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Banazadeh M, Abiri A, Poortaheri MM, Asnaashari L, Langarizadeh MA, Forootanfar H. Unexplored power of CRISPR-Cas9 in neuroscience, a multi-OMICs review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130413. [PMID: 38408576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The neuroscience and neurobiology of gene editing to enhance learning and memory is of paramount interest to the scientific community. The advancements of CRISPR system have created avenues to treat neurological disorders by means of versatile modalities varying from expression to suppression of genes and proteins. Neurodegenerative disorders have also been attributed to non-canonical DNA secondary structures by affecting neuron activity through controlling gene expression, nucleosome shape, transcription, translation, replication, and recombination. Changing DNA regulatory elements which could contribute to the fate and function of neurons are thoroughly discussed in this review. This study presents the ability of CRISPR system to boost learning power and memory, treat or cure genetically-based neurological disorders, and alleviate psychiatric diseases by altering the activity and the irritability of the neurons at the synaptic cleft through DNA manipulation, and also, epigenetic modifications using Cas9. We explore and examine how each different OMIC techniques can come useful when altering DNA sequences. Such insight into the underlying relationship between OMICs and cellular behaviors leads us to better neurological and psychiatric therapeutics by intelligently designing and utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Banazadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ardavan Abiri
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Lida Asnaashari
- Student Research Committee, Kerman Universiy of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Langarizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Otero TM, Naglieri JA. PASS neurocognitive assessment of children with autism spectrum disorder. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tulio M. Otero
- School of Behavioral Sciences California Southern University Costa Mesa California USA
| | - Jack A. Naglieri
- Department of Psychology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
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Holingue C, Poku O, Pfeiffer D, Murray S, Fallin MD. Gastrointestinal concerns in children with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative study of family experiences. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 26:1698-1711. [PMID: 34903078 PMCID: PMC9192824 DOI: 10.1177/13623613211062667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal problems are common in the autism spectrum disorder community and may affect both the person with autism spectrum disorder and their families. However, little research is available on the experiences of families who have a child with both autism spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal symptoms. We held one-on-one interviews with 12 parents of children who had both autism spectrum disorder and gastrointestinal symptoms. We analyzed the raw text responses from these interviews and identified four main themes. First, parents shared that their children had trouble verbally communicating when they were experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms (Theme 1). This led parents to use bodily signs, such as changes in the stool, and non-verbal behaviors, such as irritability, to recognize when their child was having gastrointestinal symptoms. Next, gastrointestinal issues affected both the child's well-being and their ability to attend class and extracurricular or social activities (Theme 2). The gastrointestinal issues also affected the family's routines, overall well-being, and their ability to go out and do activities together as a family (Theme 3). Finally, parents often had challenges receiving accessible and quality healthcare for their child's gastrointestinal problems (Theme 4). Together, these findings highlight the enormous burden that gastrointestinal symptoms have on the wellness of children with autism spectrum disorder and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calliope Holingue
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute
| | - Ohemaa Poku
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Danika Pfeiffer
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
| | - Sarah Murray
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - M. Daniele Fallin
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
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Hanci F, Türay S, Öztürk Y, Kabakus N. Electroencephalogram Abnormalities and Epilepsy in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Clinical and Electroencephalogram Findings. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt has been known for several decades that epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are related to each other. Epilepsy frequently accompanies ASD. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in ASD patients and to identify EEG characteristics that may create a disposition to epilepsy in ASD by examining differences in clinical and EEG findings between patients diagnosed with ASD without epilepsy and ASD with epilepsy. A total of 102 patients aged 2 to 18 years and diagnosed with ASD based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria between January 2017 and June 2019 were included in the study. Patients were assigned into two groups: (1) ASD with epilepsy and (2) ASD without epilepsy. Clinical findings were retrieved from patients' files, and EEG findings from first EEG records in the EEG laboratory at the time of diagnosis. EEG findings were defined as central, parietal, frontal, temporal, or generalized, depending on the location of rhythmic discharges. The incidence of epilepsy in our ASD patients was 33.7% and that of febrile convulsion was 4%. Generalized motor seizures were the most common seizure type. Epileptic discharges most commonly derived from the central and frontal regions. These abnormalities, especially frontal and central rhythmic discharges, may represent a precursor for the development of epilepsy in ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Hanci
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sevim Türay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Öztürk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Nimet Kabakus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Hooshmandi M, Wong C, Khoutorsky A. Dysregulation of translational control signaling in autism spectrum disorders. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109746. [PMID: 32858122 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deviations from the optimal level of mRNA translation are linked to disorders with high rates of autism. Loss of function mutations in genes encoding translational repressors such as PTEN, TSC1, TSC2, and FMRP are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in humans and their deletion in animals recapitulates many ASD-like phenotypes. Importantly, the activity of key translational control signaling pathways such as PI3K-mTORC1 and ERK is frequently dysregulated in autistic patients and animal models and their normalization rescues many abnormal phenotypes, suggesting a causal relationship. Mutations in several genes encoding proteins not directly involved in translational control have also been shown to mediate ASD phenotypes via altered signaling upstream of translation. This raises the possibility that the dysregulation of translational control signaling is a converging mechanism not only in familiar but also in sporadic forms of autism. Here, we overview the current knowledge on translational signaling in ASD and highlight how correcting the activity of key pathways upstream of translation reverses distinct ASD-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hooshmandi
- Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Calvin Wong
- Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.
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Brain Opioid Activity and Oxidative Injury: Different Molecular Scenarios Connecting Celiac Disease and Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070437. [PMID: 32659996 PMCID: PMC7407635 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disease triggered by the ingestion of wheat gliadin and related prolamins from other cereals, such as barley and rye. Immunity against these cereal-derived proteins is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by both innate and adaptive system response in individuals unable to adequately digest them. Peptides generated in this condition are absorbed across the gut barrier, which in these patients is characterized by the deregulation of its permeability. Here, we discuss a possible correlation between CD and Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) pathogenesis. ASD can be induced by an excessive and inappropriate brain opioid activity during the neonatal period. Cereal-derived peptides produced in celiac patients cross the blood–brain barrier and bind to endogenous opioid receptors interfering with neurotransmission and generating deleterious effects on brain maturation, learning and social relations. Moreover, an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in the antioxidant capacity, as well as an extended mitochondrial impairment in the brain, could represent a possible connection between ASD and CD. Therefore, we critically discuss the proposed relationship between ASD and CD and the possible usefulness of a gluten-free diet in ASD patients.
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Tulumbacı F, Korkut E, Özer H. Comparative Evaluation of Oral Health Status in Healthy Children and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is regarded a severe neuropsychiatric disorder. The objective of this study was to compare the status of the oral health between children with and without ASDs.
Methods A total of 95 children (44 with ASD and 51 without ASD) were included. dmft/DMFT (d/D: decay; m/M: missing; f/F: filling; t/T: teeth) scores and plaque data of all participants were recorded. Saliva Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli load were determined using CRT bacteria.
Results Streptococcus mutans load was >105 CFU in 54.5% of the ASD group and 43.1% in the non-ASD group. Lactobacilli load was >105 CFU in 47.70% of the ASD group and 49.0% in the non-ASD group. There was no statistically significant difference in the S. mutans or lactobacilli loads between the ASD and non-ASD groups. A total of 83.1% of the ASD group had caries, with dmft = 3.25 and DMFT = 5.10. In the non-ASD group, 81.10% of patients had caries, with dmft = 3.10 and DMFT = 4.90; 38.6% of the ASD group and 29.4% of the non-ASD group had no clinical signs of periodontal disease.
Conclusion The examination of the amount of saliva S. mutans and lactobacilli at intervals with these patients will provide quantitative data to evaluate the effectiveness of oral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Tulumbacı
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Korkut
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hazal Özer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Hartman RE, Patel D. Dietary Approaches to the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 24:547-571. [PMID: 32006373 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature surrounding autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their relation to gastrointestinal (GI), behavioral, neurological, and immunological functioning. Individuals with ASD often have poor GI health, including bowel motility issues, autoimmune and/or other adverse responses to certain foods, and lack of necessary nutrient absorption. These issues may be caused or exacerbated by restrictive behavioral patterns (e.g., preference for sweet and salty foods and/or refusal of healthy foods). Those individuals with GI issues tend to demonstrate more behavioral deficits (e.g., irritability, agitation, hyperactivity) and also tend to have an imbalance in overall gut microbiome composition, thus corroborating several studies that have implicated brain-gut pathways as potential mediators of behavioral dysfunction.We examine the literature regarding dietary approaches to managing ASDs, including elimination diets for gluten, casein, or complex carbohydrates, a ketogenic diet, and a low oxalate diet. We also explore the research examining dietary supplements such as fatty acids, pro- and prebiotics, vitamins, minerals, glutathione, phytochemicals, and hormones. The research on dietary approaches to managing ASDs is limited and the results are mixed. However, a few approaches, such as the gluten-free/casein-free diet, fatty acid supplementation, and pre/probiotics have generally demonstrated improved GI and associated behavioral symptoms. Given that GI issues seem to be overrepresented in ASD populations, and that GI issues have been associated with a number behavioral and neurological deficits, dietary manipulation may offer a cheap and easily implemented approach to improve the lives of those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Dhira Patel
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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NEXMIF/KIDLIA Knock-out Mouse Demonstrates Autism-Like Behaviors, Memory Deficits, and Impairments in Synapse Formation and Function. J Neurosci 2019; 40:237-254. [PMID: 31704787 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0222-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disability that demonstrates impaired social interactions, communication deficits, and restrictive and repetitive behaviors. ASD has a strong genetic basis and many ASD-associated genes have been discovered thus far. Our previous work has shown that loss of expression of the X-linked gene NEXMIF/KIDLIA is implicated in patients with autistic features and intellectual disability (ID). To further determine the causal role of the gene in the disorder, and to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology, we have generated a NEXMIF knock-out (KO) mouse. We find that male NEXMIF KO mice demonstrate reduced sociability and communication, elevated repetitive grooming behavior, and deficits in learning and memory. Loss of NEXMIF/KIDLIA expression results in a significant decrease in synapse density and synaptic protein expression. Consistently, male KO animals show aberrant synaptic function as measured by excitatory miniatures and postsynaptic currents in the hippocampus. These findings indicate that NEXMIF KO mice recapitulate the phenotypes of the human disorder. The NEXMIF KO mouse model will be a valuable tool for studying the complex mechanisms involved in ASD and for the development of novel therapeutics for this disorder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by behavioral phenotypes. Based on our previous work, which indicated the loss of NEXMIF/KIDLIA was associated with ASD, we generated NEXMIF knock-out (KO) mice. The NEXMIF KO mice demonstrate autism-like behaviors including deficits in social interaction, increased repetitive self-grooming, and impairments in communication and in learning and memory. The KO neurons show reduced synapse density and a suppression in synaptic transmission, indicating a role for NEXMIF in regulating synapse development and function. The NEXMIF KO mouse faithfully recapitulates the human disorder, and thus serves as an animal model for future investigation of the NEXMIF-dependent neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Kim Y, Vadodaria KC, Lenkei Z, Kato T, Gage FH, Marchetto MC, Santos R. Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Redox Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:275-317. [PMID: 30585734 PMCID: PMC6602118 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Our current knowledge of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms causing psychiatric disorders is modest, but genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are central to the etiology of these conditions. Autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder show genetic gene risk overlap and share symptoms and metabolic comorbidities. The identification of such common features may provide insights into the development of these disorders. Recent Advances: Multiple pieces of evidence suggest that brain energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions and redox balance are impaired to various degrees in psychiatric disorders. Since mitochondrial metabolism and redox signaling can integrate genetic and environmental environmental factors affecting the brain, it is possible that they are implicated in the etiology and progression of psychiatric disorders. Critical Issue: Evidence for direct links between cellular mitochondrial dysfunction and disease features are missing. Future Directions: A better understanding of the mitochondrial biology and its intracellular connections to the nuclear genome, the endoplasmic reticulum and signaling pathways, as well as its role in intercellular communication in the organism, is still needed. This review focuses on the findings that implicate mitochondrial dysfunction, the resultant metabolic changes and oxidative stress as important etiological factors in the context of psychiatric disorders. We also propose a model where specific pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders depend on circuit-specific impairments of mitochondrial dysfunction and redox signaling at specific developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeni Kim
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea.,2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Krishna C Vadodaria
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Zsolt Lenkei
- 3 Laboratory of Dynamic of Neuronal Structure in Health and Disease, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (UMR_S1266 INSERM, University Paris Descartes), Paris, France
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- 4 Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Fred H Gage
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Renata Santos
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.,3 Laboratory of Dynamic of Neuronal Structure in Health and Disease, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (UMR_S1266 INSERM, University Paris Descartes), Paris, France
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Autism spectrum disorders, endocrine disrupting compounds, and heavy metals in amniotic fluid: a case-control study. Mol Autism 2019; 10:1. [PMID: 30647876 PMCID: PMC6327542 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence has indicated that some non-inherited factors such as exposure to environmental pollutants are associated with neurodevelopment disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies report that endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and some metals, have adverse effects on the fetal neurodevelopment. The aim of this study was to measure the amniotic fluid (AF) levels of EDCs and metals as well as the receptor transactivities induced by AF and investigate the possible link between prenatal exposure to EDCs and heavy metals and ASD risk. Methods In this case-control study, we included AF samples of 75 ASD cases and 135 frequency-matched controls and measured the levels of the endogenous sex hormones, PFAS, and elements including heavy metals. The combined effect of endogenous hormones and EDCs on the receptor of estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), and thyroid hormone-like activity were also determined and expressed as receptor ligand equivalents. We assessed the associations of AF levels of chemicals, sex hormones, and receptor activities with ASD risk using unconditional logistical regression analyses. To control for multiple comparisons, the false discovery rate (FDR) was used and q values less than 0.25 were designated as statistical significance. Results PFAS and metals were detectable in AF samples. The ASD cases had significantly lower AF levels of PFAS than controls, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.410 (95% CI 0.174, 0.967; p = 0.042; FDR q value = 0.437) for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The principal component, including PFAS congeners, copper, iron, and estrogenic activity, was significantly inversely associated with ASD risk (adjusted OR = 0.100; 95% CI 0.016, 0.630; p = 0.014; FDR q value = 0.098).Testosterone level in AF weakly associated with ASD risk (adjusted OR = 1.002; 95% CI 1.000, 1.004; p = 0.05). However, after multiple comparison correction, the association was not significant (FDR q value = 0.437). No significant associations between AF-induced receptor transactivities and ASD risk were observed. The adjusted OR was 2.176 (95%CI 0.115, 41.153) for the ratio of the combined androgenic activity to combined estrogenic activity. Conclusions The presence of PFAS and heavy metals in AF indicates that they can cross the placenta. The inverse association between levels of PFAS congeners in AF and ASD risk might relate to the weak estrogenic activities and anti-androgenic activities of PFAS.The observed tendency of positive association between the ratio of combined androgenic effect to the combined estrogenic effect and ASD risk needs further studies to explore whether EDCs together with endogenous hormones play a role in the development of ASD.
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Fernandez BA, Scherer SW. Syndromic autism spectrum disorders: moving from a clinically defined to a molecularly defined approach. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 29398931 PMCID: PMC5789213 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2017.19.4/sscherer] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a group of neurodevelopmental conditions diagnosed solely on the basis of behavioral assessments that reveal social deficits. Progress has been made in understanding its genetic underpinnings, but most ASD-associated genetic variants, which include copy number variants (CNVs) and mutations in ASD-risk genes, account for no more than 1 % of ASD cases. This high level of genetic heterogeneity leads to challenges obtaining and interpreting genetic testing in clinical settings. The traditional definition of syndromic ASD is a disorder with a clinically defined pattern of somatic abnormalities and a neurobehavioral phenotype that may include ASD. Most have a known genetic cause. Examples include fragile X syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex. We propose dividing syndromic autism into the following two groups: (i) ASD that occurs in the context of a clinically defined syndrome-recognizing these disorders depends on the familiarity of the clinician with the features of the syndrome, and the diagnosis is typically confirmed by targeted genetic testing (eg, mutation screening of FMR1); (ii) ASD that occurs as a feature of a molecularly defined syndrome-for this group of patients, ASD-associated variants are identified by genome-wide testing that is not hypothesis driven (eg, microarray, whole exome sequencing). These ASD groups cannot be easily clinically defined because patients with a given variant have variable somatic abnormalities (dysmorphism and birth defects). In this article, we review common diagnoses from the above categories and suggest a testing strategy for patients, guided by determining whether the individual has essential or complex ASD; patients in the latter group have multiple morphologic anomalies on physical examination. Finally, we recommend that the syndromic versus nonsyndromic designation ultimately be replaced by classification of ASD according to its genetic etiology, which will inform about the associated spectrum and penetrance of neurobehavioral and somatic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Fernandez
- Disciplines of Genetics and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Social impairments in autism spectrum disorder are related to maternal immune history profile. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1794-1797. [PMID: 28993711 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation has been highlighted as a factor that might increase the risk and severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. Preclinical animal evidence shows that immune activation in mothers during pregnancy causes ASD-like behavioural traits in offspring. To this point, there has been no investigation of whether immune system activation in human mothers during pregnancy is associated with more severe symptoms in children with ASD. In this study, data from an existing ASD cohort (N=220) were analysed to investigate whether immune conditions in the mother were associated with greater severity of autism-related symptoms. Results showed that children whose mothers reported a history of immune activation (allergies and asthma) had significantly higher scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS; P=0.016), suggesting more severe social impairment symptoms in these children. This increasing severity of social impairment symptoms was further shown on the SRS cognition (P=0.007) and mannerisms (P=0.002) subscales. While immune history was associated with an increase in the severity of social impairment symptoms, history of autoimmune conditions in the mother did not have any effect in this cohort. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show an association between immune activation history in the mother and increased ASD symptom severity in children with ASD. These findings support the idea of an immune system-mediated subtype in ASD, where the immune history of the mother may be an important factor.
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Benger M, Kinali M, Mazarakis ND. Autism spectrum disorder: prospects for treatment using gene therapy. Mol Autism 2018; 9:39. [PMID: 29951185 PMCID: PMC6011246 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterised by the concomitant occurrence of impaired social interaction; restricted, perseverative and stereotypical behaviour; and abnormal communication skills. Recent epidemiological studies have reported a dramatic increase in the prevalence of ASD with as many as 1 in every 59 children being diagnosed with ASD. The fact that ASD appears to be principally genetically driven, and may be reversible postnatally, has raised the exciting possibility of using gene therapy as a disease-modifying treatment. Such therapies have already started to seriously impact on human disease and particularly monogenic disorders (e.g. metachromatic leukodystrophy, SMA type 1). In regard to ASD, technical advances in both our capacity to model the disorder in animals and also our ability to deliver genes to the central nervous system (CNS) have led to the first preclinical studies in monogenic ASD, involving both gene replacement and silencing. Furthermore, our increasing awareness and understanding of common dysregulated pathways in ASD have broadened gene therapy's potential scope to include various polygenic ASDs. As this review highlights, despite a number of outstanding challenges, gene therapy has excellent potential to address cognitive dysfunction in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Benger
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Maria Kinali
- Present address: The Portland Hospital, 205-209 Great Portland Street, London, W1W 5AH UK
| | - Nicholas D. Mazarakis
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, W12 0NN, London, UK
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Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, Asperger's syndrome (AS) and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). The new diagnostic criteria of ASD focuses on two core domains: social communication impairment and restricted interests/repetitive behaviors. The prevalence of ASD has been steadily increasing over the past two decades, with current estimates reaching up to 1 in 36 children. Hereditary factors, parental history of psychiatric disorders, pre-term births, and fetal exposure to psychotropic drugs or insecticides have all been linked to higher risk of ASD. Several scales such as the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), The Autism Spectrum Disorder-Observation for Children (ASD-OC), The Developmental, Dimensional, and Diagnostic Interview (3di), are available to aid in better assessing the behaviors and symptoms associated with ASD. Nearly 75% of ASD patients suffer from comorbid psychiatric illnesses or conditions, which may include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, Tourette syndrome, and others. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are available for ASD. Pharmacological treatments include psychostimulants, atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists. These medications provide partial symptomatic relief of core symptoms of ASD or manage the symptoms of comorbid conditions. Non-pharmacological interventions, which show promising evidence in improving social interaction and verbal communication of ASD patients, include music therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and social behavioral therapy. Hormonal therapies with oxytocyin or vasopressin receptor antagonists have also shown some promise in improving core ASD symptoms. The use of vitamins, herbal remedies and nutritional supplements in conjunction with pharmacological and behavioral treatment appear to have some effect in symptomatic improvement in ASD, though additional studies are needed to confirm these benefits. Developing novel disease-modifying therapies may prove to be the ultimate intervention for sustained improvement of symptoms in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samata R Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kutvolgyi Clinical Centre, Semmelweis University, Kutvolgyi ut 4, 1125 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frank I Tarazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Program, , Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Campbell B, Curran M, Inkpen R, Katsikitis M, Kannis-Dymand L. A preliminary evaluation of metacognitive beliefs in high functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. ADVANCES IN AUTISM 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/aia-08-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Metacognitive beliefs and processes have been found to perpetuate anxiety and depression in youth and adults. However, the presence of metacognitive beliefs in children with autism spectrum disorder is somewhat unclear and has received limited research attention to date. The purpose of this paper is to explore metacognitive beliefs in children with autism and associations with anxiety and depression.
Design/methodology/approach
In total, 23 high functioning participants (17 male and 6 female) between the ages of 8 and 12 (M=10.38) diagnosed on the autism spectrum completed the study. Participants completed the Revised Children’s Scale of Anxiety and Depression and the Metacognitions Questionnaire for Children.
Findings
Correlation analyses revealed that positive and negative metacognitive beliefs were found, as hypothesised, to be prevalent in this sample.
Originality/value
Despite methodological limitations, this is one of the first research evaluations to provide evidence for metacognitive beliefs in high functioning children with autism and comorbid anxiety or low mood.
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Sadek AA, Hassan MH, Mohammed NA. Clinical and neuropsychological outcomes for children with phenylketonuria in Upper Egypt; a single-center study over 5 years. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2551-2561. [PMID: 30323604 PMCID: PMC6179721 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s176198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylketonuria (PKU) is considered to be a rare inborn error of metabolism but one of the commonest causes of mental retardation if untreated. OBJECTIVES The present study was done to characterize the clinical patterns of PKU and analyze various neuropsychiatric outcomes in PKU children in Sohag Province, Egypt. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted on 113 PKU patients, diagnosed during the period from 2012 to 2017, at the Pediatric Neurology Clinic of Sohag University Hospital, Upper Egypt. One hundred and ten cases were diagnosed based on clinical suspicion combined with laboratory confirmation by measuring their plasma phenylalanine levels using amino acid analyzer, while 3 cases were detected during neonatal screening. With the exception of the 3 cases detected during neonatal screening, all patients were clinically diagnosed and treated late. Psychometric evaluations of PKU patients were done using intelligence quotient (IQ, Stanford- Binet V), Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and Children's Attention and Adjustment Survey. Dietetic management was applied. The results of neuroimaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain) and electroencephalography were included when available. RESULTS The overall results showed that 15.9% had hyperphenylalaninemia, 35.4% had mild to moderate PKU, and classic PKU was diagnosed in 48.7%. Global developmental delay (54.9%) and delayed language (29.2%) were the most frequent presentations. Moderately impaired or delayed overall IQ was present in 77%. While, 83.2% had moderately impaired or delayed verbal IQ, autism was diagnosed in 50.4%. Super average and average probability of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was diagnosed in 88.5%. Abnormal neuroimaging (white matter abnormalities and brain atrophy) was the most important significant predictor for poor language and motor developmental outcome (P<0.05). CONCLUSION PKU children had variable neuropsychological outcomes, mainly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and impaired verbal IQ, both of which were not related to the initial phenylalanine levels or to duration of dietary therapy, but were significantly related to early dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahim A Sadek
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt,
| | - Nesreen A Mohammed
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Jeremić M, Grujičić R, Pejović-Milovančević M. Adaptive capabilities of children with autism and their connection with neurophysiological correlates. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/mp69-17744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Kubota T. Preemptive Epigenetic Medicine Based on Fetal Programming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1012:85-95. [PMID: 29956197 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5526-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) refers to the concept that environmental stress during pregnancy alters the programmed fetal development and subsequently causes disorders, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, in adulthood. Epigenetics is a gene regulation mechanism that does not depend on DNA sequence but on chemical modifications of DNA. Several lines of evidence suggest that environmental stress in the fetal period alters the epigenetic state of genes, leading to permanent gene dysregulation, which may be associated with disorders that emerge after birth. Such stresses include malnutrition, which may be associated with type 2 diabetes, and mental stress, which may be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. It has also been demonstrated that environmental stress-induced epigenetic alterations can be transmitted to the next generation via disease phenotypes. However, since epigenetic modification is an internal system based on attachment and detachment of chemical residues on a DNA sequence, it is reversible and potentially treatable. In fact, recent studies demonstrated that some drugs and early interventions are effective at preventing epigenetic disorders. Therefore, preventive and preemptive medicine is possible for disorders caused by alterations in programming during fetal and early periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kubota
- Faculty of Child Studies, Seitoku University, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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Griesi-Oliveira K, Sertié AL. Autism spectrum disorders: an updated guide for genetic counseling. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2017; 15:233-238. [PMID: 28767925 PMCID: PMC5609623 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082017rb4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a complex and genetically heterogeneous disorder, which has hampered the identification of the etiological factors in each patient and, consequently, the genetic counseling for families at risk. However, in the last decades, the remarkable advances in the knowledge of genetic aspects of autism based on genetic and molecular research, as well as the development of new molecular diagnostic tools, have substantially changed this scenario. Nowadays, it is estimated that using the currently available molecular tests, a potential underlying genetic cause can be identified in nearly 25% of cases. Combined with clinical assessment, prenatal history evaluation and investigation of other physiological aspects, an etiological explanation for the disease can be found for approximately 30 to 40% of patients. Therefore, in view of the current knowledge about the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder, which has contributed for a more precise genetic counseling, and of the potential benefits that an etiological investigation can bring to patients and families, molecular genetic investigation has become increasingly important. Here, we discuss the current view of the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder, and list the main associated genetic alterations, the available molecular tests and the key aspects for the genetic counseling of these families.
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Burns CO, Dixon DR, Novack M, Granpeesheh D. A Systematic Review of Assessments for Sensory Processing Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-017-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Matheis M, Matson JL, Burns CO, Jiang X, Peters WJ, Moore M, de Back KA, Estabillo J. Factors related to parental age of first concern in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurorehabil 2017; 20:228-235. [PMID: 27715357 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2016.1211186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The age of first concern (AOC) of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has substantial implications for early diagnosis and intervention. The current study sought to determine the average AOC, what types of first concerns are most common, and what factors predict earlier AOC in toddlers with ASD. METHODS This study analyzed the predictive influence of the type of concern, symptom severity, medical diagnoses, and other independent variables on AOC among toddlers with ASD using multiple regressions. RESULTS The mean AOC was found to be 13.97 months (SD = 7.86). The most commonly reported first concern was speech/language. First concerns related to communication, speech/language predicted later AOC, while motor concerns predicted earlier AOC. CONCLUSIONS Concerns that are more closely related to social communication deficits characteristic of ASD predicted later AOC. The implications of these findings on screening/assessment and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Matheis
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Johnny L Matson
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Claire O Burns
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Xinrui Jiang
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - W Jason Peters
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Michael Moore
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Kaitlin A de Back
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Jasper Estabillo
- a Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
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23
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Dean DC, Lange N, Travers BG, Prigge MB, Matsunami N, Kellett KA, Freeman A, Kane KL, Adluru N, Tromp DPM, Destiche DJ, Samsin D, Zielinski BA, Fletcher PT, Anderson JS, Froehlich AL, Leppert MF, Bigler ED, Lainhart JE, Alexander AL. Multivariate characterization of white matter heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 14:54-66. [PMID: 28138427 PMCID: PMC5257193 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and heterogeneity of neuroimaging findings in individuals with autism spectrum disorder has suggested that many of the underlying alterations are subtle and involve many brain regions and networks. The ability to account for multivariate brain features and identify neuroimaging measures that can be used to characterize individual variation have thus become increasingly important for interpreting and understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of autism. In the present study, we utilize the Mahalanobis distance, a multidimensional counterpart of the Euclidean distance, as an informative index to characterize individual brain variation and deviation in autism. Longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging data from 149 participants (92 diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and 57 typically developing controls) between 3.1 and 36.83 years of age were acquired over a roughly 10-year period and used to construct the Mahalanobis distance from regional measures of white matter microstructure. Mahalanobis distances were significantly greater and more variable in the autistic individuals as compared to control participants, demonstrating increased atypicalities and variation in the group of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Distributions of multivariate measures were also found to provide greater discrimination and more sensitive delineation between autistic and typically developing individuals than conventional univariate measures, while also being significantly associated with observed traits of the autism group. These results help substantiate autism as a truly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder, while also suggesting that collectively considering neuroimaging measures from multiple brain regions provides improved insight into the diversity of brain measures in autism that is not observed when considering the same regions separately. Distinguishing multidimensional brain relationships may thus be informative for identifying neuroimaging-based phenotypes, as well as help elucidate underlying neural mechanisms of brain variation in autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Dean
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N Lange
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - B G Travers
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Occupational Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M B Prigge
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - N Matsunami
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K A Kellett
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A Freeman
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K L Kane
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N Adluru
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D P M Tromp
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D J Destiche
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D Samsin
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - B A Zielinski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - P T Fletcher
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J S Anderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - A L Froehlich
- School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M F Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E D Bigler
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - J E Lainhart
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A L Alexander
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Abstract
A cross-sectional analyses using Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (2006-2011) was conducted to examine the trends, type of ED visits, and mean total ED charges for adults aged 22-64 years with and without ASD (matched 1:3). Around 0.4% ED visits (n = 25,527) were associated with any ASD and rates of such visits more than doubled from 2006 to 2011 (2549-6087 per 100,000 admissions). Adults with ASD visited ED for: primary psychiatric disorder (15%ASD vs. 4.2%noASD), primary non-psychiatric disorder (16%ASD vs. 14%noASD), and any injury (24%ASD vs. 28%noASD). Mean total ED charges for adults with ASD were 2.3 times higher than for adults without ASD. Findings emphasize the need to examine the extent of frequent ED use in this population.
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25
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Saad K, Elserogy Y, Abdel Rahman AA, Al-Atram AA, Mohamad IL, ElMelegy TTH, Bjørklund G, El-Houfy AA. ADHD, autism and neuroradiological complications among phenylketonuric children in Upper Egypt. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:657-63. [PMID: 25576444 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-014-0422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the neuropsychological status in a cohort of children with early and continuously treated phenylketonuria in Assiut, Upper Egypt. The study was implemented in seventy-eight phenylketonuria (PKU) children. Only 34 patients met the inclusion criteria. Investigated patients were evaluated according to detailed history, neurological examination, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, full scale Intelligence Quotient, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study concluded that the prognosis for early diagnosed children with PKU treated from the first weeks of life is generally good. However, they are at increased risk for neurological complications and behavioral problems. So, neonatal screening for PKU is highly recommended in Egypt, for early detection and management. In addition, neuropsychological and MRI assessments in PKU children should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Assiut University, Asyût, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Yasser Elserogy
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Assiut University, Asyût, 71516, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ismail L Mohamad
- Department of Pediatrics, Assiut University, Asyût, 71516, Egypt
| | - Tarek T H ElMelegy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Assiut University, Asyût, 71516, Egypt
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Amira A El-Houfy
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Assiut University, Asyût, 71516, Egypt
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Sacrey LAR, Bennett JA, Zwaigenbaum L. Early Infant Development and Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1921-9. [PMID: 26323499 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815601500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to overview recent findings on early detection/diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, as well as clinical trials of early interventions for toddlers at risk for/diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. FINDINGS Prospective studies of infants at high risk of autism spectrum disorder have yielded significant advances in understanding early development in autism spectrum disorder. Findings from prospective studies indicate that abnormalities in social communication and repetitive behaviors emerge during the second year, whereas additional "prodromal features" (motor and sensory abnormalities) emerge in the first year. Subsequently, exciting progress has been made in establishing the efficacy of autism spectrum disorder-specific interventions for toddlers as young as 15 months. Finally, efforts occur to characterize autism spectrum disorder-specific characteristics in genetic syndromes with concurrent autism spectrum disorder symptomatology. CONCLUSION Substantial progress in characterizing early developmental trajectories as well as the identification of specific behavioral markers has aided early detection. Work remains to ensure that research findings are translated into clinical practice for uptake in the health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori-Ann R Sacrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Autism Research Centre, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Autism Research Centre, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Omura Y, Lu D, Jones MK, Nihrane A, Duvvi H, Shimotsuura Y, Ohki M. Early Detection of Autism (ASD) by a Non-invasive Quick Measurement of Markedly Reduced Acetylcholine & DHEA and Increased β-Amyloid (1-42), Asbestos (Chrysotile), Titanium Dioxide, Al, Hg & often Coexisting Virus Infections (CMV, HPV 16 and 18), Bacterial Infections etc. in the Brain and Corresponding Safe Individualized Effective Treatment. ACUPUNCTURE ELECTRO 2015; 40:157-87. [DOI: 10.3727/036012915x14473562232941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Banihani R, Smile S, Yoon G, Dupuis A, Mosleh M, Snider A, McAdam L. Cognitive and Neurobehavioral Profile in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1472-82. [PMID: 25660133 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815570154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a progressive neuromuscular condition that has a high rate of cognitive and learning disabilities as well as neurobehavioral disorders, some of which have been associated with disruption of dystrophin isoforms. Retrospective cohort of 59 boys investigated the cognitive and neurobehavioral profile of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Full-scale IQ of < 70 was seen in 27%; learning disability in 44%, intellectual disability in 19%; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 32%; autism spectrum disorders in 15%; and anxiety in 27%. Mutations affecting Dp260 isoform and 5'untranslated region of Dp140 were observed in 60% with learning disability, 50% intellectual disability, 77% with autism spectrum disorders, and 94% with anxiety. No statistically significant correlation was noted between comorbidities and dystrophin isoforms; however, there is a trend of cumulative loss of dystrophin isoforms with declining full-scale IQ. Enhanced psychology testing to include both cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders is recommended for all individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudaina Banihani
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Child Development Program, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sharon Smile
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Child Development Program, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Yoon
- Departments of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Dupuis
- Biostatistics, Design and Analysis Division, Child Health Evaluative Sciences Research Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maureen Mosleh
- Child Development Program, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Snider
- Child Development Program, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura McAdam
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Child Development Program, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Richards C, Jones C, Groves L, Moss J, Oliver C. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder phenomenology in genetic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2:909-16. [PMID: 26341300 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) phenomenology is reported to be more common in individuals with some genetic syndromes than in the general population; however, no meta-analysis has provided prevalence data within and between syndromes. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to synthesise data from a wide range of papers to provide accurate estimates about ASD phenomenology in genetic and metabolic syndromes. METHODS We identified syndromes reported as most likely to be associated with ASD. We searched Ovid PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, and PubMed Central for English-language papers published from database creation up to early 2014 with use of syndrome-specific keywords and a set of ASD keywords. We screened and extracted papers that had ASD prevalence data for ten or more people within a genetic syndrome. With use of a prespecified set of reliable criteria, we applied quality weighting to papers and estimated a quality-effects prevalence of ASD phenomenology for each syndrome. We then calculated relative risks to compare ASD between all syndromes and also calculated odds ratios to compare prevalence with the general population taking the current estimate of one in 68 people. RESULTS We identified 168 papers reporting the prevalence of ASD phenomenology and found widely varying methods and quality of data. Quality-weighted effect prevalence estimates of ASD phenomenology were established for Rett's syndrome (female individuals only 61%), Cohen's syndrome (54%), Cornelia de Lange syndrome (43%), tuberous sclerosis complex (36%), Angelman's syndrome (34%), CHARGE syndrome (30%), fragile X syndrome (male individuals only 30%; mixed sex 22%), neurofibromatosis type 1 (18%), Down's syndrome (16%), Noonan's syndrome (15%), Williams' syndrome (12%), and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (11%). Relative risks and the odds ratio compared with the general population were highest for Rett's syndrome and Cohen's syndrome. In all syndromes, odds ratios showed ASD phenomenology to be significantly more likely than in the general population. INTERPRETATION ASD phenomenology varied between syndromes, but was consistently more likely than in the general population. Further research is needed in these populations, including how ASD in genetic and metabolic syndromes differs from idiopathic autism and what that can tell us about the mechanisms underlying ASD. FUNDING Cerebra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Richards
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
| | | | - Laura Groves
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Jo Moss
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Oliver
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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30
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Wasilewska J, Klukowski M. Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorder: links and risks - a possible new overlap syndrome. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2015; 6:153-166. [PMID: 29388597 PMCID: PMC5683266 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s85717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetically determined neurodevelopmental brain disorder presenting with restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities, or persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction. ASD is characterized by many different clinical endophenotypes and is potentially linked with certain comorbidities. According to current recommendations, children with ASD are at risk of having alimentary tract disorders - mainly, they are at a greater risk of general gastrointestinal (GI) concerns, constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. GI symptoms may overlap with ASD core symptoms through different mechanisms. These mechanisms include multilevel pathways in the gut-brain axis contributing to alterations in behavior and cognition. Shared pathogenetic factors and pathophysiological mechanisms possibly linking ASD and GI disturbances, as shown by most recent studies, include intestinal inflammation with or without autoimmunity, immunoglobulin E-mediated and/or cell-mediated GI food allergies as well as gluten-related disorders (celiac disease, wheat allergy, non-celiac gluten sensitivity), visceral hypersensitivity linked with functional abdominal pain, and dysautonomia linked with GI dysmotility and gastroesophageal reflux. Dysregulation of the gut microbiome has also been shown to be involved in modulating GI functions with the ability to affect intestinal permeability, mucosal immune function, and intestinal motility and sensitivity. Metabolic activity of the microbiome and dietary components are currently suspected to be associated with alterations in behavior and cognition also in patients with other neurodegenerative diseases. All the above-listed GI factors may contribute to brain dysfunction and neuroinflammation depending upon an individual patient's genetic vulnerability. Due to a possible clinical endophenotype presenting as comorbidity of ASD and GI disorders, we propose treating this situation as an "overlap syndrome". Practical use of the concept of an overlap syndrome of ASD and GI disorders may help in identifying those children with ASD who suffer from an alimentary tract disease. Unexplained worsening of nonverbal behaviors (agitation, anxiety, aggression, self-injury, sleep deprivation) should alert professionals about this possibility. This may shorten the time to diagnosis and treatment commencement, and thereby alleviate both GI and ASD symptoms through reducing pain, stress, or discomfort. Furthermore, this may also protect children against unnecessary dietary experiments and restrictions that have no medical indications. A personalized approach to each patient is necessary. Our understanding of ASDs has come a long way, but further studies and more systematic research are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Wasilewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mark Klukowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Accordino RE, Lucarelli J, Yan AC. Cutaneous Disease in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review. Pediatr Dermatol 2015; 32:455-60. [PMID: 25824343 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dermatologic comorbid symptoms and conditions in persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are compelling for several reasons, including problems with tactile sensory dysfunction in this population, a large number of syndromes with dermatologic findings and high rates of autism, nutritional and hormonal problems in ASD and their dermatologic manifestations, and the potential for overrepresentation of dermatologic symptoms that are neurobehavioral in nature. The current article reviews the available literature on the prevalence of comorbid dermatologic symptoms and conditions in children with ASD and identifies strategies for diagnosing and managing cutaneous disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Accordino
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Lucarelli
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert C Yan
- Section of Pediatric Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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A review of physical growth in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cochran L, Moss J, Nelson L, Oliver C. Contrasting age related changes in autism spectrum disorder phenomenology in Cornelia de Lange, Fragile X, and Cri du Chat syndromes: Results from a 2.5 year follow-up. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 169:188-97. [PMID: 25989416 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the way in which the characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) develop and manifest across the age span in individuals with genetic syndromes. In this study we present findings from a two and a half year follow-up of the characteristics associated with ASD in three syndromes: Cornelia de Lange (CdLS), Fragile X (FXS), and Cri du Chat (CdCS). Parents and carers of 251 individuals (CdLS=67, CdCS=42, and FXS=142) completed the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) at Time 1 (T1) and again two and a half years later (T2). The FXS and CdLS groups were more likely to meet the cut-offs for both autism and ASD and show greater severity of ASD related behaviors, at both T1 and T2, compared to the CdCS group. Older individuals (>15yrs) with CdLS were more likely to meet the cut off for ASD than younger individuals (≤15 yrs) with the syndrome and more likely to show greater severity of social impairments. In FXS repetitive behaviors were found to become less prominent with age and in CdCS social impairments were reported to be more severe with age. There were no significant changes between T1 and T2 in the severity of ASD characteristics in the CdCS and CdLS groups. The FXS group showed significantly fewer repetitive behaviors and less severe impairments in social interaction over this time frame. The findings suggest that while there may be similarities in overall severity and presentation of ASD characteristics in CdLS and FXS, these characteristics have divergent patterns of development within these groups.
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Abstract
Associations between congenital deafness or blindness and autism have been found. The main consequences of congenital sensory impairment, being barriers for communication, language and social interaction development, may lead to symptoms of autism. To date only few studies have been reported concerning individuals with congenital deafblindness. This study examines symptoms of autism among 71 children with congenital deafblindness using the Autism Behavior Checklist. The cohort of children with congenital deafblindness was found to have symptoms of autism on a level similar to children with another developmental disorder than autism for example intellectual disability. No association was found between severity of congenital sensory impairment and severity or type of symptoms of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Dammeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark,
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Abstract
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the genomic basis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Hundreds of variants have been proposed as predisposing to ASD, and the challenge now is to validate candidates and to understand how gene networks interact to produce ASD phenotypes. Genome-wide association and second-generation sequencing studies in particular have provided important indications about how to understand ASD on a molecular level, and we are beginning to see these experimental approaches translate into novel treatments and diagnostic tests. We review key studies in the field over the past five years and discuss some of the remaining technological and methodological challenges that remain.
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Association between ASMT and autistic-like traits in children from a Swedish nationwide cohort. Psychiatr Genet 2014; 24:21-7. [PMID: 23995775 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders often show low levels of melatonin, and it has been suggested that this decrease may be because of the low activity of the acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT), the last enzyme in the melatonin-synthesis pathway. Also, genetic variants in ASMT have been associated with autism, as well as with low ASMT activity and melatonin levels, suggesting that the low ASMT activity observed in autism may partly be because of variations within the ASMT gene. In this study, we present a symptom-based approach to investigate possible associations between ASMT and autistic-like traits in the general population. To this end, continuous measures of autistic-like traits were assessed in a nationally representative twin cohort (n=1771) from Sweden and six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and a duplication of exons 2-8 in ASMT were genotyped. Our results show a nominally significant association, in girls, between one single nucleotide polymorphism (rs5949028) in the last intron of ASMT and social interaction impairments. No significant association, however, was observed with traits related to language impairment or restricted and repetitive behavior. In conclusion, our results support the possible involvement of the ASMT gene in autism spectrum disorders, and our finding that only one of the three traits shows association suggests that genetic research may benefit from adopting a symptom-specific approach to identify genes involved in autism psychopathology.
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Smith RM, Banks W, Hansen E, Sadee W, Herman GE. Family-based clinical associations and functional characterization of the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2014; 7:459-67. [PMID: 24753316 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) harbors two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are frequent in populations of African and European descent; rs6311, which affects mRNA expression, and rs6314, which changes the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein and affects the signaling properties of the receptor. Multiple clinical associations support a role for these SNPs in cognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes, although studies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain equivocal. Here, we tested transmission disequilibrium of rs6311 and rs6314 in a cohort of 158 ASD trios (simplex and multiplex), observing significant under-transmission of the minor "A" allele of rs6311 to offspring with ASD (permuted P = 0.0004). Consistent with our previous findings in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of unaffected individuals, rs6311/A decreases expression of HTR2A mRNA with an extended 5' untranslated region (UTR) in the frontopolar cortex in brain samples from 54 ASD patients and controls. Interpreting the clinical results in the context of our mRNA expression analysis, we speculate that any risk associated with rs6311 is conferred by greater expression of the long 5'UTR mRNA isoform. The current study corroborates earlier associations between rs6311 and ASD in a family study, supporting the hypothesis that rs6311 plays a modulatory role in ASD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, OSU College of Medicine Center for Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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McBride SMJ, Holloway SL, Jongens TA. Using Drosophila as a tool to identify pharmacological therapies for fragile X syndrome. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e129-36. [PMID: 24050241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite obvious differences such as the ability to fly, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is similar to humans at many different levels of complexity. Studies of development, cell growth and division, metabolism and even cognition, have borne out these similarities. For example, Drosophila bearing mutations in the fly gene homologue of the known human disease fragile X are affected in fundamentally similar ways as affected humans. The ramification of this degree of similarity is that Drosophila, as a model organism, is a rich resource for learning about human cells, development and even human cognition and behavior. Drosophila has a short generation time of ten days, is cheap to propagate and maintain and has a vast array of genetic tools available to it; making Drosophila an extremely attractive organism for the study of human disease. Here, we summarize research from our lab and others using Drosophila to understand the human neurological disease, called fragile X. We focus on the Drosophila model of fragile X, its characterization, and use as a tool to identify potential drugs for the treatment of fragile X. Several clinical trials are in progress now that were motivated by this research.
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Tinker J, Carbone PS, Viskochil D, Mathiesen A, Ma KN, Stevenson DA. Screening children with neurofibromatosis type 1 for autism spectrum disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1706-12. [PMID: 24715629 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is reported to be increased in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), but it's unknown if ASD screening tools are sensitive and specific for NF1. This study compared the rate at which children with NF1 screen-positive for two ASD screening tools [Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) and Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST)] to the screen-positive rate of the general population. A retrospective cross-sectional observational design to investigate the association between children with NF1 and at risk status for ASD was used. Medical records of children between 16 months and 11 years of age seen in an NF Clinic were reviewed for an ASD screening questionnaire. There were no statistically significant differences in the screen-positive rate for ASD in NF1 compared to published controls, but mean CAST scores were higher in NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Tinker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Drosophila models of early onset cognitive disorders and their clinical applications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:326-42. [PMID: 24661984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The number of genes known to cause human monogenic diseases is increasing rapidly. For the extremely large, genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of intellectual disability (ID) disorders, more than 600 causative genes have been identified to date. However, knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and networks disrupted by these genetic aberrations is lagging behind. The fruit fly Drosophila has emerged as a powerful model organism to close this knowledge gap. This review summarizes recent achievements that have been made in this model and envisions its future contribution to our understanding of ID genetics and neuropathology. The available resources and efficiency of Drosophila place it in a position to tackle the main challenges in the field: mapping functional modules of ID genes to provide conceptually novel insights into the genetic control of cognition, tailored functional studies to improve 'next-generation' diagnostics, and identification of reversible ID phenotypes and medication. Drosophila's behavioral repertoire and powerful genetics also open up perspectives for modeling genetically complex forms of ID and neuropsychiatric disorders, which overlap in their genetic etiologies. In conclusion, Drosophila provides many opportunities to advance future medical genomics of early onset cognitive disorders.
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Hovey D, Zettergren A, Jonsson L, Melke J, Anckarsäter H, Lichtenstein P, Westberg L. Associations between oxytocin-related genes and autistic-like traits. Soc Neurosci 2014; 9:378-86. [PMID: 24635660 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.897995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin has repeatedly been shown to influence human behavior in social contexts; also, a relationship between oxytocin and the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been suggested. In the present study, we investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the oxytocin gene (OXT) and the genes for single-minded 1 (SIM1), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) and cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) in a population of 1771 children from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS). Statistical analyses were performed to investigate any association between SNPs and autistic-like traits (ALTs), measured through ASD scores in the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Co-morbidities inventory. Firstly, we found a statistically significant association between the SIM1 SNP rs3734354 (Pro352Thr) and scores for language impairment (p = .0004), but due to low statistical power this should be interpreted cautiously. Furthermore, nominal associations were found between ASD scores and SNPs in OXT, ARNT2 and CD38. In summary, the present study lends support to the hypothesis that oxytocin and oxytocin neuron development may have an influence on the development of ALTs and suggests a new candidate gene in the search for the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hovey
- a Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Margari L, Lamanna AL, Craig F, Simone M, Gentile M. Autism spectrum disorders in XYY syndrome: two new cases and systematic review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:277-83. [PMID: 24464091 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abnormalities of the sex chromosomes (47, XXY, 47 XYY, 45,X/46,XY mosaicism) are frequently associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but the male predisposition to these disorders has not been clearly explained. Previously, the role of the X chromosome was considered important in the ASD mainly because autistic symptoms were detected in genetic syndromes involving X chromosome (fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome). Instead, few studies have analyzed the possible role of the Y chromosome in the ASD. This study explores the role of the Y chromosome in ASD through a systematic literature review about the association between ASD and XYY syndrome and a description of two new cases with this association. The literature review considered studies published in peer-reviewed journals, included in the MEDLINE and PubMed databases, that examined the association between ASD and XYY syndrome. Few studies reported the occurrence of ASD in children with XYY karyotype and the majority of them did not reported a well-defined autism diagnostic category associated with an extra Y chromosome, but several clinical conditions that are generically described as language and social impairment. CONCLUSION This study underlines the underestimated role of the Y chromosome in ASD, and we postulate that all the ASD associated with the XYY karyotype may presumably fall within mild degree of ASD as in our cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Margari
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
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Lanz TA, Guilmette E, Gosink MM, Fischer JE, Fitzgerald LW, Stephenson DT, Pletcher MT. Transcriptomic analysis of genetically defined autism candidate genes reveals common mechanisms of action. Mol Autism 2013; 4:45. [PMID: 24238429 PMCID: PMC4176301 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Austism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous behavioral disorder or condition characterized by severe impairment of social engagement and the presence of repetitive activities. The molecular etiology of ASD is still largely unknown despite a strong genetic component. Part of the difficulty in turning genetics into disease mechanisms and potentially new therapeutics is the sheer number and diversity of the genes that have been associated with ASD and ASD symptoms. The goal of this work is to use shRNA-generated models of genetic defects proposed as causative for ASD to identify the common pathways that might explain how they produce a core clinical disability. Methods Transcript levels of Mecp2, Mef2a, Mef2d, Fmr1, Nlgn1, Nlgn3, Pten, and Shank3 were knocked-down in mouse primary neuron cultures using shRNA constructs. Whole genome expression analysis was conducted for each of the knockdown cultures as well as a mock-transduced culture and a culture exposed to a lentivirus expressing an anti-luciferase shRNA. Gene set enrichment and a causal reasoning engine was employed to identify pathway level perturbations generated by the transcript knockdown. Results Quantification of the shRNA targets confirmed the successful knockdown at the transcript and protein levels of at least 75% for each of the genes. After subtracting out potential artifacts caused by viral infection, gene set enrichment and causal reasoning engine analysis showed that a significant number of gene expression changes mapped to pathways associated with neurogenesis, long-term potentiation, and synaptic activity. Conclusions This work demonstrates that despite the complex genetic nature of ASD, there are common molecular mechanisms that connect many of the best established autism candidate genes. By identifying the key regulatory checkpoints in the interlinking transcriptional networks underlying autism, we are better able to discover the ideal points of intervention that provide the broadest efficacy across the diverse population of autism patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathew T Pletcher
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc, Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Tiwari VN, Sundaram SK, Chugani HT, Huq AHMM. Infantile spasms are associated with abnormal copy number variations. J Child Neurol 2013; 28:1191-6. [PMID: 22914377 DOI: 10.1177/0883073812453496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors tested the hypothesis that de novo copy number variations (CNVs) implicated in known genomic disorders ("pathogenic CNVs") are significant predisposing factors of infantile spasms. The authors performed a genome-wide analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping microarray data to identify the role of de novo/known pathogenic large CNVs in 13 trios of children affected by infantile spasms. A rare, large (4.8 Mb) de novo duplication was detected in the 15q11-13 region of 1 patient. In addition, 3 known pathogenic CNVs (present in the patient as well as 1 of the parents) were detected in total. In 1 patient, a known pathogenic deletion was detected in the region of 2q32.3. Similarly, in 1 other patient, 2 known pathogenic deletions in the regions of 16p11.2 and Xp22.13 (containing CDKL5) were detected. These findings suggest that some specific pathogenic CNVs predispose to infantile spasms and may be associated with different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay N Tiwari
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Developmental disorders, including intellectual disability, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are neuropsychiatric disorders that manifest in early childhood as deviations from the normal development. At present, in the majority of cases a cause cannot be found. However, in the past 5 years major advances have been made in the identification of specific genetic causes of these disorders. Here, we review these findings and discuss possible implications for our current understanding of the cause of developmental disorders. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the disorders with known genetic cause that are associated with intellectual disability, autism and ADHD, an increasing number of novel recurrent structural variants are identified in association with these developmental disorders. These variants, as well as the genetic variants identified through sequencing approaches indicate the involvement of a large number of genes. SUMMARY Similar to what is the case for intellectual disability, recent genetic studies indicate a large degree of genetic heterogeneity for autism and ADHD. Many of the disease risk variants display incomplete penetrance, indicating that additional genetic, and possibly nongenetic, factors are relevant. Despite the high number of causative or contributing genes, functional studies of these genes indicate a large degree of convergence into a smaller number of neurobiological pathways. Elucidating these shared biological mechanisms is a crucial step towards the rational development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Dafoulis V, Kalyva E, Vargiami E. Autism spectrum disorders: the quest for genetic syndromes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:327-66. [PMID: 23650212 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disabilities with various etiologies, but with a heritability estimate of more than 90%. Although the strong correlation between autism and genetic factors has been long established, the exact genetic background of ASD remains unclear. A number of genetic syndromes manifest ASD at higher than expected frequencies compared to the general population. These syndromes account for more than 10% of all ASD cases and include tuberous sclerosis, fragile X, Down, neurofibromatosis, Angelman, Prader-Willi, Williams, Duchenne, etc. Clinicians are increasingly required to recognize genetic disorders in individuals with ASD, in terms of providing proper care and prognosis to the patient, as well as genetic counseling to the family. Vice versa, it is equally essential to identify ASD in patients with genetic syndromes, in order to ensure correct management and appropriate educational placement. During investigation of genetic syndromes, a number of issues emerge: impact of intellectual disability in ASD diagnoses, identification of autistic subphenotypes and differences from idiopathic autism, validity of assessment tools designed for idiopathic autism, possible mechanisms for the association with ASD, etc. Findings from the study of genetic syndromes are incorporated into the ongoing research on autism etiology and pathogenesis; different syndromes converge upon common biological backgrounds (such as disrupted molecular pathways and brain circuitries), which probably account for their comorbidity with autism. This review paper critically examines the prevalence and characteristics of the main genetic syndromes, as well as the possible mechanisms for their association with ASD.
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Ehninger D. From genes to cognition in tuberous sclerosis: Implications for mTOR inhibitor-based treatment approaches. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
The amounts of at least three biochemical factors are more often abnormal in autistic people than neurologically normal ones. They include insulin-like growth factor, anti-myelin basic protein, and serotonin. This may explain why processes initiated in utero which hinder normal neurogenesis, especially myelination, continue after delivery. Quantitation of these parameters may make possible the calculation of an autism index, anticipating at birth which children will ultimately develop overt autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Steinman
- Department of Biochemistry, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, 230 West 125th Street, NY 10027, USA.
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Żurawicz E, Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Rynkowski J. Chromatographic methods in the study of autism. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1273-9. [PMID: 23605782 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Research into biomarkers of autism is a new means of medical intervention in this disease. Chromatographic techniques, especially coupled with mass spectrometry, are widely used in determination of biomarkers and assessment of effectiveness of autism therapy owing to their sensitivity and selectivity. Among the chromatographic techniques gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, especially high-performance liquid chromatography, have found application in clinical trials. The high-performance liquid chromatography technique allows an analysis of liquid samples with a wide range of molecules, small and large, providing an opportunity to perform advanced assays within a short time frame. Gas chromatography with the appropriate preparation of samples (gaseous and liquid) and a selection of analysis conditions enables the separation of thermally stable, volatile and non-volatile organic substances in short runtimes. The chromatographic techniques that are currently used in metabolic studies in autism are designed to identify abnormalities in three areas: the metabolism of neurotransmitters, nutritional and metabolic status and manifestations of oxidative stress. This review presents a necessary theoretical introduction and examples of applications of chromatographic studies of disorder markers in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Żurawicz
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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50
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Abstract
Epidemiologic data gathered over the last 40 years report that the conservative estimate of autistic spectrum disorder prevalence is 27.5 per 10,000 individuals; however, the prevalence estimate based on newer surveys is 60 per 10,000 individuals. Several factors are considered in various epidemiologic surveys of autism, especially the evolution of the concept of autism and changing criteria for diagnosis. This article reviews the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Duchan
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine and Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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