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Marini M, Zeynali A, Collini M, Bouzin M, Sironi L, D'Alfonso L, Mantegazza F, Cassina V, Chirico G. Proteinaceous microstructure in a capillary: a study of non-linear bending dynamics. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4917-4932. [PMID: 36382419 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The flap of bendable structures under continuous flow impacts a variety of fields, ranging from energy harvesting to active mixing in microfluidic devices. Similar physical principles determine the flapping dynamics in a variety of systems with different sizes, but a thorough investigation of the bending dynamics at the microscale is still lacking. We employ here two-photon laser polymerization to fabricate elongated proteinaceous flexible microstructures directly within a micro-capillary and we characterize their bending dynamics. The elastic properties of the microstructures with different (circular and square) cross-sections are tested by Atomic Force Microscopy and by studying the deflection-flow dependence in microfluidic experiments at intermediate Reynolds numbers (Rey ≲ 150). The retrieved Young's modulus of the fabricated matrix (100 kPa ≤ E ≤ 4 MPa) falls in the range of most typical biological tissues and solely depends on the laser fabrication intensity. The elastic constant of the microstructures falls in the range of 0.8 nN μm-1 ≤ k ≤ 50 nN μm-1, and fully agrees with the macroscopic Euler Bernoulli theory. For soft microstructures (0.8 nN μm-1 ≤ k ≤ 8 nN μm-1) we reveal undamped bending oscillations under continuous microfluidic flow, corresponding to ∼10% of the total structure deflection. This behavior is ascribed to the coupling of the viscoelasticity and non-linear elasticity of the polymer matrix with non-linear dynamics arising from the time-dependent friction coefficient of the bendable microstructures. We envision that similar instabilities may lead to the development of promising energy conversion nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Marini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Amirbahador Zeynali
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Laura D'Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Francesco Mantegazza
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Valeria Cassina
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
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2
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Lamperti M, Giani AM, Maspero A, Vesco G, Cimino A, Negri R, Giovenzana GB, Palmisano G, Mella M, Nardo L. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of 2-(het)Aryl Perimidine Derivatives with Enhanced Fluorescence Quantum Yields. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:495-504. [PMID: 30859487 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Perimidines are a particularly versatile family of heterocyclic compounds, whose properties are exploited in several applications ranging from industrial to medicinal chemistry. The molecular structure of perimidine incorporates a well-known efficient fluorophore, i.e.: 1,8-diaminonaphthalene. The high fluorescence quantum yield shared by most naphthalene derivatives, has enabled their use as stains for bio-imaging and biophysical characterizations. However, fluorescence is dramatically depressed in perimidine as well as in the few of its derivatives analysed so far to this respect. The use of perimidine-like molecules in life sciences might be notably fostered by enhancement of their fluorescence emission. Even more excitingly, the concomitance of both biologically active moieties and a fluorophore in the same molecular structure virtually discloses application of perimidines as drug compounds in state-of-art theranostics protocols. However, somewhat surprisingly, relatively few attempts were made until now in the direction of increasing the performances of perimidines as fluorescent dyes. In this work we present the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of four perimidine derivatives designed to this aim, two of which result to be endowed with fluorescence quantum yields comparable to 1,8-diaminonaphthalene. A rationalization for such improved behaviour has been attempted employing TD-DFT calculations, which have unravelled the interrelations among bond structure, lone pair conjugation, local electron density changes and fluorescence quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lamperti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100, Como, Italy
| | - Arianna Maria Giani
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2/3, I-28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Angelo Maspero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100, Como, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Vesco
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100, Como, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cimino
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100, Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Negri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2/3, I-28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Giovenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2/3, I-28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100, Como, Italy
| | - Massimo Mella
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100, Como, Italy
| | - Luca Nardo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100, Como, Italy.
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3
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Doan P, Pitter DRG, Kocher A, Wilson JN, Goodson T. A New Design Strategy and Diagnostic to Tailor the DNA-Binding Mechanism of Small Organic Molecules and Drugs. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3202-3213. [PMID: 27668686 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The classical model for DNA groove binding states that groove binding molecules should adopt a crescent shape that closely matches the helical groove of DNA. Here, we present a new design strategy that does not obey this classical model. The DNA-binding mechanism of small organic molecules was investigated by synthesizing and examining a series of novel compounds that bind with DNA. This study has led to the emergence of structure-property relationships for DNA-binding molecules and/or drugs, which reveals that the structure can be designed to either intercalate or groove bind with calf thymus dsDNA by modifying the electron acceptor properties of the central heterocyclic core. This suggests that the electron accepting abilities of the central core play a key role in the DNA-binding mechanism. These small molecules were characterized by steady-state and ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopies. Bioimaging experiments were performed in live cells to evaluate cellular uptake and localization of the novel small molecules. This report paves a new route for the design and development of small organic molecules, such as therapeutics, targeted at DNA as their performance and specificity is dependent on the DNA-binding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phi Doan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Demar R. G. Pitter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Andrea Kocher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James N. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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5
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Uptake and localisation of small-molecule fluorescent probes in living cells: a critical appraisal of QSAR models and a case study concerning probes for DNA and RNA. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 139:623-37. [PMID: 23542926 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorochromes are used in biology and medicine to generate informative microscopic and macroscopic images, permitting identification of cell structures, measurement of physiological/physicochemical properties, assessment of biological functions and assay of chemical components. Modes of uptake and precise intracellular localisation of a probe are typically significant factors in its successful application. These processes and localisations can be predicted using quantitative structure activity relations (QSAR) models, which correlate aspects of the physicochemical properties of the probes (expressed numerically) with the uptake/localisation. Pay-offs of such modelling include better understanding and trouble-shooting of current and novel probes, and easier design of future probes ("guided synthesis"). Uptake models discussed consider adsorptive (to lipid or protein domains), phagocytic and pinocytotic endocytosis, as well as passive diffusion. Localisation models discussed include those for cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lipid droplets, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus and plasma membrane. A case example illustrates how such QSAR modelling of probe interactions can clarify localisation and mode of binding of probes to intracellular nucleic acids of living cells, including not only eukaryotic chromatin DNA and ribosomal RNA, but also prokaryote chromosomes.
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6
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Liu X, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Miao F, Wang G, Zhao H, Yu X, Liu H, Wong WY. A 2,7-carbazole-based dicationic salt for fluorescence detection of nucleic acids and two-photon fluorescence imaging of RNA in nucleoli and cytoplasm. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3615-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Zhao N, Zhang Y, Liu X, Yu X, Ge M. Carbazole tricationic salt: A novel potential two-photon fluorescent DNA probe for nucleic imaging of cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Feng XJ, Wu PL, Bolze F, Leung HWC, Li KF, Mak NK, Kwong DWJ, Nicoud JF, Cheah KW, Wong MS. Cyanines as New Fluorescent Probes for DNA Detection and Two-Photon Excited Bioimaging. Org Lett 2010; 12:2194-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang Feng
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Po Lam Wu
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Bolze
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Heidi W. C. Leung
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - King Fai Li
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Nai Ki Mak
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Daniel W. J. Kwong
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-François Nicoud
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Kok Wai Cheah
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Man Shing Wong
- Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (UMR 7213), Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
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9
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Jia P, Yu X, Liu H, Liu X, Zhao N, Huang B. Two-photon fluorescence imaging of DNA in living plant turbid tissue with carbazole dicationic salt. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4582-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Sissa C, Terenziani F, Painelli A, Abbotto A, Bellotto L, Marinzi C, Garbin E, Ferrante C, Bozio R. Dimers of Quadrupolar Chromophores in Solution: Electrostatic Interactions and Optical Spectra. J Phys Chem B 2009; 114:882-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909475d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sissa
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Terenziani
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Painelli
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbotto
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bellotto
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Marinzi
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Garbin
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Camilla Ferrante
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Renato Bozio
- Dip. Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma & INSTM UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy, Dip. Scienza dei Materiali & INSTM, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, and Dip. Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova & INSTM UdR Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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11
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Abbotto A, Bellotto L, De Angelis F, Manfredi N, Marinzi C. Heteroaromatic Donor-Acceptor π-Conjugated 2,2′-Bipyridines. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Hayek A, Grichine A, Huault T, Ricard C, Bolze F, Van Der Sanden B, Vial JC, Mély Y, Duperray A, Baldeck PL, Nicoud JF. Cell-permeant cytoplasmic blue fluorophores optimized for in vivo two-photon microscopy with low-power excitation. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:880-5. [PMID: 17661365 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of the spreading of nonlinear microscopies in biology, there is a strong demand for specifically engineered probes in these applications. Herein, we report on the imaging properties in living cells and nude mice brains of recently developed water soluble blue fluorophores that show efficient diffusion through cell membranes and blood-brain barriers. They are characterized by two-photon absorption cross-sections of 100-150 Goeppert-Mayer range in the near IR and fluorescence efficiencies of up to 72% in water. They were found to stain homogeneously the cytoplasm of cultured living cells within minutes. Moreover, their diffusion times and fluorescence characteristics in the cytoplasm suggest a hydrophobic association with intracellular membranes. Their intracellular fluorescent decays were found to be almost mono-exponential, a very favorable feature for fluorescence lifetime imaging. Two photon images of living cells were obtained with a good signal to noise ratio using laser powers in the sub-milliwatt range. This allows continuous imaging without significant photobleaching for tens of minutes. In addition, these fluorophores allowed in vivo three-dimensional two-photon imaging of mice cortex vasculatures and extra vasculature structures, with no sign of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hayek
- Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Materials of Strasbourg, Organic Materials Group, CNRS and Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg I (UMR 7504), 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Svaldo-Lanero T, Krol S, Magrassi R, Diaspro A, Rolandi R, Gliozzi A, Cavalleri O. Morphology, mechanical properties and viability of encapsulated cells. Ultramicroscopy 2007; 107:913-21. [PMID: 17555876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphological and mechanical properties of encapsulated yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Single living cells have been coated through the alternate deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte (PE) layers. The properties of cells coated by different numbers of PE layers and from PE solutions of different ionic strength have been investigated. AFM imaging indicates an increase in PE coating stability when decreasing the solution ionic strength. The Young's moduli of the different examined systems have been evaluated through a quantitative analysis of force-distance curves by using the Hertz-Sneddon model. The analysis indicates an increase in hybrid system stiffness when lowering the ionic strength of the PE solution. An evaluation of the viability of encapsulated cells was obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements. CLSM analysis indicates that cells preserve their subcellular structure and duplication capability after encapsulation. By coupling AFM and CLSM data, a correlation between local stiffness and duplication rate was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Svaldo-Lanero
- Physics Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
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14
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Hayek A, Ercelen S, Zhang X, Bolze F, Nicoud JF, Schaub E, Baldeck PL, Mély Y. Conjugation of a New Two-Photon Fluorophore to Poly(ethylenimine) for Gene Delivery Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:844-51. [PMID: 17402707 DOI: 10.1021/bc060362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the molecular engineering of an efficient two-photon absorbing (TPA) chromophore based on a donor-donor bis-stilbenyl entity to allow conjugation with biologically relevant molecules. The dye has been functionalized using an isothiocyanate moiety to conjugate it with the amine functions of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), which is a cationic polymer commonly used for nonviral gene delivery. Upon conjugation, the basic architecture and photophysical properties of the active TPA chromophore remain unchanged. At the usual N/P ratio (ratio of the PEI positive charges to the DNA negative charges) of 10 used for transfection, the transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of the labeled PEI/DNA complexes were found to be comparable to those of the unlabeled PEI/DNA complexes. Moreover, when used in combination with unlabeled PEI (at a ratio of 1 labeled PEI to 3 unlabeled PEI), the labeled PEI does not affect the size of the complexes with DNA. The labeled PEI was successfully used in two-photon fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements, showing that at N/P = 10 most PEI molecules are free and the diffusion coefficient of the complexes is consistent with the 360 nm size measured by quasielastic light scattering. Finally, two-photon images of the labeled PEI/DNA complexes confirmed that the complexes enter into the cytoplasm of HeLa cells by endocytosis and hardly escape from the endosomes. As a consequence, the functionalized TPA chromophore appears to be an adequate tool to label the numerous polyamines used in nonviral gene delivery and characterize their complexes with DNA in two-photon applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hayek
- Groupe des Matériaux Organiques, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université Louis Pasteur (CNRS, UMR 7504), BP 43 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
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15
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Allain C, Schmidt F, Lartia R, Bordeau G, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Charra F, Tauc P, Teulade-Fichou MP. Vinyl-Pyridinium Triphenylamines: Novel Far-Red Emitters with High Photostability and Two-Photon Absorption Properties for Staining DNA. Chembiochem 2007; 8:424-33. [PMID: 17279593 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono-, bis- and trisvinyl-pyridinium triphenylamines (TP-py) has been synthesised and evaluated for its one- and two-photon absorption (2PA) induced-fluorescence properties under biological conditions. Interestingly, these compounds are only weakly fluorescent in water, whereas their fluorescence emissions are strongly restored (exaltation factors of 20-100) upon binding to double-stranded DNA. Additional measurements in glycerol indicate that the fluorescence increases are the result of immobilisation of the dyes in the DNA matrix, which inhibits rotational de-excitation modes. This particular feature is especially remarkable in the case of the bis and tris derivatives (TP-2 py, TP-3 py), which each display a high affinity (K(d) ~ microM) for dsDNA. TPIF measurements have shown that TP-2 py and TP-3 py each have a large 2PA cross section (delta up to 700 GM) both in glycerol and in the presence of DNA, which ranks them amongst the best 2PA biological fluorophores. Finally, one- and two-photon confocal imaging in cells revealed that these compounds perform red staining (lambda(em)=660-680 nm) of nuclear DNA with excellent contrast. The remarkable optical properties of the TP-py series, combined with their high photostability and their easy synthetic access, make these compounds extremely attractive for use in confocal and 2PA microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Allain
- Institut Curie UMR 176, Centre Universitaire, Bâtiment 110, 91405 Orsay, France
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Fletcher KA, Fakayode SO, Lowry M, Tucker SA, Neal SL, Kimaru IW, McCarroll ME, Patonay G, Oldham PB, Rusin O, Strongin RM, Warner IM. Molecular fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4047-68. [PMID: 16771540 PMCID: PMC2662353 DOI: 10.1021/ac060683m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Diaspro A, Bianchini P, Vicidomini G, Faretta M, Ramoino P, Usai C. Multi-photon excitation microscopy. Biomed Eng Online 2006; 5:36. [PMID: 16756664 PMCID: PMC1550243 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-photon excitation (MPE) microscopy plays a growing role among microscopical techniques utilized for studying biological matter. In conjunction with confocal microscopy it can be considered the imaging workhorse of life science laboratories. Its roots can be found in a fundamental work written by Maria Goeppert Mayer more than 70 years ago. Nowadays, 2PE and MPE microscopes are expected to increase their impact in areas such biotechnology, neurobiology, embryology, tissue engineering, materials science where imaging can be coupled to the possibility of using the microscopes in an active way, too. As well, 2PE implementations in noninvasive optical bioscopy or laser-based treatments point out to the relevance in clinical applications. Here we report about some basic aspects related to the phenomenon, implications in three-dimensional imaging microscopy, practical aspects related to design and realization of MPE microscopes, and we only give a list of potential applications and variations on the theme in order to offer a starting point for advancing new applications and developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Diaspro
- LAMBS-MicroScoBio Research Center, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
- IFOM The FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- CNR- National Research Council, Institute of Biophysics, Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchini
- LAMBS-MicroScoBio Research Center, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vicidomini
- LAMBS-MicroScoBio Research Center, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Faretta
- IFOM-IEO Consortium for Oncogenomics European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ramoino
- DIPTERIS – Department for the Study of the Territory and its Resources, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- CNR- National Research Council, Institute of Biophysics, Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Versari S, Villa AM, Villa A, Doglia SM, Pagani GA, Bradamante S. Novel nontoxic mitochondrial probe for confocal fluorescence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:34014. [PMID: 16822064 DOI: 10.1117/1.2206173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a 2,5-Bis[1-(4-N-methylpyridinium)ethen-2-yl)]-N-methylpyrrole ditriflate (PEPEP) as a novel nontoxic, nonpotentiometric mitochondrial probe for confocal fluorescence microscopy. PEPEP is a representative chromophore of a large family of heterocyclic fluorescent dyes that show fluorescence emission in aqueous media and great DNA affinity. We check its cytotoxicity and intracellular localization in mammalian and yeast cell cultures. We demonstrate that PEPEP is a very efficient dye for fluorescence confocal microscopy and a valuable alternative to the most frequently used mitochondrial stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Versari
- CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technology, Milan, Italy
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