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Nikolaus S, Chao OY, Beu M, Henke J, Antke C, Wang AL, Fazari B, Mamlins E, Huston JP, Giesel FL. The 5-HT 1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT modulates motor/exploratory activity, recognition memory and dopamine transporter binding in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107848. [PMID: 37865262 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
In the present studies, we assessed the effect of the 5-HT1A receptor (R) agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) on motor and exploratory behaviors, object and place recognition and dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter (SERT) binding in the rat brain. In Experiment I, motor/exploratory behaviors were assessed in an open field after injection of either 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 and 3 mg/kg) or vehicle for 30 min without previous habituation to the open field. In Experiment II, rats underwent a 5-min exploration trial in an open field with two identical objects. After injection of either 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 and 3 mg/kg) or vehicle, rats underwent a 5-min test trial with one of the objects replaced by a novel one and the other object transferred to a novel place. Subsequently, N-o-fluoropropyl-2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-[123I]iodophenyl)-nortropane ([123I]FP-CIT; 11 ± 4 MBq) was injected into the tail vein. Regional radioactivity accumulations were determined post mortem with a well counter. In both experiments, 8-OH-DPAT dose-dependently increased ambulation and exploratory head-shoulder motility, whereas rearing was dose-dependently decreased. In the test rial of Experiment II, there were no effects of 8-OH-DPAT on overall activity, sitting and grooming. 8-OH-DPAT dose-dependently impaired recognition of object and place. 8-OH-DPAT (3 mg/kg) increased DAT binding in the dorsal striatum relative to both vehicle and 0.1 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT. Furthermore, in the ventral striatum, DAT binding was decreased after 3 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT relative to vehicle. Findings indicate that motor/exploratory behaviors, memory for object and place and regional dopamine function may be modulated by the 5-HT1AR. Since, after 8-OH-DPAT, rats exhibited more horizontal and less (exploratory) vertical motor activity, while overall activity was not different between groups, it may be inferred, that the observed impairment of object recognition was not related to a decrease of motor activity as such, but to a decrease of intrinsic motivation, attention and/or awareness, which are relevant accessories of learning. Furthermore, the present findings on 8-OH-DPAT action indicate associations not only between motor/exploratory behavior and the recognition of object and place but also between the respective parameters and the levels of available DA in dorsal and ventral striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Owen Y Chao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Markus Beu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Henke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Antke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - An-Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Benedetta Fazari
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eduards Mamlins
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frederik L Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Júnior JBL, Carvalho Crespo LGS, Samuels RI, Coimbra NC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Morphine and dopamine: Low dose apomorphine can prevent both the induction and expression of morphine locomotor sensitization and conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2023; 448:114434. [PMID: 37100351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The disinhibition of dopamine neurons in the VTA by morphine is considered an important contributor to the reward potency of morphine. In this report, three experiments were conducted in which a low dose of apomorphine (0.05mg/kg) was used as a pretreatment to reduce dopamine activity. Locomotor hyperactivity was used as the behavioral response to morphine (10.0mg/kg). In the first experiment, five treatments with morphine induced the development of locomotor and conditioned hyperactivity that were prevented by apomorphine given 10min prior to morphine. Apomorphine before either vehicle or morphine induced equivalent reductions in locomotion. In the second experiment, the apomorphine pretreatment was initiated after induction of a conditioned hyperactivity and the apomorphine prevented the expression of the conditioning. To assess the effects of the apomorphine on VTA and the nucleus accumbens, ERK measurements were carried out after the induction of locomotor and conditioned hyperactivity. Increased ERK activation was found and these effects were prevented by the apomorphine in both experiments. A third experiment was conducted to assess the effects of acute morphine on ERK before locomotor stimulation was induced by morphine. Acute morphine did not increase locomotion, but a robust ERK response was produced indicating that the morphine induced ERK activation was not secondary to locomotor stimulation. The ERK activation was again prevented by the apomorphine pretreatment. We suggest that contiguity between the ongoing behavioral activity and the morphine activation of the dopamine reward system incentivizes and potentiates the ongoing behavior generating equivalent behavioral sensitization and conditioned effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barbosa Leite Júnior
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Soares Carvalho Crespo
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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3
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Müller CP. Serotonin and Consciousness-A Reappraisal. Behav Brain Res 2022; 432:113970. [PMID: 35716774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system of the brain is a major modulator of behaviour. Here we describe a re-appraisal of its function for consciousness based on anatomical, functional and pharmacological data. For a better understanding, the current model of consciousness is expanded. Two parallel streams of conscious flow are distinguished. A flow of conscious content and an affective consciousness flow. While conscious content flow has its functional equivalent in the activity of higher cortico-cortical and cortico-thalamic networks, affective conscious flow originates in segregated deeper brain structures for single emotions. It is hypothesized that single emotional networks converge on serotonergic and other modulatory transmitter neurons in the brainstem where a bound percept of an affective conscious flow is formed. This is then dispersed to cortical and thalamic networks, where it is time locked with conscious content flow at the level of these networks. Serotonin acts in concert with other modulatory systems of the brain stem with some possible specialization on single emotions. Together, these systems signal a bound percept of affective conscious flow. Dysfunctions in the serotonergic system may not only give rise to behavioural and somatic symptoms, but also essentially affect the coupling of conscious affective flow with conscious content flow, leading to the affect-stained subjective side of mental disorders like anxiety, depression, or schizophrenia. The present model is an attempt to integrate the growing insights into serotonergic system function. However, it is acknowledged, that several key claims are still at a heuristic level that need further empirical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany; Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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4
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Carey RJ. Drugs and memory: Evidence that drug effects can become associated with contextual cues by being paired post-trial with consolidation/re-consolidation. Mini review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 192:172911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Role of 5-HT1A Receptor in the Anxiolytic-Relaxant Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil in Rodent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072597. [PMID: 32283606 PMCID: PMC7177770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil obtained by the fresh fruit of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau is used worldwide in aromatherapy to reduce pain, facilitate sleep induction, and/or minimize the effects of stress-induced anxiety. Preclinical pharmacological data demonstrate that bergamot essential oil (BEO) modulates specific neurotransmissions and shows an anxiolytic-relaxant effect not superimposable to that of the benzodiazepine diazepam, suggesting that neurotransmissions, other than GABAergic, could be involved. Several studies on essential oils indicate a role for serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission in anxiety. Interestingly, among serotonergic receptors, the 5-HT1A subtype seems to play a key role in the control of anxiety. Here, we report that modulation of the 5-HT1A receptor by selective agonist ((±)8-OH-DPAT) or antagonist (WAY-100635) may influence some of the anxiolytic-relaxant effects of BEO in Open Field and Elevated Plus Maze tests.
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Wronikowska O, Michalak A, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Crawford AD, Budzyńska B. Fishing for a deeper understanding of nicotine effects using zebrafish behavioural models. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 98:109826. [PMID: 31783041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco, is the most widely used drug of abuse. Although the substance is well-known, there is still a lack of information concerning its long-term neurological and physiological effects and its mechanisms of action. In order to search for new, effective drugs in the therapy of nicotinism, as well as to design new drugs that exert positive nicotine-like effects, further experiments are needed, ideally also using new behavioural models and paradigms. A wide range of complex behaviours - including aggression, anxiety, long- and short-term memory, object discrimination and colour preference - have recently been comprehensively classified and characterized in the zebrafish model. Zebrafish offer an attractive experimental platform, based on a microscale in vivo bioassays, which can be used to investigate psychoactive drugs, their effects on the central nervous system and potential treatments of drug addictions. In this review, we present recent data revealing the potential of the zebrafish model to evaluate the effects and molecular mechanisms of nicotine by taking into consideration its impact on anxiety, learning and memory, addiction and social behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Wronikowska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Michalak
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Independent Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Alexander D Crawford
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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Lapointe T, Hudson R, Daniels S, Melanson B, Zhou Y, Leri F. Effects of combined escitalopram and aripiprazole in rats: role of the 5-HT 1a receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2273-2281. [PMID: 30903210 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pre-clinical and clinical studies have suggested that the antidepressant efficacy of escitalopram (ESC) can be augmented by co-administration of aripiprazole (ARI). OBJECTIVE To establish if the effects of ESC + ARI can be altered by modulating the 5-HT1a receptor. METHODS Sprague-Dawley male rats received ESC + ARI (10 and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively, via osmotic or by cumulative injections), as well as the 5-HT1a antagonist WAY-100635 (WAY; 0.01-1 mg/kg) and the 5-HT1a agonist 8-OH-DPAT (DPAT; 0.3-1 mg/kg) prior to testing in locomotion chambers and in the forced swim test (FST). Expression of the 5-HT1a receptor mRNA in the dorsal raphe nucleus, hippocampus, septum, and entorhinal cortex was also assessed. RESULTS WAY generally synergized, while DPAT antagonized, the effect of ESC + ARI on motor activity. All groups showed significantly lower 5-HT1a mRNA in the dorsal raphe nucleus. In the hippocampus, ESC + ARI and WAY + ESC + ARI groups displayed equivalent elevations of 5-HT1a mRNA, but this was not observed in groups that received DPAT + ESC + ARI. Finally, the addition of ARI to ESC augmented the effect that ESC alone had on reducing immobility in the FST. Importantly, WAY antagonized this effect, while DPAT had no consequences. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results in rats indicate that the 5-HT1a receptor is involved in the behavioral and brain region-specific mRNA effects of ESC + ARI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lapointe
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Specialization, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Hudson
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Specialization, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Daniels
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Specialization, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Brett Melanson
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Specialization, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Specialization, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada.
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8
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Wuo-Silva R, Fukushiro-Lopes DF, Fialho BP, Hollais AW, Santos-Baldaia R, Marinho EAV, Mári-Kawamoto E, Yokoyama TS, Lopes-Silva LB, Berro LF, Frussa-Filho R, Longo BM. Participation of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors in the Rapid-Onset Behavioral Sensitization to Modafinil. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:211. [PMID: 30914950 PMCID: PMC6421293 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the abuse potential of modafinil, a psychostimulant-like drug used to treat narcolepsy, are still controversial. While some studies claim no potential for abuse, increasing evidence suggests that modafinil induces abuse-related effects, including rapid-onset behavioral sensitization (i.e., a type of sensitization that develops within hours from the drug priming administration). The rapid-onset sensitization paradigm is a valuable tool to study the neuroplastic changes that occur quickly after drug administration, and shares neuroadaptations with drug abuse in humans. However, the mechanisms involved in the rapid-onset behavioral sensitization induced by modafinil are uncertain. Our aim was to investigate the possible involvement of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors on acute modafinil-induced hyperlocomotion and on the induction and expression of rapid-onset behavioral sensitization induced by modafinil in male Swiss mice. Treatment with the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 or the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride attenuated the acute modafinil-induced hyperlocomotion in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with either antagonist before the priming injection of modafinil prevented the development of sensitization in response to a modafinil challenge 4 h later. However, only SCH 23390 decreased the expression of modafinil-induced rapid-onset behavioral sensitization. Taken together, the present findings provide evidence of the participation of D1 and D2 receptors on the development of rapid-onset behavioral sensitization to modafinil, and point to a prominent role of D1 receptors on the expression of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Wuo-Silva
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno P Fialho
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André W Hollais
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Santos-Baldaia
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A V Marinho
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Elisa Mári-Kawamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís S Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Laís F Berro
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Roberto Frussa-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Santos BG, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Repeated pre-trial and post-trial low and high dose apomorphine treatments induce comparable inhibitory/excitatory sensitization and conditioned drug effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Most people who are regular consumers of psychoactive drugs are not drug addicts, nor will they ever become addicts. In neurobiological theories, non-addictive drug consumption is acknowledged only as a "necessary" prerequisite for addiction, but not as a stable and widespread behavior in its own right. This target article proposes a new neurobiological framework theory for non-addictive psychoactive drug consumption, introducing the concept of "drug instrumentalization." Psychoactive drugs are consumed for their effects on mental states. Humans are able to learn that mental states can be changed on purpose by drugs, in order to facilitate other, non-drug-related behaviors. We discuss specific "instrumentalization goals" and outline neurobiological mechanisms of how major classes of psychoactive drugs change mental states and serve non-drug-related behaviors. We argue that drug instrumentalization behavior may provide a functional adaptation to modern environments based on a historical selection for learning mechanisms that allow the dynamic modification of consummatory behavior. It is assumed that in order to effectively instrumentalize psychoactive drugs, the establishment of and retrieval from a drug memory is required. Here, we propose a new classification of different drug memory subtypes and discuss how they interact during drug instrumentalization learning and retrieval. Understanding the everyday utility and the learning mechanisms of non-addictive psychotropic drug use may help to prevent abuse and the transition to drug addiction in the future.
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Chugani DC, Chugani HT, Wiznitzer M, Parikh S, Evans PA, Hansen RL, Nass R, Janisse JJ, Dixon-Thomas P, Behen M, Rothermel R, Parker JS, Kumar A, Muzik O, Edwards DJ, Hirtz D. Efficacy of Low-Dose Buspirone for Restricted and Repetitive Behavior in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Trial. J Pediatr 2016; 170:45-53.e1-4. [PMID: 26746121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine safety and efficacy of the 5HT1A serotonin partial agonist buspirone on core autism and associated features in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). STUDY DESIGN Children 2-6 years of age with ASD (N = 166) were randomized to receive placebo or 2.5 or 5.0 mg of buspirone twice daily. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of 24 weeks of buspirone on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Composite Total Score. Secondary objectives included evaluating the effects of buspirone on social competence, repetitive behaviors, language, sensory dysfunction, and anxiety and to assess side effects. Positron emission tomography measures of tryptophan metabolism and blood serotonin concentrations were assessed as predictors of buspirone efficacy. RESULTS There was no difference in the ADOS Composite Total Score between baseline and 24 weeks among the 3 treatment groups (P = .400); however, the ADOS Restricted and Repetitive Behavior score showed a time-by-treatment effect (P = .006); the 2.5-mg buspirone group showed significant improvement (P = .003), whereas placebo and 5.0-mg buspirone groups showed no change. Children in the 2.5-mg buspirone group were more likely to improve if they had fewer foci of increased brain tryptophan metabolism on positron emission tomography (P = .018) or if they showed normal levels of blood serotonin (P = .044). Adverse events did not differ significantly among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with 2.5 mg of buspirone in young children with ASD might be a useful adjunct therapy to target restrictive and repetitive behaviors in conjunction with behavioral interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00873509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Chugani
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI.
| | - Harry T Chugani
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Max Wiznitzer
- Neuroscience Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sumit Parikh
- Cleveland Clinic Neurogenetics & Metabolism, Neuroscience Institute Lerner College of Medicine-Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Patricia A Evans
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Robin L Hansen
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Ruth Nass
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - James J Janisse
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Pamela Dixon-Thomas
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Michael Behen
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI
| | - Robert Rothermel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Jacqueline S Parker
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Otto Muzik
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - David J Edwards
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah Hirtz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Bartos M, Gumilar F, Bras C, Gallegos CE, Giannuzzi L, Cancela LM, Minetti A. Neurobehavioural effects of exposure to fluoride in the earliest stages of rat development. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:205-12. [PMID: 25921949 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is known that exposure to high concentrations of Fluoride (F) produces deleterious health effects in human population. However, in the last years it has been concluded that low concentrations of F may have adverse health effects as well. Transplacental passage of F and its incorporation into foetal tissues has been demonstrated. Therefore, the purpose of the present work was to study the effects of the exposure to low levels of F during pregnancy and lactation on the central nervous system functionality. Wistar rats were exposed to low F concentrations (5 and 10 mg/l) during pregnancy and lactation. Sensorimotor reflexes in the each pup were analysed and the postnatal day on which both eyes and auditory canals were opened was recorded. Locomotor activity and anxiety were subsequently analysed in 45- and 90-day-old offspring by an open field test and plus maze test, respectively. A significant delay in the development of eye opening was observed in all offspring whose mothers had been exposed to the two F concentrations tested. Exposure to 5 and 10 mg/l F was also found to significantly decrease locomotor activity only in 90-day-old male and female offspring. A low index of anxiety in the young females and in all adult offspring exposed to the two F concentrations tested was also detected. Taken together, findings from the present study show that exposure to low F concentrations during pregnancy and lactation produces dysfunction in the central nervous system mechanisms which regulate motor and sensitive development, locomotor activity and anxiety
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bartos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, INBIOSUR-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Fernanda Gumilar
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, INBIOSUR-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Cristina Bras
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, INBIOSUR-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Cristina E Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, INBIOSUR-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Leda Giannuzzi
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Liliana M Cancela
- Departamento de Farmacología, IFEC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Minetti
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, INBIOSUR-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Carey RJ, Damianopoulos EN. Serotonin and conditioning: focus on Pavlovian psychostimulant drug conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282:227-36. [PMID: 25446748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin containing neurons are located in nuclei deep in the brainstem and send axons throughout the central nervous system from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. The vast scope of these connections and interactions enable serotonin and serotonin analogs to have profound effects upon sensory/motor processes. In that conditioning represents a neuroplastic process that leads to new sensory/motor connections, it is apparent that the serotonin system has the potential for a critical role in conditioning. In this article we review the basics of conditioning as well as the serotonergic system and point up the number of non-associative ways in which manipulations of serotonin neurotransmission have an impact upon conditioning. We focus upon psychostimulant drug conditioning and review the contribution of drug stimuli in the use of serotonin drugs to investigate drug conditioning and the important impact drug stimuli can have on conditioning by introducing new sensory stimuli that can create or mask a CS. We also review the ways in which experimental manipulations of serotonin can disrupt conditioned behavioral effects but not the associative processes in conditioning. In addition, we propose the use of the recently developed memory re-consolidation model of conditioning as an approach to assess the possible role of serotonin in associative processes without the complexities of performance effects related to serotonin treatment induced alterations in sensory/motor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research Service and Development (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Graduate School, SUNY Upstate Medical University at Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Ernest N Damianopoulos
- Research Service and Development (151), VA Medical Center, Room 326, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Comparison of automated home-cage monitoring systems: Emphasis on feeding behaviour, activity and spatial learning following pharmacological interventions. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 234:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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Cousin MA, Ebbert JO, Wiinamaki AR, Urban MD, Argue DP, Ekker SC, Klee EW. Larval zebrafish model for FDA-approved drug repositioning for tobacco dependence treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90467. [PMID: 24658307 PMCID: PMC3962344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking remains the most preventable cause of death and excess health care costs in the United States, and is a leading cause of death among alcoholics. Long-term tobacco abstinence rates are low, and pharmacotherapeutic options are limited. Repositioning medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may efficiently provide clinicians with new treatment options. We developed a drug-repositioning paradigm using larval zebrafish locomotion and established predictive clinical validity using FDA-approved smoking cessation therapeutics. We evaluated 39 physician-vetted medications for nicotine-induced locomotor activation blockade. We further evaluated candidate medications for altered ethanol response, as well as in combination with varenicline for nicotine-response attenuation. Six medications specifically inhibited the nicotine response. Among this set, apomorphine and topiramate blocked both nicotine and ethanol responses. Both positively interact with varenicline in the Bliss Independence test, indicating potential synergistic interactions suggesting these are candidates for translation into Phase II clinical trials for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot A. Cousin
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jon O. Ebbert
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Nicotine Dependence Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Wiinamaki
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Urban
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David P. Argue
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Ekker
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric W. Klee
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sanguedo FVC, Cruz Dias FR, Bloise E, Cespedes IC, Giraldi-Guimarães A, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Increase in medial frontal cortex ERK activation following the induction of apomorphine sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 118:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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de Mello Bastos JM, Dias FRC, Alves VHN, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Drug memory substitution during re-consolidation: A single inhibitory autoreceptor apomorphine treatment given during psychostimulant memory re-consolidation replaces psychostimulant conditioning with conditioned inhibition and reverses psychostimulant sensitization. Behav Brain Res 2014; 260:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Davis-MacNevin PL, Dekraker J, LaDouceur L, Holahan MR. Comparison of the MK-801-induced increase in non-rewarded appetitive responding with dopamine agonists and locomotor activity in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:854-64. [PMID: 23761388 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113492029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- receptor antagonist, MK-801, has been proposed to model cognitive deficits similar to those seen in patients with schizophrenia. Evidence has shown that MK-801 increases the probability of operant responding during extinction, possibly modeling perseveration, as would be seen in patients with schizophrenia. This MK-801-induced behavioral perseveration is reversed by dopamine receptor antagonism. To further explore the role of dopamine in this behavioral change, the current study sought to determine if the MK-801-induced increase in non-rewarded operant responding could be mimicked by dopamine agonism and determine how it was related to locomotor activity. Male Long Evans rats were treated systemically with MK-801, cocaine, GBR12909 or apomorphine (APO) and given a single trial operant extinction session, followed by a separate assessment of locomotor activity. Both MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg) and cocaine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased responding during the extinction session and both increased horizontal locomotor activity. No dose of GBR-12909 (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) was found to effect non-rewarded operant responding or locomotor activity. APO (0.05, 0.5, 2 or 5 mg/kg) treatment produced a dose-dependent decrease in both operant responding and locomotor activity. These results suggest the possibility that, rather than a primary influence of increased dopamine concentration on elevating bar-pressing responses during extinction, other neurotransmitter systems may be involved.
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Dias FRC, de Matos LW, Dos Santos Sampaio MDF, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Residual dopamine receptor desensitization following either high- or low-dose sub-chronic prior exposure to the atypical anti-psychotic drug olanzapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:141-50. [PMID: 22825579 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anti-psychotic drugs are antagonists of dopamine D2 receptors and repeated administration may lead to the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of sub-chronic olanzapine treatments upon the induction of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. METHODS Rats were administered ten daily low or high doses of the atypical anti-psychotic drug olanzapine (0.01 or 1.0 mg/kg). After 5 days of withdrawal, all groups received 2.0 mg/kg apomorphine on five successive days. Five days after the apomorphine sensitization protocol, in separate experiments, either a conditioning test or an apomorphine sensitization test was conducted. RESULTS During the anti-psychotic treatment the high dose of olanzapine induced profound locomotion suppression, whereas the low dose had no effect upon locomotion. The apomorphine treatments given to the vehicle control group generated locomotor sensitization. This sensitization effect was attenuated by the same degree for both the low or high dose prior olanzapine treatments. Also, the low and high-dose olanzapine pre-treatments diminished subsequent apomorphine-conditioned and apomorphine-sensitized locomotor responses. CONCLUSIONS The equivalent attenuation of the apomorphine sensitization produced by both olanzapine doses indicates that this effect was unrelated to the direct effects of olanzapine upon locomotion. Furthermore, the persistence of the desensitization effects well after the termination of the olanzapine treatments is indicative of a residual desensitization of the dopamine system. These findings are of importance when considering the use of atypical anti-psychotic drugs in the treatment of psychoses and other disorders in which overactivity of the dopamine system is considered a contributory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Post-trial apomorphine at an autoreceptor dose level can eliminate apomorphine conditioning and sensitization: Support for the critical role of dopamine in re-consolidation. Behav Brain Res 2013; 236:244-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50-kHz calls in rats: Effects of MDMA and the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carrera MP, Carey RJ, Dias FRC, de Mattos LW. Memory re-consolidation and drug conditioning: an apomorphine conditioned locomotor stimulant response can be enhanced or reversed by a single high versus low apomorphine post-trial treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:281-91. [PMID: 21922172 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychostimulant sensitization can have transformative effects upon contextual stimuli such as acquired conditioned stimuli and conditioned incentive motivational properties. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to induce apomorphine sensitization and conduct non-drug exposures to the contextual cues followed by post-trial treatments designed to associate increases/decreases in dopamine activity with re-consolidation of the contextual cue conditioned stimulus. METHODS Separate groups received five daily apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg) treatments, paired or unpaired to the test environment. Two days later, a 30-min non-drug conditioning test was performed. Subsequently, there were three brief (5 min) conditioning tests on successive days. After removal from the test environment on the three test days, all groups received post-trial treatment with vehicle, 0.05, and 2.0 mg/kg apomorphine. One day later, a second 30-min conditioning test was conducted. RESULTS There was a sensitized and a conditioned locomotor stimulant response in the paired groups. After the first and second post-trial treatments with 0.05 mg/kg apomorphine, the conditioned stimulant response in the paired group was transformed into a conditioned inhibitory response. In contrast, the conditioned stimulant response of the paired group administered with apomorphine 2.0 mg/kg post-trial was amplified. The apomorphine post-trial treatments administered to the unpaired groups or 2 h post-trial to paired groups were without effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sensitization substantially enhances the associative sensitivity of contextual stimuli and imply that brief exposure to cues linked to drugs of addiction followed by treatments that inhibit neurotransmitter systems may provide a new direction in drug abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Morphology and Pathology Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil.
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Dias FRC, de Matos LW, Sampaio MDFDS, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Opposite effects of low versus high dose haloperidol treatments on spontaneous and apomorphine induced motor behavior: evidence that at a very low dose haloperidol acts as an indirect dopamine agonist. Behav Brain Res 2012; 229:153-9. [PMID: 22244923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Anti-psychotic drugs are antagonists at the dopamine D2 receptors and repeated administration can lead to the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. In two experiments, separate groups of rats were administered 10 daily low or high doses of the typical anti-psychotic drug haloperidol (0.03 or 1.0 mg/kg). The high dose decreased locomotion whereas, the low dose increased locomotion. After 5 days of withdrawal, all groups received 2.0 mg/kg apomorphine on 5 successive days. The apomorphine treatments given to the vehicle group generated a progressive locomotion sensitization effect and this effect was potentiated by pre-exposure to 0.03 mg/kg haloperidol. Initially, the prior high dose of haloperidol exaggerated the apomorphine locomotor stimulant effect but with repeated apomorphine treatments desensitization developed. Following a 5-day withdrawal period an apomorphine challenge test was conducted and apomorphine sensitization was absent in the haloperidol high dose pre-exposure group but potentiated in the low dose pre-exposure group. In the second replication experiment a conditioning test instead of a sensitization challenge test was conducted 5 days after completion of the 5-day apomorphine treatment protocol. The repeated apomorphine treatments induced conditioned hyper- locomotion and this conditioned effect was prevented by the prior high dose haloperidol pre-exposure but enhanced by the prior low dose haloperidol pre-exposure. Two new key findings are (a) that a low dose haloperidol regimen can function as a dopamine agonist and these effects persist after withdrawal and (b) that repeated apomorphine treatments can desensitize D2 receptors previously sensitized by a high dose haloperidol treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
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Bras C, Gumilar F, Gandini N, Minetti A, Ferrero A. Evaluation of the acute dermal exposure of the ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:1450-1456. [PMID: 21884775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schinus molle var. areira L. (Anacardiaceae) is employed in herbal medicine for many conditions, including respiratory, urinary and menstrual disorders, and as a digestive stimulant, diuretic, astringent and antidepressant. It is also known for its topical use as wound healer, antiseptic, for skin disorders and as repellent and insecticide. In the present work, the acute dermal exposure to ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira was studied in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single dose of 2000 mg/kg of body weight of ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves was applied on the shaved skin of male and female rats. After 24h of exposure, the patch was removed and any sign of irritation was recorded. Behavioral and functional parameters in a functional observational battery and motor activity in an open field were assessed after the exposure to the extracts. Then, after 14 days of observation, animals were retested. Finally, histopathological studies were conducted on several organs. RESULTS Slight signs of erythema and edema were observed in the skin site of exposure, but they disappeared after 48 h. The exposure to the hexanic extract produced an increase in parameters of activity, rearing and arousal assessed in the functional observational battery, which reversed after 14 days. On the other hand, the ethanolic extract caused an increase in locomotor activity, reflected in a higher number of rearings performed in the open field in the evaluation carried out on Day 14. No histopathological alterations were detected in the analyzed organs. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the acute dermal exposure of the ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira only causes a slight and reversible skin irritation, and a mild stimulatory effect in rats. All these indicate that the topical use of these extracts would be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bras
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados II, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Müller CP, Pum ME, Amato D, Schüttler J, Huston JP, De Souza Silva MA. The in vivo neurochemistry of the brain during general anesthesia. J Neurochem 2011; 119:419-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ikram H, Haleem DJ. Attenuation of apomorphine-induced sensitization by buspirone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:444-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Serotonergic involvement in methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity: A detailed pharmacological study. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pan SY, Guo BF, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Yu ZL, Dong H, Ye Y, Han YF, Ko KM. Tacrine Treatment at High Dose Suppresses the Recognition Memory in Juvenile and Adult Mice with Attention to Hepatotoxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 108:421-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bras C, Domínguez S, Codón S, Minetti A, Ferrero A. Consequences of subchronic exposure to ethanolic extract from fruits and leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 132:321-327. [PMID: 20728520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Several extracts of Schinus molle var. areira L. plant proved to be useful for the treatment of different pathologies and for the control of insect pest. Due to these potential uses, it is necessary to study their safety. In this work, we evaluated the effects of subchronic exposure to ethanolic extracts from leaves and fruits of Schinus molle var. areira in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The plant extract was added to the diet at 1 g/kg body weight/day for 90 days. At the end of the exposure, behavioral and functional parameters in a functional observational battery and motor activity in an open field were assessed. Finally, several biochemical and histopathological studies were realized. RESULTS The exposure to extract from leaves produced an increase in the number of rearings in the open field and of urine pools in the functional observational battery. On the other hand, the exposure to extract from fruits produced an increase in the neutrophil count and a decrease in the lymphocyte count and in the total cholesterol levels. None of the exposures affected the different organs evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that subchronic exposure to ethanolic extracts from leaves and fruits of Schinus molle var. areira should be potentially useful in the treatment of lipid pathologies and safe to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bras
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados II, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Dias FRC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Apomorphine-induced context-specific behavioural sensitization is prevented by the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 but potentiated and uncoupled from contextual cues by the D2 antagonist sulpiride. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 209:137-51. [PMID: 20177884 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In the study of behavioural sensitization induced by dopamine agonists, D1 and D2 receptors have a critical, but a puzzling role. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 and the D2 antagonist sulpiride given repeatedly alone or in combination with apomorphine upon apomorphine conditioning and sensitization. METHODS Apomorphine-induced (2.0 mg/kg) conditioning and sensitization were assessed following five paired/unpaired treatments. Sulpiride (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) and SCH-23390 (0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg) were administered alone or in combination with apomorphine. In experiment 1, the effect of 5 days of sulpiride and SCH-23390 treatments given alone were assessed on apomorphine reactivity. In experiment 2, sulpiride and SCH-23390 were co-administered with apomorphine for 5 days and subsequently, conditioning and sensitization tests were performed. In experiment 3, following five apomorphine treatment sessions, sulpiride and SCH-23390 were administered prior to the conditioning and sensitization tests. RESULTS SCH-23390 and sulpiride induced hyper-reactivity to apomorphine. SCH-23390 when given after the induction of apomorphine sensitization, blocked the expression of apomorphine sensitization. When given in combination with apomorphine, SCH-23390 blocked the apomorphine conditioning and sensitization, whereas low-dose sulpiride permitted conditioning and enhanced apomorphine sensitization and high-dose sulpiride blocked conditioning but permitted apomorphine sensitization. Both sulpiride doses transformed apomorphine sensitization from context-specific to context-independent sensitization. CONCLUSION The SCH-23390 findings are supportive of a critical role for D1 receptors in apomorphine effects whereas the sulpiride effects diminish the importance of conditioning and dopamine autoreceptor subsensitivity mechanisms in the mediation of apomorphine sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
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Müller CP, Pum ME, Schumann G, Huston JP. The Role of Serotonin in Drug Addiction. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Braga PQ, Dias FRC, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Low dose apomorphine induces context-specific sensitization of hypolocomotion without conditioning: Support for a new state dependent retrieval hypothesis of drug conditioning and sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Carey RJ, Damianopoulos EN, Shanahan AB. Cocaine conditioning: reversal by autoreceptor dose levels of 8-OHDPAT. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 91:447-52. [PMID: 18804487 PMCID: PMC2716395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the contribution of serotonergic effects of cocaine to Pavlovian conditioning of cocaine locomotor stimulant effects, two experiments were conducted in which groups of rats (N=10) received cocaine treatments (10 mg/kg) paired or unpaired to placement in an open-field environment. Initially, a cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect was established. Next, additional Coc-P and Coc-UP pairings were carried out in conjunction with pretreatment injections of the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg) or saline. In experiment 1, the Coc-P group which received the saline pretreatment again exhibited conditioning but in the 8-OHDPAT pretreatment Coc-P group conditioning was eliminated. In the second experiment, the protocol of the first experiment was repeated but expanded in the post-conditioning phase to include an 8-OHDPAT plus the 5-HT1A antagonist pretreatment Coc-P group. As in the first experiment, the 8-OHDPAT pretreatment Coc-P group did not exhibit a cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect; whereas, the saline pretreatment Coc-P and the 8-OHDPAT plus WAY-100635 pretreatment Coc-P groups did exhibit the cocaine conditioned locomotion stimulant effect. These findings are consistent with an important role for serotonin in the maintenance of cocaine Pavlovian conditioned effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research Service (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Behavior selectively elicited by novel stimuli: modulation by the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OHDPAT and antagonist WAY-100635. Behav Pharmacol 2008; 19:361-4. [PMID: 18622186 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283096848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system has a broad influence on behavior, but its specific contribution to novel object exploration remains to be examined. Toward this end, we assessed the impact of the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (0.01-0.05 mg/kg) and the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY-100635 (0.01-0.05 mg/kg) on novel object exploration in a familiar open-field environment. 8-OHDPAT produced a dose-related inhibition of responding to the novel object, whereas, WAY-100635 treatment induced a dose-related increase in the investigatory response to the novel object. Combined, the effects of WAY and 8-OHDPAT treatments were statistically indistinguishable from saline. In terms of locomotor activity, only the highest dose of 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg) altered locomotor activity and the effect was inhibitory. These findings provide evidence for an involvement of the serotonergic system in the response to novel stimuli and indicate that this effect can be dissociated from effects on overall activity including locomotor, rearing and grooming behaviors.
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Ferrero A, Minetti A, Bras C, Zanetti N. Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of ethanolic extract from fruits of Schinus molle in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:441-7. [PMID: 17716846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethanolic and hexanic extracts from fruits and leaves of Schinus molle showed ability to control several insect pests. Potential vertebrate toxicity associated with insecticidal plants requires investigation before institutional promotion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of ethanolic extracts from fruits of Schinus molle in rats. The plant extract was added to the diet at 2g/kg body weight/day during 1 day to evaluate acute toxicity and at 1g/kg body weight/day during 14 days to evaluate subacute toxicity. At the end of the exposure and after 7 days, behavioral and functional parameters in a functional observational battery and motor activity in an open field were assessed. Finally, histopathological examinations were conducted on several organs. In both exposures, an increase in the arousal level was observed in experimental groups. Also, the landing foot splay parameter increased in the experimental group after acute exposure. Only the subacute exposure produced a significant increase in the motor activity in the open field. All these changes disappeared after 7 days. None of the exposures affected the different organs evaluated. Our results suggest that ethanolic extracts from fruits and leaves of Schinus molle should be relatively safe to use as insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferrero
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados II, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Müller CP, Carey RJ, Huston JP, De Souza Silva MA. Serotonin and psychostimulant addiction: Focus on 5-HT1A-receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 81:133-78. [PMID: 17316955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin(1A)-receptors (5-HT(1A)-Rs) are important components of the 5-HT system in the brain. As somatodendritic autoreceptors they control the activity of 5-HT neurons, and, as postsynaptic receptors, the activity in terminal areas. Cocaine (COC), amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("Ecstasy", MDMA) are psychostimulant drugs that can lead to addiction-related behavior in humans and in animals. At the neurochemical level, these psychostimulant drugs interact with monoamine transporters and increase extracellular 5-HT, dopamine and noradrenalin activity in the brain. The increase in 5-HT, which, in addition to dopamine, is a core mechanism of action for drug addiction, hyperactivates 5-HT(1A)-Rs. Here, we first review the role of the various 5-HT(1A)-R populations in spontaneous behavior to provide a background to elucidate the contribution of the 5-HT(1A)-Rs to the organization of psychostimulant-induced addiction behavior. The progress achieved in this field shows the fundamental contribution of brain 5-HT(1A)-Rs to virtually all behaviors associated with psychostimulant addiction. Importantly, the contribution of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT(1A)-Rs can be dissociated and frequently act in opposite directions. We conclude that 5-HT(1A)-autoreceptors mainly facilitate psychostimulant addiction-related behaviors by a limitation of the 5-HT response in terminal areas. Postsynaptic 5-HT(1A)-Rs, in contrast, predominantly inhibit the expression of various addiction-related behaviors directly. In addition, they may also influence the local 5-HT response by feedback mechanisms. The reviewed findings do not only show a crucial role of 5-HT(1A)-Rs in the control of brain 5-HT activity and spontaneous behavior, but also their complex role in the regulation of the psychostimulant-induced 5-HT response and subsequent addiction-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Müller CP, Carey RJ. Intracellular 5-HT2C-receptor dephosphorylation: a new target for treating drug addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:455-8. [PMID: 16876260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2C) receptor has received considerable attention as a target for treating drug addiction. 5-HT(2C)-receptor agonism, however, also induces side-effects. In this article, we review recent findings regarding the involvement of 5-HT(2C) receptors in behaviours related to drug addiction in animals. It was recently shown that 5-HT(2C)-receptor agonist effects can be induced intracellularly using the protein peptide Tat-3L4F, which prevents 5-HT(2C)-receptor dephosphorylation induced by phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10. The most promising finding is that Tat-3L4F can selectively reduce the potency of addictive drugs by reducing mesolimbic dopamine transmission without eliciting the side-effects of 5-HT(2C)-receptor agonist treatment, thus highlighting its potential use as a strategy to treat drug addiction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I and Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Müller CP, Huston JP. Determining the region-specific contributions of 5-HT receptors to the psychostimulant effects of cocaine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:105-12. [PMID: 16406129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a drug of abuse that has complex neurochemical and behavioural profiles. When it became evident that models that involve only dopamine do not fully explain the complex effects of cocaine on behaviour, the focus of research expanded to include the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system in the brain. The 5-HT system comprises several subtypes of 5-HT receptors, which contribute differentially to the various behavioural effects of cocaine. In this article, we describe which subtypes regulate behaviours that are related to cocaine addiction and how they might provide new therapeutic approaches. Numerous subpopulations of each 5-HT receptor can be distinguished according to their location in the brain. We also discuss how these subpopulations relate to the effects of 5-HT-receptor stimulation at the systemic level. These insights provide a new receptor-based approach for understanding the 5-HT mechanisms that subserve the actions of cocaine and possible pharmacotherapies against cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I and Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A. Stimulus gated cocaine sensitization: Interoceptive drug cue control of cocaine locomotor sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82:353-60. [PMID: 16216323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repeated cocaine treatments typically generate sensitization effects which are environment specific. In this study, we investigated whether drug treatments with highly selective receptor specificity can also function as contextual cues to control the expression of cocaine sensitization effects. Two experiments were conducted in which separate groups of rats (N=10) received ten paired or unpaired cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) treatments. In the experiments, autoreceptor preferring low doses of either the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (8OH) (0.05 mg/kg) or the D1/D2 agonist apomorphine (APO) (0.05 mg/kg) were administered 20 min prior to cocaine administration and test environment placement (paired treatment). Under these conditions, the drug cues generated by the 8OH/APO treatments were associated with the cocaine stimulant effect in the test environment. The unpaired treatment groups received the same drug treatments but the cocaine was administered after testing, in the homecage. Consequently, for these groups, the 8OH/APO drug cues generated by the drug treatments would not become associated with the cocaine stimulant effect in the test environment. Critically, both 8OH and APO pretreatments elicited equivalent unconditioned response effects which were opposite to the cocaine unconditioned response effects; that is, behavioral inhibition vs. behavioral stimulation. Initially, the 8OH and APO pretreatments prevented the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine; but, these inhibitory effects were reversed in the paired groups with repeated cocaine treatments, consistent with the emergence of cocaine sensitization effects. In the unpaired 8OH and APO pretreatment groups, behavioral suppression persisted throughout the treatment protocol. Subsequently, paired and unpaired groups were compared in four conditioning/sensitization tests. The conditioning tests included: a saline/saline test; and a 8OH/saline test (Experiment 1); and, a saline/saline test and a APO/saline test (Experiment 2). There were no paired/unpaired group differences in these conditioning tests. The sensitization tests included: a saline/cocaine test; and a 8OH/cocaine test (Experiment 1); and, a saline/cocaine test and a APO/cocaine test (Experiment 2). There were no paired/unpaired group differences in the saline/cocaine test for sensitization but paired/unpaired group differences were found in both the 8OH/cocaine and APO/cocaine sensitization tests. In these tests the paired but not the unpaired groups exhibited cocaine locomotor sensitization effects. Critically when, in an additional test, the pretreatments in the cocaine tests were reversed (i.e., 8OH paired group received APO and APO paired group received 8OH prior to cocaine), then there was no evidence for cocaine sensitization. Since the 8OH/APO pretreatments had equivalent inhibitory response effects, it was the stimulus properties of these drugs which controlled the expression of the cocaine locomotor sensitization effects. These findings support the critical role of associative processes in the stimulus-gating of psychostimulant drug sensitization. Importantly, this report incorporates a new methodology in which context can be specified in terms of highly specific brain receptor targets rather than in terms of global environmental situational cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Research (151), VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A, Müller CP, Huston JP. Pharmacological inhibition of DA- and 5-HT activity blocks spontaneous and cocaine-activated behavior: reversal by chronic cocaine treatment. Brain Res 2005; 1047:194-204. [PMID: 15896723 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was shown that the combined pretreatment with low autoreceptor preferring dose levels of apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) and 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg), which decrease dopaminergic and serotonergic activity, induces a profound behavioral inhibition and also blocks the stimulant effects of cocaine. In two experiments, we report that the acute blockade of spontaneous and cocaine locomotor stimulant effects by pretreatment with 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg) plus apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) is dose-dependently (0.0 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg cocaine) reversed with repeated cocaine treatments. Using a paired vs. unpaired Pavlovian conditioning protocol, we found that this reversal by cocaine (10 mg/kg) of the inhibition by the combined 8-OHDPAT plus apomorphine pretreatment occurred for the paired but not the unpaired cocaine treatment. The findings suggest that this reversal of behavioral inhibition is mediated by the transformation of the drug cues generated by 8-OHDPAT and apomorphine into cocaine-conditioned stimuli which can activate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- VA Medical Center and Upstate Medical University Syracuse, 800 Irving Avenue, Research (151), VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Carey RJ, DePalma G, Damianopoulos E, Shanahan A, Müller CP, Huston JP. Evidence that the 5-HT1A autoreceptor is an important pharmacological target for the modulation of cocaine behavioral stimulant effects. Brain Res 2005; 1034:162-71. [PMID: 15713268 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The psychostimulant effects of cocaine critically depend on the serotonergic (5-HT) system, of which the 5-HT1A receptor is an essential component. We recently showed divergent contributions of various pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor populations to the behavioral effects of cocaine. Here, we further investigate the role of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the acute and chronic stimulant effects of cocaine using 5-HT1A receptor ligands in autoreceptor preferring doses. In experiment 1, four groups of rats (N = 10) received either saline or the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg) 20 min prior to a saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg) injection on 9 consecutive days. In experiment 2, six groups (N = 10) were given either saline, the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.05 mg/kg) or 8-OHDPAT (0.05 mg/kg) plus WAY 100635 (0.05 mg/kg) 20 min before a saline or cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) treatment on 9 consecutive days. Initially, both the 8-OHDPAT and WAY 100635 pretreatments completely blocked the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine whereas the combined 8-OHDPAT plus WAY 100635 pretreatment had no effect. In saline treated groups, neither the WAY 100635 nor the 8-OHDPAT plus WAY 100635 pretreatment influenced spontaneous activity levels, whereas the 8-OHDPAT alone severely reduced spontaneous activity. These effects persisted over the course of the 9 test sessions. A different pattern of results was obtained for the cocaine treatment groups. With repeated treatments, the WAY 100635 treatment always blocked the locomotor activation effect of cocaine, whereas the effects of 8-OHDPAT were transformed from an inhibition to an enhancement of cocaine locomotor stimulation. The combined 8-OHDPAT plus WAY 100635 pretreatment did not affect the stimulant effect of cocaine. These findings demonstrate that low dose autoreceptor preferring treatments with a 5-HT1A agonist and antagonist can strongly modify the behavioral stimulant effects of cocaine and suggest that the 5-HT1A autoreceptor may be an important pharmacological target for the development of treatments for cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Carey
- Research and Development (151), VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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