1
|
Gibson AR, Horn KM, Pong M. Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis: a bridge between the basal ganglia and cerebellum for movement control. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1271-1287. [PMID: 37000205 PMCID: PMC10129968 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural processing in the basal ganglia is critical for normal movement. Diseases of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson's disease, produce a variety of movement disorders including akinesia and bradykinesia. Many believe that the basal ganglia influence movement via thalamic projections to motor areas of the cerebral cortex and through projections to the cerebellum, which also projects to the motor cortex via the thalamus. However, lesions that interrupt these thalamic pathways to the cortex have little effect on many movements, including limb movements. Yet, limb movements are severely impaired by basal ganglia disease or damage to the cerebellum. We can explain this impairment as well as the mild effects of thalamic lesions if basal ganglia and cerebellar output reach brainstem motor regions without passing through the thalamus. In this report, we describe several brainstem pathways that connect basal ganglia output to the cerebellum via nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP). Additionally, we propose that widespread afferent and efferent connections of NRTP with the cerebellum could integrate processing across cerebellar regions. The basal ganglia could then alter movements via descending projections of the cerebellum. Pathways through NRTP are important for the control of normal movement and may underlie deficits associated with basal ganglia disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Gibson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
- , 3417 E. Mission Ln, Phoenix, AZ, 85028, USA.
| | - Kris M Horn
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
- Chamberlain College of Nursing, 1036 E Baylor Ln, Gilbert, AZ, 85296, USA
| | - Milton Pong
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Arizona, A. T. Still University, 5850 E. Still Circle, Mesa, AZ, 85206, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barletta M, Gordon J, Escobar A, Mitchell K, Trenholme HN, Grimes JA, Jiménez-Andrade JM, Nahama A, Cisternas A. Safety and efficacy of intravesical instillation of resiniferatoxin in healthy cats: A preliminary study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:922305. [PMID: 36713852 PMCID: PMC9878299 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.922305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the safety of intravesical application of resiniferatoxin (RTX) in healthy cats and its effects on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) produced by C-fibers. Methods Seven adult female cats received either 25 mL of saline (control; n = 1), or intravesical RTX at 5, 25, or 50 μg in 25 mL of saline to a final concentration of 0.2 μg/mL (318 nM), 1 μg/mL (1,591 nM), and 2 μg/mL (3,181 nM) (n = 2 per group). The treatment was instilled into the urinary bladder for 20 min. Plasma concentrations of RTX were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, and 4 h. Physical exam, complete blood count, and serum biochemical analysis were performed on day 0, 7, and 14. After 14 days, the sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the urinary bladder were harvested for histological and immunofluorescence analysis. Results Intravesical RTX was well tolerated and plasma concentrations were below the quantifiable limits except for one cat receiving 1 μg/mL. Mild to moderate histopathological changes, including epithelial changes, edema, and blood vessel proliferation, were observed at lower doses (0.2 and 1 μg/mL), and were more severe at the higher dose (2 μg/mL). C-fiber ablation was observed in the urinary bladder tissue at all doses, as shown by an apparent reduction of both CGRP and SP immunoreactive axons. Conclusion A dose of 25 μg (1 μg/mL) of RTX instilled in the urinary bladder of healthy cats appeared to decrease the density of SP and CGRP nerve axons innervating bladder and induced moderate changes in the bladder tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Michele Barletta ✉
| | - Julie Gordon
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - André Escobar
- Department Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Krista Mitchell
- Department Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - H. Nicole Trenholme
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Janet A. Grimes
- Department Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Juan M. Jiménez-Andrade
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Alexis Nahama
- ARK Animal Health, Sorrento Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alvaro Cisternas
- ARK Animal Health, Sorrento Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spinal ascending pathways for somatosensory information processing. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:594-607. [PMID: 35701247 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The somatosensory system processes diverse types of information including mechanical, thermal, and chemical signals. It has an essential role in sensory perception and body movement and, thus, is crucial for organism survival. The neural network for processing somatosensory information comprises multiple key nodes. Spinal projection neurons represent the key node for transmitting somatosensory information from the periphery to the brain. Although the anatomy of spinal ascending pathways has been characterized, the mechanisms underlying somatosensory information processing by spinal ascending pathways are incompletely understood. Recent studies have begun to reveal the diversity of spinal ascending pathways and their functional roles in somatosensory information processing. Here, we review the anatomic, molecular, and functional characteristics of spinal ascending pathways.
Collapse
|
4
|
Falkner AL, Wei D, Song A, Watsek LW, Chen I, Chen P, Feng JE, Lin D. Hierarchical Representations of Aggression in a Hypothalamic-Midbrain Circuit. Neuron 2020; 106:637-648.e6. [PMID: 32164875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the ventromedial hypothalamus ventrolateral area (VMHvl) is now well established as a critical locus for the generation of conspecific aggression, its role is complex, with neurons responding during multiple phases of social interactions with both males and females. It has been previously unclear how the brain uses this complex multidimensional signal and coordinates a discrete action: the attack. Here, we find a hypothalamic-midbrain circuit that represents hierarchically organized social signals during aggression. Optogenetic-assisted circuit mapping reveals a preferential projection from VMHvlvGlut2 to lPAGvGlut2 cells, and inactivation of downstream lPAGvGlut2 populations results in aggression-specific deficits. lPAG neurons are selective for attack action and exhibit short-latency, time-locked spiking relative to the activity of jaw muscles during biting. Last, we find that this projection conveys male-biased signals from the VMHvl to downstream lPAGvGlut2 neurons that are sensitive to features of ongoing activity, suggesting that action selectivity is generated by a combination of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annegret L Falkner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Dongyu Wei
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anjeli Song
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Li W Watsek
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Irene Chen
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Patricia Chen
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - James E Feng
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dayu Lin
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coccaro EF, Lee R, Owens MJ, Kinkead B, Nemeroff CB. Cerebrospinal fluid substance P-like immunoreactivity correlates with aggression in personality disordered subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:238-43. [PMID: 22449753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurochemical studies have pointed to a modulatory role in human aggression for a variety of central neurotransmitters; some seem to play an inhibitory role, whereas others seem to play a facilitory role in the modulation of aggression. Laboratory animal studies of substance P suggest a facilitory role for this undecapeptide in the modulation of aggression, but no studies of substance P have yet been reported with regard to human aggression. METHODS Basal lumbar cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from 38 physically healthy subjects with personality disorder (PD) and substance P-like immunoreactivity was measured and correlated with measures of aggression and impulsivity. RESULTS The cerebrospinal fluid substance P-like immunoreactivity levels were directly correlated with a composite measure of aggression and, more specifically, with Buss-Durkee Aggression. No correlation was seen with any measure of impulsivity or of general dimensions of personality. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a direct relationship between central nervous system substance P containing neural circuits and aggression in human subjects. This finding adds to the complex picture of the central neuromodulatory role of impulsive aggression in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil F Coccaro
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Broiz AC, Bassi GS, De Souza Silva MA, Brandão ML. Effects of neurokinin-1 and 3-receptor antagonists on the defensive behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray. Neuroscience 2011; 201:134-45. [PMID: 22123168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) is the main output structure for the defensive response to proximal aversive stimulation. Panic-like responses, such as freezing and escape behaviors, often result when this structure is electrically stimulated. Freezing also ensues after termination of the dPAG stimulation (post-stimulation freezing (PSF)). GABA and 5-HT have been proposed as the main neuromediators of these defense reactions. Neurokinins (NKs) also play a role in the defense reaction; however, it is unclear how the distinct types of NK receptors are involved in the expression of these fear responses. This study investigated the role of NK-1 and NK-3 receptors in the unconditioned defensive behaviors induced by electrical stimulation of the dPAG of rats, with and without previous experience with contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Spantide (100 ρmol/0.2 μl) and SB 222200 (50 and 100 ρmol/0.2 μl), selective antagonists of NK-1 and NK-3 receptors, respectively, were injected into the dPAG. Injection of spantide had antiaversive effects as determined by stimulation of the dPAG in naive animals and in animals subjected previously to CFC. SB 222200 also increased these aversive thresholds but only at doses that caused a motor deficit. Moreover, neither spantide nor SB 222200 influenced the PSF. The results suggest that NK-1 receptors are mainly involved in the mediation of the defensive behaviors organized in the dPAG. Because dPAG-evoked PSF was not affected by intra-dPAG injections of either spantide or SB 222200, it is suggested that neurokinin-mediated mechanisms are not involved in the processing of ascending aversive information from the dPAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Broiz
- Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento-INeC, Campus USP, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Limbic, hypothalamic and periaqueductal gray circuitry and mechanisms controlling rage and vocalization in the cat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374593-4.00024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
8
|
Katsouni E, Sakkas P, Zarros A, Skandali N, Liapi C. The involvement of substance P in the induction of aggressive behavior. Peptides 2009; 30:1586-91. [PMID: 19442694 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggression is a complex social behavior that involves a similarly complex neurochemical background. The involvement of substance P (SP) and its potent tachykinin receptor (NK1) in the induction of both defensive rage and predatory attack appears to be a consistent finding. However, an overall understanding of the nature of the SP involvement in the induction of aggressive behavior has not yet been fully achieved. The aim of this review is to summarize and present the current knowledge with regards to the role of SP in the induction of aggressive behavior and to synopsize: (a) its biochemical profile, and (b) the exact anatomical circuits through which it mediates all types of aggressive behavior. Future studies should seriously consider the potential use of this knowledge in their quest for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Katsouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, GR-11527, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bhatt S, Bhatt RS, Zalcman SS, Siegel A. Peripheral and central mediators of lipopolysaccharide induced suppression of defensive rage behavior in the cat. Neuroscience 2009; 163:1002-11. [PMID: 19647047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Based upon recent findings in our laboratory that cytokines microinjected into the medial hypothalamus or periaqueductal gray (PAG) powerfully modulate defensive rage behavior in cat, the present study determined the effects of peripherally released cytokines following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge upon defensive rage. The study involved initial identification of the effects of peripheral administration of LPS upon defensive rage by electrical stimulation from PAG and subsequent determination of the peripheral and central mechanisms governing this process. The results revealed significant elevation in response latencies for defensive rage from 60 to 300 min, post LPS injection, with no detectable signs of sickness behavior present at 60 min. In contrast, head turning behavior elicited by stimulation of adjoining midbrain sites was not affected by LPS administration, suggesting a specificity of the effects of LPS upon defensive rage. Direct administration of LPS into the medial hypothalamus had no effect on defensive rage, suggesting that the effects of LPS were mediated by peripheral cytokines rather than by any direct actions upon hypothalamic neurons. Complete blockade of the suppressive effects of LPS by peripheral pretreatment with an Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) antibody but not with an anti- interleukin-1 (IL-1) antibody demonstrated that the effects of LPS were mediated through TNF-alpha rather than through an IL-1 mechanism. A determination of the central mechanisms governing LPS suppression revealed that pretreatment of the medial hypothalamus with PGE(2) or 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonists each completely blocked the suppressive effects of LPS, while microinjections of a TNF-alpha antibody into the medial hypothalamus were ineffective. Microinjections of -Iodo-N-[2-[4-(methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) benzamide monohydrochloride (p-MPPI) into lateral hypothalamus (to test for anatomical specificity) had no effect upon LPS induced suppression of defensive rage. The results demonstrate that LPS suppresses defensive rage by acting through peripheral TNF-alpha in periphery and that central effects of LPS suppression of defensive rage are mediated through PGE(2) and 5-HT(1A) receptors in the medial hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bhatt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Holden JE, Pizzi JA, Jeong Y. An NK1 receptor antagonist microinjected into the periaqueductal gray blocks lateral hypothalamic-induced antinociception in rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 453:115-9. [PMID: 19356605 PMCID: PMC3463133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substantial data are accumulating that implicate the lateral hypothalamus (LH) as part of the descending pain modulatory system. The LH modifies nociception in the spinal cord dorsal horn partly through connections with the periaqueductal gray (PAG), an area known to play a central role in brainstem modulation of nociception. Early work demonstrated a putative substance P connection between the LH and the PAG, but the connection is not fully defined. To determine whether LH-induced antinociception mediated by the PAG is neurokinin1 (NK1) receptor-dependent, we conducted behavioral experiments in which the cholinergic agonist carbachol (125 nmol) was microinjected into the LH of lightly anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 g) and antinociception was obtained on the tail flick or foot withdrawal tests. Cobalt chloride (100 nM), which reversibly blocks synaptic activation, blocked LH-induced antinociception. In another set of experiments, the specific NK1 receptor antagonist L-703,606 (5 microg) was microinjected in the PAG following LH stimulation with carbachol abolished LH-induced antinociception as well. Microinjection of cobalt chloride or L-703,606 in the absence of LH stimulation had no effect. These behavioral experiments coupled with earlier work provide converging evidence to support the hypothesis that antinociception produced by activating neurons in the LH is mediated in part by the subsequent activation of neurons in the PAG by NK1 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janean E Holden
- Division of Acute, Critical and Long-Term Care Programs, School of Nursing, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5482, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Z, Yang Y, Walker DL, Davis M. Effects of substance P in the amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray on fear-potentiated startle. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:331-40. [PMID: 18418359 PMCID: PMC3792658 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The neural pathways through which substance P (SP) influences fear and anxiety are poorly understood. However, the amygdala, a brain area repeatedly implicated in fear and anxiety processes, is known to contain large numbers of SP-containing neurons and SP receptors. Several studies have implicated SP neurotransmission within the amygdala in anxiety processes. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of site-specific infusions of an SP receptor antagonist, GR 82334, on conditioned fear responses using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. GR 82334 infusion into the basolateral (BLA) or the medial (MeA) nuclei of the amygdala, but not into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), dose dependently reduced fear-potentiated startle. Similar effects were obtained with GR 82334 infusion into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), to which the MeA projects, and into the rostral dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), to which the VMH projects, but not into the deep layers of the superior colliculus/deep mesencephalic nucleus (dSC/DpMe), an output of the CeA previously shown to be important for fear-potentiated startle. Consistent with previous findings, infusion of the AMPA receptor antagonist, NBQX, into the dSC/DpMe, but not into the PAG, did disrupt fear-potentiated startle. These findings suggest that multiple outputs from the amygdala play a critical role in fear-potentiated startle and that SP plays a critical, probably modulatory role, in the MeA to VMH to PAG to the startle pathway based on these and data from others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Neuroscience Building, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Neuroscience Building, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - David L. Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Neuroscience Building, Atlanta, GA 30329
- The Center for Behavior Neuroscience, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Neuroscience Building, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Michael Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Neuroscience Building, Atlanta, GA 30329
- The Center for Behavior Neuroscience, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Neuroscience Building, Atlanta, GA 30329
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bongianni F, Mutolo D, Cinelli E, Pantaleo T. Neurokinin receptor modulation of respiratory activity in the rabbit. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:3233-43. [PMID: 18554294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory role of neurokinin (NK) receptors was investigated in alpha-chloralose-urethane-anaesthetized, vagotomized, paralysed and artificially ventilated rabbits by using bilateral microinjections (30-50 nL) of NK receptor agonists and antagonists. Microinjections were performed in a region located just caudal to the rostral expiratory neurons. This region displayed features similar to those of the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) of adult cats and rats, and proved to produce excitatory respiratory effects in response to microinjections of D,L-homocysteic acid. We used as agonists (0.1, 0.5 and 5 mM) substance P (SP), the NK1 receptor agonists [Sar(9), Met(O2)(11)]-SP and GR 73632, the NK2 receptor agonist NKA, the NK3 receptor agonist senktide, and as antagonists (5 mM) the NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 and the NK2 receptor antagonist MEN 10376. SP always increased respiratory frequency, but NK1 receptor agonists did not change respiratory variables. NKA and senktide at 5 mm increased respiratory frequency. CP-99,994 caused increases in respiratory frequency and did not antagonize the effects of SP. MEN 10376 prevented the respiratory responses induced by NKA and reduced those provoked by SP. SP or the NK1 receptor agonists (5 mM) injected (1 microL) into the IV ventricle caused marked excitatory effects on respiration. The results suggest that NK2 and NK3, but not NK1, receptors are involved in the excitatory modulation of inspiratory activity within the investigated region and are consistent with the notion that the pre-BötC neurons are important components of the inspiratory rhythm-generating mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Bongianni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, I-50134 Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Metz RL, Patel PS, Hameed M, Bryan M, Rameshwar P. Role of human HGFIN/nmb in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 9:R58. [PMID: 17845721 PMCID: PMC2242655 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction HGFIN, previously identified as nmb, and its homolog osteoactivin are single transmembrane proteins that are expressed in differentiated immune cells. These proteins exhibit properties that could potentiate tumorigenesis or decrease invasiveness. These seemingly opposing roles of HGFIN suggest that this protein might be central to malignancies and might also behave as a tumor suppressor. Consistent with the reported roles for HGFIN is the fact that this gene is regulated by p53 through multiple binding sites in the 5' flanking region, and is expressed in osteoblasts. Methods This study used siRNA to knock-out HGFIN in non-tumorigenic breast cells and ectopically expressed HGFIN in breast cancer cells. In addition, in situ hybridization studies analyzed primary breast tissues from archived breast surgeries. Reporter gene assays studied the untranslated exon 1 of HGFIN. Results HGFIN expression led to reduced cell growth of breast cancer cells and reduced migration. At the molecular level, reporter gene analyses determined the untranslated exon 1 to be a negative regulator of the upstream enhancing effect. Ectopic expression of wild-type p53 in breast cancer cells that expressed endogenous mutant p53 resulted in increased HGFIN reporter gene activities. Conclusion As the majority of cancer cells have mutations in p53, further studies on the relationship between p53 and HGFIN expression, and its role in tumor genesis and bone invasion, might uncover novel therapy targets for breast and other cancers. The results show a central role for p53 in HGFIN expression, which appears to determine the behavior of the cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Metz
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bhatt S, Bhatt R, Zalcman SS, Siegel A. Role of IL-1 beta and 5-HT2 receptors in midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) in potentiating defensive rage behavior in cat. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:224-33. [PMID: 17890051 PMCID: PMC2276628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline defensive rage, a form of aggressive behavior that occurs in response to a threat can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial hypothalamus or midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). Our laboratory has recently begun a systematic examination of the role of cytokines in the regulation of rage and aggressive behavior. It was shown that the cytokine, interleukin-2 (IL-2), differentially modulates defensive rage when microinjected into the medial hypothalamus and PAG by acting through separate neurotransmitter systems. The present study sought to determine whether a similar relationship exists with respect to interleukin 1-beta (IL-1 beta), whose receptor activation in the medial hypothalamus potentiates defensive rage. Thus, the present study identified the effects of administration of IL-1 beta into the PAG upon defensive rage elicited from the medial hypothalamus. Microinjections of IL-1 beta into the dorsal PAG significantly facilitated defensive rage behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus in a dose and time dependent manner. In addition, the facilitative effects of IL-1 beta were blocked by pre-treatment with anti-IL-1 beta receptor antibody, while IL-1 beta administration into the PAG had no effect upon predatory attack elicited from the lateral hypothalamus. The findings further demonstrated that IL-1 beta's effects were mediated through 5-HT(2) receptors since pretreatment with a 5-HT(2C) receptors antagonist blocked the facilitating effects of IL-1 beta. An extensive pattern of labeling of IL-1 beta and 5-HT(2C) receptors in the dorsal PAG supported these findings. The present study demonstrates that IL-beta in the dorsal PAG, similar to the medial hypothalamus, potentiates defensive rage behavior and is mediated through a 5-HT(2C) receptor mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Bhatt
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Rekha Bhatt
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Steven S Zalcman
- Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Allan Siegel
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 973 972 4471; fax: + 1 973 972 3291., E-mail address: (A. Siegel)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Giegling I, Rujescu D, Mandelli L, Schneider B, Hartmann AM, Schnabel A, Maurer K, De Ronchi D, Möller HJ, Serretti A. Tachykinin receptor 1 variants associated with aggression in suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:757-61. [PMID: 17443717 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Substance P is involved in the modulation of depression, anxiety, and suicidal-related behaviors. We studied gene variants of Tachykinin Receptor 1 (TACR1-rs3771810, rs3771825, rs726506, rs1477157) in 167 German suicide attempters (affective spectrum n = 107, schizophrenia spectrum n = 35, borderline personality disorder n = 25), 92 Caucasian individuals who committed suicide and 312 German healthy subjects. Single markers and haplotype analysis in relation to suicidal behaviors (suicide attempters/completers) did not reveal any significant association. The rarest rs3771825 T allele however showed a marginal association with higher Reactive Aggression scores on the Questionnaire for Measuring Factors of Aggression (FAF) (F = 9.86, df = 1; P = 0.0017). Haplotype analyses confirmed the finding. Violence or impulsivity of suicide attempt and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) scores were not associated with gene variants. In conclusion, our study suggests that TACR1 gene variants have no major influence on suicidal behavior but may modulate aggression features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Siegel A, Bhatt S, Bhatt R, Zalcman SS. The neurobiological bases for development of pharmacological treatments of aggressive disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2007; 5:135-47. [PMID: 18615178 PMCID: PMC2435345 DOI: 10.2174/157015907780866929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Violence and aggression are major causes of death and injury, thus constituting primary public health problems throughout much of the world costing billions of dollars to society. The present review relates our understanding of the neurobiology of aggression and rage to pharmacological treatment strategies that have been utilized and those which may be applied in the future. Knowledge of the neural mechanisms governing aggression and rage is derived from studies in cat and rodents. The primary brain structures involved in the expression of rage behavior include the hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray. Limbic structures, which include amygdala, hippocampal formation, septal area, prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus serve important modulating functions. Excitatory neurotransmitters that potentiate rage behavior include excitatory amino acids, substance P, catecholamines, cholecystokinin, vasopressin, and serotonin that act through 5-HT(2) receptors. Inhibitory neurotransmitters include GABA, enkephalins, and serotonin that act through 5-HT(1) receptors. Recent studies have demonstrated that brain cytokines, including IL-1beta and IL-2, powerfully modulate rage behavior. IL-1-beta exerts its actions by acting through 5-HT(2) receptors, while IL-2 acts through GABAA or NK(1) receptors. Pharmacological treatment strategies utilized for control of violent behavior have met with varying degrees of success. The most common approach has been to apply serotonergic compounds. Others included the application of antipsychotic, GABAergic (anti-epileptic) and dopaminergic drugs. Present and futures studies on the neurobiology of aggression may provide the basis for new and novel treatment strategies for the control of aggression and violence as well as the continuation of existing pharmacological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Siegel
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, NJ Medical School, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ebner K, Singewald N. The role of substance P in stress and anxiety responses. Amino Acids 2006; 31:251-72. [PMID: 16820980 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is one of the most abundant peptides in the central nervous system and has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including stress regulation, as well as affective and anxiety-related behaviour. Consistent with these functions, SP and its preferred neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor has been found within brain areas known to be involved in the regulation of stress and anxiety responses. Aversive and stressful stimuli have been shown repeatedly to change SP brain tissue content, as well as NK1 receptor binding. More recently it has been demonstrated that emotional stressors increase SP efflux in specific limbic structures such as amygdala and septum and that the magnitude of this effect depends on the severity of the stressor. Depending on the brain area, an increase in intracerebral SP concentration (mimicked by SP microinjection) produces mainly anxiogenic-like responses in various behavioural tasks. Based on findings that SP transmission is stimulated under stressful or anxiety-provoking situations it was hypothesised that blockade of NK1 receptors may attenuate stress responses and exert anxiolytic-like effects. Preclinical and clinical studies have found evidence in favour of such an assumption. The status of this research is reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ebner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Magnusson K, Hallberg M, Högberg AMSK, Nyberg F. Administration of the anabolic androgenic steroid nandrolone decanoate affects substance P endopeptidase-like activity in the rat brain. Peptides 2006; 27:114-21. [PMID: 16099548 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, on substance P endopeptidase-like activity was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Nandrolone decanoate (15 mg/kg day) or oil vehicle (sterile arachidis oleum) were administered by intramuscular injections during 14 days. Substance P endopeptidase, a predominantly cytosolic enzyme, generates the bioactive N-terminal fragment substance P(1-7) from the enzyme substrate substance P. Nandrolone decanoate significantly reduced the substance P endopeptidase-like activity compared to control animals in hypothalamus (43% reduction), caudate putamen (44%), substantia nigra (32%) and the ventral tegmental area (27%). It was previously reported that both hypothalamus and caudate putamen contained significantly higher levels of substance P after nandrolone administration. The higher concentration of substance P in these regions could to an extent be attributed to the reduction in substance P endopeptidase-like activity. This result elucidates the important role of peptidase activity in the regulation of the substance P transmitter system. The present study provides additional support for the hypothesis that alterations in the substance P system in certain brain areas may contribute to some of the personality changes reported in connection with AAS abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Magnusson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
During the 25 years since a motivational systems model was proposed to explain the brain mechanisms of aggressive behavior (D.B. Adams. Brain mechanisms for offense, defense, and submission. Behav. Brain. Sci. 2, (1979a) 200-241) considerable research has been carried out. Updating the model in the light of this research requires several changes. A previous distinction between submission and defense systems is abandoned and, instead, it is proposed that two distinct subsets of the defense motivational mechanism may be recognized, one for anti-predator defense and the other for consociate defense. Similarly, the offense motivational mechanism is now considered to have at least two subsets, one mediating territorial and the other competitive fighting. Data continue to indicate that the defense motivational mechanism is located in the midbrain central gray and adjoining tissue. Also data tend to support the hypothesis that the offense motivational mechanism is located in the hypothalamus at the level of the anterior hypothalamus. Consideration is also given to a motivational system for patrol/marking which is related to aggressive behavior. Research is reviewed that bears on the neural structure of motivating and releasing/directing stimuli and motor patterning mechanisms of offense, defense and patrol/marking, as well as the location of learning and hormonal effects, and attention is given to how the model can be tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Adams
- Psychology Department, Wesleyan University Department of Psychology, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hassanain M, Bhatt S, Zalcman S, Siegel A. Potentiating role of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-1beta type 1 receptors in the medial hypothalamus in defensive rage behavior in the cat. Brain Res 2005; 1048:1-11. [PMID: 15919060 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, this laboratory provided evidence that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), an immune and brain-derived cytokine, microinjected into the medial hypothalamus, potentiates defensive rage behavior in the cat elicited from the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), and that such effects are blocked by a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Since this finding represents the first time that a brain cytokine has been shown to affect defensive rage behavior, the present study replicated and extended these findings by documenting the specific potentiating role played by IL-1beta Type 1 receptor (IL-1RI), and the anatomical relationship between IL-1beta and 5-HT2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus. IL-1beta (10 ng) microinjected into the medial hypothalamus induced two separate phases of facilitation, one at 60 min and another at 180 min, post-injection. In turn, these effects were blocked with pretreatment of the selective IL-1 Type I receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (10 ng), demonstrating the selectivity of the effects of IL-1beta on medial hypothalamic neurons upon PAG-elicited defensive rage behavior. The next stage of the study utilized immunohistochemical methods to demonstrate that IL-1beta and 5-HT2 receptors were present on the same neurons within regions of the medial hypothalamus where IL-1beta and the IL-1beta receptor antagonists were administered. This provided anatomical evidence suggesting a relationship between IL-1RI and 5-HT2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus that is consistent with the previous pharmacological observations in our laboratory. The overall findings show that activation of IL-1RI in the medial hypothalamus potentiates defensive rage behavior in the cat and that these effects may also be linked to the presence of 5-HT2 receptors on the same groups of neurons in this region of hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hassanain
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, MSB Room H-512, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bhatt S, Zalcman S, Hassanain M, Siegel A. Cytokine modulation of defensive rage behavior in the cat: role of GABAA and interleukin-2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2005; 133:17-28. [PMID: 15893628 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Defensive rage behavior is a form of aggressive behavior occurring in nature in response to a threatening stimulus. It is also elicited by stimulation of the medial hypothalamus and midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and mediated through specific neurotransmitter-receptor mechanisms within these regions. Since interleukin (IL)-2 modulates the release of neurotransmitters linked to aggression and rage, we sought to determine whether IL-2 microinjected into the medial hypothalamus would modulate defensive rage. Microinjections of relatively low doses of IL-2 into the medial hypothalamus significantly suppressed defensive rage elicited from the PAG in a dose-dependent manner and in the absence of signs of sickness behavior. Pre-treatment with an antibody directed against IL-2Ralpha or a GABA(A) receptor antagonist blocked IL-2's suppressive effects upon defensive rage. Since the suppression of defensive rage is also mediated by 5-HT(1) receptors in the medial hypothalamus, a 5-HT(1) antagonist was microinjected into this region as a pretreatment for IL-2; however, it did not block IL-2's suppressive effects. Immunocytochemical data provided anatomical support for these findings by revealing extensive labeling of IL-2Ralpha on neurons in the medial hypothalamus. IL-2 microinjected into the medial hypothalamus did not modulate predatory attack elicited from the lateral hypothalamus. In summary, we provide evidence for a novel role for IL-2 in the medial hypothalamus as a potent suppressor of defensive rage behavior. These effects are mediated through an IL-2-GABA(A) receptor mechanism.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aggression/drug effects
- Aggression/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking
- Bicuculline/pharmacology
- Body Temperature/drug effects
- Cats
- Cytokines/physiology
- Electric Stimulation
- Electrodes, Implanted
- Female
- GABA Antagonists/pharmacology
- Hypothalamus, Middle/drug effects
- Hypothalamus, Middle/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Microinjections
- Predatory Behavior/drug effects
- Rage/drug effects
- Rage/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/physiology
- Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects
- Receptors, GABA-A/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bhatt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Medical Science Building, Room H-512, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|