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Chandran M, Akesson KE, Javaid MK, Harvey N, Blank RD, Brandi ML, Chevalley T, Cinelli P, Cooper C, Lems W, Lyritis GP, Makras P, Paccou J, Pierroz DD, Sosa M, Thomas T, Silverman S. Impact of osteoporosis and osteoporosis medications on fracture healing: a narrative review. Osteoporos Int 2024:10.1007/s00198-024-07059-8. [PMID: 38587674 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-024-07059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Antiresorptive medications do not negatively affect fracture healing in humans. Teriparatide may decrease time to fracture healing. Romosozumab has not shown a beneficial effect on human fracture healing. BACKGROUND Fracture healing is a complex process. Uncertainty exists over the influence of osteoporosis and the medications used to treat it on fracture healing. METHODS Narrative review authored by the members of the Fracture Working Group of the Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), on behalf of the IOF and the Société Internationale de Chirurgie Orthopédique et de Traumatologie (SICOT). RESULTS Fracture healing is a multistep process. Most fractures heal through a combination of intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Radiographic imaging is important for evaluating fracture healing and for detecting delayed or non-union. The presence of callus formation, bridging trabeculae, and a decrease in the size of the fracture line over time are indicative of healing. Imaging must be combined with clinical parameters and patient-reported outcomes. Animal data support a negative effect of osteoporosis on fracture healing; however, clinical data do not appear to corroborate with this. Evidence does not support a delay in the initiation of antiresorptive therapy following acute fragility fractures. There is no reason for suspension of osteoporosis medication at the time of fracture if the person is already on treatment. Teriparatide treatment may shorten fracture healing time at certain sites such as distal radius; however, it does not prevent non-union or influence union rate. The positive effect on fracture healing that romosozumab has demonstrated in animals has not been observed in humans. CONCLUSION Overall, there appears to be no deleterious effect of osteoporosis medications on fracture healing. The benefit of treating osteoporosis and the urgent necessity to mitigate imminent refracture risk after a fracture should be given prime consideration. It is imperative that new radiological and biological markers of fracture healing be identified. It is also important to synthesize clinical and basic science methodologies to assess fracture healing, so that a convergence of the two frameworks can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chandran
- Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, DUKE NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - K E Akesson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M K Javaid
- NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - R D Blank
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M L Brandi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - T Chevalley
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Cinelli
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W Lems
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G P Lyritis
- Hellenic Osteoporosis Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - P Makras
- Department of Medical Research, 251 Hellenic Air Force & VA General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - J Paccou
- Department of Rheumatology, MABlab ULR 4490, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - D D Pierroz
- International Osteoporosis Foundation, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - M Sosa
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Investigation Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - T Thomas
- Department of Rheumatology, North Hospital, CHU Saint-Etienne and INSERM U1059, University of Lyon-University Jean Monnet, Saint‑Etienne, France
| | - S Silverman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Marino S, Ozgurel SU, McAndrews K, Cregor M, Villaseñor A, Mamani-Huanca M, Barbas C, Gortazar A, Sato AY, Bellido T. Abaloparatide is more potent than teriparatide in restoring bone mass and strength in type 1 diabetic male mice. Bone 2024; 181:117042. [PMID: 38360197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of the two FDA-approved bone anabolic ligands of the parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R), teriparatide or human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH) and abaloparatide (ABL), to restoring skeletal health using a preclinical murine model of streptozotocin-induced T1-DM. Intermittent daily subcutaneous injections of equal molar doses (12 pmoles/g/day) of PTH (50 ng/g/day), ABL (47.5 ng/g/day), or vehicle, were administered for 28 days to 5-month-old C57Bl/6 J male mice with established T1-DM or control (C) mice. ABL was superior to PTH in increasing or restoring bone mass in control or T1-MD mice, respectively, which was associated with superior stimulation of trabecular and periosteal bone formation, upregulation of osteoclastic/osteoblastic gene expression, and increased circulating bone remodeling markers. Only ABL corrected the reduction in ultimate load, which is a measure of bone strength, induced by T1-DM, and it also increased energy to ultimate load. In addition, bones from T1-DM mice treated with PTH or ABL exhibited increased ultimate stress, a material index, compared to T1-DM mice administered with vehicle. And both PTH and ABL prevented the increased expression of the Wnt antagonist Sost/sclerostin displayed by T1-DM mice. Further, PTH and ABL increased to a similar extent the circulating bone resorption marker CTX and the bone formation marker P1NP in T1-DM after 2 weeks of treatment; however, only ABL sustained these increases after 4 weeks of treatment. We conclude that at equal molar doses, ABL is more effective than PTH in increasing bone mass and restoring the cortical and trabecular bone lost with T1-DM, due to higher and longer-lasting increases in bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Serra Ucer Ozgurel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Kevin McAndrews
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Meloney Cregor
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, AR, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Alma Villaseñor
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maricuz Mamani-Huanca
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arancha Gortazar
- Bone Physiopathology laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amy Y Sato
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, AR, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, John L. McClellan Little Rock, AR, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Maisenbacher TC, Ehnert S, Histing T, Nüssler AK, Menger MM. Advantages and Limitations of Diabetic Bone Healing in Mouse Models: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3302. [PMID: 38137522 PMCID: PMC10741210 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes represents a major risk factor for impaired fracture healing. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing epidemic worldwide, hence an increase in diabetes-related complications in fracture healing can be expected. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet completely understood. Different mouse models are used in preclinical trauma research for fracture healing under diabetic conditions. The present review elucidates and evaluates the characteristics of state-of-the-art murine diabetic fracture healing models. Three major categories of murine models were identified: Streptozotocin-induced diabetes models, diet-induced diabetes models, and transgenic diabetes models. They all have specific advantages and limitations and affect bone physiology and fracture healing differently. The studies differed widely in their diabetic and fracture healing models and the chosen models were evaluated and discussed, raising concerns in the comparability of the current literature. Researchers should be aware of the presented advantages and limitations when choosing a murine diabetes model. Given the rapid increase in type II diabetics worldwide, our review found that there are a lack of models that sufficiently mimic the development of type II diabetes in adult patients over the years. We suggest that a model with a high-fat diet that accounts for 60% of the daily calorie intake over a period of at least 12 weeks provides the most accurate representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja C. Maisenbacher
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Clinic Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.H.); (M.M.M.)
- Siegfried Weller Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Clinic Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.H.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Siegfried Weller Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Maximilian M. Menger
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Clinic Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.H.); (M.M.M.)
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Sheng R, Cao M, Song M, Wang M, Zhang Y, Shi L, Xie T, Li Y, Wang J, Rui Y. Muscle-bone crosstalk via endocrine signals and potential targets for osteosarcopenia-related fracture. J Orthop Translat 2023; 43:36-46. [PMID: 38021216 PMCID: PMC10654153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcopenia is a syndrome coexisting sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis, with a high fracture risk. Recently, skeletal muscle and bone have been recognized as endocrine organs capable of communication through secreting myokines and osteokines, respectively. With a deeper understanding of the muscle-bone crosstalk, these endocrine signals exhibit an important role in osteosarcopenia development and fracture healing. Methods This review summarizes the role of myokines and osteokines in the development and treatment of osteosarcopenia and fracture, and discusses their potential for osteosarcopenia-related fracture treatment. Results Several well-defined myokines (myostatin and irisin) and osteokines (RANKL and SOST) are found to not only regulate skeletal muscle and bone metabolism but also influence fracture healing processes. Systemic interventions targeting these biochemical signals has shown promising results in improving the mass and functions of skeletal muscle and bone, as well as accelerating fracture healing processes. Conclusion The regulation of muscle-bone crosstalk via biochemical signals presents a novel and promising strategy for treating osteosarcopenia and fracture by simultaneously enhancing bone and muscle anabolism. We propose that myostatin, irisin, RANKL, and SOST may serve as potential targets to treat fracture patients with osteosarcopenia. The translational potential of this article Osteosarcopenia is an emerging geriatric syndrome where sarcopenia and osteoporosis coexist, with high fracture risk, delayed fracture healing, and increased mortality. However, no pharmacological agent is available to treat fracture patients with osteosarcopenia. This review summarizes the role of several myokines and osteokines in the development and treatment of osteosacropenia and fracture, as well as discusses their potential as intervention targets for osteosarcopenia-related fracture, which provides a novel and promising strategy for future osteosarcopenia-related fracture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwang Sheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mumin Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingyuan Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingjuan Li
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Mohsen ROM, Hassan R. A comparative study of the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells versus insulin on mandibular dento-alveolar complex collagen formation and beta-catenin expression in experimentally induced type I diabetes. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:668-677. [PMID: 37817792 PMCID: PMC10562111 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess and compare the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) versus insulin on mandibular dento-alveolar complex collagen formation and beta-catenin (β-catenin) expression in experimentally induced type I diabetes in albino rat. Design Twenty-eight male albino rats were equally divided as follows; Group I: was composed of rats which received no drug. The remaining rats were administrated a single streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg) intra-peritoneal injection. After affirmation of diabetes induction, the rats were divided into: Group II: Diabetic rats were given no treatment. Group III: Diabetic rats received a single BM-MSCs intravenous injection (1x106 cells). Group IV: Diabetic rats were given a daily insulin subcutaneous injection (5 IU/kg). After 28 days, mandibles were processed and stained by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome and anti-β-catenin antibody. A statistical analysis was performed to measure positive area% of Masson's trichrome and β-catenin. Results Dento-alveolar complex tissues and cells of Group II showed destructive changes histologically, while Groups III and IV demonstrated improved histological features. Group II presented almost old collagen in all dento-alveolar complex tissues, and nearly negative β-catenin expression. Groups III and IV revealed a newly formed collagen intermingled with very few areas of old collagen, and both groups showed positive β-catenin immunoreactivity. Statistically, Groups III and IV represented the highest mean values of Masson's trichrome area% and β-catenin area%, while Group II reported the lowest mean. Conclusions Streptozotocin has a destructive effect on the dento-alveolar complex structure and function. BM-MSCs and insulin show regenerative capacity in STZ-affected periodontal tissues, and statistically, they increase collagen formation and β-catenin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rabab Hassan
- Associate professor of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Li Z, Qiu K, Zhao J, Granger K, Yu H, Lewis AG, Myronovych A, Toure MH, Hatsell SJ, Economides AN, Seeley RJ, MacDougald OA. Antibodies to sclerostin or G-CSF receptor partially eliminate bone or marrow adipocyte loss, respectively, following vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Bone 2023; 169:116682. [PMID: 36709915 PMCID: PMC10513354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), the most utilized bariatric procedure in clinical practice, greatly reduces body weight and improves a variety of metabolic disorders. However, one of its long-term complications is bone loss and increased risk of fracture. Elevated circulating sclerostin (SOST) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) concentrations have been considered as potential contributors to VSG-associated bone loss. To test these possibilities, we administrated antibodies to SOST or G-CSF receptor and investigated alterations to bone and marrow niche following VSG. Neutralizing either SOST or G-CSF receptor did not alter beneficial effects of VSG on adiposity and hepatic steatosis, and anti-SOST treatment provided a further improvement to glucose tolerance. SOST antibodies partially reduced trabecular and cortical bone loss following VSG by increasing bone formation, whereas G-CSF receptor antibodies had no effects on bone mass. The expansion in myeloid cellularity and reductions in bone marrow adiposity seen with VSG were partially eliminated by treatment with Anti-G-CSF receptor. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that antibodies to SOST or G-CSF receptor may act through independent mechanisms to partially block effects of VSG on bone loss or marrow niche cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Li
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Kevin Qiu
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jingtong Zhao
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Katrina Granger
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Hui Yu
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Alfor G Lewis
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Andriy Myronovych
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Mouhamadoul H Toure
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Sarah J Hatsell
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Aris N Economides
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Randy J Seeley
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
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Zeng X, Chen B, Wang L, Sun Y, Jin Z, Liu X, Ouyang L, Liao Y. Chitosan@Puerarin hydrogel for accelerated wound healing in diabetic subjects by miR-29ab1 mediated inflammatory axis suppression. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:653-665. [PMID: 35600974 PMCID: PMC9109129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the major global health concerns in patients with diabetes. Overactivation of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages is associated with delayed wound healing in diabetes. miR-29ab1 plays a critical role in diabetes-related macrophage inflammation. Hence, inhibition of inflammation and regulation of miR-29 expression have been implicated as new points for skin wound healing. In this study, the traditional Chinese medicine, puerarin, was introduced to construct an injectable and self-healing chitosan@puerarin (C@P) hydrogel. The C@P hydrogel promoted diabetic wound healing and accelerated angiogenesis, which were related to the inhibition of the miR-29 mediated inflammation response. Compared to healthy subjects, miR-29a and miR-29b1 were ectopically increased in the skin wound of the diabetic model, accompanied by upregulated M1-polarization, and elevated levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. Further evaluations by miR-29ab1 knockout mice exhibited superior wound healing and attenuated inflammation. The present results suggested that miR-29ab1 is essential for diabetic wound healing by regulating the inflammatory response. Suppression of miR-29ab1 by the C@P hydrogel has the potential for improving medical approaches for wound repair. A chitosan based hydrogel containing puerarin was constructed for promoting diabetic wound healing. Chitosan@Puerarin hydrogel accelerated skin repair through inhibiting M1-polarization and reducing IL-1β and TNF-α. miR-29 a/b1 was found to be ectopic increased in the skin-wound of diabetic model. miR-29 a/b1 was inhibited by Chitosan@Puerarin in diabetic wound healing.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying skeletal dysfunction in the context of diabetes is needed to guide the development of therapeutic interventions to reduce the burden of diabetic fractures. Osteocytes, the 'master regulators' of bone remodeling, have emerged as key culprits in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related skeletal fragility. RECENT FINDINGS Both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes cause chronic hyperglycemia that, over time, reduces bone quality and bone formation. In addition to acting as mechanosensors, osteocytes are important regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast activities; however, diabetes leads to osteocyte dysfunction. Indeed, diabetes causes the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products and senescent cells that can affect osteocyte viability and functions via increased receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) signaling or the production of a pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype. These changes may increase osteocyte-derived sclerostin production and decrease the ability of osteocytes to sense mechanical stimuli thereby contributing to poor bone quality in humans with diabetes. SUMMARY Osteocyte dysfunction exists at the nexus of diabetic skeletal disease. Therefore, interventions targeting the RAGE signaling pathway, senescent cells, and those that inhibit sclerostin or mechanically stimulate osteocytes may alleviate the deleterious effects of diabetes on osteocytes and bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua N. Farr
- Correspondence: Joshua N. Farr, , Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 7-11D, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, Telephone: 507-538-0085
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Yu S, Li D, Zhang N, Ni S, Sun M, Wang L, Xiao H, Liu D, Liu J, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Yeung STY, Zhang S, Lu A, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Zhang G. Drug discovery of sclerostin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2150-2170. [PMID: 35646527 PMCID: PMC9136615 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin, a protein secreted from osteocytes, negatively regulates the WNT signaling pathway by binding to the LRP5/6 co-receptors and further inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption. Sclerostin contributes to musculoskeletal system-related diseases, making it a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of WNT-related bone diseases. Additionally, emerging evidence indicates that sclerostin contributes to the development of cancers, obesity, and diabetes, suggesting that it may be a promising therapeutic target for these diseases. Notably, cardiovascular diseases are related to the protective role of sclerostin. In this review, we summarize three distinct types of inhibitors targeting sclerostin, monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, and small-molecule inhibitors, from which monoclonal antibodies have been developed. As the first-in-class sclerostin inhibitor approved by the U.S. FDA, the monoclonal antibody romosozumab has demonstrated excellent effectiveness in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis; however, it conferred high cardiovascular risk in clinical trials. Furthermore, romosozumab could only be administered by injection, which may cause compliance issues for patients who prefer oral therapy. Considering these above safety and compliance concerns, we therefore present relevant discussion and offer perspectives on the development of next-generation sclerostin inhibitors by following several ways, such as concomitant medication, artificial intelligence-based strategy, druggable modification, and bispecific inhibitors strategy.
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10
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Rios‐Arce ND, Murugesh DK, Hum NR, Sebastian A, Jbeily EH, Christiansen BA, Loots GG. Pre‐existing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Blunts the Development of
Post‐Traumatic
Osteoarthritis. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10625. [PMID: 35509635 PMCID: PMC9059474 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naiomy D. Rios‐Arce
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories Livermore CA USA
| | - Deepa K. Murugesh
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories Livermore CA USA
| | - Nicholas R. Hum
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories Livermore CA USA
| | - Aimy Sebastian
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories Livermore CA USA
| | - Elias H. Jbeily
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery UC Davis Medical Center Sacramento CA USA
| | | | - Gabriela G. Loots
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories Livermore CA USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology School of Natural Sciences, UC Merced Merced CA USA
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11
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Combining sclerostin neutralization with tissue engineering: An improved strategy for craniofacial bone repair. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:178-189. [PMID: 34875361 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds associated with different types of mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSC) are extensively studied for the development of novel therapies for large bone defects. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies have been recently introduced for the treatment of cancer-associated bone loss and other skeletal pathologies. In particular, antibodies against sclerostin, a key player in bone remodeling regulation, have demonstrated a real benefit for treating osteoporosis but their contribution to bone tissue-engineering remains uncharted. Here, we show that combining implantation of dense collagen hydrogels hosting wild-type (WT) murine dental pulp stem cells (mDPSC) with weekly systemic injections of a sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) leads to increased bone regeneration within critical size calvarial defects performed in WT mice. Furthermore, we show that bone formation is equivalent in calvarial defects in WT mice implanted with Sost knock-out (KO) mDPSC and in Sost KO mice, suggesting that the implantation of sclerostin-deficient MSC similarly promotes new bone formation than complete sclerostin deficiency. Altogether, our data demonstrate that an antibody-based therapy can potentialize tissue-engineering strategies for large craniofacial bone defects and urges the need to conduct research for antibody-enabled local inhibition of sclerostin. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The use of monoclonal antibodies is nowadays broadly spread for the treatment of several conditions including skeletal bone diseases. However, their use to potentialize tissue engineering constructs for bone repair remains unmet. Here, we demonstrate that the neutralization of sclerostin, through either a systemic inhibition by a monoclonal antibody or the implantation of sclerostin-deficient mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSC) directly within the defect, improves the outcome of a tissue engineering approach, combining dense collagen hydrogels and MSC derived from the dental pulp, for the treatment of large craniofacial bone defects.
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12
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Hofbauer LC, Busse B, Eastell R, Ferrari S, Frost M, Müller R, Burden AM, Rivadeneira F, Napoli N, Rauner M. Bone fragility in diabetes: novel concepts and clinical implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:207-220. [PMID: 35101185 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increased fracture risk represents an emerging and severe complication of diabetes. The resulting prolonged immobility and hospitalisations can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. In type 1 diabetes, bone mass and bone strength are reduced, resulting in up to a five-times greater risk of fractures throughout life. In type 2 diabetes, fracture risk is increased despite a normal bone mass. Conventional dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry might underestimate fracture risk, but can be improved by applying specific adjustments. Bone fragility in diabetes can result from cellular abnormalities, matrix interactions, immune and vascular changes, and musculoskeletal maladaptation to chronic hyperglycaemia. This Review summarises how the bone microenvironment responds to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and the mechanisms underlying fragility fractures. We describe the value of novel imaging technologies and the clinical utility of biomarkers, and discuss current and future therapeutic approaches that protect bone health in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, and Center for Healthy Aging, University Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Eastell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Service and Laboratory of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Morten Frost
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory and Steno Diabetes Centre Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute of Biomechanics, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M Burden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicola Napoli
- RU of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome and Fondazione Policlinico Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, and Center for Healthy Aging, University Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Ali D, Tencerova M, Figeac F, Kassem M, Jafari A. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis in obesity and type 2 diabetes in aging women and men: The mechanisms and roles of increased bone marrow adiposity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:981487. [PMID: 36187112 PMCID: PMC9520254 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.981487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration leading to increased fracture risk. Osteoporosis incidence increases with age in both post-menopausal women and aging men. Among other important contributing factors to bone fragility observed in osteoporosis, that also affect the elderly population, are metabolic disturbances observed in obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). These metabolic complications are associated with impaired bone homeostasis and a higher fracture risk. Expansion of the Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue (BMAT), at the expense of decreased bone formation, is thought to be one of the key pathogenic mechanisms underlying osteoporosis and bone fragility in obesity and T2D. Our review provides a summary of mechanisms behind increased Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA) during aging and highlights the pre-clinical and clinical studies connecting obesity and T2D, to BMA and bone fragility in aging osteoporotic women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ali
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Dalia Ali, ; Abbas Jafari,
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Bone, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Florence Figeac
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Dalia Ali, ; Abbas Jafari,
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14
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Samsulrizal N, Goh YM, Ahmad H, Md Dom S, Azmi NS, NoorMohamad Zin NS, Ebrahimi M. Ficus deltoidea promotes bone formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:66-73. [PMID: 33399485 PMCID: PMC7801090 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1865411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of bone diseases including osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. We have previously demonstrated that Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is capable of reducing hyperglycaemia. However, whether F. deltoidea could protect against diabetic osteoporosis remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE The study examines the effect of F. deltoidea on bone histomorphometric parameters, oxidative stress, and turnover markers in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6 animals per group) received one of the following treatments via gavage for 8 weeks: saline (diabetic control), metformin (1000 mg/kg bwt), and methanol leaves extract of F. deltoidea (1000 mg/kg bwt). A group of healthy rats served as normal control. The femoral bones were excised and scanned ex vivo using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for histomorphometric analysis. The serum levels of insulin, oxidative stress, and bone turnover markers were determined by ELISA assays. RESULTS Treatment of diabetic rats with F. deltoidea could significantly increase bone mineral density (BMD) (from 526.98 ± 11.87 to 637.74 ± 3.90). Higher levels of insulin (2.41 ± 0.08 vs. 1.58 ± 0.16), osteocalcin (155.66 ± 4.11 vs. 14.35 ± 0.97), and total bone n-3 PUFA (2.34 ± 0.47 vs. 1.44 ± 0.18) in parallel with the presence of chondrocyte hypertrophy were also observed following F. deltoidea treatment compared to diabetic control. CONCLUSIONS F. deltoidea could prevent diabetic osteoporosis by enhancing osteogenesis and inhibiting bone oxidative stress. These findings support the potential use of F. deltoidea for osteoporosis therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Meng Goh
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hafandi Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sulaiman Md Dom
- Medical Imaging Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Evin, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Mihara A, Yukata K, Seki T, Iwanaga R, Nishida N, Fujii K, Nagao Y, Sakai T. Effects of sclerostin antibody on bone healing. World J Orthop 2021; 12:651-659. [PMID: 34631449 PMCID: PMC8472444 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i9.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoting bone healing after a fracture has been a frequent subject of research. Recently, sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) has been introduced as a new anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. Scl-Ab activates the canonical Wnt (cWnt)-β-catenin pathway, leading to an increase in bone formation and decrease in bone resorption. Because of its rich osteogenic effects, preclinically, Scl-Ab has shown positive effects on bone healing in rodent models; researchers have reported an increase in bone mass, mechanical strength, histological bone formation, total mineralized callus volume, bone mineral density, neovascularization, proliferating cell nuclear antigen score, and bone morphogenic protein expression at the fracture site after Scl-Ab administration. In addition, in a rat critical-size femoral-defect model, the Scl-Ab-treated group demonstrated a higher bone healing rate. On the other hand, two clinical reports have researched Scl-Ab in bone healing and failed to show positive effects in the femur and tibia. This review discusses why Scl-Ab appears to be effective in animal models of fracture healing and not in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kiminori Yukata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Seki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryuta Iwanaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kenzo Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
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16
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Shah M, Appuswamy AV, Rao SD, Dhaliwal R. Treatment of bone fragility in patients with diabetes: antiresorptive versus anabolic? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:377-382. [PMID: 34010225 PMCID: PMC8244995 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of bone fragility in diabetes has not been fully characterized. The antifracture efficacy of available therapies remains unproven in patients with diabetes. We aim to collate current evidence of the treatment of diabetic bone fragility, and to provide a rationale for considering optimal therapeutic option in patients with diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS The antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive and anabolic therapies is well established in patients without diabetes. Studies in patients with osteoporosis have shown that anabolic therapies lead to faster and larger benefits to bone mineral density and offer greater protection against fracture than antiresorptive therapies. Available data suggest that antiresorptive and anabolic therapies have similar effect on bone density and fracture risk reduction in patients with and without diabetes. However, the evidence in diabetes is limited to observational studies and post hoc analyses of osteoporosis studies. SUMMARY There are no specific guidelines for the treatment of bone fragility in patients with diabetes. We offer a rationale for use of anabolic therapies in diabetes which is a low bone formation state, in contrast to postmenopausal osteoporosis that is characterized by increased bone turnover. Prospective studies evaluating the effect of available therapies on bone quality and fracture outcomes in patients with diabetes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Shah
- Metabolic Bone Disease Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, NY
| | | | - Sudhaker D. Rao
- Bone and Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Ruban Dhaliwal
- Metabolic Bone Disease Center, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, NY
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17
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Tencerova M, Ferencakova M, Kassem M. Bone marrow adipose tissue: Role in bone remodeling and energy metabolism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101545. [PMID: 33966979 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) has been considered for several decades as a silent bystander that fills empty space left in bone marrow following age-related decrease in hematopoiesis. However, recently new discoveries revealed BMAT as a secretory and metabolically active organ contributing to bone and whole-body energy metabolism. BMAT exhibits metabolic functions distinct from extramedullary adipose depots, relevant to its role in regulation of energy metabolism and its contribution to fracture risk observed in metabolic bone diseases. This review discusses novel insights of BMAT with particular emphasis on its contribution to the regulation of bone homeostasis. We also discuss the role of BMAT in regulation of fuel utilization and energy use that affect skeletal stem cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tencerova
- Molecular Physiology of Bone, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Ferencakova
- Molecular Physiology of Bone, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Molecular Endocrinology and Stem Cell Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Daley EJ, Trackman PC. β-Catenin mediates glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide increases in lysyl oxidase expression in osteoblasts. Bone Rep 2021; 14:101063. [PMID: 33981809 PMCID: PMC8081922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a strongly up-regulated mRNA and protein by the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). LOX is critically required for collagen maturation, and was shown to be dramatically down-regulated in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, consistent with known low collagen cross-linking and poor bone quality in diabetic bone disease in humans and in mouse models. GIP is a gastric hormone released by the gut upon consumption of nutrients, which then stimulates insulin release from β-cells in the pancreas. GIP is directly anabolic to osteoblasts and to bone, while gut-derived dopamine attenuates effects of GIP on osteoblast anabolic pathways, including LOX expression. GIP-stimulation of LOX expression was shown to be dependent on increased cAMP levels and protein kinase A activity, consistent with the fact that GIP receptors are G protein coupled receptors. Downstream signaling events resulting in increased LOX expression remain, however, unexplored. Here we provide evidence for β-catenin mediation of signaling from GIP to increase LOX expression. Moreover, we have identified a TCF/LEF element in the Lox promoter that is required for GIP-upregulation of LOX. These findings will be of importance in designing potential therapeutic approaches to address deficient LOX production in diabetic bone disease by pointing to the importance of exploring strategies to stimulate β-catenin signaling in osteoblasts under diabetic conditions as potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip C. Trackman
- Corresponding author at: Forsyth Institute, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, 250 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02118, United States of America.
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19
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Experimental agents to improve fracture healing: utilizing the WNT signaling pathway. Injury 2021; 52 Suppl 2:S44-S48. [PMID: 33234263 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of bone healing largely recapitulates bone development in the embryo and ideally achieves complete restoration of bone shape and structure. However, because successful fracture healing requires tight interactions of numerous cell types and signaling molecules, any disruption of this highly coordinated processes can result in delayed healing or even non-union formation. The rate of fracture healing complications in orthopedic patients is reported to be 5-20%. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies to improve fracture healing in patients with healing complications. One treatment strategy would include the easy and safe application of a pharmacological agent inducing osteoanabolic effects during fracture healing. One potential promising molecular target is the osteoanabolic WNT signaling pathway. This pathway plays an important role during embryonic bone development, homeostasis, mechanotransduction, development of osteoporosis and bone regeneration. This review focuses on preclinical studies targeting WNT signaling molecules to accelerate fracture healing. The three main investigated antagonists of the WNT signaling pathway, which can be blocked experimentally by antibodies, are Sclerostin, Dickkopf-1 and Midkine. Treating animals with antibodies against these proteins enhanced bone formation in the fracture callus. This indicates a therapeutic potential for these antibodies to accelerate fracture healing in patients with orthopedic complications.
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20
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Wang JS, Mazur CM, Wein MN. Sclerostin and Osteocalcin: Candidate Bone-Produced Hormones. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:584147. [PMID: 33776907 PMCID: PMC7988212 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.584147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its structural role, the skeleton serves as an endocrine organ that controls mineral metabolism and energy homeostasis. Three major cell types in bone - osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes - dynamically form and maintain bone and secrete factors with systemic activity. Osteocalcin, an osteoblast-derived factor initially described as a matrix protein that regulates bone mineralization, has been suggested to be an osteoblast-derived endocrine hormone that regulates multiple target organs including pancreas, liver, muscle, adipose, testes, and the central and peripheral nervous system. Sclerostin is predominantly produced by osteocytes, and is best known as a paracrine-acting regulator of WNT signaling and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces. In addition to this important paracrine role for sclerostin within bone, sclerostin protein has been noted to act at a distance to regulate adipocytes, energy homeostasis, and mineral metabolism in the kidney. In this article, we aim to bring together evidence supporting an endocrine function for sclerostin and osteocalcin, and discuss recent controversies regarding the proposed role of osteocalcin outside of bone. We summarize the current state of knowledge on animal models and human physiology related to the multiple functions of these bone-derived factors. Finally, we highlight areas in which future research is expected to yield additional insights into the biology of osteocalcin and sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang S. Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Courtney M. Mazur
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Marc N. Wein,
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21
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Mendez ME, Sebastian A, Murugesh DK, Hum NR, McCool JL, Hsia AW, Christiansen BA, Loots GG. LPS-Induced Inflammation Prior to Injury Exacerbates the Development of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2229-2241. [PMID: 32564401 PMCID: PMC7689775 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating and painful disease characterized by the progressive loss of articular cartilage. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is an injury-induced type of OA that persists in an asymptomatic phase for years before it becomes diagnosed in ~50% of injured individuals. Although PTOA is not classified as an inflammatory disease, it has been suggested that inflammation could be a major driver of PTOA development. Here we examined whether a state of systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration 5-days before injury would modulate PTOA outcomes. RNA-seq analysis at 1-day post-injury followed by micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histology characterization at 6 weeks post-injury revealed that LPS administration causes more severe PTOA phenotypes. These phenotypes included significantly higher loss of cartilage and subchondral bone volume. Gene expression analysis showed that LPS alone induced a large cohort of inflammatory genes previously shown to be elevated in synovial M1 macrophages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, suggesting that systemic LPS produces synovitis. This synovitis was sufficient to promote PTOA in MRL/MpJ mice, a strain previously shown to be resistant to PTOA. The synovium of LPS-treated injured joints displayed an increase in cellularity, and immunohistological examination confirmed that this increase was in part attributable to an elevation in type 1 macrophages. LPS induced the expression of Tlr7 and Tlr8 in both injured and uninjured joints, genes known to be elevated in RA. We conclude that inflammation before injury is an important risk factor for the development of PTOA and that correlating patient serum endotoxin levels or their state of systemic inflammation with PTOA progression may help develop new, effective treatments to lower the rate of PTOA in injured individuals. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie E Mendez
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Aimy Sebastian
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Deepa K Murugesh
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hum
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jillian L McCool
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Allison W Hsia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Blaine A Christiansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
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Mendez ME, Murugesh DK, Sebastian A, Hum NR, McCloy SA, Kuhn EA, Christiansen BA, Loots GG. Antibiotic Treatment Prior to Injury Improves Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Outcomes in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6424. [PMID: 32899361 PMCID: PMC7503363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful and debilitating disease characterized by the chronic and progressive degradation of articular cartilage. Post-traumatic OA (PTOA) is a secondary form of OA that develops in ~50% of cases of severe articular injury. Inflammation and re-occurring injury have been implicated as contributing to the progression of PTOA after the initial injury. However, there is very little known about external factors prior to injury that could affect the risk of PTOA development. To examine how the gut microbiome affects PTOA development we used a chronic antibiotic treatment regimen starting at weaning for six weeks prior to ACL rupture, in mice. A six-weeks post-injury histological examination showed more robust cartilage staining on the antibiotic (AB)-treated mice than the untreated controls (VEH), suggesting slower disease progression in AB cohorts. Injured joints also showed an increase in the presence of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the AB group. Molecularly, the phenotype correlated with a significantly lower expression of inflammatory genes Tlr5, Ccl8, Cxcl13, and Foxo6 in the injured joints of AB-treated animals. Our results indicate that a reduced state of inflammation at the time of injury and a lower expression of Wnt signaling modulatory protein, Rspo1, caused by AB treatment can slow down or improve PTOA outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie E. Mendez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.E.M.); (D.K.M.); (A.S.); (N.R.H.); (S.A.M.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Deepa K. Murugesh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.E.M.); (D.K.M.); (A.S.); (N.R.H.); (S.A.M.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Aimy Sebastian
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.E.M.); (D.K.M.); (A.S.); (N.R.H.); (S.A.M.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Nicholas R. Hum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.E.M.); (D.K.M.); (A.S.); (N.R.H.); (S.A.M.); (E.A.K.)
- UC Merced, School of Natural Sciences, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Summer A. McCloy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.E.M.); (D.K.M.); (A.S.); (N.R.H.); (S.A.M.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Edward A. Kuhn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.E.M.); (D.K.M.); (A.S.); (N.R.H.); (S.A.M.); (E.A.K.)
| | | | - Gabriela G. Loots
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.E.M.); (D.K.M.); (A.S.); (N.R.H.); (S.A.M.); (E.A.K.)
- UC Merced, School of Natural Sciences, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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23
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Schupbach D, Comeau-Gauthier M, Harvey E, Merle G. Wnt modulation in bone healing. Bone 2020; 138:115491. [PMID: 32569871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have been instrumental in the field of orthopaedics for finding tools to improve the standard management of fractures and delayed unions. The Wnt signaling pathway that is crucial for development and maintenance of many organs also has a very promising pathway for enhancement of bone regeneration. The Wnt pathway has been shown to have a direct effect on stem cells during bone regeneration, making Wnt a potential target to stimulate bone repair after trauma. A more complete view of how Wnt influences animal bone regeneration has slowly come to light. This review article provides an overview of studies done investigating the modulation of the canonical Wnt pathway in animal bone regeneration models. This not only includes a summary of the recent work done elucidating the roles of Wnt and β-catenin in fracture healing, but also the results of thirty transgenic studies, and thirty-eight pharmacological studies. Finally, we discuss the discontinuation of sclerostin clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials with lithium, the results of Dkk antibody clinical trials, the shift into combination therapies and the future opportunities to enhance bone repair and regeneration through the modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Schupbach
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A7-117, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Marianne Comeau-Gauthier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A7-117, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Edward Harvey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Geraldine Merle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room A10-110, Montreal, Québec H3G 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500, chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
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24
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Malta FS, Garcia RP, Azarias JS, Ribeiro GKDR, Miranda TS, Shibli JA, Bastos MF. Impact of hyperglycemia and treatment with metformin on ligature-induced bone loss, bone repair and expression of bone metabolism transcription factors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237660. [PMID: 32841254 PMCID: PMC7447028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on bone loss, bone repair and cytokine production in hyperglycemic rats, treated or not with metformin. The animals were distributed as follow: Non-Hyperglycemic (NH), Non Hyperglycemic with Ligature (NH-L), Treated Non Hyperglycemic (TNH), Treated Non Hyperglycemic with Ligature Treated (TNH-L), Hyperglycemic (H), Treated Hyperglycemic (TH), Hyperglycemic with Ligature (H-L), Treated Hyperglycemic with Ligature (TH-L). At 40th day after induction of hyperglycemia, the groups NH-L, TNH-L, H-L, TH-L received a ligature to induce periodontitis. On the 69th, the TNH, TNH-L, TH, TH-L groups received metformin until the end of the study. Bone repair was evaluated at histometric and the expression levels of Sox9, RunX2 and Osterix. Analysis of the ex-vivo expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-17 were also evaluated. Metformin partially reverse induced bone loss in NH and H animals. Lower OPG/RANKL, increased OCN and TRAP expression were observed in hyperglycemic animals, and treatment with metformin partially reversed hyperglycemia on the OPG/RANKL, OPN and TRAP expression in the periodontitis. The expression of SOX9 and RunX2 were also decreased by hyperglycemia and metformin treatment. Increased ex vivo levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17 was observed. Hyperglycemia promoted increased IL-10 levels compared to non-hyperglycemic ones. Treatment of NH with metformin was able to mediate increased levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-17, whereas for H an increase of TNF-α and IL-17 was detected in the 24- or 48-hour after stimulation with LPS. Ligature was able to induce increased levels of TNF-α and IL-17 in both NH and H. This study revealed the negative impact of hyperglycemia and/or treatment with metformin in the bone repair via inhibition of transcription factors associated with osteoblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Souza Malta
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Puertas Garcia
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josuel Siqueira Azarias
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires Szemereske Miranda
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jamil Awad Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Ferreira Bastos
- Department of Post-Graduation in Aging Sciences, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part III - Further strategies for local and systemic modulation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:439-488. [PMID: 31177207 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this third in a series of reviews on adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing, further approaches aiming at influencing the healing process are discussed. Local and systemic modulation of bone metabolism is pursued with use of a number of drugs with completely different indications, which are characterized by a pleiotropic spectrum of action. These include drugs used to treat lipid disorders (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), hypertension (ACE inhibitors), osteoporosis (bisphosphonates), cancer (proteasome inhibitors) and others. Potential applications to enhance bone healing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Tatzberg 4, Dresden
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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26
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Yang J, Chen S, Zong Z, Yang L, Liu D, Bao Q, Du W. The increase in bone resorption in early-stage type I diabetic mice is induced by RANKL secreted by increased bone marrow adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:433-439. [PMID: 32102755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) has recently been found to induce osteoclastogenesis by secreting RANKL. Although Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been reported to be associated with increased BMAT and bone loss, little is known about the relationship between BMAT and osteoclasts in T1DM. We studied the role of BMAT in the alterations of osteoclast activities in early-stage T1DM, by using a streptozotocin-induced T1DM mouse model. Our results showed that osteoclast activity was enhanced in the long bones of T1DM mice, accompanied by increased protein expression of RANKL. However, RANKL mRNA levels in bone tissues of T1DM mice remained unchanged. Meanwhile, we found that BMAT was significantly increased in the long bones of T1DM mice, and both mRNA and protein levels of RANKL were elevated in the diabetic BMAT. More importantly, RANKL protein was mainly expressed on the cell membranes of the increased adipocytes, most of which were located next to the metaphyseal region. These results suggest that the enhanced bone resorption in early-stage diabetic mice is induced by RANKL derived from BMAT rather than the bone tissue itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China
| | - Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, The 906th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China.
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China
| | - Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China; Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400037, PR China
| | - Wenqiong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, ChongQing, 400038, PR China
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27
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Hesse E, Neuerburg C, Kammerlander C, Stumpf U, Stange R, Böcker W. [Influence of specific osteoporosis drugs on fracture healing]. Unfallchirurg 2019; 122:506-511. [PMID: 31123799 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-019-0669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the treatment of disturbed fracture healing, drugs could be given in addition to surgical procedures. Specific osteoporosis drugs affect the bone metabolism and are used to treat osteoporosis, particularly after a fragility fracture has occurred. Therefore, their use would be conceivable to improve a disturbed fracture healing. OBJECTIVE This article presents the available and upcoming specific osteoporosis drugs and investigates whether these substances affect fracture healing in the context of osteoporosis. Furthermore, it is discussed whether disturbed fracture healing can be improved by the use of these substances. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature search (PubMed) was conducted using key terms. Preclinical studies, clinical studies, reviews and meta-analyses were considered in order to present the current knowledge in a clinically relevant context. RESULTS Preclinical and clinical studies show that specific osteoporosis drugs have no relevant negative impact on the healing of fragility fractures. A tendency to improve a disturbed fracture healing was attributed to bone anabolic substances; however, studies are inconsistent and there is no approval for this application. CONCLUSION Following a fragility fracture, osteoporosis should be diagnosed according to the guidelines and, if necessary, treated with specific osteoporosis drugs, since in principle they do not impair fracture healing but significantly reduce the risk of subsequent fractures. Approval to improve fracture healing requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hesse
- Institut für Molekulare Muskuloskelettale Forschung, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fraunhoferstr. 20, 82152, München-Martinsried, Deutschland.
| | - Carl Neuerburg
- Klinik für Allgemeine, Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Christian Kammerlander
- Klinik für Allgemeine, Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Ulla Stumpf
- Klinik für Allgemeine, Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Richard Stange
- Institut für Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Böcker
- Klinik für Allgemeine, Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Substantial advances have been made in understanding the biological basis of fracture healing. Yet, it is unclear whether the presence of osteoporosis or prior or current osteoporosis therapy influences the healing process or is associated with impaired healing. This review discusses the normal process of fracture healing and the role of osteoporosis and patient-specific factors in relation to fracture repair. RECENT FINDINGS The definitive association of osteoporosis to impaired fracture healing remains inconclusive because of limited evidence addressing this point. eStudies testing anabolic agents in preclinical models of ovariectomized animals with induced fractures have produced mostly positive findings showing enhanced fracture repair. Prospective human clinical trials, although few in number and limited in design and to testing only one anabolic agent, have similarly yielded modestly favorable results. Interest is high for exploring currently available osteoporosis therapies for efficacy in fracture repair. Definitive data supporting their efficacy are essential in achieving approval for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 Owens Street, Room 369, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Dolores Shoback
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 Owens Street, Room 369, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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29
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Li S, Huang B, Jiang B, Gu M, Yang X, Yin Y. Sclerostin Antibody Mitigates Estrogen Deficiency-Inducted Marrow Lipid Accumulation Assessed by Proton MR Spectroscopy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:159. [PMID: 30949129 PMCID: PMC6436376 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin knock-out mice or sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) treated wild-type mice displayed decreased marrow adiposity. But the effects of Scl-Ab on estrogen deficiency-induced marrow fat expansion remain elusive. In this work, 45 female New Zealand rabbits were equally divided into sham-operation, ovariectomy controls, and ovariectomy treated with Scl-Ab for 5 months. MR spectroscopy was performed to longitudinally assess marrow fat fraction at baseline conditions, 2.5 and 5 months post-operatively, respectively. We evaluated bone mineral density (BMD), bone structural parameters, serum bone biomarkers, and quantitative parameters of marrow adipocytes. Ovariectomized rabbits markedly exhibited expansion of marrow fat in a time-dependent manner, with a variation of marrow fat fraction (+17.8%) at 2.5 months relative to baseline and it was maintained until 5 months (+30.4%, all P < 0.001), which was accompanied by diminished BMD and deterioration of trabecular microstructure. Compared to sham controls, adipocyte mean diameter, adipocyte density and adipocytes area percentage was increased by 42.9, 68.3, and 108.6% in ovariectomized rabbits, respectively. Scl-Ab treatment increased serum bone formation marker and alleviated the ovariectomy escalation of serum bone resorption marker. It remarkably lessened the ovariectomy-mediated deterioration of BMD, and morphometric characteristics of trabecular bone. Marrow fat fraction was decreased significantly with Scl-Ab to levels matching that of sham-operated controls and correlated positively with reductions in adipocyte mean diameter, percentage adipocyte volume per marrow volume, and adipocyte density. Taken together, early Scl-Ab treatment reverts marrow fat expansion seen in ovariectomized rabbits in addition to having a beneficial effect on bone mass and microstructural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Military Medical University Affiliated Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shaojun Li
| | - Bingcang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Military Medical University Affiliated Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Military Medical University Affiliated Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Military Medical University Affiliated Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Military Medical University Affiliated Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Military Medical University Affiliated Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
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30
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Chen S, Liu D, He S, Yang L, Bao Q, Qin H, Liu H, Zhao Y, Zong Z. Differential effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus and subsequent osteoblastic β-catenin activation on trabecular and cortical bone in a mouse model. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 30518745 PMCID: PMC6281645 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a pathological condition associated with osteopenia. WNT/β-catenin signaling is implicated in this process. Trabecular and cortical bone respond differently to WNT/β-catenin signaling in healthy mice. We investigated whether this signaling has different effects on trabecular and cortical bone in T1DM. We first established a streptozotocin-induced T1DM mouse model and then constitutively activated β-catenin in osteoblasts in the setting of T1DM (T1-CA). The extent of bone loss was greater in trabecular bone than that in cortical bone in T1DM mice, and this difference was consistent with the reduction in the expression of β-catenin signaling in the two bone compartments. Further experiments demonstrated that in T1DM mice, trabecular bone showed lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) than the levels in cortical bone, leading to lower WNT/β-catenin signaling activity through the inhibition of the IGF-1R/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) pathway. After β-catenin was activated in T1-CA mice, the bone mass and bone strength increased to substantially greater extents in trabecular bone than those in cortical bone. In addition, the cortical bone of the T1-CA mice displayed an unexpected increase in bone porosity, with increased bone resorption. The downregulated expression of WNT16 might be responsible for these cortical bone changes. In conclusion, we found that although the activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling increased the trabecular bone mass and bone strength in T1DM mice, it also increased the cortical bone porosity, impairing the bone strength. These findings should be considered in the future treatment of T1DM-related osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The 118th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Sihao He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China.,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China
| | - Huayu Liu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, ChongQing, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, ChongQing, China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of War Wound Rescue Skills Training, Base of Army Health Service Training, Army Medical University, 400038, ChongQing, China. .,Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, ChongQing, China.
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31
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Kim AR, Kim JH, Kim A, Sohn Y, Cha JH, Bak EJ, Yoo YJ. Simvastatin attenuates tibial bone loss in rats with type 1 diabetes and periodontitis. J Transl Med 2018; 16:306. [PMID: 30413166 PMCID: PMC6230277 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes induces long bone loss and aggravation of periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss. Simvastatin (SIM), which is a lipid-lowering agent is known to have an anabolic effect on bone. Therefore, we investigated effect of SIM on tibial and alveolar bone loss in type 1 diabetic rats with periodontitis. Methods Rats were divided into control (C), diabetes with periodontitis (DP), and diabetes with periodontitis treated with SIM (DPS) groups. DP and DPS groups were intravenously injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), and C group was injected with citrate buffer. Seven days later (day 0), periodontitis was induced by ligatures of mandibular first molars. DP and DPS groups were orally administered vehicle or SIM (30 mg/kg) from day 0 to days 3, 10, or 20. Alveolar and tibial bone loss was measured using histological and m-CT analysis alone or in combination. Osteoclast number and sclerostin-positive osteocytes in tibiae were evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. Glucose, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHO), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were evaluated. Results Consistent with diabetes induction, the DP group showed higher glucose and TG levels at all timepoints and higher CHO levels on day 20 than C group. Compared to the DP group, the DPS group exhibited reduced levels of glucose (day 3), TG (days 10 and 20), CHO, and LDL levels (day 20). Bone loss analysis revealed that the DP group had lower bone volume fraction, bone mineral density, bone surface density, and trabecular number in tibiae than C group at all timepoints. Interestingly, the DPS group exhibited elevation of these indices at early stages compared to the DP group. The DPS group showed reduction of osteoclasts (day 3) and sclerostin-positive osteocytes (days 3 and 20) compared with the DP group. There was no difference in alveolar bone loss between DP and DPS groups. Conclusions These results suggest that SIM attenuates tibial, but not alveolar bone loss in type 1 diabetic rats with periodontitis. Moreover, attenuation of tibial bone loss by SIM may be related to inhibition of osteoclast formation and reduction of sclerostin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Ri Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 134 Sinchon dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Jeonju Kijeon College, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeryun Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsung Sohn
- DONG-A Pharm, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 134 Sinchon dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.,Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eun-Jung Bak
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 134 Sinchon dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Jung Yoo
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 134 Sinchon dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Papapoulos SE. Clinical advantages and disadvantages of anabolic bone therapies targeting the WNT pathway. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:605-623. [PMID: 30181608 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The WNT signalling pathway is a key regulator of bone metabolism, particularly bone formation, which has helped to define the role of osteocytes - the most abundant bone cells - as orchestrators of bone remodelling. Several molecules involved in the control of the WNT signalling pathway have been identified as potential targets for the development of bone-building therapeutics for patients with osteoporosis. Several of these molecules have been investigated in animal models, but only inhibitors of sclerostin (which is produced by osteocytes) have been investigated in phase III clinical studies. Here, we review the rationale for these developments and the specificity and potential off-target actions of WNT-based therapeutics. We also describe the available preclinical and clinical studies and discuss the benefits and risks of using sclerostin inhibitors for the management of patients with osteoporosis.
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Yee CS, Manilay JO, Chang JC, Hum NR, Murugesh DK, Bajwa J, Mendez ME, Economides AE, Horan DJ, Robling AG, Loots GG. Conditional Deletion of Sost in MSC-Derived Lineages Identifies Specific Cell-Type Contributions to Bone Mass and B-Cell Development. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1748-1759. [PMID: 29750826 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin (Sost) is a negative regulator of bone formation and blocking its function via antibodies has shown great therapeutic promise by increasing both bone mass in humans and animal models. Sclerostin deletion in Sost KO mice (Sost-/- ) causes high bone mass (HBM) similar to sclerosteosis patients. Sost-/- mice have been shown to display an up to 300% increase in bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), relative to age-matched controls. It has been postulated that the main source of skeletal sclerostin is the osteocyte. To understand the cell-type specific contributions to the HBM phenotype described in Sost-/- mice, as well as to address the endocrine and paracrine mode of action of sclerostin, we examined the skeletal phenotypes of conditional Sost loss-of-function (SostiCOIN/iCOIN ) mice with specific deletions in (1) the limb mesenchyme (Prx1-Cre; targets osteoprogenitors and their progeny); (2) midstage osteoblasts and their progenitors (Col1-Cre); (3) mature osteocytes (Dmp1-Cre); and (4) hypertrophic chondrocytes and their progenitors (ColX-Cre). All conditional alleles resulted in significant increases in bone mass in trabecular bone in both the femur and lumbar vertebrae, but only Prx1-Cre deletion fully recapitulated the amplitude of the HBM phenotype in the appendicular skeleton and the B-cell defect described in the global KO. Despite WT expression of Sost in the axial skeleton of Prx1-Cre deleted mice, these mice also had a significant increase in bone mass in the vertebrae, but the sclerostin released in circulation by the axial skeleton did not affect bone parameters in the appendicular skeleton. Also, both Col1 and Dmp1 deletion resulted in a similar 80% significant increase in trabecular bone mass, but only Col1 and Prx1 deletion resulted in a significant increase in cortical thickness. We conclude that several cell types within the Prx1-osteoprogenitor-derived lineages contribute significant amounts of sclerostin protein to the paracrine pool of Sost in bone. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal S Yee
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer O Manilay
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jiun C Chang
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hum
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Deepa K Murugesh
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jamila Bajwa
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Melanie E Mendez
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Horan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA.,Molecular Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA
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34
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Zondervan RL, Vorce M, Servadio N, Hankenson KD. Fracture Apparatus Design and Protocol Optimization for Closed-stabilized Fractures in Rodents. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30176013 DOI: 10.3791/58186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable generation of consistent stabilized fractures in animal models is essential for understanding the biology of bone regeneration and developing therapeutics and devices. However, available injury models are plagued by inconsistency resulting in wasted animals and resources and imperfect data. To address this problem of fracture heterogeneity, the purpose of the method described herein is to optimize fracture generation parameters specific to each animal and yield a consistent fracture location and pattern. This protocol accounts for variations in bone size and morphology that may exist between mouse strains and can be adapted to generate consistent fractures in other species, such as rat. Additionally, a cost-effective, adjustable fracture apparatus is described. Compared to current stabilized fracture techniques, the optimization protocol and new fracture apparatus demonstrate increased consistency in stabilized fracture patterns and locations. Using optimized parameters specific to the sample type, the described protocol increases the precision of induced traumas, minimizing the fracture heterogeneity typically observed in closed-fracture generation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Zondervan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Mitch Vorce
- Lymann Briggs College, Michigan State University
| | | | - Kurt D Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School;
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35
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Yang J, Sun L, Fan X, Yin B, Kang Y, Tang L, An S. Effect of exercise on bone in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mediated by the ActRIIB/Smad signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3686-3693. [PMID: 30233727 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is not only a key negative regulator of skeletal muscle secretion, however is also an endocrine factor that is transmitted to bone. To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of weight-bearing treadmill running on bone with poorly controlled Type 1 diabetes, rats were randomly divided into three groups: Normal control (NC), diabetic mellitus (DM) and diabetic exercise training groups (DM-WTR). The DM-WTR rats were trained with weight-bearing running. The results demonstrated that the levels of serum insulin, body weight, bone mass, muscle mass, grip strength, and serum calcium in the DM-WTR rats were significantly increased, whereas the levels of blood glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were markedly reduced in the DM-WTR rats compared with the DM rats. Weight-bearing running inhibited streptozocin (STZ)-induced MSTN mRNA and protein expression in the diabetic rats. The mRNA and protein expression levels of activin type IIB receptor and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3 and its phosphorylation in femur DM-WTR rats were reduced compared with DM rats. In addition, weight-bearing running enhanced the STZ-induced Wnt and β-catenin expression levels and reduced the STZ-induced glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β expression in diabetic rats' femora. In conclusion, the results suggested that weight-bearing running could partially ameliorate STZ-induced femur atrophy via MSTN downregulation, and this may be associated with the inactivation of Activin A Receptor Type 2B/Smad2/3 signaling pathways and the activation of the Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Further studies are needed to verify these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710121, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Xiushan Fan
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yin
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Kang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P.R. China
| | - Shucheng An
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
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36
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Cirano FR, Pimentel SP, Casati MZ, Corrêa MG, Pino DS, Messora MR, Silva PHF, Ribeiro FV. Effect of curcumin on bone tissue in the diabetic rat: repair of peri-implant and critical-sized defects. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:1495-1503. [PMID: 29857981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the effect of curcumin on bone healing in animals with diabetes mellitus (DM). One hundred rats were divided into five groups: DM+PLAC, DM+CURC, DM+INS, DM+CURC+INS, and non-DM (CURC, curcumin; PLAC, placebo; INS, insulin). Critical calvarial defects were created and titanium implants were inserted into the tibiae. Calvarial defects were analyzed histometrically, and BMP-2, OPN, OPG, RANKL, Runx2, Osx, β-catenin, Lrp-5, and Dkk1 mRNA levels were quantified by PCR. The implants were removed for a torque evaluation, the peri-implant tissue was collected for mRNA quantification of the same bone-related markers, and the tibiae were submitted to micro-computed tomography. The DM+CURC+INS and non-DM groups exhibited greater closure of the calvaria when compared to the DM+PLAC group (P<0.05). Increased retention of implants was observed in the DM+CURC, DM+CURC+INS, and non-DM groups when compared to the DM+PLAC group (P<0.05). CURC improved bone volume and increased bone-implant contact when compared to DM+PLAC (P<0.05). In calvarial samples, CURC favourably modulated RANKL/OPG and Dkk1 and improved β-catenin levels when compared to DM+PLAC (P<0.05). In peri-implant samples, Dkk1 and RANKL/OPG were down-regulated and BMP-2 up-regulated by CURC when compared to DM+PLAC (P<0.05). CURC reverses the harmful effects of DM in bone healing, contributing to the modulation of bone-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Cirano
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S P Pimentel
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Z Casati
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M G Corrêa
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D S Pino
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M R Messora
- Department of Surgery and Bucco-Maxillofacial Traumatology and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P H F Silva
- Department of Surgery and Bucco-Maxillofacial Traumatology and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F V Ribeiro
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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37
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Cai J, Li W, Sun T, Li X, Luo E, Jing D. Pulsed electromagnetic fields preserve bone architecture and mechanical properties and stimulate porous implant osseointegration by promoting bone anabolism in type 1 diabetic rabbits. Osteoporos Int 2018. [PMID: 29523929 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effects of exogenous pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on T1DM-associated osteopathy were investigated in alloxan-treated rabbits. We found that PEMF improved bone architecture, mechanical properties, and porous titanium (pTi) osseointegration by promoting bone anabolism through a canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling-associated mechanism, and revealed the clinical potential of PEMF stimulation for the treatment of T1DM-associated bone complications. INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with deteriorated bone architecture and impaired osseous healing potential; nonetheless, effective methods for resisting T1DM-associated osteopenia/osteoporosis and promoting bone defect/fracture healing are still lacking. PEMF, as a safe and noninvasive method, have proven to be effective for promoting osteogenesis, whereas the potential effects of PEMF on T1DM osteopathy remain poorly understood. METHODS We herein investigated the effects of PEMF stimulation on bone architecture, mechanical properties, bone turnover, and its potential molecular mechanisms in alloxan-treated diabetic rabbits. We also developed novel nontoxic Ti2448 pTi implants with closer elastic modulus with natural bone and investigated the impacts of PEMF on pTi osseointegration for T1DM bone-defect repair. RESULTS The deteriorations of cancellous and cortical bone architecture and tissue-level mechanical strength were attenuated by 8-week PEMF stimulation. PEMF also promoted osseointegration and stimulated more adequate bone ingrowths into the pore spaces of pTi in T1DM long-bone defects. Moreover, T1DM-associated reduction of bone formation was significantly attenuated by PEMF, whereas PEMF exerted no impacts on bone resorption. We also found PEMF-induced activation of osteoblastogenesis-related Wnt/β-catenin signaling in T1DM skeletons, but PEMF did not alter osteoclastogenesis-associated RANKL/RANK signaling gene expression. CONCLUSION We reveal that PEMF improved bone architecture, mechanical properties, and pTi osseointegration by promoting bone anabolism through a canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling-associated mechanism. This study enriches our basic knowledge for understanding skeletal sensitivity in response to external electromagnetic signals, and also opens new treatment alternatives for T1DM-associated osteopenia/osteoporosis and osseous defects in an easy and highly efficient manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/etiology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/physiopathology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/prevention & control
- Bone Remodeling/physiology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Implants, Experimental
- Magnetic Field Therapy/methods
- Male
- Osseointegration/physiology
- Porosity
- Rabbits
- Titanium
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/physiology
- X-Ray Microtomography
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - W Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - T Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - E Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - D Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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38
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Ye W, Wang Y, Mei B, Hou S, Liu X, Wu G, Qin L, Zhao K, Huang Q. Computational and functional characterization of four SNPs in the SOST locus associated with osteoporosis. Bone 2018; 108:132-144. [PMID: 29307778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The SOST gene encodes sclerostin, a C-terminal cysteine knot-like domain containing key negative regulator of osteoblastic bone formation that inhibits LRP5/6-mediated canonical Wnt signaling. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SOST locus are firmly associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene association studies. However, the validation and mechanistic elucidation of causal genetic variants, especially for SNPs located beyond the promoter-proximal region, remain largely unresolved. By employing computational and experimental approaches, here we identify four SNPs rs1230399, rs7220711, rs1107748 and rs75901553 as functional variants which display allelic variation in SOST gene expression. The osteoporosis associated SNP rs1230399 in the SOST distal upstream regulatory region shows FOXA1 binding activity with subsequent transinactivation in a T allele-specific manner. The BMD GWAS lead SNPs rs7220711 and rs1107748 both reside in the 52-kb regulatory element deletion 35-kb downstream of the SOST gene which leads to Van Buchem disease. The rs7220711-A has a higher affinity for the transcriptional repressors MAFF or MAFK homodimers than rs7220711-G, while rs1107748 confers C allele specific transcriptional enhancer activity via a CTCF binding element. The variant rs75901553 C>T located in a conserved site of the SOST 3' UTR abolishes a target binding site for miR-98-5p which is negatively responsive to parathyroid hormone or 17β-estradiol in osteoblastic cell lines. Our findings uncover the biological consequences of four independent genetic variants in the SOST region and their important roles in SOST expression via diverse mechanisms, providing new insights into the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Sasa Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xinhong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guiju Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Longjuan Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Kehui Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qingyang Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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39
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Jing D, Yan Z, Cai J, Tong S, Li X, Guo Z, Luo E. Low-1 level mechanical vibration improves bone microstructure, tissue mechanical properties and porous titanium implant osseointegration by promoting anabolic response in type 1 diabetic rabbits. Bone 2018; 106:11-21. [PMID: 28982588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with reduced bone mass, increased fracture risk, and impaired bone defect regeneration potential. These skeletal complications are becoming important clinical challenges due to the rapidly increasing T1DM population, which necessitates developing effective treatment for T1DM-associated osteopenia/osteoporosis and bone trauma. This study aims to investigate the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV), an easy and non-invasive biophysical method, on bone microstructure, tissue-level mechanical properties and porous titanium (pTi) osseointegration in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Six non-diabetic and twelve alloxan-treated diabetic rabbits were equally assigned to the Control, DM, and DM with WBV stimulation (WBV) groups. A cylindrical drill-hole defect was established on the left femoral lateral condyle of all rabbits and filled with a novel non-toxic Ti2448 pTi. Rabbits in the WBV group were exposed to 1h/day WBV (0.3g, 30Hz) for 8weeks. After sacrifice, the left femoral condyles were harvested for histological, histomorphometric and nanoindentation analyses. The femoral sample with 2-cm height above the defect was used for qRT-PCR analysis. The right distal femora were scanned with μCT. We found that all alloxan-treated rabbits exhibited hyperglycemia throughout the experimental period. WBV inhibited the deterioration of cancellous and cortical bone architecture and tissue-level mechanical properties via μCT, histological and nanoindentation examinations. T1DM-induced reduction of bone formation was inhibited by WBV, as evidenced by elevated serum OCN and increased mineral apposition rate (MAR), whereas no alteration was observed in bone resorption marker TRACP5b. WBV also stimulated more adequate ingrowths of mineralized bone tissue into pTi pore spaces, and improved peri-implant bone tissue-level mechanical properties and MAR in T1DM bone defects. WBV mitigated the reductions in femoral BMP2, OCN, Wnt3a, Lrp6, and β-catenin and inhibited Sost mRNA expression but did not alter RANKL or RANK gene expression in T1DM rabbits. Our findings demonstrated that WBV improved bone architecture, tissue-level mechanical properties, and pTi osseointegration by promoting canonical Wnt signaling-mediated skeletal anabolic response. This study not only advances our understanding of T1DM skeletal sensitivity in response to external mechanical cues but also offers new treatment alternatives for T1DM-associated osteopenia/osteoporosis and osseous defects in an economic and highly efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Shichao Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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40
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Kim SP, Frey JL, Li Z, Kushwaha P, Zoch ML, Tomlinson RE, Da H, Aja S, Noh HL, Kim JK, Hussain MA, Thorek DLJ, Wolfgang MJ, Riddle RC. Sclerostin influences body composition by regulating catabolic and anabolic metabolism in adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11238-E11247. [PMID: 29229807 PMCID: PMC5748171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707876115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin has traditionally been thought of as a local inhibitor of bone acquisition that antagonizes the profound osteoanabolic capacity of activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, but serum sclerostin levels in humans exhibit a correlation with impairments in several metabolic parameters. These data, together with the increased production of sclerostin in mouse models of type 2 diabetes, suggest an endocrine function. To determine whether sclerostin contributes to the coordination of whole-body metabolism, we examined body composition, glucose homeostasis, and fatty acid metabolism in Sost-/- mice as well as mice that overproduce sclerostin as a result of adeno-associated virus expression from the liver. Here, we show that in addition to dramatic increases in bone volume, Sost-/- mice exhibit a reduction in adipose tissue accumulation in association with increased insulin sensitivity. Sclerostin overproduction results in the opposite metabolic phenotype due to adipocyte hypertrophy. Additionally, Sost-/- mice and those administered a sclerostin-neutralizing antibody are resistant to obesogenic diet-induced disturbances in metabolism. This effect appears to be the result of sclerostin's effects on Wnt signaling and metabolism in white adipose tissue. Since adipocytes do not produce sclerostin, these findings suggest an unexplored endocrine function for sclerostin that facilitates communication between the skeleton and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun P Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Julie L Frey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Priyanka Kushwaha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Meredith L Zoch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ryan E Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Hao Da
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Susan Aja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Hye Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Mehboob A Hussain
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Cancer Molecular and Functional Imaging Program, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Kim JH, Kim AR, Choi YH, Jang S, Woo GH, Cha JH, Bak EJ, Yoo YJ. Tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist diminishes osteocytic RANKL and sclerostin expression in diabetes rats with periodontitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189702. [PMID: 29240821 PMCID: PMC5730195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes with periodontitis shows elevated TNF-α expression. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulates the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and sclerostin. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of TNF-α expression of osteocytic RANKL and sclerostin in type 1 diabetes rats with periodontitis using infliximab (IFX), a TNF-α antagonist. Rats were divided into two timepoint groups: day 3 and day 20. Each timepoint group was then divided into four subgroups: 1) control (C, n = 6 for each time point); 2) periodontitis (P, n = 6 for each time point); 3) diabetes with periodontitis (DP, n = 8 for each time point); and 4) diabetes with periodontitis treated with IFX (DP+IFX, n = 8 for each time point). To induce type 1 diabetes, rats were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer). Periodontitis was then induced by ligature of the mandibular first molars at day 7 after STZ injection (day 0). IFX was administered once for the 3 day group (on day 0) and twice for the 20 day group (on days 7 and 14). The DP group showed greater alveolar bone loss than the P group on day 20 (P = 0.020). On day 3, higher osteoclast formation and RANKL-positive osteocytes in P group (P = 0.000 and P = 0.011, respectively) and DP group (P = 0.006 and P = 0.017, respectively) than those in C group were observed. However, there was no significant difference in osteoclast formation or RANKL-positive osteocytes between P and DP groups. The DP+IFX group exhibited lower alveolar bone loss (P = 0.041), osteoclast formation (P = 0.019), and RANKL-positive osteocytes (P = 0.009) than that of the DP group. On day 20, DP group showed a lower osteoid area (P = 0.001) and more sclerostin-positive osteocytes (P = 0.000) than P group. On days 3 and 20, the DP+IFX group showed more osteoid area (P = 0.048 and 0.040, respectively) but lower sclerostin-positive osteocytes (both P = 0.000) than DP group. Taken together, these results suggest that TNF-α antagonist can diminish osteocytic RANKL/sclerostin expression and osteoclast formation, eventually recovering osteoid formation. Therefore, TNF-α might mediate alveolar bone loss via inducing expression of osteocytic RANKL and sclerostin in type 1 diabetes rats with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ri Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hui Choi
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungil Jang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-Hyeong Woo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Bak
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJY); (EJB)
| | - Yun-Jung Yoo
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJY); (EJB)
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Kang KS, Lastfogel J, Ackerman LL, Jea A, Robling AG, Tholpady SS. Loss of mechanosensitive sclerostin may accelerate cranial bone growth and regeneration. J Neurosurg 2017; 129:1085-1091. [PMID: 29125417 DOI: 10.3171/2017.5.jns17219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cranial defects can result from trauma, infection, congenital malformations, and iatrogenic causes and represent a surgical challenge. The current standard of care is cranioplasty, with either autologous or allogeneic material. In either case, the intrinsic vascularity of the surrounding tissues allows for bone healing. The objective of this study was to determine if mechanotransductive gene manipulation would yield non-weight-bearing bone regeneration in a critical size calvarial defect in mice. METHODS A mouse model of Sost deletion in Sost knockout (KO) mice was created in which the osteocytes do not express sclerostin. A critical size calvarial defect (4 mm in diameter) was surgically created in the parietal bone in 8-week-old wild-type (n = 8) and Sost KO (n = 8) male mice. The defects were left undisturbed (no implant or scaffold) to simulate a traumatic calvariectomy model. Eight weeks later, the animals were examined at necropsy by planimetry, histological analysis of new bone growth, and micro-CT scanning of bone thickness. RESULTS Defects created in wild-type mice did not fill with bone over the study period of 2 months. Genetic downregulation of sclerostin yielded animals that were able to regenerate 40% of the initial critical size defect area 8 weeks after surgery. A thin layer of bone covered a significant portion of the original defect in all Sost KO animals. A statistically significant increase in bone volume (p < 0.05) was measured in Sost KO mice using radiodensitometric analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed that this bone regeneration occurred through the Wnt pathway and originated from the edge of the defect; BMP signaling did not appear to be affected by sclerostin. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical loading is an important mechanism of bone formation in the cranial skeleton and is poorly understood. This is partially due to the fact that it is difficult to load bone in the craniomaxillofacial skeleton. This study suggests that modulation of the Wnt pathway, as is able to be done with monoclonal antibodies, is a potentially efficacious method for bone regeneration that requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Shin Kang
- Departments of1Anatomy & Cell Biology.,2Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis; and
| | | | | | - Andrew Jea
- 4Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Departments of1Anatomy & Cell Biology.,2Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis; and.,5Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sunil S Tholpady
- 2Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis; and.,3Surgery, and
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Carvalho AL, DeMambro VE, Guntur AR, Le P, Nagano K, Baron R, de Paula FJA, Motyl KJ. High fat diet attenuates hyperglycemia, body composition changes, and bone loss in male streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. J Cell Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28631813 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing and alarming prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in type I diabetic patients (T1DM), particularly in adolescence. In general, low bone mass, higher fracture risk, and increased marrow adipose tissue (MAT) are features of diabetic osteopathy in insulin-deficient subjects. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with normal or high bone mass, a greater risk of peripheral fractures, and no change in MAT. Therefore, we sought to determine the effect of weight gain on bone turnover in insulin-deficient mice. We evaluated the impact of a 6-week high-fat (HFD) rich in medium chain fatty acids or low-fat diet (LFD) on bone mass and MAT in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model using male C57BL/6J mice at 8 weeks of age. Dietary intervention was initiated after diabetes confirmation. At the endpoint, lower non-fasting glucose levels were observed in diabetic mice fed with high fat diet compared to diabetic mice fed the low fat diet (STZ-LFD). Compared to euglycemic controls, the STZ-LFD had marked polydipsia and polyphagia, as well as reduced lean mass, fat mass, and bone parameters. Interestingly, STZ-HFD mice had higher bone mass, namely less cortical bone loss and more trabecular bone than STZ-LFD. Thus, we found that a HFD, rich in medium chain fatty acids, protects against bone loss in a T1DM mouse model. Whether this may also translate to T1DM patients who are overweight or obese in respect to maintenance of bone mass remains to be determined through longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lelis Carvalho
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victoria E DeMambro
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Anyonya R Guntur
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Phuong Le
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Katherine J Motyl
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
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Pino DS, Casarin RC, Pimentel SP, Cirano FR, Corrêa MG, Ribeiro FV. Effect of Resveratrol on Critical-Sized Calvarial Defects of Diabetic Rats: Histometric and Gene Expression Analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75:2561.e1-2561.e10. [PMID: 28859925 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.07.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the influence of resveratrol (RESV) on the repair of bone critical defects in calvaria of animals with induced diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred rats were divided into 5 groups: induced DM + RESV administration (DM + RESV; n = 20); induced DM plus placebo solution administration (DM + PLAC; n = 20); induced DM plus insulin therapy (DM + INS; n = 20); induced DM plus administration of RES and INS (DM + RESV + INS; n = 20); and nondiabetic controls (NDM; n = 20). DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg 3 days before the surgical procedures. Two critical calvarial defects were created in each animal at the start of the study (day 0). Treatments were administered from day 0 to day 30 of the experiment, when animals were euthanized. One defect was processed for histometric analysis to measure closure of the bone defect. The tissue of the other defect was analyzed for quantification of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, runt-related transcription factor-2, osterix (Osx), β-catenin, lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5, and dikkop-1 mRNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Histometric results showed that the DM + RESV, DM + RESV + INS, and NDM groups exhibited greater closure of the bone defects compared with the PLAC- or INS-treated groups (P < .05). Diabetic animals treated with RESV plus INS showed higher levels of BMP-2 and Osx; Osx also was positively increased in animals treated with INS alone (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The use of RESV, regardless of the presence of INS, positively influenced bone repair in animals with induced DM. Further, the combination of INS plus RESV was necessary for the modulation of BMP-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Siqueira Pino
- Student, Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Correa Casarin
- Professor, Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzana Peres Pimentel
- Professor, Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Ribeiro Cirano
- Professor, Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Grazieli Corrêa
- Professor, Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vieira Ribeiro
- Professor, Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Fairfield H, Falank C, Harris E, Demambro V, McDonald M, Pettitt JA, Mohanty ST, Croucher P, Kramer I, Kneissel M, Rosen CJ, Reagan MR. The skeletal cell-derived molecule sclerostin drives bone marrow adipogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1156-1167. [PMID: 28460416 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow niche is a dynamic and complex microenvironment that can both regulate, and be regulated by the bone matrix. Within the bone marrow (BM), mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) precursors reside in a multi-potent state and retain the capacity to differentiate down osteoblastic, adipogenic, or chondrogenic lineages in response to numerous biochemical cues. These signals can be altered in various pathological states including, but not limited to, osteoporotic-induced fracture, systemic adiposity, and the presence of bone-homing cancers. Herein we provide evidence that signals from the bone matrix (osteocytes) determine marrow adiposity by regulating adipogenesis in the bone marrow. Specifically, we found that physiologically relevant levels of Sclerostin (SOST), which is a Wnt-inhibitory molecule secreted from bone matrix-embedded osteocytes, can induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, mouse ear- and BM-derived MSCs, and human BM-derived MSCs. We demonstrate that the mechanism of SOST induction of adipogenesis is through inhibition of Wnt signaling in pre-adipocytes. We also demonstrate that a decrease of sclerostin in vivo, via both genetic and pharmaceutical methods, significantly decreases bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) formation. Overall, this work demonstrates a direct role for SOST in regulating fate determination of BM-adipocyte progenitors. This provides a novel mechanism for which BMAT is governed by the local bone microenvironment, which may prove relevant in the pathogenesis of certain diseases involving marrow adipose. Importantly, with anti-sclerostin therapy at the forefront of osteoporosis treatment and a greater recognition of the role of BMAT in disease, these data are likely to have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Harris
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria Demambro
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ina Kramer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Altered expression of SDF-1 and CXCR4 during fracture healing in diabetes mellitus. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2017; 41:1211-1217. [PMID: 28412763 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-017-3472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to impair fracture healing. The purpose of this study was to elucidate and compare the gene expression patterns and localization of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) during fracture healing of the femur in rats with and without DM. METHODS Closed transverse fractures were created in the femurs of rats equally divided into a DM group and control group; DM was induced by streptozotocin. At post-fracture days five, seven, 11, 14, 21 and 28, total RNA was extracted from the fracture callus and mRNA expression levels of SDF-1 and CXCR4 were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Localization of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins at the fracture site was determined by immunohistochemistry at days 21 and 28. RESULTS SDF-1 expression was significantly lower in the DM group than in the healthy group on days 21 and 28, and showed a significant difference between days 14 and 21 in the healthy group. There was no significant difference in CXCR4 expression levels between the healthy and DM groups at any time point. On day 21 immunoreactivity of SDF-1 and CXCR4 was detected at the fracture site of the healthy group but no immunoreactivity was observed in the DM group. On day 28, immunoreactivity of SDF-1 and CXCR4 was detected at the fracture site in both groups. CONCLUSION Gene expression and localization of SDF-1 and CXCR4 was altered during fracture healing, which may contribute to the impaired fracture healing in DM.
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47
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Ling Z, Wu L, Shi G, Chen L, Dong Q. Increased Runx2 expression associated with enhanced Wnt signaling in PDLLA internal fixation for fracture treatment. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2085-2093. [PMID: 28565812 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-D-L lactide (PDLLA) biodegradable implants to heal fractures are widely applied in orthopedic surgeries. However, whether the process of fracture healing is regulated differently when PDLLA is used compared with traditional metal materials remains unclear. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and canonical Wnt signaling are essential and may interact reciprocally in the regulation of osteogenesis during bone repair. In the present study, a rat femoral open osteotomy model was used to compare the curative efficacy of a PDLLA rod and Kirschner wire under intramedullary fixation for fracture treatment. The dynamic expression of Runx2 and key components of the canonical Wnt signaling in callus tissue during fracture healing was also investigated. The results of the current study indicate that at weeks 4 and 6 following fixation, the callus bone structural parameters of microCT were significantly improved by PDLLA rod compared to that of Kirschner wire. In addition, at weeks 4 and 6 after fixation, the protein and mRNA expression of Runx2 and the positive regulators of canonical Wnt signaling, such as Wnts and β-catenin, were significantly increased. However, the protein and mRNA expression levels of the negative regulators of canonical Wnt signaling, such as glycogen synthase kinase-3β, were significantly decreased in callus tissue when treated with PDLLA rod compared with Kirschner wire. Collectively, these data indicate that compared to the traditional metal material, using PDLLA internal fixation for fracture treatment may further improve bone formation, which is associated with the increased expression of Runx2 and the enhancement of canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyan Ling
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P.R. China.,School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Gaolong Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qirong Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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48
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Jacobsen CM. Application of anti-Sclerostin therapy in non-osteoporosis disease models. Bone 2017; 96:18-23. [PMID: 27780792 PMCID: PMC5328800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin, a known inhibitor of the low density lipoprotein related protein 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6) cell surface signaling receptors, is integral in the maintenance of normal bone mass and strength. Patients with loss of function mutations in SOST or missense mutations in LRP5 that prevent Sclerostin from binding and inhibiting the receptor, have significantly increased bone mass. This observation leads to the development of Sclerostin neutralizing therapies to increase bone mass and strength. Anti-Sclerostin therapy has been shown to be effective at increasing bone density and strength in animal models and patients with osteoporosis. Loss of function of Sost or treatment with a Sclerostin neutralizing antibody improves bone properties in animal models of Osteoporosis Pseudoglioma syndrome (OPPG), likely due to action through the LRP6 receptor, which suggests patients may benefit from these therapies. Sclerostin antibody is effective at improving bone properties in mouse models of Osteogenesis Imperfecta, a genetic disorder of low bone mass and fragility due to type I collagen mutations, in as little as two weeks after initiation of therapy. However, these improvements are due to increases in bone quantity as the quality (brittleness) of bone remains unaffected. Similarly, Sclerostin antibody treatment improves bone density in animal models of other diseases. Sclerostin neutralizing therapies are likely to benefit many patients with genetic disorders of bone, as well as other forms of metabolic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Jacobsen
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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49
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Histological evidence that metformin reverses the adverse effects of diabetes on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J Mol Histol 2016; 48:73-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Kalaitzoglou E, Popescu I, Bunn RC, Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM. Effects of Type 1 Diabetes on Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2016; 14:310-319. [PMID: 27704393 PMCID: PMC5106298 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-016-0329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the effects of type 1 diabetes on bone cells. RECENT FINDINGS Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with low bone mineral density, increased risk of fractures, and poor fracture healing. Its effects on the skeleton were primarily attributed to impaired bone formation, but recent data suggests that bone remodeling and resorption are also compromised. The hyperglycemic and inflammatory environment associated with T1D impacts osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The mechanisms involved are complex; insulinopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and alterations in gene expression are a few of the contributing factors leading to poor osteoblast activity and survival and, therefore, poor bone formation. In addition, the observed sclerostin level increase accompanied by decreased osteocyte number and enhanced osteoclast activity in T1D results in uncoupling of bone remodeling. T1D negatively impacts osteoblasts and osteocytes, whereas its effects on osteoclasts are not well characterized, although the limited studies available indicate increased osteoclast activity, favoring bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kalaitzoglou
- UK Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 830 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Iuliana Popescu
- UK Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 830 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - R Clay Bunn
- UK Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 830 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - John L Fowlkes
- UK Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 830 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kathryn M Thrailkill
- UK Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 830 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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