimulatory effects on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, thereby justifying their traditional use.

Antiosteoporotic activity of Davallia formosana

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

[corrected] In Taiwanese folk medicine, Davallia formosana is used to treat bone diseases, including osteoporosis.

AIM

This study evaluated the anti-osteoporotic effect of ethanolic extract derived from Davallia formosana (DFE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this in vitro study, we investigated the inhibitory action of DFE on RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis. The in vivo effects of DFE on bone metabolism were evaluated using ovariectomized (OVX) rats orally administered DFE (200, 500 mg/kg), alendronate (2.5 mg/kg, three times a week) or its vehicle for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

This in vitro study demonstrated that DFE inhibited osteoclast differentiation, and also isolated the active component, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-β-D-allopyranoside (ECAP). DFE did not affect the body or vaginal weight in OVX rats. The bone mineral density and bone calcium content in OVX rats were lower in the control group showing that DFE was able to prevent significant bone loss. In addition, the three point bending test and the microcomputer tomography scanning showed that DFE treatment enhanced bone strength and inhibited the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture. In the biochemical assay, DFE decreased urinary deoxypyridinoline and calcium concentrations, but did not inhibit serum alkaline phosphatase activities, indicating that it ameliorated bone loss via inhibition of bone reabsorption.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that DFE may represent a useful remedy for the treatment of bone reabsorption diseases such as osteoporosis. In addition, ECAP could be used as a marker compound to control the quality of DFE.

Anti-osteoporosis activity of Cibotium barometz extract on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Recent research has confirmed that Cibotium barometz could inhibits osteoclast formation with no affect on BMM cell viability. However, the influence of Cibotium barometz on osteoporosis in animals is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study is to systemically investigate the effects of Cibotium barometz extract (CBE) on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of Seventy-two 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were used and randomly divided into sham-operated group and five ovariectomized (OVX) groups: OVX with vehicle; OVX with 17β-estradiol (E2, 25 μg/kg/day); OVX with CBE of graded doses (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg/day). Daily oral administration of E2 or CBE began 4 weeks after the surgery and lasted for 16 weeks. Bone mass, bone turnover and strength were analyzed by DEXA, biochemical markers and three-point bending test. The trabecular bone microarchitecture was evaluated by MicroCT.

RESULTS

CBE prevented total BMD decrease in the femur induced by OVX, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in skeletal remodeling, as was evidenced by the decreased levels of the bone turnover markers, such as osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatese (ALP), deoxypyridinoline (DPD), and urinary Ca and P excretions. The treatment could also enhance the bone strength and prevent the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicated that Cibotium barometz extract might be a potential alternative medicine for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Antiosteoporotic activity of phenolic compounds from Curculigo orchioides

Six phenolic compounds isolated from Curculigo orchioides, including 2,6-dimethoxy benzoic acid (1), curculigoside A (2), curculigoside B (3), curculigine A (4), curculigine D (5) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxylignan-4,4'-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), together with the ethanol extract of Curculigo orchioides were evaluated for their activity on osteoblasts in neonatal rat calvaria cultures and multinucleated osteoclasts derived from rat marrow cells so as to characterize the antiosteoporotic components of this plant and explore the relationship of chemical structure with antiosteoporotic activity. The proliferation of osteoblast was assayed by MTT methods. The activity of ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) was measured by p-nitrophenyl sodium phosphate assay. The TRAP stain was used to identify osteoclast in morphology. The resorption pit area on the bone slices formed by osteoclast was measured by computer image processing. The ethanol extract exhibited stimulatory effect on both the osteoblast proliferation and the ALP activity. Six compounds all increased the osteoblast proliferation, and compounds (1), (2) and (4) also slightly increased the osteoblastic ALP activity. Compounds (1), (2), (3), (6) and the ethanol extract decreased area of bone resorption pit, osteoclastic formation and TRAP activity. These results indicated that phenolic compounds are antiosteoporotic chemical constituents from Curculigo orchioides, and their activities are related with chemical structures.