[Research progress on the correlation between changes in gut microbiota and sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis]

Sarcopenia is one of the common complications of cirrhosis. Studies have demonstrated that patients with cirrhosis combined with sarcopenia have a high mortality rate. The occurrence of sarcopenia may be associated with inflammatory states and metabolic abnormalities caused by changes in the gut microbiota environment, but such studies are currently relatively lacking. This article elaborates on the correlation between changes in the gut microbiota environment, as well as the diagnosis and treatment, in order to provide reference and assistance for the treatment of patients with cirrhosis and sarcopenia.

[Serum status and their changes of some vitamin substances and homocysteine in healthy subjects in Beijing]

Objective: To investigate serum status of folate, vitamin B(12), homocysteine (Hcy) and hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and their trends in different gender and age groups. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The enrolled subjects were those received medical examination in Beijing Hospital from September to November 2018 and were identified as appeared healthy persons. 1220 subjects were recruited and were divided into groups of young and middle age group (30-49 years, 50-59 years) and the elderly group (60-69 years, 70-79 years and ≥80 years). We measured folate, vitamin B(12), and 25OHD using electrochemiluminescence by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Hcy was measured by autobiochemical analyzer. Results: Total folate levels in male and female subjects were 7.16 (4.74-10.75) and 9.17 (6.49-13.55) μg/L respectively. Total vitamin B(12) levels in the male and female were 505.60 (386.80-700.90) and 582.60 (430.70-846.98) ng/L respectively. Hcy levels were 14.68 (12.25-18.58) and 11.29 (9.65-13.58) μmol/L. 25OHD levels were 21.60 (16.40-28.70) and 16.80 (12.30-24.15) μg/L respectively. Total folate and vitamin B(12) levels in female were higher than that in male subjects (Z=-7.796, -4.772, P<0.001). However, total Hcy and 25OHD levels in male were higher than that in female subjects (Z=-15.230, -8.447, P<0.001). Comparing with the substances in the above age groups, folate level in the elderly was lower than that in the younger age and middle age groups.However, vitamin B(12), 25OHD and Hcy levels were higher in the elderly groups. Furthermore, the levels of folate, vitamin B(12) and 25OHD were getting higher in the group of ≥80 years female compared with the rest of the age groups, but it turned lower in the male group of ≥80 years. Conclusions: There are some differences in the serum values of folate, vitamin B(12), Hcy and 25OHD among various age groups as well as between males and females. These should be considered in the development of national reference ranges.

[Mosquitoes, midges and related arboviruses in southeast Sichuan province]

Objective: To investigate the distribution patterns of mosquitoes, midges and related arboviruses in Sichuan province. Methods: Blood-sucking insects were collected from houses and pens, using the ultraviolet lights. Mosquito samples were classified according to morphologic characteristics and then stored at liquid nitrogen. All samples were incubated with BHK-21 and C6/36 cells for virus isolation and then detected for their viral genes. Sequences of the virus were identified and analyzed by molecular biological software, such as BioEdit 7.0.5.3, MEGA 6.0. Results: In total, 17 019 mosquitoes from 3 genera and 4 species and 12 700 midges were collected from the southeast regions of Sichuan province in 2016 and 2017. Among them, 79.4% (13 519/17 019) belonged to Culex tritaeniorhynchus with 11.1% (1 897/17 019) as Armigeres subalbatus, 5.5% (930/17 019) were Anopheles sinensis and 4.0% (673/17 019) were Anopheles sinensis 3 virus strains that isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus were identified as typeⅠ Japanese encephalitis virus. Seven pools of mosquitoes isolated from Hejiang county were identified Japanese encephalitis virus gene positive through PCR amplification. With 4 pool midges were detected positive for Akabane virus through PCR gene amplification while midges samples didn't have virus isolates. Conclusions: Culex tritaeniorhynchus appeared the predominant species in the southeast regions of Sichuan. Japanese encephalitis virus transmitted by mosquitoes and Akabane virus by midges were prevalent in southeast Sichuan province.

[The efficacy of ultrasound-guided spinal nerve posterior ramus pulsed radiofrequency treatment for aged lower back post-herpetic neuralgia]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided spinal nerve posterior ramus pulsed radiofrequency treatment of lower back post-herpetic neuralgia. Methods: One hundred and twenty-eight cases of lower back or anterior abdominal wall acute post-herpetic neuralgia patients were enrolled. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group A: oral treatment only with gabapentin+ celecoxib+ amitriptyline. Group B: while taking these drugs, patients were treated with radiofrequency pulses using a portable ultrasound device and the paravertebral puncture technique.In both groups, sudden outbreaks of pain were treated with immediate release 10 mg morphine tablets. Before and one week, two weeks, four weeks, eight weeks after treatment, visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for pain score, Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale (PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep quality, and morphine consumption was recorded. Eight weeks after treatment analgesic efficacy was evaluated. Treatment efficiency and significant efficiency was calculated while the occurrence of complications were documented. Results: In the control group, the VAS of T_1,T_2,T₃ and T₄ were 6.7 ±1.2, 5.2 ± 1.0, 3.3 ±1.1, 3.0±0.9.However, at the same time points, the VAS in the treatment group were 3.1±1.0, 2.2±0.7, 1.4±0.5, 1.2±0.5, respectively.The radio frequency group decreased significantly compared with the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=17.925, 19.662, 12.580, 13.987, all P<0.05). Four weeks after treatment, the TNF-α in the control group was (11.04±2.36)ng/L, and the TNF-β in the radio frequency group was (8.07±2.13) ng/L. After the treatment, the TNF-α of the radio frequency group was lower than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (t=-6.267, P<0.05). The IL-1β in the control group was (3.47±1.09) ng/L after treatment.The IL-1β in the radio frequency group was (1.96 ±0.56) ng/L, the IL-1β in the radio frequency group was lower than the control group and the difference was statistically significant (t=-8.266, P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that before and after the treatment of TNF-α were positively correlated with VAS score (r=0.455, 0.327, all P<0.05). IL-1β before and after treatment were positively correlated with VAS score (r=0.369, 0.357, all P<0.05). At T_1,T_2,T₃ and T₄, PSQI in the control group were 8.5±1.5, 7.3±1.4, 6.2±1.3 and 6.0±0.9 respectively.PSQI in the radio frequency group at the same time points were 6.5±1.4, 5.1±1.2, 4.0±1.1 and 3.9±0.5.Comparison between the two groups after treatment, radio frequency group was lower than the control group significantly, and the difference was statistically significant (t=7.798, 9.545, 10.335, 16.318, all P<0.05). Morphine consumption of the control group at T_1,T_2,T_3,T₄ were (22.5±2.2), (15.5±2.9), (6.8±1.5) and (4.2±0.9)mg.However, morphine consumption of the radio frequency group were (13.2±2.5), (7.2±2.7), (3.2±0.6) and (2.2±0.5)mg.Comparison between the two groups after treatment, morphine consumption of the radio frequency group decreased significantly than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (t=22.341, 16.758, 17.827, 15.541, all P<0.05). During the operation , no error occurred with needle penetrating the abdominal cavity, chest, offal or blood vessels. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided spinal nerve posterior ramus pulsed radio frequency treatment of lower back or anterior abdominal wall post-herpetic neuralgia proves effective and can reduce patient morphine usage and lead to fewer adverse reactions.

Characterization of submicron particles during biomass burning and coal combustion periods in Beijing, China

An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed along with other observation instruments to measure the characteristics of PM1 (particulate matter with a vacuum aerodynamic diameter of ≤1μm) during the biomass burning period (October 1 to 27; BBP) and the coal combustion period (December 10 to 31; CCP) in Beijing in 2014. The average PM1 mass concentrations during the BBP and CCP were 82.3 and 37.5μgm(-3), respectively. Nitrate, ammonium and other pollutants emitted by the burning processes, especially coal combustion, increased significantly in association with increased pollution levels. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to a unified high-resolution mass spectra database of organic species with NO(+) and NO2(+) ions to discover the relationships between organic and inorganic species. One inorganic factor was identified in both periods, and another five and four distinct organic factors were identified in the BBP and CCP, respectively. Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) accounted for 55% of the total organic aerosols (OAs) during the BBP, which is higher than the proportion during the CCP (oxygenated OA, 40%). The organic nitrate and inorganic nitrate were first successfully separated through the PMF analysis based on the HR-ToF-AMS observations in Beijing, and organic nitrate components accounted for 21% and 18% of the total nitrate mass during the BBP and CCP, respectively. Although the PM1 mass concentration during the CCP was much lower than in the BBP, the average concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the CCP (107.3±171.6ngm(-3)) was ~5 times higher than that in the BBP (21.9±21.7ngm(-3)).

Long-Term Fever After Hallux Valgus Surgery Secondary to Titanium Allergy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We present the case of a patient who had experienced a fever of unknown cause for >7 months after surgical treatment for hallux valgus. A patch test revealed a positive reaction to a titanium alloy. All symptoms subsequently disappeared after we removed the implanted titanium screws. Histopathologic examination of the tissue surrounding the screws showed macrophage infiltration in the tissue. For >1 year after removal of the titanium screws, the patient's body temperature remained <37°C. These results support a diagnosis of titanium allergy in our patient. To the best of our knowledge, a long-term fever caused by an allergic reaction to mini-titanium screws of such a small size has not been reported. A review of 16 cases of titanium allergy reported in the published data confirmed that titanium allergy is extremely rare and that the clinical symptoms can vary. Titanium allergy should be suspected when a patient presents with a fever of unknown cause, delayed wound healing, dermatitis, or impaired fracture healing after internal fixation with titanium materials. A patch test for titanium or the lymphocyte transformation test could offer guidance for the clinical diagnosis of titanium allergy. Finally, we recommend that all patients should be asked whether they have a history of an allergy to any metal before surgery.

Ophiopogonin D: A new herbal agent against osteoporosis

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development of osteoporosis. Ophiopogonin D (OP-D), isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal agent Radix Ophiopogon japonicus, is a potent anti-oxidative agent. We hypothesized that OP-D demonstrates anti-osteoporosis effects via decreasing ROS generation in mouse pre-osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cells and a macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. We investigated OP-D on osteogenic and osteoclastic differentiation under oxidative status. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to establish an oxidative damage model. In vivo, we established a murine ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis model. Then, we searched the molecular mechanism of OP-D against osteoporosis. Our results revealed that OP-D significantly promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and improved some osteogenic markers. Moreover, OP-D reduced TRAP activity and the mRNA expressions of osteoclastic genes in RAW264.7 cells. OP-D suppressed ROS generation in both MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells. OP-D treatment reduced the activity of serum bone degradation markers, including CTX-1 and TRAP. Further research showed that OP-D displayed anti-osteoporosis effects via reducing ROS through the FoxO3a-β-catenin signaling pathway. In summary, our results indicated that the protective effects of OP-D against osteoporosis are linked to a reduction in oxidative stress via the FoxO3a-β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that OP-D may be a beneficial herbal agent in bone-related disorders, such as osteoporosis.

Gastrodin: an ancient Chinese herbal medicine as a source for anti-osteoporosis agents via reducing reactive oxygen species

Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a crucial pathogenic factor of osteoporosis. Gastrodin, isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal agent Gastrodia elata, is a potent antioxidant. We hypothesized that gastrodin demonstrates protective effects against osteoporosis by partially reducing reactive oxygen species in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) and a macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells). We investigated gastrodin on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation under oxidative stress in hBMMSCs. We also tested gastrodin on osteoclastic differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to establish an oxidative cell injury model. Our results showed that gastrodin significantly promoted the proliferation of hBMMSCs, improved some osteogenic markers, reduced lipid generation and inhibited the mRNA expression of several adipogenic genes in hBMMSCs. Moreover, gastrodin reduced the number of osteoclasts, TRAP activity and the expression of osteoclast-specific genes in RAW264.7 cells. Gastrodin suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species in both hBMMSCs and RAW264.7 cells. In vivo, we established a murine ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis model. Our data revealed that gastrodin treatment reduced the activity of serum bone degradation markers, such as CTX-1 and TRAP. Importantly, it ameliorated the micro-architecture of trabecular bones. Gastrodin decreased osteoclast numbers in vivo by TRAP staining. To conclude, these results indicated that gastrodin shows protective effects against osteoporosis linking to a reduction in reactive oxygen species, suggesting that gastrodin may be useful in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Ginsenoside-Rb2 displays anti-osteoporosis effects through reducing oxidative damage and bone-resorbing cytokines during osteogenesis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a significant pathogenic factor of osteoporosis. Ginsenoside-Rb2 (Rb2), a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol glycoside extracted from ginseng, is a potent antioxidant that generates interest regarding the bone metabolism area. We tested the potential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2 and its underlying mechanism in this study. We produced an oxidative damage model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells to test the essential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2in vitro. The results indicated that treatment of 0.1 to 10μM Rb2 promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, improved alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, elevated calcium mineralization and mRNA expressions of Alp, Col1a1, osteocalcin (Ocn) and osteopontin (Opn) against oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Importantly, Rb2 reduced the expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and IL-6 and inhibited the H2O2-induced production of ROS. The in vivo study indicated that the Rb2 administered for 12weeks partially decreased blood malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and elevated the activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Moreover, Rb2 improved the micro-architecture of trabecular bones and increased bone mineral density (BMD) of the 4th lumbar vertebrae (L4) and the distal femur. Altogether, these results demonstrated that the potential anti-osteoporosis effects of Rb2 were linked to a reduction of oxidative damage and bone-resorbing cytokines, which suggests that Rb2 might be effective in preventing and alleviating osteoporosis.

MicroRNA‑125b suppresses the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells

The regressive biological function of human bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) is one of the key factors resulting in the decrease of bone mass in senile osteoporosis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are non‑coding small RNAs involved in various gene regulation processes. Whether any miR(s) are involved in the progression of osteoporosis by regulating the biological function of hBMSCs remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to compare the expression levels of miR‑125b in hBMSCs derived from senile osteoporotic patients with that of control (normal) subjects. A significantly upregulated expression of miR‑125b in osteoporotic hBMSCs was detected. To elucidate the biological function of miR‑125b in senile osteoporosis, the effects of miR‑125b expression on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs were assessed using gain‑ and loss‑of‑function studies. It was evident that the overexpression of a miR‑125b mimic was able to suppress the proliferative and osteogenic differentiation of senile hBMSCs. In contrast, repression of the function of miR‑125b by transfection of an miR‑125b inhibitor promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Furthermore, the potential target gene of miR‑125b, osterix (Osx), was examined. The results of the present study strongly suggested that miR‑125b may regulate osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs through the modulation of Osx expression.

Estrogen improves the proliferation and differentiation of hBMSCs derived from postmenopausal osteoporosis through notch signaling pathway

Estrogen deficiency is the main reason of bone loss, leading to postmenopausal osteoporosis, and estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been demonstrated to protect bone loss efficiently. Notch signaling controls proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Moreover, imperfect estrogen-responsive elements (EREs) were found in the 5'-untranslated region of Notch1 and Jagged1. Thus, we examined the molecular and biological links between estrogen and the Notch signaling in postmenopausal osteoporosis in vitro. hBMSCs were obtained from healthy women and patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Notch signaling molecules were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and Western Blot. Luciferase reporter constructs with putative EREs were transfected into hBMSCs and analyzed. hBMSCs were transduced with lentiviral vectors containing human Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1). We also used N-[N-(3, 5-diflurophenylacetate)-l-alanyl]-(S)-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, a γ-secretase inhibitor, to suppress the Notch signaling. We found that estrogen enhanced the Notch signaling in hBMSCs by promoting the expression of Jagged1. hBMSCs cultured with estrogen resulted in the up-regulation of Notch signaling and increased proliferation and differentiation. Enhanced Notch signaling could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of hBMSCs from patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP-hBMSCs). Our results demonstrated that estrogen preserved bone mass partly by activating the Notch signaling. Because long-term ERT has been associated with several side effects, the Notch signaling could be a potential target for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Protection by salidroside against bone loss via inhibition of oxidative stress and bone-resorbing mediators

Oxidative stress is a pivotal pathogenic factor for bone loss in mouse model. Salidroside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside extracted from Rhodiola rosea L, exhibits potent antioxidative effects. In the present study, we used an in vitro oxidative stress model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in MC3T3-E1 cells and a murine ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis model to investigate the protective effects of salidroside on bone loss and the related mechanisms. We demonstrated that salidroside caused a significant (P<0.05) elevation of cell survival, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity, calcium deposition, and the transcriptional expression of Alp, Col1a1 and Osteocalcin (Ocn) in the presence of H₂O₂. Moreover, salidroside decreased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and osteoclast differentiation inducing factors such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) and IL-6 induced by H₂O₂. In vivo studies further demonstrated that salidroside supplementation for 3 months caused a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in blood of ovariectomized mouse (P<0.05), it also improved trabecular bone microarchitecture and bone mineral density in the fourth lumbar vertebra and distal femur. Our study indicated that the protection provided by salidroside in alleviating bone loss was mediated, at least in part, via inhibition of the release of bone-resorbing mediators and oxidative damage to bone-forming cells, suggesting that salidroside can be used as an effective remedy in the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis.

Human papillomavirus 16 E6 is associated with the nuclear matrix of esophageal carcinoma cells

AIM: To explore the etiologic role of HPV infection in esophageal carcinoma, and the association of HPV-16 E6 with the nuclear matrix of carcinoma cells.

METHODS: Two esophageal carcinoma cell lines, EC/CUHK1 and EC/CUHK2, were tested for HPV-16 E6 subgenetic fragment by polymer a se chain reaction amplification of virus DNA associated nuclear matrix. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry were also used to visualize the expression of E6 subgene in the cells.

RESULTS: The HPV-16 E6 subgenetic fragment was found to be present in nuclear matrix-associated DNA, E6 oncoprotein localized in the nucleus where it is tightly associated with nuclear matrix after sequential extraction in EC/CUHK2 cells. It was not detected, however, in EC/CUHK1 cells.

CONCLUSION: The interaction between HPV-16 E6 and nuclear matrix may contribute to the virus induced carcinogenesis in esophageal carcinoma.

Effect of bilateral testicular resection on thymocyte and its microenvironment in aged mice

AIM

To observe the changes in thymocyte and its microenvironment in aged mice after bilateral testicular resection.

METHODS

In male old mice, at the 25th day after testicular resection, the peripheral blood and thymus were collected. Blood and thymus suspension smears were prepared for quantitative histochemistry and immunohistochemistry study under light and electron microscopes.

RESULTS

In testes resected mice the size and the weight of thymus were markedly increased. The demarcation between cortex and medulla was clear. The cortex was thickened and the cell density was increased. The ratio of cortex/medulla stereometry was increased. The total cell count, thymocyte count, the percentage of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive thymocytes, nonlymphocytes and the rosette formation of macrophages and thymocytes were all increased. The thymocytes surrounded closely to the light thymic epithelial cells, dendritic cells or macrophages. The lymphocytes, particularly the ANAE positive lymphocytes of peripheral blood were increased.

CONCLUSION

After bilateral testicular resection, the thymus of aged male mice showed morphological regeneration and the thymocytes and its microenvironment appeared to be definitely improved. It is suggested that testicular resection may improve immune function.

Effect of a cancer vaccine prepared by fusions of hepatocarcinoma cells with dendritic cells

AIM: To prepare a cancer vaccine (H₂₂-DC) expressing high levels of costimulatory molecules based on fusions of hepatocarcinoma cells (H₂₂) with dendritic cells (DC) of mice and to analyze the biological characteristics and induction of specific CTL activity of H₂₂-DC.

METHODS: DCs were isolated from murine spleen by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation, purified based on its characteristics of semi-adhesion to culture plates and FcR^-, and were cultured in the medium containing GM-CSF and IL-4. A large number of DC were harvested. DCs were then fused with H₂₂ cells by PEG and the fusion cells were marked with CD11c MicroBeads. The H₂₂-DC was sorted with Mimi MACS sorter. The techniques of cell culture, immunocytochemistry and light microscopy were also used to test the characteristics of growth and morphology of H₂₂-DC in vitro. As the immunogen, H₂₂-DC was inoculated subcutaneously into the right armpit of BALB/C mice, and their tumorigenicity in vivo was observed. MTT was used to test the CTL activity of murine spleen in vitro.

RESULTS: DC cells isolated and generated were CD11c+ cells with irregular shape, and highly expressed CD80, CD86 and CD54 molecules. H₂₂ cells were CD11c^- cells with spherical shape and bigger volume, and did not express CD80, CD86 and CD54 molecules. H₂₂-DC was CD11c⁺ cells with bigger volume, being spherical, flat or irregular in shape, and highly expressed CD80, CD86 and CD54 molecules, too. H₂₂-DC was able to divide and proliferate in vitro, but its activity of proliferation was significantly decreased as compared with H₂₂ cells and its growth curve was flatter than H₂₂ cells. After subcutaneous inoculation over 60 d, H₂₂-DC showed no tumorigenecity in mice, which was significantly different from control groups (P < 0.01). The spleen CTL activity against H₂₂ cells in mice implanted with fresh H₂₂-DC was significantly higher than control groups (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION: H₂₂-DC could significantly stimulate the specific CTL activity of murine spleen, which suggests that the fusion cells have already obtained the function of antigen presenting of parental DC and could present H₂₂ specific antigen which has not been identified yet, and H₂₂-DC could induce antitumor immune response; although simply mixed H₂₂ cells with DC could stimulate the specific CTL activity which could inhibit the growth of tumor in some degree, it could not prevent the generation of tumor. It shows that the DC vaccine is likely to become a helpful approach in immunotherapy of hepatocarcinoma.

Prenatal alcohol exposure retards the migration and development of serotonin neurons in fetal C57BL mice

Incomplete neural tube fusion (iNTF), induced by alcohol, in midline floor and roof plates was found in our recent study. In this study, serotonin (5-HT) neurons, known to be born entirely in the midline raphe at brainstem, were examined during their development with fetal alcohol exposure. Weight-matched C57BL mice pregnant dams were divided into three groups on E8: one received ethanol via a chocolate Sustacal liquid diet providing 20% ethanol-derived calories as the sole source of nutrients (ALC); the second received an isocaloric Sustacal liquid diet and was pair-fed to individual dams in the ethanol-fed group (PF); the third was fed ad lib rat chow (Chow). Fetal brains were obtained on E15 and were processed for immunostaining of 5-HT and its trophic factor, S100 beta. The ascending 5-HT neurons, in normal development, appear bilaterally near midline on E12, and by E15, as seen in chow and PF groups, migrate from the midline germinal zone laterally and dorsally to their final position with rich fibers. In contrast, in the E15 ALC group, many 5-HT-im neurons were found remaining in the midline germinal region or had migrated, but with under-differentiated, sparse fibers. There were 20--30% fewer 5-HT-im neurons in ALC as compared to PF and Chow. In addition, the number of S100 beta cells was less in ALC as compared with PF and Chow groups. No difference was found between PF and Chow in number of 5-HT-im or S100 beta-im cells. The 5-HT neurons found compromised in migration and differentiation may, in part, stem from failure of access to floor plate or midline tissue induction and the insufficient support by S100 beta. As 5-HT neurons have been implicated for signaling brain maturation, fewer 5-HT neurons may have lasting effects on the development of brain or, if persistent in the adult, profoundly affect adult brain function.

In vivo transposon mutagenesis of the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A using a modified version of the insect mariner-family transposable element Himar1

We present here a method for in vivo transposon mutagenesis of a methanogenic archaeon, Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A, which because of its independence from host-specific factors may have broad application among many microorganisms. Because there are no known Methanosarcina transposons we modified the mariner transposable element Himar1, originally found in the insect Hematobia irritans, to allow its use in this organism. This element was chosen because, like other mariner elements, its transposition is independent of host factors, requiring only its cognate transposase. Modified mini-Himar1 elements were constructed that carry selectable markers that are functional in Methanosarcina species and that express the Himar1 transposase from known Methanosarcina promoters. These mini-mariner elements transpose at high frequency in M. acetivorans to random sites in the genome. The presence of an Escherichia coli selectable marker and plasmid origin of replication within the mini-mariner elements allows facile cloning of these transposon insertions to identify the mutated gene. In preliminary experiments, we have isolated numerous mini-mariner-induced M. acetivorans mutants, including ones with insertions that confer resistance to toxic analogs and in genes that encode proteins involved in heat shock, nitrogen fixation, and cell-wall structures.

Generation of dominant selectable markers for resistance to pseudomonic acid by cloning and mutagenesis of the ileS gene from the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro

Currently, only one selectable marker is available for genetic studies in the archaeal genus Methanosarcina. Here we report the generation of selectable markers that encode resistance to pseudomonic acid (PA(r)) in Methanosarcina species by mutagenesis of the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene (ileS) from Methanosarcina barkeri Fusaro. The M. barkeri ileS gene was obtained by screening of a genomic library for hybridization to a PCR fragment. The complete 3,787-bp DNA sequence surrounding and including the ileS gene was determined. As expected, M. barkeri IleS is phylogenetically related to other archaeal IleS proteins. The ileS gene was cloned into a Methanosarcina-Escherichia coli shuttle vector and mutagenized with hydroxylamine. Nine independent PA(r) clones were isolated after transformation of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A with the mutagenized plasmids. Seven of these clones carry multiple changes from the wild-type sequence. Most mutations that confer PA(r) were shown to alter amino acid residues near the KMSKS consensus sequence of class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. One particular mutation (G594E) was present in all but one of the PA(r) clones. The MIC of pseudomonic acid for M. acetivorans transformed with a plasmid carrying this single mutation is 70 microgram/ml of medium (for the wild type, the MIC is 12 microgram/ml). The highest MICs (560 microgram/ml) were observed with two triple mutants, A440V/A482T/G594E and A440V/G593D/G594E. Plasmid shuttle vectors and insertion cassettes that encode PA(r) based on the mutant ileS alleles are described. Finally, the implications of the specific mutations we isolated with respect to binding of pseudomonic acid by IleS are discussed.

Expression of serotonin transporter protein in developing rat brain

Serotonin transporter (5-HTT), a transmembrane protein, has been shown in adult brain to be distributed not only on synaptic terminals but to a great extent on axons as well. Here we report the ontogeny of 5-HTT and its relationship with serotonin (5-HT) neurons using established 5-HTT and 5-HT antibodies. Both 5-HTT- and 5-HT-immunostaining (-im) appear in 5-HT neurons at embryonic day 12 (E12) in rostral raphe nuclei (RRN). Soon after appearing, 5-HTT-im is highly expressed on axons, similar to adult expression. However, in contrast to adult, 5-HTT-im also outlines the soma-dendrites. Rich 5-HTT-im appears along the entire length of projecting axons, extending to the growth tip. In the next 2 days, intensive 5-HTT-im axons from RRN travel a course preferentially in the floor plate and later, the medial forebrain bundle trajectory. A group of new 5-HT-im neurons and 5-HTT-im axons appear at E13 in caudal raphe nuclei. At E16-18, taking the exact trajectory course of 5-HT axons, 5-HTT-im axons reach ganglionic eminence, olfactory bulb, and cortex and disperse into many brain regions in E18-20. No 5-HTT-im cell bodies were seen in nigral, locus ceruleus, or hypothalamus. However, the transient expression of 5-HTT on non-serotonergic system was seen in cortical and striatal neuroepithelia at E12 and sensory thalamic pathways at P0-P10. Prominent 5-HTT-im fibers in thalamocortical bundles project from sensory thalamic nuclei through reticular nucleus, internal capsule bundle and form barrels in somatosensory cortices. No 5-HTT-im was seen in glia-like cells using currently available antibody. These observations indicate that 5-HTT is: (a) associated preferentially with 5-HT neurons in brainstem, (b) temporally co-expressed with 5-HT in 5-HT neurons, (c) expressed on axons prior to synaptical sites at target neurons, which strongly indicates a volumic (extrasynaptic) transmission, (d) expressed in non-5-HT neurons within a specific window, which may affect the development of the systems "borrowing" the 5-HT. The early appearance of 5-HTT may also endow functionality as well as vulnerabilities of 5-HT, sensory thalamic, and cortical neurons to 5-HTT targeting drugs during pregnancy and after birth.

Innate differences of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in hypothalamic nuclei and central nucleus of the amygdala between selectively bred rats with high and low alcohol preference

BACKGROUND

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide that has been demonstrated to produce anxiolytic effects when administered centrally. To examine the hypothesis that NPY might play a role in alcohol-seeking behavior, this study took advantage of the genetic differences of the alcohol-preferring (P) rats and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats, as well as the high alcohol-drinking (HAD) rats and low alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats, in voluntary alcohol consumption to examine if NPY neurons in the brains differ between these selected lines.

METHODS

The NPY immunoreactivity (NPY-I) was measured using an established radioimmunohistochemical assay in discrete brain structures including the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus (ARC), and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA).

RESULTS

The quantitative data indicated that there was more NPY-I in the PVN and ARC of P rats than NP rats, whereas there was less NPY-I in the PVN and ARC of HAD rats than LAD rats. However, the NPY-I in the CeA was less in both the P and HAD rats than in the NP and LAD rats, respectively. Therefore, the data indicate that there are innate differences in the NPY-I in the brain between selectively bred rats with high and low alcohol preference.

CONCLUSION

Because both P rats and HAD rats have high alcohol preference, the disparate finding between these two lines of rats suggests that the hypothalamic NPY neurons are probably not associated with alcohol preference. In contrast, consistent findings in the CeA of both P rats and HAD rats suggest that NPY in the CeA of P and HAD rats may contribute to the regulation of alcohol consumption. This is substantiated by a recent report showing that NPY-knockout mice drink significantly more ethanol, and transgenic mice that overexpress the NPY gene drink less alcohol, than wild-type mice. Together, the findings support the notion that NPY agonists that would enhance NPY function in the amygdala might be useful for the treatment of anxiety and alcoholism.

Infectious disease surveillance in China

A national system of infectious disease surveillance was established in 1959 in China. Now it consists of three subunits, namely, national disease reporting system (NDRS), nationwide disease surveillance points (DSPs), and surveillance network for specific infectious diseases. There are 35 notifiable infectious diseases, which are divided into Classes A, B, and C. The functions of the surveillance include explaining the natural history of infectious diseases, describing the distribution of case occurrence, triggering disease-control effort, monitoring epidemic of infectious diseases during natural disasters, predicting and controlling epidemics and providing the base of policy adjustment.

An anaerobic, intrachamber incubator for growth of Methanosarcina spp. on methanol-containing solid media

To simplify the incubation of Methanosarcina spp. on solid agar medium, a two-port, manual, rectangular air lock was modified to serve as an anaerobic incubator. In one operation, it is possible to incubate 153 petri plates, the equivalent of 11 standard anaerobic jars, with plating efficiencies identical to those of traditional protocols.

A genetic system for Archaea of the genus Methanosarcina: liposome-mediated transformation and construction of shuttle vectors

New methods that allow, for the first time, genetic analysis in Archaea of the genus Methanosarcina are presented. First, several autonomously replicating plasmid shuttle vectors have been constructed based on the naturally occurring plasmid pC2A from Methanosarcina acetivorans. These vectors replicate in 9 of 11 Methanosarcina strains tested and in Escherichia coli. Second, a highly efficient transformation system based upon introduction of DNA by liposomes has been developed. This method allows transformation frequencies of as high as 2 x 10(8) transformants per microgram of DNA per 10(9) cells or approximately 20% of the recipient population. During the course of this work, the complete 5467-bp DNA sequence of pC2A was determined. The implications of these findings for the future of methanoarchaeal research are also discussed.

Molecular, genetic, and biochemical characterization of the serC gene of Methanosarcina barkeri Fusaro

The Methanosarcina barkeri serC gene, encoding phosphoserine aminotransferase, was cloned by complementation of an Escherichia coli serC mutant, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The M. barkeri SerC protein shares significant homology with other known SerC proteins. E. coli serC hosts carrying the cloned gene express phosphoserine aminotransferase activity, verifying the function of this gene.

Mesolimbic dopamine system in alcohol-preferring rats

The mesolimbic dopamine system of the brain, in particular the nucleus accumbens (Acb), is long known to be involved in reward behavior. When compared with the alcohol-nonpreferring NP rats, the alcohol-preferring P rats exhibit lower dopamine (DA) levels in the Acb as well as in other forebrain areas (20). In the present study, the DA innervation density, as determined by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining, was found lower in the selective cingulum cortex and the shell of the Acb of the P compared with that of NP rats. These structures cluster in the medial aspect of the mesolimbic system. There were no differences in other major DA mesolimbic brain regions. The subpopulation of DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projecting to the Acb was found to be smaller in the P than in the NP rats, as shown by horseradish peroxidase tracing and TH immunocytochemistry double staining. However, the total number of the DA neurons in the VTA, the major mesolimbic DA center, was found to be similar in the P and NP rats. These results indicate a selective reduction of catecholaminergic innervation in the dopaminergic medial mesolimbic system in the P rats and suggest that the P and NP rat lines should be a useful model for the investigation of DA involvement in alcohol drinking as well as other reinforced behaviors.

Study of gastric and gallbladder kinetics with real-time ultrasonography in cases of functional dyspepsia

Gastric and gallbladder emptying in 113 patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) were evaluated by real-time ultrasonography (RUS) after a liquid-fat meal by the patients, and compared with 15 healthy volunteers. The results showed that in FD group 69 patients (61.06%) had delayed gastric emptying, and 28 patients (24.77%) had gallbladder hypokinesia. Among them both delayed gastric emptying and gallbladder hypokinesia were found in 11 patients (9.7%), 44 patients (38.93%) had normal gastric emptying and 85 patients (75.22%) had normal gallbladder emptying.

[Delayed gastric liquid emptying in the patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease]

Although there were many reports on gastric emptying in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in western country, there was no scientific paper about it in Chinese. In 22 cases of GERD, diagnosed by clinical manifestations, endoscopy, histology and 24-hour pH monitoring in the distal portion of esophagus, gastric liquid emptying was measured by using absorption test. The results suggested that the mean time to reach the peak of the serum paracetamol level after taking 500ml water was 34.02 +/- 9.09 min. in 13 healthy adults and 51.14 +/- 23.35 min. in 22 cases of GERD. The difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.02). Among these 22 patients, 12(54.54%) had delayed gastric emptying, 1 rapid and 9 normal. Our data confirmed that gastric liquid emptying was delayed in some patients with GERD.

Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines. XIV. Syntheses and Central Nervous System Activities of Some 6-(Methoxy-, dimethoxy-, methylenedioxy-, chloro- and fluoro-)-3-alkoxy-2-phenyl(and substituted phenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines

Syntheses are reported for 28 new 3-alkoxy-6-(3′-methoxy-,3′,4′-dimethoxy, 3′,4′-methylene-dioxy-, 2′- and 4′-chloro- and 4′-fluoro-benzylamino)-2-phenyl(and substituted phenyl) imidazo -[1,2-b] pyridazines from the corresponding 6-substituted pyridazin-3-amine 2-oxides with α- bromoacetophenones, followed by alkylation of the intermediate 3-hydroxyimidazo[1,2-b] pyridazines. In tests of the ability of these compounds to displace [3H]diazepam from rat brain membrane, 3-(2′-ethoxyethoxy)-6(3′-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenyl- and 6(3′,4′-methylenedioxybenzylamino )-2-(3″,4″-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-methoxy-imidazo[1,2-b] pyridazine bound most strongly, with IC50 values of 1nM.

[Measurement of gastric emptying in non-ulcer dyspepsia]

Using real-time ultrasonography, we monitored gastric emptying indirectly in 26 cases of non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and 13 healthy adults by determining the anteroposterior gastric measurement of a single section of the stomach in the corpus fundus immediately after drinking 500 ml water and then every 10 min. for five times. The average time for 50% gastric emptying in NUD patients (36.46 +/- 13.13, x +/- s) was longer than that in healthy adults (23.54 +/- 5.93), but the half time of gastric emptying in male with NUD was not significantly different as compared with that in male controls and female patients of NUD.

[Effects of beta-agkistrodotoxin on synaptic transmission in toad sympathetic ganglia]

The effects of beta-agkistrodotoxin (beta-AgTX) on synaptic transmission of the toad sympathetic ganglia were investigated by intracellular recording techniques. Superfusion of beta-AgTX (30 microgram/ml, 5-15 min) reversibly inhibited the cholinergic fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (f-EPSP, n = 16) and the fast components of acetylcholine (ACh) potential induced by micropressure administration of ACh (n = 24). Comparison of beta-AgTX effect in the same cell group showed significantly different inhibition rates on f-EPSP (77.2 +/- 27.7%) and ACh potential (25.5 +/- 17.5%) (n = 6, P less than 0.01, F test). During application of beta-AgTX (30 or 50 micrograms/ml) for 15-30 min, no detectable change was found in non-cholinergic late slow EPSPs (n = 22). The results suggest that beta-AgTX selectively inhibits the cholinergic transmission of the toad sympathetic ganglia by both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanism.

Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines. X. Syntheses and Central Nervous System Activities of Some 3-(Acetamido, benzamido, substituted benzamido or dimethylamino)methyl-2-(phenyl or substituted phenyl)-6-(halogeno, alkylthio, alkoxy, phenylthio, phenoxy, benzylthio or benzyloxy)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines

Syntheses of some 3-( acetamido, benzamido , substituted benzamido or dimethylamino)methyl-2-(phenyl or substituted phenyl)-6( halogeno, alkylthio, alkoxy, phenylthio, phenoxy , benzylthio or benzyloxy ) imidazo [1,2-b] pyridazines from the 3-unsubstituted analogues are described. The IC50 values (or percentage displacements) are reported and discussed for the displacement of [3H]diazepam from rat brain membrane by each of these compounds. .The 3-benzamidomethyl compounds were generally the most active; of these, 3-benzamidomethyl-2-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-6-methylthioimido[1,2-b] pyridazine showed outstanding activity with IC50 2 nM .

Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines. XII. Syntheses and Central Nervous System Activities of Some Substituted Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines and Related Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines and Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines

Syntheses are reported for some 6-chloro(alkoxy,alkylthio and pheny1thio)-3-benzamidomethyl-(acetamidomethyl and methoxy)-2-arylimidazo[1,2-apyridines and some corresponding imidazo- [1,2- b]pyridazines, imidazo[1,2-a[pyrimidines and imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazines. IC50 values (or percentage displacement) are reported and discussed for the displacement of [3H]diazepam from rat brain membrane by each of these compounds. The imidazo[l,2-a[pyridines were generally slightly less potent than the imidazo[l,2- b]pyridazines but considerably more potent than the corresponding imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines or imidazo[1,2- a[pyrazines. Substitution of a 2-aryl group by a 2-alkyl group in imidazo[l,2- b]pyridazines led to a significant loss of activity.

Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines. XI. Syntheses and Central Nervous System Activities of Some 6-(N-Benzyl-N-methylamino)-3-methoxy-2-phenyl(and substituted phenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines

Syntheses are reported for 196-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino )-3-methoxy-2-phenyl(and substituted phenyl or pyridinyl ) imidazo [1,2-b] pyridazines from 6-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino)pyridazin-3- amine 2-oxide. The ability of each of these compounds to displace [3H]diazepam from rat brain membrane preparations was measured and the IC50 values (or percentage displacements) are reported and discussed. 6-(N-Benzyl-N-methylamino )-3-methoxy-2-phenylimido[1,2-b]pyridine was about half as active as its 6-bemylamino analogue, and the most active compound was 6-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino )-2-(2'-fluorophenyl)-3-methoxyimido[1,2-b] pyridazine with IC50 9.8 nM.

Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines. XIII. Syntheses and Central Nervous System Activities of Some 2-Benzyl(phenethyl, biphenyl-4'-yl, 6'-methylnaphthalen-2'-yl, t-Butyl and cyclohexyl)-3-methoxy(acylaminomethyl and dimethylaminomethyl)-6-(variously substituted)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines

6-(Variously substituted)-3-methoxy(unsubstituted, dimethylaminomethyl, acetamidomethyl and benzamidomethy1)-2-benzyl(phenethyl, biphenyl-4'-yl, 6'-methylnaphthalen-2'-yl, t-butyl and cyclohexyl)imidazo[1,2-b] pyridazines have been prepared and examined for activity in the central nervous system. Of these, 2-benzyl-3-methoxy-6-(3'-methoxybenzylamino) imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine (IC50 88nM) bound most strongly to rat brain membrane. In general, the order of activity for groups at the 2-position was Ph > PhCH2 > PhCH2CH2 > C6H4Ph-p, 6'-methylnaphthalen-2'-yl, c-C6H11 or But.

Hydrogen peroxide contrast hepatosonography

Hydrogen peroxide contrast hepatosonography (HPCH), a new technique, was developed for liver examination. On examination, 5-10 ml of 2-3% hydrogen peroxide was injected into the rectum through a dual-channel rubber tube. When hydrogen peroxide passed through the mucosa into the portal vein, the fast flowing contrast echoes were seen, and the liver parenchyma was covered by enhanced echoes. A total of 297 subjects were examined by HPCH with a successful contrast rate of 95.6%. In normal subjects, dense contrast echoes were visible throughout the liver. But in patients with hepatoma, hemangioma, cyst and abscess, contrast echo defects were noted. We conclude that HPCE is of great value in the differentiation of space-occupying lesions and measurement of portal circulation time and blood flow velocity in spite of its untoward reactions.