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Zhu W, Ou L, Zhang L, Clark IH, Zhang Y, Zhu XH, Whitley CB, Hackett PB, Low WC, Chen W. Mapping brain networks in MPS I mice and their restoration following gene therapy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12716. [PMID: 37543633 PMCID: PMC10404260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an inherited lysosomal disorder that causes syndromes characterized by physiological dysfunction in many organs and tissues. Despite the recognizable morphological and behavioral deficits associated with MPS I, neither the underlying alterations in functional neural connectivity nor its restoration following gene therapy have been shown. By employing high-resolution resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI), we found significant reductions in functional neural connectivity in the limbic areas of the brain that play key roles in learning and memory in MPS I mice, and that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy can reestablish most brain connectivity. Using logistic regression in MPS I and treated animals, we identified functional networks with the most alterations. The rs-fMRI and statistical methods should be translatable into clinical evaluation of humans with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Li Ou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Genemagic Biosciences, Media, PA, 19063, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Isaac H Clark
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Chester B Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Perry B Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Zhang HY, Shen H, Gao M, Ma Z, Hempel BJ, Bi GH, Gardner EL, Wu J, Xi ZX. Cannabinoid CB 2 receptors are expressed in glutamate neurons in the red nucleus and functionally modulate motor behavior in mice. Neuropharmacology 2021; 189:108538. [PMID: 33789118 PMCID: PMC8122071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids produce a number of central nervous system effects via the CB2 receptor (CB2R), including analgesia, antianxiety, anti-reward, hypoactivity and attenuation of opioid-induced respiratory depression. However, the cellular distributions of the CB2Rs in the brain remain unclear. We have reported that CB2Rs are expressed in midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons and functionally regulate DA-mediated behavior(s). Unexpectedly, high densities of CB2-like signaling were also found in a neighboring motor structure - the red nucleus (RN) of the midbrain. In the present study, we systematically explored CB2R expression and function in the RN. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays showed high densities of CB2R-immunostaining and mRNA signal in RN magnocellular glutamate neurons in wildtype and CB1-knockout, but not CB2-knockout, mice. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings in midbrain slices demonstrated that CB2R activation by JWH133 dose-dependently inhibited firing rates of RN magnocellular neurons in wildtype, but not CB2-knockout, mice, while having no effect on RN GABA neurons in transgenic GAD67-GFP reporter mice, suggesting CB2-mediated effects on glutamatergic neurons. In addition, microinjection of JWH133 into the RN produced robust ipsilateral rotations in wildtype, but not CB2-knockout mice, which was blocked by pretreatment with either a CB2 or DA D1 or D2 receptor antagonist, suggesting a DA-dependent effect. Finally, fluorescent tract tracing revealed glutamatergic projections from the RN to multiple brain areas including the ventral tegmental area, thalamus, and cerebellum. These findings suggest that CB2Rs in RN glutamate neurons functionally modulate motor activity, and therefore, constitute a new target in cannabis-based medication development for motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Zhang
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Zegang Ma
- Institute of Brain Science and Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Briana J Hempel
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA; Institute of Brain Science and Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 226:69-91. [PMID: 33180142 PMCID: PMC7817566 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The red nucleus (RN) is a large subcortical structure located in the ventral midbrain. Although it originated as a primitive relay between the cerebellum and the spinal cord, during its phylogenesis the RN shows a progressive segregation between a magnocellular part, involved in the rubrospinal system, and a parvocellular part, involved in the olivocerebellar system. Despite exhibiting distinct evolutionary trajectories, these two regions are strictly tied together and play a prominent role in motor and non-motor behavior in different animal species. However, little is known about their function in the human brain. This lack of knowledge may have been conditioned both by the notable differences between human and non-human RN and by inherent difficulties in studying this structure directly in the human brain, leading to a general decrease of interest in the last decades. In the present review, we identify the crucial issues in the current knowledge and summarize the results of several decades of research about the RN, ranging from animal models to human diseases. Connecting the dots between morphology, experimental physiology and neuroimaging, we try to draw a comprehensive overview on RN functional anatomy and bridge the gap between basic and translational research.
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The cortico-rubral and cerebello-rubral pathways are topographically organized within the human red nucleus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12117. [PMID: 31431648 PMCID: PMC6702172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Red Nucleus (RN) is a large nucleus located in the ventral midbrain: it is subdivided into a small caudal magnocellular part (mRN) and a large rostral parvocellular part (pRN). These distinct structural regions are part of functionally different networks and show distinctive connectivity features: the mRN is connected to the interposed nucleus, whilst the pRN is mainly connected to dentate nucleus, cortex and inferior olivary complex. Despite functional neuroimaging studies suggest RN involvement in complex motor and higher order functions, the pRN and mRN cannot be distinguished using conventional MRI. Herein, we employ high-quality structural and diffusion MRI data of 100 individuals from the Human Connectome Project repository and constrained spherical deconvolution tractography to perform connectivity-based segmentation of the human RN. In particular, we tracked connections of RN with the inferior olivary complex, the interposed nucleus, the dentate nucleus and the cerebral cortex. We found that the RN can be subdivided according to its connectivity into two clusters: a large ventrolateral one, mainly connected with the cerebral cortex and the inferior olivary complex, and a smaller dorsomedial one, mainly connected with the interposed nucleus. This structural topography strongly reflects the connectivity patterns of pRN and mRN respectively. Structural connectivity-based segmentation could represent a useful tool for the identification of distinct subregions of the human red nucleus on 3T MRI thus allowing a better evaluation of this subcortical structure in healthy and pathological conditions.
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Philippens IHCHM, Wubben JA, Franke SK, Hofman S, Langermans JAM. Involvement of the Red Nucleus in the Compensation of Parkinsonism may Explain why Primates can develop Stable Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:880. [PMID: 30696912 PMCID: PMC6351580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological compensatory mechanisms help our brain to adjust to neurodegeneration as in Parkinson's disease. It is suggested that the compensation of the damaged striato-thalamo-cortical circuit is focused on the intact thalamo-rubro-cerebellar pathway as seen during presymptomatic Parkinson, paradoxical movement and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). Indeed, the size of the red nucleus, connecting the cerebellum with the cerebral cortex, is larger in Parkinson's disease patients suggesting an increased activation of this brain area. Therefore, the red nucleus was examined in MPTP-induced parkinsonian marmoset monkeys during the presymptomatic stage and after SMR activation by neurofeedback training. We found a reverse significant correlation between the early expression of parkinsonian signs and the size of the parvocellular part of the red nucleus, which is predominantly present in human and non-human primates. In quadrupedal animals it consists mainly of the magnocellular part. Furthermore, SMR activation, that mitigated parkinsonian signs, further increased the size of the red nucleus in the marmoset monkey. This plasticity of the brain helps to compensate for dysfunctional movement control and can be a promising target for compensatory treatment with neurofeedback technology, vibrotactile stimulation or DBS in order to improve the quality of life for Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid H C H M Philippens
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline A Wubben
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid K Franke
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Hofman
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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6
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Kim H, Lee H, Jung KI, Ohn SH, Yoo WK. Changes in Diffusion Metrics of the Red Nucleus in Chronic Stroke Patients With Severe Corticospinal Tract Injury: A Preliminary Study. Ann Rehabil Med 2018; 42:396-405. [PMID: 29961737 PMCID: PMC6058581 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2018.42.3.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore plastic changes in the red nucleus (RN) of stroke patients with severe corticospinal tract (CST) injury as a compensatory mechanism for recovery of hand function. Methods The moderate group (MG) comprised 5 patients with synergistic hand grasp movement combined with limited extension, and the severe group (SG) included 5 patients with synergistic hand grasp movement alone. The control group (CG) included 5 healthy subjects. Motor assessment was measured by Motricity Index (MI). Diffusion tensor imaging was analyzed using fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) in the individual regions of interest (ROIs)—bilateral internal capsule and anterior pons for CST injury and bilateral RN for rubrospinal tract (RST) injury. Results The SG showed a significantly lower MI score than the MG mainly due to differences in hand subscores. Significantly reduced FA was observed in both MG and SG compared with CG, while SG showed increased MD and RD in the affected ROIs of CST, and increased FA on the unaffected side compared with CG. However, in the RN ROI, a significantly increased FA and decreased RD on the unaffected side similar to the affected side were found only in the SG. The relative index of FA was lower and RD in SG was higher than in CG in RST. Conclusion The diffusion metrics of RST showed changes in patients with severe CST injury, suggesting that RST may play a role in the recovery of hand function in patients with severe CST injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hoyoung Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ik Jung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Suk Hoon Ohn
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
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Lu P, Ceto S, Wang Y, Graham L, Wu D, Kumamaru H, Staufenberg E, Tuszynski MH. Prolonged human neural stem cell maturation supports recovery in injured rodent CNS. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3287-3299. [PMID: 28825600 DOI: 10.1172/jci92955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiate into both neurons and glia, and strategies using human NSCs have the potential to restore function following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the time period of maturation for human NSCs in adult injured CNS is not well defined, posing fundamental questions about the design and implementation of NSC-based therapies. This work assessed human H9 NSCs that were implanted into sites of SCI in immunodeficient rats over a period of 1.5 years. Notably, grafts showed evidence of continued maturation over the entire assessment period. Markers of neuronal maturity were first expressed 3 months after grafting. However, neurogenesis, neuronal pruning, and neuronal enlargement continued over the next year, while total graft size remained stable over time. Axons emerged early from grafts in very high numbers, and half of these projections persisted by 1.5 years. Mature astrocyte markers first appeared after 6 months, while more mature oligodendrocyte markers were not present until 1 year after grafting. Astrocytes slowly migrated from grafts. Notably, functional recovery began more than 1 year after grafting. Thus, human NSCs retain an intrinsic human rate of maturation, despite implantation into the injured rodent spinal cord, yet they support delayed functional recovery, a finding of great importance in planning human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lu
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences and
| | - Steven Ceto
- Department of Neurosciences and.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Di Wu
- Department of Neurosciences and
| | | | | | - Mark H Tuszynski
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences and
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Zhou J, Butler EE, Rose J. Neurologic Correlates of Gait Abnormalities in Cerebral Palsy: Implications for Treatment. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:103. [PMID: 28367118 PMCID: PMC5355477 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common movement disorder in children. A diagnosis of CP is often made based on abnormal muscle tone or posture, a delay in reaching motor milestones, or the presence of gait abnormalities in young children. Neuroimaging of high-risk neonates and of children diagnosed with CP have identified patterns of neurologic injury associated with CP, however, the neural underpinnings of common gait abnormalities remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we review the nature of the brain injury in CP, as well as the neuromuscular deficits and subsequent gait abnormalities common among children with CP. We first discuss brain injury in terms of mechanism, pattern, and time of injury during the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal period in preterm and term-born children. Second, we outline neuromuscular deficits of CP with a focus on spastic CP, characterized by muscle weakness, shortened muscle-tendon unit, spasticity, and impaired selective motor control, on both a microscopic and functional level. Third, we examine the influence of neuromuscular deficits on gait abnormalities in CP, while considering emerging information on neural correlates of gait abnormalities and the implications for strategic treatment. This review of the neural basis of gait abnormalities in CP discusses what is known about links between the location and extent of brain injury and the type and severity of CP, in relation to the associated neuromuscular deficits, and subsequent gait abnormalities. Targeted treatment opportunities are identified that may improve functional outcomes for children with CP. By providing this context on the neural basis of gait abnormalities in CP, we hope to highlight areas of further research that can reduce the long-term, debilitating effects of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA; Motion and Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children's HospitalPalo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Erin E Butler
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth CollegeHanover, NH, USA; Neukom Institute for Computational Sciences, Dartmouth CollegeHanover, NH, USA
| | - Jessica Rose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA; Motion and Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children's HospitalPalo Alto, CA, USA
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Baydin S, Gungor A, Tanriover N, Baran O, Middlebrooks EH, Rhoton AL. Fiber Tracts of the Medial and Inferior Surfaces of the Cerebrum. World Neurosurg 2016; 98:34-49. [PMID: 27184897 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fiber dissection studies of the cerebrum have focused on the lateral surface. No comparable detailed studies have been done on the medial and inferior surfaces. The object of this study was to examine the fiber tracts, cortical, and subcortical structures of the medial and inferior aspects of the brain important in planning operative approaches along the interhemispheric fissure, parafalcine area, and basal surfaces of the cerebrum. METHODS Twenty formalin-fixed human hemispheres (10 brains) were examined by fiber dissection technique under ×6-×40 magnifications. RESULTS The superior longitudinal fasciculus I, cingulum, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, optic radiations, tapetum, and callosal fibers were dissected step by step from medial to lateral, exposing the nucleus accumbens, subthalamic nucleus, red nucleus, and central midline structures (fornix, stria medullaris, and stria terminalis). Finally, the central core structures were dissected from medial to lateral. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the fiber network underlying the medial and inferior aspects of the brain is important in surgical planning for approaches along the interhemispheric fissure, parafalcine area, and basal surfaces of the cerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Baydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - Abuzer Gungor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Necmettin Tanriover
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguz Baran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Erik H Middlebrooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Albert L Rhoton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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10
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Development of the human oculomotor nuclear complex: Somatic nuclei. Ann Anat 2014; 196:394-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cho KH, Mori S, Jang HS, Kim JH, Abe H, Rodriguez-Vazquez JF, Murakami G. The habenulo-interpeduncular and mammillothalamic tracts: early developed fiber tracts in the human fetal diencephalon. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:1477-84. [PMID: 24853331 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-014-2432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The habenulo-interpeduncular (HI) and mammillothalamic (MT) tracts are phylogenetically ancient. The clinical relevance of these tracts has recently received attention. In this work, we map the anatomy the developing HI and MT. METHODS To investigate the topographical anatomy of developing fiber tracts in and around the diencephalon, we examined the horizontal, frontal, and sagittal serial paraffin sections of 28 human fetuses at 8-12 weeks of gestation. RESULTS In all specimens, eosinophilic early fiber bundles were limited to the bilateral HI and MT tracts in contrast to pale-colored later developing fibers such as the thalamocortical projections and optic tract. The HI and MT tracts ran nearly parallel and sandwiched the thalamus from the dorsal and ventral sides, respectively. The nerve tract course appeared to range from 5-7 mm for the HI tract and 3-5 mm for the MT tract in 15 specimens at 11-12 weeks. The HI tract was embedded in, adjacent to, or distant from the developing parvocellular red nucleus. CONCLUSIONS In early human fetuses, HI and MT tracts might be limited pathways for primitive cholinergic fiber connections between the ventral midbrain and epithalamic limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Cho
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Jeonbuk Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Disease Center, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, 895, Muwang-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-711, Republic of Korea,
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12
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Cahill-Rowley K, Rose J. Etiology of impaired selective motor control: emerging evidence and its implications for research and treatment in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014; 56:522-8. [PMID: 24359183 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective motor control (SMC) impairment involves movement patterns dominated by flexor or extensor synergies that interfere with functional movements in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Emerging evidence on neural correlates of impaired SMC has important implications for etiology and for the treatment for children with CP. Early evidence on the microstructure of brain white matter assessed with diffusion tensor imaging in adult patients after stroke suggests that the rubrospinal tract may compensate for injury to the corticospinal tract. Furthermore, the observed changes on diffusion tensor imaging corresponded to the degree of SMC impairment. The rubrospinal tract may provide imperfect compensation in response to corticospinal tract injury, resulting in diminished SMC. Cortical mapping evidence in stroke patients indicates that loss of SMC is also associated with increased overlap of joint representation in the sensorimotor cortices. The severity of SMC impairment can be assessed with the recently developed Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity, a validated observation-based measure designed for children with spastic CP. Recent advances in neuroimaging and assessment of SMC provide an opportunity to better understand the etiology and impact of impaired SMC, which may ultimately guide strategic treatment for children with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Cahill-Rowley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA; Motion & Gait Analysis Laboratory, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Lovell JM, Mylius J, Scheich H, Brosch M. Hearing in action; auditory properties of neurons in the red nucleus of alert primates. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:105. [PMID: 24860417 PMCID: PMC4026743 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of neurons in the Red Nucleus pars magnocellularis (RNm) to both tone bursts and electrical stimulation were observed in three cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), in a series of studies primarily designed to characterize the influence of the dopaminergic ventral midbrain on auditory processing. Compared to its role in motor behavior, little is known about the sensory response properties of neurons in the red nucleus (RN); particularly those concerning the auditory modality. Sites in the RN were recognized by observing electrically evoked body movements characteristic for this deep brain structure. In this study we applied brief monopolar electrical stimulation to 118 deep brain sites at a maximum intensity of 200 μA, thus evoking minimal body movements. Auditory sensitivity of RN neurons was analyzed more thoroughly at 15 sites, with the majority exhibiting broad tuning curves and phase locking up to 1.03 kHz. Since the RN appears to receive inputs from a very early stage of the ascending auditory system, our results suggest that sounds can modify the motor control exerted by this brain nucleus. At selected locations, we also tested for the presence of functional connections between the RN and the auditory cortex by inserting additional microelectrodes into the auditory cortex and investigating how action potentials and local field potentials (LFPs) were affected by electrical stimulation of the RN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Lovell
- Special Lab for Primate Neurobiology, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative ErkrankungenMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Judith Mylius
- Special Lab for Primate Neurobiology, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Scheich
- Special Lab for Primate Neurobiology, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Brosch
- Special Lab for Primate Neurobiology, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany
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14
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Hicks TP, Onodera S. The mammalian red nucleus and its role in motor systems, including the emergence of bipedalism and language. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:165-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Jankowska E, Nilsson E, Hammar I. Do spinocerebellar neurones forward information on spinal actions of neurones in the feline red nucleus? J Physiol 2011; 589:5727-39. [PMID: 21986203 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.213694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that feline ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) neurones monitor descending commands for voluntary movements initiated by pyramidal tract (PT) neurones as well as locomotor movements relayed by reticulospinal (RS) neurones. The aim of the present study was to examine whether VSCT neurones likewise monitor descending commands from the red nucleus (RN). Extracellular records from the spinal border (SB) subpopulation of VSCT neurons revealed that a third (31%) of SB neurones may be discharged by trains of stimuli applied in the RN. Moreover, when RN stimuli failed to discharge SB neurones they facilitated activation of some of these neurones by RS and/or PT neurones, while activation of other SB neurones was depressed. We propose that the facilitation and depression of actions of RS neurones by RN neurones might serve to reflect a higher or lower excitability of motoneurones and therefore a likely higher or lower efficacy of the RS descending commands, prompting the cerebellum to adjust the activation of reticulospinal neurones. Activation of SB neurones by RN stimuli alone would also allow monitoring and adjusting the RN descending commands. Intracellular records from SB neurones revealed both monosynaptic and disynaptic EPSPs and disynaptic IPSPs evoked by RN stimuli. The disynaptic actions remained following transection of axons of reticulospinal neurones within the medullary longitudinal fascicle (MLF) and were therefore taken to be relayed primarily by spinal neurones, in contrast to EPSPs and IPSPs evoked by PT stimuli found to be relayed by reticulospinal rather than spinal neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jankowska
- Department Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Yamaguchi K, Honma K. Development of the human trochlear nucleus: A morphometric study. Ann Anat 2011; 193:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Onodera S, Hicks TP. Carbocyanine dye usage in demarcating boundaries of the aged human red nucleus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14430. [PMID: 21203458 PMCID: PMC3009723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the adult human magnocellular Red nucleus (mNr) is essentially vestigial and its boundaries with neighbouring structures have never been well demarcated, human studies in utero have shown a well developed semilunar mNr wrapping around the caudal parvicellular Red nucleus (pNr), similar to what is seen in quadrupeds. In the present study, we have sought to better delineate the morphological determinants of the adult human Red nucleus (ahRn). METHODS AND FINDINGS Serial sections of ahRn show fine myelinated fibers arising from pNr and turning toward the central tegmental tract. DiI was deposited within a well restricted region of ahRn at the fasciculus retroflexus level and the extent of label determined. Nissl-stained serial sections allowed production of a 3-D mNr model, showing rudimentary, vestigial morphology compared with its well developed infant homologue. DiI within this vestigial mNr region at the level of the oculomotor nerve showed labeled giant/large mNr neurons, coarse fiber bundles at the ventral tegmental decussation and lateral lemniscal label. CONCLUSIONS Large amounts of DiI and a long incubation time have proven useful in aged human brain as a marker of long axons and large cell bodies of projecting neurons such as the rubrospinal projection and for clarifying nuclear boundaries of closed nuclei (e.g., the large human pNr). Our 3D model of adult human mNr appeared shrunken in shape and axially rotated compared with the infant mNr, the rotation being a common feature among mammalian mNr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Onodera
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.
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Onodera S, Hicks TP. A comparative neuroanatomical study of the red nucleus of the cat, macaque and human. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6623. [PMID: 19675676 PMCID: PMC2722087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human red nucleus (Nr) is comparatively less well-studied than that of cats or monkeys. Given the functional importance of reticular and midbrain structures in control of movement and locomotion as well as from an evolutionary perspective, we investigated the nature and extent of any differences in Nr projections to the olivary complex in quadrupedal and bipedal species. Using neuroanatomical tract-tracing techniques we developed a "neural sheet" hypothesis allowing us to propose how rubro-olivary relations differ among the three species. METHODS AND FINDINGS Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase staining supports findings that the cat's nucleus accessories medialis of Bechtrew (NB) projects mainly to the lateral bend of the principal olive. We clarified boundaries among nucleus of Darkschewitsch (ND), NB and parvicellular red nucleus (pNr) of the cat's neural sheet. The macaque's ND-medial accessory olivary projection is rostro-caudally organized and the dorsomedial and ventrolateral parts of the macaque's pNr may project to the principal olive's rostral and caudal dorsal lamella; in cat it projects as well to pNr. Myelin- and Nissl-stained sections show that a well-developed dorsomedial part of the human Nr consists of densely packed cells, deriving small myelinated fibers that continue into the medial central tegmental tract. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings we suggest there are distinct bipedal-quadrupedal differences for Nr projections to the olivary complex. We propose the Nr of cats and monkeys comprise the ND, NB and pNr in a zonal sheet-like structure, retaining clear nuclear boundaries and an isolated, well-developed mNr. The human NB may be distinguished from its more specialised ND (ND lies alongside a well-developed pNr) in the human central gray. Phylogenetically, the NB may have been translocated into a roll-shaped Nr in the reticular formation, the dorsomedial portion of which might correspond to the cat's and monkey's NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Onodera
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.
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