1
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Guido TM, Ratcliffe SD, Rahmlow A, Zambrello MA, Provatas AA, Clark RB, Smith MB, Nichols FC. Metabolism of serine/glycine lipids by human gingival cells in culture. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024; 39:103-112. [PMID: 37850509 PMCID: PMC11024056 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis produces five classes of serine/glycine lipids that are recovered in lipid extracts from periodontitis-afflicted teeth and diseased gingival tissues, particularly at sites of periodontitis. Because these lipids are recovered in diseased gingival tissues, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), keratinocytes, and macrophages to hydrolyze these lipids. We hypothesize that one or more of these cell types will hydrolyze the serine/glycine lipids. The primary aim was to treat these cell types for increasing time in culture with individual highly enriched serine/glycine lipid preparations. At specified times, cells and culture media samples were harvested and extracted for hydrolysis products. The serine/glycine lipids and hydrolysis products were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and free fatty acids were quantified using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. LC-MS analysis used two different mass spectrometric methods. This study revealed that treatment of HGF or macrophage (THP1) cells with lipid (L) 654 resulted in breakdown to L342 and subsequent release into culture medium. However, L654 was converted only to L567 in gingival keratinocytes. By contrast, L1256 was converted to L654 by fibroblasts and macrophages but no further hydrolysis or release into medium was observed. Gingival keratinocytes showed no hydrolysis of L1256 to smaller lipid products but because L1256 was not recovered in these cells, it is not clear what hydrolysis products are produced from L1256. Although primary cultures of gingival fibroblasts and macrophages are capable of hydrolyzing specific serine/glycine lipids, prior analysis of lipid extracts from diseased gingival tissues revealed significantly elevated levels of L1256 in diseased tissues. These results suggest that the hydrolysis of bacterial lipids in gingival tissues may reduce the levels of specific lipids, but the hydrolysis of L1256 is not sufficiently rapid to prevent significant accumulation at periodontal disease sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Guido
- Division of Periodontology, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Samuel D. Ratcliffe
- Division of Periodontology, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Amanda Rahmlow
- Division of Periodontology, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Matthew A. Zambrello
- Division of Periodontology, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Anthony A. Provatas
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 3107 Horsebarn Hill Rd, U-4210, Storrs, CT 06269-4210
| | - Robert B. Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Michael B. Smith
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060
| | - Frank C. Nichols
- Division of Periodontology, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030
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2
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Kleiboeker BA, Frankfater C, Davey ME, Hsu FF. Lipidomic analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis reveals novel glycerol bisphosphoceramide, phosphatidyl-, and phosphoglycerol dipeptide lipid families. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100470. [PMID: 37924978 PMCID: PMC10757044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, like other members of the phylum Bacteroidetes (synonym Bacteroidota), synthesizes several classes of dihydroceramides and peptidolipids. Using a similar strategy as that recently used to delimit the lipidome of its close relative Bacteroides fragilis, we applied linear ion trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry (linear ion trap MSn) with high-resolution mass spectrometry, to structurally characterize the complete lipidome of P. gingivalis and compare it to B. fragilis. This analysis discovered that the P. gingivalis lipidome consists of several previously unidentified lipid families, including dihydroceramide-1-phosphophate, acylated dihydroceramide-1-phosphophate, phosphoglycerol glycylserine lipid, and bis(phosphodihydroceramide) glycerol. Interestingly, we also found a novel sphingolipid family containing a polyunsaturated long-chain base, and a new lipoglycylserine phosphatic acid containing unsaturated acyl chains not reported for the lipid family. The comprehensive coverage of the lipidome of P. gingivalis conducted in this study has revealed more than 140 lipid species including several novel lipids in over 20 lipid families/subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Kleiboeker
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cheryl Frankfater
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary E Davey
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Tamura H, Maekawa T, Domon H, Sirisereephap K, Isono T, Hirayama S, Hiyoshi T, Sasagawa K, Takizawa F, Maeda T, Terao Y, Tabeta K. Erythromycin Restores Osteoblast Differentiation and Osteogenesis Suppressed by Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:303. [PMID: 37259446 PMCID: PMC9959121 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The macrolide erythromycin (ERM) inhibits excessive neutrophil accumulation and bone resorption in inflammatory tissues. We previously reported that the expression of developmental endothelial locus-1 (DEL-1), an endogenous anti-inflammatory factor induced by ERM, is involved in ERM action. Furthermore, DEL-1 is involved in the induction of bone regeneration. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether ERM exerts an osteoblastogenic effect by upregulating DEL-1 under inflammatory conditions. We performed in vitro cell-based mechanistic analyses and used a model of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis to evaluate how ERM restores osteoblast activity. In vitro, P. gingivalis LPS stimulation suppressed osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. However, ERM treatment combined with P. gingivalis LPS stimulation upregulated osteoblast differentiation-related factors and Del1, indicating that osteoblast differentiation was restored. Alveolar bone resorption and gene expression were evaluated in a periodontitis model, and the results confirmed that ERM treatment increased DEL-1 expression and suppressed bone loss by increasing the expression of osteoblast-associated factors. In conclusion, ERM restores bone metabolism homeostasis in inflammatory environments possibly via the induction of DEL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Tamura
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Kridtapat Sirisereephap
- Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Toshihito Isono
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Satoru Hirayama
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Karin Sasagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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4
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Brinkmann S, Spohn MS, Schäberle TF. Bioactive natural products from Bacteroidetes. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1045-1065. [PMID: 35315462 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to end of January 2022Bacteria representing the phylum Bacteroidetes produce a diverse range of natural products, including polyketides, peptides and lactams. Here, we discuss unique aspects of the bioactive compounds discovered thus far, and the corresponding biosynthetic pathways if known, providing a comprehensive overview of the Bacteroidetes as a natural product reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brinkmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Marius S Spohn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Till F Schäberle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany. .,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
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5
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Anto L, Blesso CN. Interplay Between Diet, the Gut Microbiome, and Atherosclerosis: Role of Dysbiosis and Microbial Metabolites on Inflammation and Disordered Lipid Metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 105:108991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Millar CL, Anto L, Garcia C, Kim MB, Jain A, Provatas AA, Clark RB, Lee JY, Nichols FC, Blesso CN. Gut Microbiome-Derived Glycine Lipids Are Diet-Dependent Modulators of Hepatic Injury and Atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100192. [PMID: 35278409 PMCID: PMC9020096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral and gut Bacteroidetes produce unique classes of serine-glycine lipodipeptides and glycine aminolipids that signal through host Toll-like receptor 2. These glycine lipids have also been detected in human arteries, but their effects on atherosclerosis are unknown. Here, we sought to investigate the bioactivity of bacterial glycine lipids in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Lipid 654 (L654), a serine-glycine lipodipeptide species, was first tested in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Ldlr−/− model of atherosclerosis. Intraperitoneal administration of L654 over 7 weeks to HFD-fed Ldlr−/− mice resulted in hypocholesterolemic effects and significantly attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis. We found that L654 also reduced liver inflammatory and extracellular matrix gene expression, which may be related to inhibition of macrophage activation as demonstrated in vivo by lower major histocompatibility complex class II gene expression and confirmed in cell experiments. In addition, L654 and other bacterial glycine lipids in feces, liver, and serum were markedly reduced alongside changes in Bacteroidetes relative abundance in HFD-fed mice. Finally, we tested the bioactivities of L654 and related lipid 567 in chow-fed Apoe−/− mice, which displayed much higher fecal glycine lipids relative to HFD-fed Ldlr−/− mice. Administration of L654 or lipid 567 for 7 weeks to these mice reduced the liver injury marker alanine aminotransferase, but other effects seen in Ldlr−/− were not observed. Therefore, we conclude that conditions in which gut microbiome-derived glycine lipids are lost, such as HFD, may exacerbate the development of atherosclerosis and liver injury, whereas correction of such depletion may protect from these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Millar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; The Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liya Anto
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Chelsea Garcia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Mi-Bo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Anisha Jain
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Anthony A Provatas
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Frank C Nichols
- Department of Periodontology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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7
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Sartorio MG, Valguarnera E, Hsu FF, Feldman MF. Lipidomics Analysis of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Elucidation of the Inositol Phosphoceramide Biosynthetic Pathway in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0063421. [PMID: 35080445 PMCID: PMC8791184 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00634-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-third of the human colonic microbiome is formed by bacteria from the genus Bacteroides. These bacteria produce a large amount of uniformly sized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are equipped with hydrolytic enzymes that play a role in the degradation of diet- and host-derived glycans. In this work, we characterize the lipid composition of membranes and OMVs from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis indicated that OMVs carry sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and serine-dipeptide lipids. Sphingolipid species represent more than 50% of the total lipid content of OMVs. The most abundant sphingolipids in OMVs are ethanolamine phosphoceramide (EPC) and inositol phosphoceramide (IPC). Bioinformatics analysis allowed the identification of the BT1522-1526 operon putatively involved in IPC synthesis. Mutagenesis studies revealed that BT1522-1526 is essential for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and IPC, confirming the role of this operon in the biosynthesis of IPC. BT1522-1526 mutant strains lacking IPC produced OMVs that were indistinguishable from the wild-type strain, indicating that IPC sphingolipid species are not involved in OMV biogenesis. Given the known role of sphingolipids in immunomodulation, we suggest that OMVs may act as long-distance vehicles for the delivery of sphingolipids in the human gut. IMPORTANCE Sphingolipids are essential membrane lipid components found in eukaryotes that are also involved in cell signaling processes. Although rare in bacteria, sphingolipids are produced by members of the phylum Bacteroidetes, human gut commensals. Here, we determined that OMVs carry sphingolipids and other lipids of known signaling function. Our results demonstrate that the BT1522-1526 operon is required for IPC biosynthesis in B. thetaiotaomicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. Sartorio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ezequiel Valguarnera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Mario F. Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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8
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Nichols FC, Bhuse K, Clark RB, Provatas AA, Carrington E, Wang YH, Zhu Q, Davey ME, Dewhirst FE. Serine/Glycine Lipid Recovery in Lipid Extracts From Healthy and Diseased Dental Samples: Relationship to Chronic Periodontitis. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:698481. [PMID: 35048038 PMCID: PMC8757817 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.698481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease but the identity of the TLR2 agonists has been an evolving story. The serine/glycine lipids produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis are reported to engage human TLR2 and will promote the production of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines. This investigation compared the recovery of serine/glycine lipids in periodontal organisms, teeth, subgingival calculus, subgingival plaque, and gingival tissues, either from healthy sites or periodontally diseased sites. Lipids were extracted using the phospholipid extraction procedure of Bligh and Dyer and were analyzed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for all serine/glycine lipid classes identified to date in P. gingivalis. Two serine/glycine lipid classes, Lipid 567 and Lipid 1256, were the dominant serine/glycine lipids recovered from oral Bacteroidetes bacteria and from subgingival calculus samples or diseased teeth. Lipid 1256 was the most abundant serine/glycine lipid class in lipid extracts from P. gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia whereas Lipid 567 was the most abundant serine/glycine lipid class recovered in Capnocytophaga species and Porphyromonas endodontalis. Serine/glycine lipids were not detected in lipid extracts from Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, or Fusobacterium nucleatum. Lipid 1256 was detected more frequently and at a significantly higher mean level in periodontitis tissue samples compared with healthy/gingivitis tissue samples. By contrast, Lipid 567 levels were essentially identical. This report shows that members of the Bacteroidetes phylum common to periodontal disease sites produce Lipid 567 and Lipid 1256, and these lipids are prevalent in lipid extracts from subgingival calculus and from periodontally diseased teeth and diseased gingival tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Kruttika Bhuse
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Robert B Clark
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Anthony A Provatas
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Elena Carrington
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiung Wang
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Mary E Davey
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Floyd E Dewhirst
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Oral Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Structures and functions of the gut microbial lipidome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159110. [PMID: 34995792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipids provide signals that are responsible for maintaining host health and controlling disease. The differences in the structures of microbial lipids have been shown to alter receptor selectivity and agonist/antagonist activity. Advanced lipidomics is an emerging field that helps to elucidate the complex bacterial lipid diversity. The use of cutting-edge technologies is expected to lead to the discovery of new functional metabolites involved in host homeostasis. This review aims to describe recent updates on functional lipid metabolites derived from gut microbiota, their structure-activity relationships, and advanced lipidomics technologies.
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10
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Bill MK, Brinkmann S, Oberpaul M, Patras MA, Leis B, Marner M, Maitre MP, Hammann PE, Vilcinskas A, Schuler SMM, Schäberle TF. Novel Glycerophospholipid, Lipo- and N-acyl Amino Acids from Bacteroidetes: Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Bioactivity. Molecules 2021; 26:5195. [PMID: 34500631 PMCID: PMC8433624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'core' metabolome of the Bacteroidetes genus Chitinophaga was recently discovered to consist of only seven metabolites. A structural relationship in terms of shared lipid moieties among four of them was postulated. Here, structure elucidation and characterization via ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of those four lipids (two lipoamino acids (LAAs), two lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs)), as well as several other undescribed LAAs and N-acyl amino acids (NAAAs), identified during isolation were carried out. The LAAs represent closely related analogs of the literature-known LAAs, such as the glycine-serine dipeptide lipids 430 (2) and 654. Most of the here characterized LAAs (1, 5-11) are members of a so far undescribed glycine-serine-ornithine tripeptide lipid family. Moreover, this study reports three novel NAAAs (N-(5-methyl)hexanoyl tyrosine (14) and N-(7-methyl)octanoyl tyrosine (15) or phenylalanine (16)) from Olivibacter sp. FHG000416, another Bacteroidetes strain initially selected as best in-house producer for isolation of lipid 430. Antimicrobial profiling revealed most isolated LAAs (1-3) and the two LPE 'core' metabolites (12, 13) active against the Gram-negative pathogen M. catarrhalis ATCC 25238 and the Gram-positive bacterium M. luteus DSM 20030. For LAA 1, additional growth inhibition activity against B. subtilis DSM 10 was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona-Katharina Bill
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.-K.B.); (S.B.); (M.O.); (M.A.P.); (B.L.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Stephan Brinkmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.-K.B.); (S.B.); (M.O.); (M.A.P.); (B.L.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Markus Oberpaul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.-K.B.); (S.B.); (M.O.); (M.A.P.); (B.L.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria A. Patras
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.-K.B.); (S.B.); (M.O.); (M.A.P.); (B.L.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Benedikt Leis
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.-K.B.); (S.B.); (M.O.); (M.A.P.); (B.L.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Michael Marner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.-K.B.); (S.B.); (M.O.); (M.A.P.); (B.L.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | | | - Peter E. Hammann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Evotec International GmbH, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.-K.B.); (S.B.); (M.O.); (M.A.P.); (B.L.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Till F. Schäberle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.-K.B.); (S.B.); (M.O.); (M.A.P.); (B.L.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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11
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Wang Z, Wei Y, Lei L, Zhong J, Shen Y, Tan J, Xia M, Wu Y, Sun W, Chen L. RANKL expression of primary osteoblasts is enhanced by an IL-17-mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway through autophagy suppression. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:411-426. [PMID: 32370570 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1759562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Interleukin-17 (IL-17), produced by T helper (Th)-17 cells, is a potent regulator of bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts are key cells that orchestrate inflammatory bone destruction and bone remodeling. This study examines the effect of different concentrations of IL-17 on osteogenesis and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression of primary osteoblasts.Methods: First, the growth of primary osteoblasts was evaluated. Second, we assessed the effects of IL-17 on the level of autophagy and the related Janus activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Next, osteogenic activity in different concentrations of IL-17 was tested. Finally, the specific JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway inhibitor AG490 and autophagy inhibitor 3-MA were used to investigate the involvement of this pathway and autophagy in IL-17-induced regulation of RANKL expression.Results: Initially, we found that IL-17 treatment promoted growth of osteoblasts in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Next, we showed that low levels of IL-17 promoted autophagy activity, whereas the opposite was observed at high levels of IL-17. Moreover, high levels of IL-17 activated the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, although this effect was reversed by upregulation of autophagy. Furthermore, our findings indicated that high concentrations of IL-17 promoted the differentiation, calcification, and RANKL expression of murine osteoblasts via activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Importantly, downregulation of autophagy at high IL-17 concentrations further enhanced RANKL expression via suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 cascade.Conclusion: Overall, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that IL-17 modulates RANKL expression of osteoblasts through an autophagy-JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, thus affecting bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiu Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingming Wei
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Lei
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhong
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeqi Shen
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Tan
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Xia
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilian Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Nichols FC, Clark RB, Maciejewski MW, Provatas AA, Balsbaugh JL, Dewhirst FE, Smith MB, Rahmlow A. A novel phosphoglycerol serine-glycine lipodipeptide of Porphyromonas gingivalis is a TLR2 ligand. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1645-1657. [PMID: 32912852 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic periodontal microorganism strongly associated with tissue-destructive processes in human periodontitis. Following oral infection with P. gingivalis, the periodontal bone loss in mice is reported to require the engagement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Serine-glycine lipodipeptide or glycine aminolipid classes of P. gingivalis engage human and mouse TLR2, but a novel lipid class reported here is considerably more potent in engaging TLR2 and the heterodimer receptor TLR2/TLR6. The novel lipid class, termed Lipid 1256, consists of a diacylated phosphoglycerol moiety linked to a serine-glycine lipodipeptide previously termed Lipid 654. Lipid 1256 is approximately 50-fold more potent in engaging TLR2 than the previously reported serine-glycine lipid classes. Lipid 1256 also stimulates cytokine secretory responses from peripheral blood monocytes and is recovered in selected oral and intestinal Bacteroidetes organisms. Therefore, these findings suggest that Lipid 1256 may be a microbial TLR2 ligand relevant to chronic periodontitis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mark W Maciejewski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Anthony A Provatas
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Center for Open Research Resources and Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Floyd E Dewhirst
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Oral Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
| | - Amanda Rahmlow
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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13
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Glycine Lipids of Porphyromonas gingivalis Are Agonists for Toll-Like Receptor 2. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00877-19. [PMID: 31932327 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00877-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine-glycine dipeptide lipid classes, including lipid 430 and lipid 654, are produced by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and can be detected in lipid extracts of diseased periodontal tissues and teeth of humans. Both serine-glycine lipid classes were previously shown to engage human and mouse Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and to inhibit mouse osteoblast differentiation and function through engagement of TLR2. It is not clear if other lipids related to serine-glycine lipids are also produced by P. gingivalis The goal of this investigation was to determine whether P. gingivalis produces additional lipid classes similar to the serine-glycine lipids that possess biological properties. P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) was grown in broth culture, and lipids were extracted and fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lipids were separated using semipreparative HPLC, and specific lipid classes were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) mass spectrometric approaches. Two glycine lipid classes were identified, termed lipid 567 and lipid 342, and these lipid classes are structurally related to the serine-glycine dipeptide lipids. Both glycine lipid classes were shown to promote TLR2-dependent tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release from bone marrow macrophages, and both were shown to activate human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells through TLR2 and TLR6 but not TLR1. These results demonstrate that P. gingivalis synthesizes glycine lipids and that these lipids engage TLR2 similarly to the previously reported serine-glycine dipeptide lipids.
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14
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Schneider YKH, Ø. Hansen K, Isaksson J, Ullsten S, H. Hansen E, Hammer Andersen J. Anti-Bacterial Effect and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Lipid 430 Isolated from Algibacter sp. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213991. [PMID: 31694159 PMCID: PMC6864645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two bacterial isolates from the Barents Sea, both belonging to the genus Algibacter, were found to yield extracts with anti-bacterial bioactivity. Mass spectrometry guided dereplication and purification of the active extracts lead to the isolation of the same active principle in both extracts. The structure of the bioactive compound was identified via mass spectrometry and nuclear resonance spectroscopy and it turned out to be the known lipopeptide Lipid 430. We discovered and determined its previously unknown anti-bacterial activity against Streptococcus agalactiae and revealed a cytotoxic effect against the A2058 human melanoma cell line at significantly lower concentrations compared to its anti-bacterial concentration. Flow cytometry and microscopy investigations of the cytotoxicity against the melanoma cell line indicated that Lipid 430 did not cause immediate cell lysis. The experiments with melanoma cells suggest that the compound functions trough more complex pathways than acting as a simple detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik K.-H. Schneider
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway (S.U.); (E.H.H.); (J.H.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-77649267
| | - Kine Ø. Hansen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway (S.U.); (E.H.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Sara Ullsten
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway (S.U.); (E.H.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Espen H. Hansen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway (S.U.); (E.H.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Jeanette Hammer Andersen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway (S.U.); (E.H.H.); (J.H.A.)
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15
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Protective properties of milk sphingomyelin against dysfunctional lipid metabolism, gut dysbiosis, and inflammation. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 73:108224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Ma L, Bai N, Xu H. LOX-1 is involved in TLR2 induced RANKL regulation in peri-implantitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105956. [PMID: 31655342 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore whether receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) is involved in the nosogenesis of peri-implantitis and to reveal the regulatory mechanism in Porphyromonas gingivalis induced RANKL production. METHODS Therefore, we collected peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and gingival tissues from healthy implants and peri-implantitis patients. The expression of RANKL in samples was tested by ELISA, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The production of RANKL in THP-1 macrophages stimulated with P. gingivalis was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Then macrophages were pre-treated with neutralizing antibodies of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and inhibitors of TLR2, LOX-1 or Erk1/2 before P. gingivalis stimulation to evaluate the roles of TLR2, LOX-1 and Erk1/2 in RANKL production by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The protein level of RANKL was higher in PICF of peri-implantitis patients than healthy implants. We observed increased RANKL expression in P. gingivalis infected macrophages compared to controls. RANKL induced by P. gingivalis stimulation was mediated by TLR2 and Erk1/2 signaling pathway in THP-1 macrophages. LOX-1 is involved in TLR2 induced RANKL expression. CONCLUSION RANKL was involved in peri-implantitis, and regulated by TLR2, LOX-1 and Erk1/2 signaling against P. gingivalis infection. As the novel inflammation pathway triggers, TLR2 and LOX-1 which mediate RANKL production seems to be potential drug targets of peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huirong Xu
- Department of Pathology, ZiBo Central Hospital, ZiBo, Shandong Province, China
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17
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Lynch A, Tammireddy SR, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Clarke DJ. The Glycine Lipids of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Are Important for Fitness during Growth In Vivo and In Vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02157-18. [PMID: 30367006 PMCID: PMC6498176 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02157-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylated amino acids function as important components of the cellular membrane in some bacteria. Biosynthesis is initiated by the N-acylation of the amino acid, and this is followed by subsequent O-acylation of the acylated molecule, resulting in the production of the mature diacylated amino acid lipid. In this study, we use both genetics and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to characterize the biosynthesis and function of a diacylated glycine lipid (GL) species produced in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron We, and others, have previously reported the identification of a gene, named glsB in this study, that encodes an N-acyltransferase activity responsible for the production of a monoacylated glycine called N-acyl-3-hydroxy-palmitoyl glycine (or commendamide). In all of the Bacteroidales genomes sequenced so far, the glsB gene is located immediately downstream from a gene, named glsA, that is also predicted to encode a protein with acyltransferase activity. We use LC-MS to show that the coexpression of glsB and glsA results in the production of GL in Escherichia coli We constructed a deletion mutant of the glsB gene in B. thetaiotaomicron, and we confirm that glsB is required for the production of GL in B. thetaiotaomicron Moreover, we show that glsB is important for the ability of B. thetaiotaomicron to adapt to stress and colonize the mammalian gut. Therefore, this report describes the genetic requirements for the biosynthesis of GL, a diacylated amino acid species that contributes to fitness in the human gut bacterium B. thetaiotaomicronIMPORTANCE The gut microbiome has an important role in both health and disease of the host. The mammalian gut microbiome is often dominated by bacteria from the Bacteroidales, an order that includes Bacteroides and Prevotella In this study, we have identified an acylated amino acid, called glycine lipid, produced by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a beneficial bacterium originally isolated from the human gut. In addition to identifying the genes required for the production of glycine lipids, we show that glycine lipids have an important role during the adaptation of B. thetaiotaomicron to a number of environmental stresses, including exposure to either bile or air. We also show that glycine lipids are important for the normal colonization of the murine gut by B. thetaiotaomicron This work identifies glycine lipids as an important fitness determinant in B. thetaiotaomicron and therefore increases our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning colonization of the mammalian gut by beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alli Lynch
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Seshu R Tammireddy
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - David J Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Trotter A, Anstadt E, Clark RB, Nichols F, Dwivedi A, Aung K, Cervantes JL. The role of phospholipase A2 in multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 27:206-213. [PMID: 30412818 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a diverse group of enzymes that cleave the fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. They play critical roles in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis by enhancing oxidative stress and initiating inflammation. The levels of PLA2 activity in MS patients compared to controls and role of inhibiting PLA2 activity on severity scores in different experimental models are not comprehensively assessed in the light of varying evidence from published studies. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the association between PLA2 activity and multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We performed a systematic review of six studies that assessed PLA2 activity in MS patients compared to controls and nine studies that assessed PLA2 activity in EAE. sPLA2 nor Lp-PLA2 activity were not increased in MS compared to controls in five of those six studies. A difference in sPLA2 activity was only found in a study that measured the enzyme activity in urine. However, inhibiting cPLA2 or sPLA2 led to lower clinical severity or no signs of EAE in mice, and a lower incidence of EAE lesions compared to animals without cPLA2 inhibition. These findings indicate that PLA2 appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Trotter
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Emily Anstadt
- Department of Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Frank Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alok Dwivedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Koko Aung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jorge L Cervantes
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA; Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
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19
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Are Sphingolipids and Serine Dipeptide Lipids Underestimated Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis? Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00035-18. [PMID: 29632248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00035-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The keystone periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis produces phosphorylated dihydroceramide lipids (sphingolipids) such as phosphoethanolamine dihydroceramide (PE DHC) and phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide (PG DHC) lipids. Phosphorylated DHCs (PDHCs) from P. gingivalis can affect a number of mammalian cellular functions, such as potentiation of prostaglandin secretion from gingival fibroblasts, promotion of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, promotion of apoptosis, and enhancement of autoimmunity. In P. gingivalis, these lipids affect anchoring of surface polysaccharides, resistance to oxidative stress, and presentation of surface polysaccharides (anionic polysaccharides and K-antigen capsule). In addition to phosphorylated dihydroceramide lipids, serine dipeptide lipids of P. gingivalis are implicated in alveolar bone loss in chronic periodontitis through interference with osteoblast differentiation and function and promotion of osteoclast activity. As a prerequisite for designation as bacterial virulence factors, bacterial sphingolipids and serine dipeptide lipids are recovered in gingival/periodontal tissues, tooth calculus, human blood, vascular tissues, and brain. In addition to P. gingivalis, other bacteria of the genera Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Prevotella produce sphingolipids and serine dipeptide lipids. The contribution of PDHCs and serine dipeptide lipids to the pathogenesis of periodontal and extraoral diseases may be an underappreciated area in microbe-host interaction and should be more intensively investigated.
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20
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Balas L, Feillet-Coudray C, Durand T. Branched Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxyl Fatty Acids (FAHFAs), Appealing Beneficial Endogenous Fat against Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes. Chemistry 2018; 24:9463-9476. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM; Université de Montpellier; CNRS, ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 av Charles Flahault, BP 14491 F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | | | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM; Université de Montpellier; CNRS, ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 av Charles Flahault, BP 14491 F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
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21
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Olsen I. Relationship between serine dipeptide lipids of commensal Bacteroidetes and atherosclerosis. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1453224. [PMID: 29686782 PMCID: PMC5907637 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1453224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Wang Z, Tan J, Lei L, Sun W, Wu Y, Ding P, Chen L. The positive effects of secreting cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ on the early-stage differentiation and negative effects on the calcification of primary osteoblasts in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 57:1-10. [PMID: 29438885 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are all pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by specific subsets of T-cells and are also considered crucial regulators in bone remodeling, but their effects on osteogenesis have not been carefully studied. So, this study aimed to investigate the effects of secreting cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ on the osteogenesis of primary osteoblasts and to clarify the potential roles of the related Janus activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in bone remodeling. METHODS The proliferation of osteoblasts was evaluated by MTT assay. Osteogenic activity was tested by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and alizarin red staining. The mRNA levels of ALP, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) were also measured by real-time quantitative PCR. The JAK2-STAT3 pathway was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS Osteoblasts showed no obvious proliferation when treated with IL-17 and/or IFN-γ, but higher ALP activities were observed in primary osteoblasts treated with IL-17 or IL-17 + IFN-γ in induction medium. We also found that IL-17 could promote the gene expression of Alp, Runx2, Osteocalcin, Opg, and Rankl, while IFN-γ might attenuate this effect. Nevertheless, IL-17 and IFN-γ exhibited an inhibitory effect on the calcification of primary osteoblasts. We also found that IL-17 could directly facilitate RANKL expressions by JAK2-STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSION The positive effects of IL-17 and IFN-γ on the early-stage differentiation and the negative effects on the calcification of murine calvarial osteoblasts contribute to our understanding of the role and interaction of inflammatory factors in the bone remodeling and as fundamental mechanisms involved in the destruction of alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiu Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Tan
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Lei
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilian Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peihui Ding
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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23
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Nemati R, Dietz C, Anstadt EJ, Cervantes J, Liu Y, Dewhirst FE, Clark RB, Finegold S, Gallagher JJ, Smith MB, Yao X, Nichols FC. Deposition and hydrolysis of serine dipeptide lipids of Bacteroidetes bacteria in human arteries: relationship to atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1999-2007. [PMID: 28814639 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple reaction monitoring-MS analysis of lipid extracts from human carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery samples from young individuals consistently demonstrated the presence of bacterial serine dipeptide lipid classes, including Lipid 654, an agonist for human and mouse Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, and Lipid 430, the deacylated product of Lipid 654. The relative levels of Lipid 654 and Lipid 430 were also determined in common oral and intestinal bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes and human serum and brain samples from healthy adults. The median Lipid 430/Lipid 654 ratio observed in carotid endarterectomy samples was significantly higher than the median ratio in lipid extracts of common oral and intestinal Bacteroidetes bacteria, and serum and brain samples from healthy subjects. More importantly, the median Lipid 430/Lipid 654 ratio was significantly elevated in carotid endarterectomies when compared with control artery samples. Our results indicate that deacylation of Lipid 654 to Lipid 430 likely occurs in diseased artery walls due to phospholipase A2 enzyme activity. These results suggest that commensal Bacteriodetes bacteria of the gut and the oral cavity may contribute to the pathogenesis of TLR2-dependent atherosclerosis through serine dipeptide lipid deposition and metabolism in artery walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nemati
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | | | - Emily J Anstadt
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Floyd E Dewhirst
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142 and Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Sydney Finegold
- Infectious Disease Division, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90073 and Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | | | - Michael B Smith
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Frank C Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
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24
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Saint-Pastou Terrier C, Gasque P. Bone responses in health and infectious diseases: A focus on osteoblasts. J Infect 2017; 75:281-292. [PMID: 28778751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Historically, bone was thought to be immunologically inactive with the sole function of supporting locomotion and ensuring stromaness functions as a major lymphoid organ. However, a myriad of pathogens (bacteria such as staphylococcus as well as viruses including alphaviruses, HIV or HCV) can invade the bone. These pathogens can cause apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis of osteoblasts and lead to lymphopenia and immune paralysis. There are now several detailed studies on how osteoblasts contribute to innate immune and inflammatory responses; indeed, osteoblasts in concert with resident macrophages can engage an armory of defense mechanisms capable of detecting and controlling pathogen evasion mechanisms. Osteoblasts can express the so-called pattern recognition receptors such as TOLL-like receptors involved in the detection for example of lipids and unique sugars (polysaccharides and polyriboses) expressed by bacteria or viruses (e.g. LPS and RNA respectively). Activated osteoblasts can produce interferon type I, cytokines, chemokines and interferon-stimulated proteins through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms to control for viral replication and to promote phagocytosis or lysis of bacteria for example by defensins. Uncontrolled and sustained innate immune activation of infected osteoblasts will also lead to an imbalance in the production of osteoclastogenic factors such as RANKL and osteoprotegerin involved in bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Saint-Pastou Terrier
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; Laboratoire de Biologie, secteur Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique et expérimentale ZOI (LICE OI), CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, St Denis, La Réunion, France.
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25
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Dietz C, Clark RB, Nichols FC, Smith MB. Convergent synthesis of a deuterium-labeled serine dipeptide lipid for analysis of biological samples. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:274-285. [PMID: 28271544 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial serine dipeptide lipids are known to promote inflammatory processes and are detected in human tissues associated with periodontal disease or atherosclerosis. Accurate quantification of bacterial serine lipid, specifically lipid 654 [((S)-15-methyl-3-((13-methyltetradecanoyl)oxy)hexadecanoyl)glycyl-l-serine, (3S)-l-serine] isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis, in biological samples requires the preparation of a stable isotope internal standard for sample supplementation and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. This report describes the convergent synthesis of a deuterium-substituted serine dipeptide lipid, which is an isotopically labeled homologue that represents a dominant form of serine dipeptide lipid recovered in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dietz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Frank C Nichols
- Division of Periodontology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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26
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Nemati R, Dietz C, Anstadt E, Clark R, Smith M, Nichols F, Yao X. Simultaneous Determination of Absolute Configuration and Quantity of Lipopeptides Using Chiral Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Diastereomeric Internal Standards. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3583-3589. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nemati
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christopher Dietz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Emily Anstadt
- Department
of Immunology and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Robert Clark
- Department
of Immunology and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Michael Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Frank Nichols
- Department
of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Institute
for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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27
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Kanzaki H, Movila A, Kayal R, Napimoga MH, Egashira K, Dewhirst F, Sasaki H, Howait M, Al-Dharrab A, Mira A, Han X, Taubman MA, Nichols FC, Kawai T. Phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide, a distinctive ceramide produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, promotes RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by acting on non-muscle myosin II-A (Myh9), an osteoclast cell fusion regulatory factor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:452-462. [PMID: 28153611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among several virulence factors produced by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a recently identified novel class of dihydroceramide lipids that contains a long acyl-chain has the potential to play a pathogenic role in periodontitis because of its higher level of tissue penetration compared to other lipid classes produced by Pg. However, the possible impact of Pg ceramides on osteoclastogenesis is largely unknown. In the present study, we report that the phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide (PGDHC) isolated from Pg enhanced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Using RAW264.7 cells, in vitro assays indicated that PGDHC can promote RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by generating remarkably larger TRAP+ multinuclear osteoclasts compared to Pg LPS in a TLR2/4-independent manner. According to fluorescent confocal microscopy, co-localization of non-muscle myosin II-A (Myh9) and PGDHC was observed in the cytoplasm of osteoclasts, indicating the membrane-permeability of PGDHC. Loss- and gain-of-function assays using RNAi-based Myh9 gene silencing, as well as overexpression of the Myh9 gene, in RAW264.7 cells showed that interaction of PGDHC with Myh9 enhances RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. It was also demonstrated that PGDHC can upregulate the expression of dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), an important osteoclast fusogen, through signaling that involves Rac1, suggesting that interaction of PGDHC with Myh9 can elicit the cell signal that promotes osteoclast cell fusion. Taken together, our data indicated that PGDHC is a Pg-derived, cell-permeable ceramide that possesses a unique property of promoting osteoclastogenesis via interaction with Myh9 which, in turn, activates a Rac1/DC-STAMP pathway for upregulation of osteoclast cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kanzaki
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA; Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Alexandru Movila
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Rayyan Kayal
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Marcelo H Napimoga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kenji Egashira
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; LION Corporation, Research and Development Headquarters, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Floyd Dewhirst
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Microbiology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mohammed Howait
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayman Al-Dharrab
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulghani Mira
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Martin A Taubman
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Frank C Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; NOVA Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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28
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Dietz C, Hart TK, Nemati R, Yao X, Nichols FC, Smith MB. Structural verification via convergent total synthesis of dipeptide–lipids isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Garrett TA. Major roles for minor bacterial lipids identified by mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:1319-1324. [PMID: 27760388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry of lipids, especially those isolated from bacteria, has ballooned over the past two decades, affirming in the process the complexity of the lipidome. With this has come the identification of new and interesting lipid structures. Here is an overview of several novel lipids, from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with roles in health and disease, whose structural identification was facilitated using mass spectrometry. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, United States.
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