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Zang WB, Wei HL, Zhang WW, Ma W, Li J, Yao Y. Curcumin hybrid molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Structure and pharmacological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116070. [PMID: 38134747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. Contemporary treatments can only relieve symptoms but fail to delay disease progression. Curcumin is a naturally derived compound that has demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in AD treatment. Recently, molecular hybridization has been utilized to combine the pharmacophoric groups present in curcumin with those of other AD drugs, resulting in a series of novel compounds that enhance the therapeutic efficacy through multiple mechanisms. In this review, we firstly provide a concise summary of various pathogenetic hypotheses of AD and the mechanism of action of curcumin in AD, as well as the concept of molecular hybridization. Subsequently, we focus on the recent development of hybrid molecules derived from curcumin, summarizing their structures and pharmacological activities, including cholinesterase inhibitory activity, Aβ aggregation inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and other activities. The structure-activity relationships were further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Biao Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hui-Ling Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Characteristic Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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2
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Pasieka A, Panek D, Zaręba P, Sługocka E, Gucwa N, Espargaró A, Latacz G, Khan N, Bucki A, Sabaté R, Więckowska A, Malawska B. Novel drug-like fluorenyl derivatives as selective butyrylcholinesterase and β-amyloid inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 88-89:117333. [PMID: 37236021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation remain important biological target and mechanism in the search for effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Simultaneous inhibition thereof by the application of multifunctional agents may lead to improvement in terms of symptoms and causes of the disease. Here, we present the rational design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling studies of novel series of fluorene-based BuChE and Aβ inhibitors with drug-like characteristics and advantageous Central Nervous System Multiparameter Optimization scores. Among 17 synthesized and tested compounds, we identified 22 as the most potent eqBuChE inhibitor with IC50 of 38 nM and 37.4% of Aβ aggregation inhibition at 10 μM. Based on molecular modelling studies, including molecular dynamics, we determined the binding mode of the compounds within BuChE and explained the differences in the activity of the two enantiomers of compound 22. A novel series of fluorenyl compounds meeting the drug-likeness criteria seems to be a promising starting point for further development as anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pasieka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Panek
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paula Zaręba
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Emilia Sługocka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St., 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Gucwa
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Av Joan XXIII, S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Nadia Khan
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Departement of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Av Joan XXIII, S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna St. 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Decourt B, Noorda K, Noorda K, Shi J, Sabbagh MN. Review of Advanced Drug Trials Focusing on the Reduction of Brain Beta-Amyloid to Prevent and Treat Dementia. J Exp Pharmacol 2022; 14:331-352. [PMID: 36339394 PMCID: PMC9632331 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s265626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and typically affects patients older than age 65. Around this age, the number of neurons begins to gradually decrease in healthy brains, but brains of patients with AD show a marked increase in neuron death, often resulting in a significant loss of cognitive abilities. Cognitive skills affected include information retention, recognition capabilities, and language skills. At present, AD can be definitively diagnosed only through postmortem brain biopsies via the detection of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau neurofibrillary tangles. Because the levels of both Aβ plaques and tau tangles are increased, these 2 proteins are thought to be related to disease progression. Although relatively little is known about the cause of AD and its exact pathobiological development, many forms of treatment have been investigated to determine an effective method for managing AD symptoms by targeting Aβ. These treatments include but are not limited to using small molecules to alter the interactions of Aβ monomers, reducing hyperactivation of neuronal circuits altering Aβ's molecular pathway of synthesis, improving degradation of Aβ, employing passive immunity approaches, and stimulating patients' active immunity to target Aβ. This review summarizes the current therapeutic interventions in Phase II/III of clinical development or higher that are capable of reducing abnormal brain Aβ levels to determine which treatments show the greatest likelihood of clinical efficacy. We conclude that, in the near future, the most promising therapeutic interventions for brain Aβ pathology will likely be passive immunotherapies, with aducanumab and donanemab leading the way, and that these drugs may be combined with antidepressants and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, which can modulate Aβ synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Decourt
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | | | - Jiong Shi
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Alzheimer’s and Memory Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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4
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Aameri R, Ghorbani H, Reza Bazrafshan H, Zahra Gharib F, Korani B. Iranian thyme honey plays behavioral, cellular and molecular important roles as an amazing preventive and therapeutic agent in the brain of Alzheimer's rat model. Neurosci Lett 2022; 783:136702. [PMID: 35660648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of Iranian thyme honey (single dose: 2 gr/kg) vs rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg) in vivo on spatial memory and in vitro on important parameters of oxidative stress as well as quantitative and qualitative studies of hippocampal neurons of AD rat models with this design that 30 days after oral administration of 17 mg/kg AlCl3, 20 AD rats were received that underwent a 6-weeks therapeutic period and another 20 rats underwent a 6-weeks preventive period and also 20 rats were as controls. Y-Maze test was performed to show memory deficiency as well as TBARS and FRAP assays to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant, respectively. In addition, H&E staining was also done for cell counting and morphological changes. We observed that AD rats with hippocampal damage had more significant errors during the Y-maze test than the control and other rats. Likewise, MDA and neurodegeneration increased in the AD group while in all preventive and therapeutic group's especially Iranian thyme honey, they decreased and conversely, total antioxidant and number of normal cells elevated and healthy neurons were observed in all parts of the hippocampus and cortex. Our results despite the limitations showed the powerful antioxidant properties and cytoprotective effects of Iranian thyme honey vs rivastigmine on hippocampal neurons that consequently enhanced memory and if advanced diagnostic tests in human clinical patients show other more pronounced effects, we have certainly started a key and targeted strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aameri
- Young Researchers and Elites Club (BPJ), Babol Branch Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ghorbani
- Department of Pathology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Bazrafshan
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Ag Group (Arbeitsgruppe Neuroendokrinologie), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Zahra Gharib
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Babol Branch Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Bahareh Korani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Fateh Basharzad S, Hamidi M, Maleki A, Karami Z, Mohamadpour H, Reza Saghatchi Zanjani M. Polysorbate-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles as an efficient carrier for improved rivastigmine brain delivery. Brain Res 2022; 1781:147786. [PMID: 35041841 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of neurological therapeutic to the brain has been attracting more and more attention to the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Nonetheless, the main obstacle in this road map is the existence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) which limits the penetration efficiency of most CNS drugs into the brain parenchyma. This present investigation describes a facile synthetic strategy to prepare a highly biocompatible calcium-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized by polysorbate-80 (PS) as targeting ligand to deliver rivastigmine (RV) into the brain via crossing the BBB. The developed nanosystem was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Zeta potential, and N2-adsorption-desorption analysis. In vitro hemolysis studies were carried out to confirm the biocompatibility of the nanocarriers. Our in vivo studies in an animal model of rats showed that the RV-loaded nanosystem was able to enhance the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio, brain uptake clearance, and plasma elimination half-life of the drug compared to the free one drug following intravenous (IV) administration. The results revealed that functionalization of MSNs by PS is crucial to deliver RV into the brain, suggesting PS-functionalized MSNs could be an effective carrier to deliver RV to the brain while overcoming BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Fateh Basharzad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Karami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohamadpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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6
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Highly potent cholinesterase inhibition of geranylated xanthones from Garcinia fusca and molecular docking studies. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Computational exploration and experimental validation to identify a dual inhibitor of cholinesterase and amyloid-beta for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 34:983-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Tailor-made electrically-responsive poly(acrylamide)-graft-pullulan copolymer based transdermal drug delivery systems: Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Mohamadpour H, Azadi A, Rostamizadeh K, Andalib S, Saghatchi Zanjani MR, Hamidi M. Preparation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)- co-Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanoparticles Loaded by Rivastigmine for Brain Delivery. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:783-795. [PMID: 32043866 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to formulate and investigate the neuropharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivastigmine (Riv) loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(ε-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL) nanoparticles (Riv-NPs) in rats after IV administration. The MPEG-PCL was synthesized via ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone by MPEG and used to prepare Riv-NPs by the nanoprecipitation method. Response surface D-optimal design was applied to optimize Riv-NPs drug delivery system. The optimized formulation showed a particle size (PS) of 98.5 ± 2.1 nm, drug loading (DL) of 19.2 ± 1.1%, and sustained release behavior of the drug. Moreover, the optimized Riv-NPs were characterized by AFM and DSC analyses. A simple and sensitive HPLC-DAD method for bioanalysis was developed and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study. The neuropharmacokinetic study in rats indicated that the integration plot was linear, and the brain uptake clearance of the drug-loaded in MPEG-PCL NPs was significantly higher than the free drug. Furthermore, results of pharmacodynamic studies using the Morris water maze test demonstrated faster regain of memory loss with Riv-NPs when compared to the free drug solution. The results revealed that the mentioned biodegradable nanoparticle holds promise as a suitable drug carrier for brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mohamadpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kobra Rostamizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sina Andalib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saghatchi Zanjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Ray B, Maloney B, Sambamurti K, Karnati HK, Nelson PT, Greig NH, Lahiri DK. Rivastigmine modifies the α-secretase pathway and potentially early Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:47. [PMID: 32066688 PMCID: PMC7026402 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rivastigmine (or Exelon) is a cholinesterase inhibitor, currently used as a symptomatic treatment for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) generated from its precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (or BACE1) and γ-secretase endoproteolysis. Alternative APP cleavage by α-secretase (a family of membrane-bound metalloproteases- Adamalysins) precludes the generation of toxic Aβ and yields a neuroprotective and neurotrophic secreted sAPPα fragment. Several signal transduction pathways, including protein kinase C and MAP kinase, stimulate α-secretase. We present data to suggest that rivastigmine, in addition to anticholinesterase activity, directs APP processing away from BACE1 and towards α-secretases. We treated rat neuronal PC12 cells and primary human brain (PHB) cultures with rivastigmine and the α-secretase inhibitor TAPI and assayed for levels of APP processing products and α-secretases. We subsequently treated 3×Tg (transgenic) mice with rivastigmine and harvested hippocampi to assay for levels of APP processing products. We also assayed postmortem human control, AD, and AD brains from subjects treated with rivastigmine for levels of APP metabolites. Rivastigmine dose-dependently promoted α-secretase activity by upregulating levels of ADAM-9, -10, and -17 α-secretases in PHB cultures. Co-treatment with TAPI eliminated rivastigmine-induced sAPPα elevation. Rivastigmine treatment elevated levels of sAPPα in 3×Tg mice. Consistent with these results, we also found elevated sAPPα in postmortem brain samples from AD patients treated with rivastigmine. Rivastigmine can modify the levels of several shedding proteins and directs APP processing toward the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This novel property of rivastigmine can be therapeutically exploited for disease-modifying intervention that goes beyond symptomatic treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balmiki Ray
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Bryan Maloney
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- grid.259828.c0000 0001 2189 3475Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425 SC USA
| | - Hanuma K. Karnati
- grid.419475.a0000 0000 9372 4913National Institute on Aging, Drug Design and Development Section, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- grid.419475.a0000 0000 9372 4913National Institute on Aging, Drug Design and Development Section, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Alsharif NZ, Faulkner MA. Implementation of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process in a Medicinal Chemistry Course. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:7556. [PMID: 32226071 PMCID: PMC7092791 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To implement the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process (PPCP) in a medicinal chemistry course. Methods. Doctor of Pharmacy students in a medicinal chemistry course were challenged to apply the PPCP in a lesson on cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonist in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A clinical faculty member with expertise in the topic reviewed the clinical information provided to ensure applicability to patient care. A pre- and post-course survey was administered to assess students' understanding of the PPCP and the effectiveness of the strategies used. Students' pre- and post-course responses were analyzed, and qualitative themes were identified. Results. Of the 141 students enrolled in the course, 96% and 97% completed the pre- and post-course surveys, respectively. Students' post-course responses were higher than pre-course answers to the question that they knew all the steps of the PPCP (96% vs 66%, respectively). Ninety one percent in the post-course survey compared to 62% in the pre-course survey listed the PPCP steps correctly. In addition, more than 90% of the students indicated that the strategies used in the class helped them understand and relate to the PPCP. Qualitative responses revealed themes with positive responses related to the course, course activities, PPCP goals and curriculum design based on the implementation of the PPCP. Conclusion. The introduction of the PPCP as a framework for all pharmacy practitioners is a worthy endeavor. Purposeful strategies to introduce the PPCP in a medicinal course were positively received by students. Formalized efforts to implement the PPCP in clinical, social and administrative, and science courses are critical to introduce the PPCP as a framework for all future pharmacy practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Z Alsharif
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michele A Faulkner
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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12
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Lipp L, Sharma D, Banerjee A, Singh J. In Vitro and in Vivo Optimization of Phase Sensitive Smart Polymer for Controlled Delivery of Rivastigmine for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharm Res 2020; 37:34. [PMID: 31942651 PMCID: PMC6996875 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, and most common form of dementia afflicting over 35 million people worldwide. Rivastigmine is a widely used therapeutic for ameliorating clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. However, current treatments require frequent dosing either orally or via transdermal patch that lead to compliance issues and administration errors risking serious adverse effects. Our objective was to develop a smart polymer based delivery system for controlled release of rivastigmine over an extended period following a single subcutaneous injection. METHODS Rivastigmine release was optimized by tailoring critical factors including polymer concentration, polymer composition, drug concentration, solvent composition, and drug hydrophobicity (rivastigmine tartrate vs base). Optimized in vitro formulation was evaluated in vivo for safety and efficacy. RESULTS Formulation prepared using PLGA (50:50) at 5% w/v in 95:5 benzyl benzoate: benzoic acid demonstrated desirable controlled drug release characteristics in vitro. The formulation demonstrated sustained release of rivastigmine tartrate for 7 days in vivo with promising biocompatibility and acetylcholinesterase inhibition efficacy for 14 days. CONCLUSION The results exemplify an easily injectable controlled release formulation of rivastigmine prepared using phase-sensitive smart polymer. The optimized formulation significantly increases the dosing interval, and can potentially improve patient compliance as well as quality of life of patients living with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Lipp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105, USA
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105, USA
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105, USA.
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105, USA
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13
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Carney G, Bassett K, Wright JM, Maclure M, McGuire N, Dormuth CR. Comparison of cholinesterase inhibitor safety in real-world practice. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:732-739. [PMID: 31921965 PMCID: PMC6944712 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are widely used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and related dementia. Clinical trials have focused on placebo comparisons, inadequately addressing within-class comparative safety. Methods New users of ChEIs in British Columbia were categorized into five study cohorts: low-dose donepezil, high-dose donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine patch, and oral rivastigmine. Comparative safety of ChEIs assessed hazard ratios using propensity score adjusted Cox regression. Results Compared with low-dose donepezil, galantamine use was associated with a lower risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.60–1.18), cardiovascular serious adverse events (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.62–0.98), and entry into a residential care facility (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.89). Discussion Given the absence of randomized trial data showing clinically meaningful benefit of ChEI therapy in Alzheimer's disease, our study suggests preferential use of galantamine may at least be associated with fewer adverse events than treatment with donepezil or rivastigmine. Galantamine was associated with fewer adverse events than donepezil or rivastigmine. Galantamine users experienced longer independent living. The 3-year risk of cardiovascular events and mortality was lowest with galantamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Carney
- Therapeutics Initiative, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ken Bassett
- Therapeutics Initiative, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James M Wright
- Therapeutics Initiative, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Malcolm Maclure
- Therapeutics Initiative, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicolette McGuire
- Research and Innovation Division, B.C. Ministry of Health, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Colin R Dormuth
- Therapeutics Initiative, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Gothwal A, Singh H, Jain SK, Dutta A, Borah A, Gupta U. Behavioral and Biochemical Implications of Dendrimeric Rivastigmine in Memory-Deficit and Alzheimer's Induced Rodents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3789-3795. [PMID: 31257860 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploration of dendrimers for effective drug delivery is giving promising results. The present study was designed and performed to explore the dendrimeric (polyamidoamine-lactoferrin; PAMAM-Lf) formulations for the effective rivastigmine (RIV) delivery against the Alzheimer's induced animal model using lactoferrin as the targeting ligand. RIV delivery through PAMAM-Lf conjugates was highly efficient in the Alzheimer's induced animal model. PAMAM-Lf conjugates also efficiently improved behavioral responses against the chemical memory deficit animal model as well as the Alzheimer's induced animal model, separately. Behavioral responses revealed that motor and spatial memories were significantly improved (p < 0.005) over those from RIV alone. The latency time of PAMAM-Lf-RIV was 1.3 times higher over that of the pure RIV in the rotarod protocol, while it was 2.1-fold reduced in the Morris water maze test. The study also attempted to explore the mechanistic aspect of improved efficacy through biochemical evaluation (AChE histo-enzymology), which reveals that levels of dopamine and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were unaffected, but AChE activity was improved for all forms of RIV. Conclusively, PAMAM-Lf conjugates were able to deliver RIV effectively against the Alzheimer's induced animal model. This was further strengthened with the positive results obtained with the behavioral studies of memory-deficit animals and disease-induced animals. The study is among the first studies which report RIV delivery against the Alzheimer's induced animal model using PAMAM dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Gothwal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
| | - Harmanpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India-143005
| | - Subheet Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India-143005
| | - Ankumoni Dutta
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India-788011
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India-788011
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India-305817
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15
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Pandey PK, Sharma AK, Rani S, Mishra G, Kandasamy G, Patra AK, Rana M, Sharma AK, Yadav AK, Gupta U. MCM-41 Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery: Better Choline-Esterase and Amyloid Formation Inhibition with Improved Kinetics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2860-2869. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gopal Kandasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana (PO), Kollam 690 525, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | - Awesh K. Yadav
- Bhagyoday Tirth Pharmacy College, Khurai Road, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470002, India
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16
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Zhu J, Yang H, Chen Y, Lin H, Li Q, Mo J, Bian Y, Pei Y, Sun H. Synthesis, pharmacology and molecular docking on multifunctional tacrine-ferulic acid hybrids as cholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:496-506. [PMID: 29405075 PMCID: PMC6010002 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1430691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic hypothesis has long been a “polar star” in drug discovery for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), resulting in many small molecules and biological drug candidates. Most of the drugs marketed for AD are cholinergic. Herein, we report our efforts in the discovery of cholinesterases inhibitors (ChEIs) as multi-target-directed ligands. A series of tacrine-ferulic acid hybrids have been designed and synthesised. All these compounds showed potent acetyl-(AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase(BuChE) inhibition. Among them, the optimal compound 10g, was the most potent inhibitor against AChE (electrophorus electricus (eeAChE) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 37.02 nM), it was also a strong inhibitor against BuChE (equine serum (eqBuChE) IC50 = 101.40 nM). Besides, it inhibited amyloid β-protein self-aggregation by 65.49% at 25 μM. In subsequent in vivo scopolamine-induced AD models, compound 10g obviously ameliorated the cognition impairment and showed preliminary safety in hepatotoxicity evaluation. These data suggest compound 10g as a promising multifunctional agent in the drug discovery process against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yao Chen
- b School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongzhi Lin
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qi Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jun Mo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- c School of Nursing , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- b School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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17
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Ma F, Du H. Novel deoxyvasicinone derivatives as potent multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Namdaung U, Athipornchai A, Khammee T, Kuno M, Suksamrarn S. 2-Arylbenzofurans from Artocarpus lakoocha and methyl ether analogs with potent cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1301-1311. [PMID: 29126732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of the Artocarpus lakoocha root-bark extracts revealed interesting results. Bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of two new (1 and 2) and six known 2-arylbenzofurans 3-8, along with one stilbenoid 9 and one flavonoid 10. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by UV, IR, 1D- and 2D-NMR and MS spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds 4, 6 and 7 exhibited more potent AChE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.87-1.10 μM) than the reference drug, galantamine. Compounds 4, 8 and 9 displayed greater BChE inhibition than the standard drug. The preferential inhibition of BChE over AChE indicated that 4 also showed a promising dual AChE and BChE inhibitor. The synthetic mono-methylated analogs 4a-c and 6a-b were found to be good BChE inhibitors with IC50 values ranging between 0.31 and 1.11 μM. Based on the docking studies, compounds 4 and 6 are well-fitted in the catalytic triad of AChE. Compounds 4 and 6 showed different binding orientations on BChE, and the most potent BChE inhibitor 4 occupied dual binding to both CAS and PAS more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umalee Namdaung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Anan Athipornchai
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon-Buri 20131, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Khammee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand
| | - Mayuso Kuno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Sunit Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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19
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Mohammad D, Chan P, Bradley J, Lanctôt K, Herrmann N. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treating dementia symptoms - a safety evaluation. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:1009-1019. [PMID: 28678552 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1351540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to rise, while treatment options for cognitive impairment are limited. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) aim to provide symptomatic benefit for cognitive decline, however these drugs are not without adverse events (AEs). The safety profile of each drug must be taken carefully into consideration before being prescribed, as new dosages and formulations have recently been approved. Areas covered: Donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine are the three AChEIs approved for the treatment of varying stages of AD. Numerous clinical trials and post-marketing studies have evaluated the safety of these medications. This article will review the safety, efficacy and tolerability of these drugs in treating AD. Topics including pharmacovigilance databases, concomitant drug interactions, prescribing cascades, and treatment discontinuation are also covered. Expert opinion: AChEI use in those with mild, moderate or severe AD provide modest improvements in cognition, function and behavior. The pharmacological treatment of AD using AChEIs is associated with generally mild AEs. Differences in drug formulations should be taken into account when determining the most appropriate route of administration for each individual. Furthermore, discontinuation of AChEIs must be carefully monitored as it may be associated with worsening cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mohammad
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,b Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program , Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Parco Chan
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,b Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program , Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Janelle Bradley
- b Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program , Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Krista Lanctôt
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,b Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program , Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- b Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program , Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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20
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Kandiah N, Pai MC, Senanarong V, Looi I, Ampil E, Park KW, Karanam AK, Christopher S. Rivastigmine: the advantages of dual inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and its role in subcortical vascular dementia and Parkinson's disease dementia. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:697-707. [PMID: 28458525 PMCID: PMC5402908 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s129145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated clinical benefits of sustained cholinesterase inhibition with rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Unlike donepezil and galantamine that selectively inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7), rivastigmine is a unique cholinesterase inhibitor with both AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE; EC 3.1.1.8) inhibitory activity. Rivastigmine is also available as transdermal patch that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of mild, moderate, and severe AD as well as mild-to-moderate PDD. In this review, we explore the role of BuChE inhibition in addition to AChE inhibition with rivastigmine in the outcomes of cognition, global function, behavioral symptoms, and activities of daily living. Additionally, we review the evidence supporting the use of dual AChE-BuChE inhibitory activity of rivastigmine as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of neurological disorders, with a focus on the role of rivastigmine in subcortical dementias such as vascular dementia (VaD) and PDD. Toward this objective, we performed a literature search in PubMed and Ovid with limits to articles published in the English language before June 2016. The available evidence from the literature suggests that the dual inhibition of AChE and BuChE may afford additional therapeutic potential of rivastigmine in subcortical dementias (subcortical VaD and PDD) with benefits on cognition and behavioral symptoms. Rivastigmine was found to specifically benefit executive dysfunction frequently observed in subcortical dementias; however, large randomized clinical studies are warranted to support these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaendran Kandiah
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital.,Duke-NUS, Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Vorapun Senanarong
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Irene Looi
- Clinical Research Centre.,Department of Medicine, Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Encarnita Ampil
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology and Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center, Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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21
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Alpan AS, Sarıkaya G, Çoban G, Parlar S, Armagan G, Alptüzün V. Mannich-Benzimidazole Derivatives as Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluations, and Molecular Docking Study. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Selcen Alpan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Görkem Sarıkaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Güneş Çoban
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Sülünay Parlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Güliz Armagan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Vildan Alptüzün
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
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22
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Schiedel M, Fallarero A, Luise C, Sippl W, Vuorela P, Jung M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 8-hydroxy-2,7-naphthyridin-2-ium salts as novel inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:465-470. [PMID: 30108764 PMCID: PMC6072306 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00647g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By analogy with the natural product chelerythrine, which has been identified as an inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), we prepared a small series of 8-hydroxy-2,7-naphthyridin-2-ium salts. Spectroscopic analyses allowed us to elucidate the zwitterionic nature of 2,7-naphthyridin-1(7H)-ones, the neutral state of 8-hydroxy-2,7-naphthyridin-2-ium salts. Among the tested compounds, we identified dual inhibitors of AChE and BChE as well as an inhibitor showing a preferential inhibition of AChE over BChE. By in vitro characterization in combination with docking studies, we were able to identify structural features that influence the biological activity of 8-hydroxy-2,7-naphthyridin-2-ium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schiedel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany . ; Tel: +49 761 203 6335
| | - A Fallarero
- Pharmaceutical Design and Discovery Research Group , Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki (UHEL) , Helsinki , Finland
| | - C Luise
- Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - W Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - P Vuorela
- Pharmaceutical Design and Discovery Research Group , Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences , Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki (UHEL) , Helsinki , Finland
| | - M Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany . ; Tel: +49 761 203 6335
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23
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Siarkos KT, Katirtzoglou EA, Politis AM. A Review of Pharmacological Treatments for Depression in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:15-34. [PMID: 26401925 DOI: 10.3233/jad-148010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Depression in Alzheimer's disease (dAD) is one of the most common behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, with devastating consequences not only for the affected individuals, but for caregivers as well. So far, pharmacological treatment of dAD has been based on the "monoamine hypothesis". However, the reported moderate effects of approved antidepressants, as well as an increasing body of research evidence, suggest a more complex pathophysiologic mechanism. In the present paper, a systematic review of different treatments for dAD is presented that can inform the study of alternative neuropathological and neurobiological aspects of the disease aimed at the development of more effective treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas T Siarkos
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Everina A Katirtzoglou
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios M Politis
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, John's Hopkins University, School of Medicine, USA
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24
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Shidore M, Machhi J, Shingala K, Murumkar P, Sharma MK, Agrawal N, Tripathi A, Parikh Z, Pillai P, Yadav MR. Benzylpiperidine-Linked Diarylthiazoles as Potential Anti-Alzheimer’s Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5823-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Shidore
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Kaushik Shingala
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Prashant Murumkar
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Mayank Kumar Sharma
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Neetesh Agrawal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Zalak Parikh
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Prakash Pillai
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
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25
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Maraković N, Knežević A, Vinković V, Kovarik Z, Šinko G. Design and synthesis of N-substituted-2-hydroxyiminoacetamides and interactions with cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:122-132. [PMID: 27238725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within this study, we designed and synthesized four new oxime compounds of the N-substituted 2-hydroxyiminoacetamide structure and evaluated their interactions with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Our aim was to explore the possibility of extending the dual-binding mode of interaction between the enzyme and the inhibitor to a so-called triple-binding mode of interaction through the introduction of an additional binding moiety. N-substituted 2-hydroxyiminoacetamide 1 was prepared via BOP catalyzed amidation of hydroxyiminoacetic acid with 3-azido-1-phenylpropylamine. An azide group enabled us to prepare more elaborate structures 2-4 by the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The new compounds 1-4 differed in their presumed AChE peripheral site binding moiety, which ranged from an azide group to functionalized heterocycles. Molecular docking studies revealed that all three binding moieties are involved in the non-covalent interactions with ChEs for all of the four compounds, albeit not always in the complete accordance with the proposed hypothesis. All of the four compounds reversibly inhibited the ChEs with their inhibition potency increasing in the same order for both enzymes (1 < 2 < 4 < 3). A higher preference for binding to BChE (KI from 0.30 μmol/L to 130 μmol/L) over AChE (KI from 50 μmol/L to 1200 μmol/L) was observed for all of the compounds. Compounds were screened for reactivation of cyclosarin-, sarin- and VX-inhibited AChE and BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vladimir Vinković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Nieto RA, Deardorff WJ, Grossberg GT. Efficacy of rivastigmine tartrate, transdermal system, in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:861-70. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1159296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Higashino K, Ago Y, Umeki T, Hasebe S, Onaka Y, Hashimoto H, Takuma K, Matsuda T. Rivastigmine improves isolation rearing-induced prepulse inhibition deficits via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:521-8. [PMID: 26518025 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We previously demonstrated that donepezil and galantamine differentially affect isolation rearing-induced prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits and that this might be due to differential effects on brain muscarinic acetylcholine (mACh) receptor function in mice. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of rivastigmine on isolation rearing-induced PPI deficits, brain ACh levels, and mACh receptor function in mice. METHODS Acoustic startle responses were measured in a startle chamber. Microdialysis was performed, and the levels of dopamine and ACh in the prefrontal cortex were measured. RESULTS Rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg) improved PPI deficits, and this improvement was antagonized by the mACh receptor antagonist telenzepine but not by the nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist mecamylamine. Rivastigmine increased extracellular ACh levels by approximately 2-3-fold, less than the increase produced by galantamine. Rivastigmine enhanced the effect of the mACh receptor agonist N-desmethylclozapine on prefrontal dopamine release, a marker of mACh receptor function, and this increase was blocked by telenzepine. In contrast, galantamine did not affect N-desmethylclozapine-induced dopamine release. Furthermore, rivastigmine did not affect cortical dopamine release induced by the serotonin1A receptor agonist osemozotan, suggesting that the effect of rivastigmine has specificity for mACh receptors. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with our previous finding that marked increases in ACh levels are required for the PPI deficit improvement induced by galantamine, our present results suggest that rivastigmine improves isolation rearing-induced PPI deficits by increasing ACh levels and by concomitantly enhancing mACh receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Higashino
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Umeki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hasebe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Elmegeed GA, Ahmed HH, Hashash MA, Abd-Elhalim MM, El-kady DS. Synthesis of novel steroidal curcumin derivatives as anti-Alzheimer's disease candidates: Evidences-based on in vivo study. Steroids 2015; 101:78-89. [PMID: 26079653 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease in which a single monofunctional 'targeted' drug is uneffective for management. Hybrid drugs that impact multiple targets simultaneously are better at controlling such complex disease systems. Hybrid agents were synthesized through the combination of the steroid moiety with curcumin molecule. Also novel curcumin analogues containing promising heterocyclic nucleus fused to the essential pharmacophoric feature of the curcumin moiety, were synthesized. The aim of the present study was extended to elucidate the efficacy of these novel synthesized compounds in the regression of AD induced in adult female albino rats. The results revealed that treatment of AD groups with compounds 3, 5, 8c or rivastigmin experienced significant increase in brain Ach, GSH, paraoxenase and BCL2 levels with respect to untreated group associated with significant decrease in brain AchE activity, urinary 8-OHG level, serum Caspase-3 level and brain P53 level relative to the untreated group. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed that the selected treatments caused marked increase in ChAT positive cells. These findings were documented by the histological investigation of the brain tissue. The activity of tested compounds showed gradual increase from compound b followed by compound 8c then compound 5. The anti-cholinesterase potential, anti-oxidant properties and anti-apoptotic activity are responsible for the anti-Alzheimer's disease potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A Elmegeed
- Hormones Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt(1).
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt(1)
| | - Maher A Hashash
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Dina S El-kady
- Hormones Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt(1)
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Mizukami K, Akatsu H, Abrahamson EE, Mi Z, Ikonomovic MD. Immunohistochemical analysis of hippocampal butyrylcholinesterase: Implications for regional vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathology 2015; 36:135-45. [PMID: 26293308 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of acetylcholine degrading enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have suggested their potential role in the development of fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques (amyloid plaques). A recent genome-wide association study analysis identified a novel association between genetic variations in the BCHE locus and amyloid burden. We studied BChE immunoreactivity in hippocampal tissue sections from AD and control cases, and examined its relationship with amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), dystrophic neurites (DN) and neuropil threads (NT). Compared to controls, AD cases had greater BChE immunoreactivity in hippocampal neurons and neuropils in CA2/3, but not in the CA1, CA4 and dentate gyrus. The majority of amyloid plaques (> 80%, using a pan-amyloid marker X-34) contained discrete neuritic clusters which were dual-labeled with antibodies against BChE and phosphorylated tau (clone AT8). There was no association between overall regional BChE immunoreaction intensity and amyloid plaque burden. In contrast to previous reports, BChE was localized in only a fraction (~10%) of classic NFT (positive for X-34). A similar proportion of BChE-immunoreactive pyramidal cells were AT8 immunoreactive. Greater NFT and DN loads were associated with greater BChE immunoreaction intensity in CA2/3, but not in CA1, CA4 and dentate gyrus. Our results demonstrate that in AD hippocampus, BChE accumulates in neurons and plaque-associated neuritic clusters, but only in a small proportion of NFT. The association between greater neurofibrillary pathology burden and markedly increased BChE immunoreactivity, observed selectively in CA2/3 region, could reflect a novel compensatory mechanism. Since CA2/3 is generally considered more resistant to AD pathology, BChE upregulation could impact the cholinergic modulation of glutamate neurotransmission to prevent/reduce neuronal excitotoxicity in AD hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyoshi Mizukami
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Community-based Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Departments of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Zhiping Mi
- Departments of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Departments of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, USA
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Liu HR, Liu XJ, Fan HQ, Tang JJ, Gao XH, Liu WK. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of chalcone derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6124-33. [PMID: 25260958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of chalcone derivatives (4a-8d) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for the inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The logP values of the compounds were shown to range from 1.49 to 2.19, which suggested that they were possible to pass blood brain barriers in vivo. The most promising compound 4a (IC50: 4.68 μmol/L) was 2-fold more potent than Rivastigmine against AChE (IC50: 10.54 μmol/L) and showed a high selectivity for AChE over BuChE (ratio: 4.35). Enzyme kinetic study suggested that the inhibition mechanism of compound 4a was a mixed-type inhibition. Meanwhile, the result of molecular docking showed its potent inhibition of AChE and high selectivity for AChE over BuChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-ran Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Xian-jun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hao-qun Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing-jing Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiao-hui Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Hu'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Changsha 410208, China
| | - Wu-Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hu'nan University, Changsha 410082, China
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31
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Frampton JE. Rivastigmine Transdermal Patch 13.3 mg/24 h: A Review of Its Use in the Management of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Dementia. Drugs Aging 2014; 31:639-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-014-0197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Koay YH, Basiri A, Murugaiyah V, Chan KL. Isocorilagin, a Cholinesterase Inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that have dual inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) produce better clinical efficacy against Alzheimer's disease (AD) than those that selectively inhibit one enzyme. A dual cholinesterase inhibitory-guided fractionation of Phyllanthus niruri leaves afforded isocorilagin, a bioactive tannin possessing good inhibitory activities against AChE (IC50: 0.49 μM) and BChE (IC50: 4.20 μM). Interestingly, isocorilagin was relatively 2- to 3-fold more potent than galanthamine, the clinically used inhibitor. The kinetic analyses suggested that isocorilagin was a non-competitive inhibitor for AChE and an uncompetitive inhibitor for BChE, with calculated Ki values of 1.49 μM and 2.86 μM, respectively. In silico molecular docking revealed that isocorilagin effectively blocked the substrate entry by forming hydrogen bonding with residues at the entrance of the AChE active site. With BChE, the compound completely docked inside and occupied the active site of the enzyme. This study demonstrated for the first time the potent cholinesterase inhibitory activities of isocorilagin, a promising lead that is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Hui Koay
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Basiri
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kit-Lam Chan
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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33
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Chiou SY, Weng TT, Lin GZ, Lu RJ, Jian SY, Lin G. Molecular docking of different inhibitors and activators to butyrylcholinesterase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:563-72. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.896749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Luo Z, Sheng J, Sun Y, Lu C, Yan J, Liu A, Luo HB, Huang L, Li X. Synthesis and evaluation of multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease based on the fusion of donepezil and ebselen. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9089-99. [PMID: 24160297 DOI: 10.1021/jm401047q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of compounds obtained by fusing the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the antioxidant ebselen were designed as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease. An in vitro assay showed that some of these molecules did not exhibit highly potent cholinesterase inhibitory activity but did have various other ebselen-related pharmacological effects. Among the molecules, compound 7d, one of the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (IC50 values of 0.042 μM for Electrophorus electricus acetylcholinesterase and 0.097 μM for human acetylcholinesterase), was found to be a strong butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor (IC50 = 1.586 μM), to possess rapid H2O2 and peroxynitrite scavenging activity and glutathione peroxidase-like activity (ν0 = 123.5 μM min(-1)), and to be a substrate of mammalian TrxR. A toxicity test in mice showed no acute toxicity at doses of up to 2000 mg/kg. According to an in vitro blood-brain barrier model, 7d is able to penetrate the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
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35
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Andersson CD, Forsgren N, Akfur C, Allgardsson A, Berg L, Engdahl C, Qian W, Ekström F, Linusson A. Divergent Structure–Activity Relationships of Structurally Similar Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7615-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400990p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Forsgren
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defense and Security, SE-906 21 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christine Akfur
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defense and Security, SE-906 21 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Allgardsson
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defense and Security, SE-906 21 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lotta Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defense and Security, SE-906 21 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Weixing Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratories
for Chemical Biology Umeå (LCBU), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defense and Security, SE-906 21 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Ahmed HH, Salem AM, Sabry GM, Husein AA, Kotob SE. Possible therapeutic uses of Salvia triloba and Piper nigrum in Alzheimer's disease-induced rats. J Med Food 2013; 16:437-46. [PMID: 23631499 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of Salvia triloba L. and Piper nigrum extracts in ameliorating neuroinflammatory insults characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in an experimentally induced rat model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into Group 1 (n=10): normal healthy animals serving as the negative control group; Group 2 (n=60): the AD-induced group. After AD induction, animals in the AD-induced group were divided randomly and equally into 6 subgroups. The first subgroup served as AD control; the second one, which served as positive control, was treated orally with the conventional therapy for AD (rivastigmine) at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) daily for 3 months. The third and fourth subgroups were, respectively, treated orally with the S. triloba extract at a dose of 750 and 375 mg/kg b.w. daily for 3 months. The fifth and sixth subgroups were, respectively, treated orally with the P. nigrum extract at a dose of 187.5 and 93.75 mg/kg b.w. daily for 3 months. Levels of brain acetylcholine (Ach), serum and brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, C-reactive protein (CRP), total nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were estimated. The results showed that administration of AlCl3 resulted in a significant elevation in the levels of AchE activity, CRP, NF-κB, and MCP-1 accompanied with a significant depletion in the Ach level. Treatment of AD rats with each of the selected medicinal plant extracts caused marked improvement in the measured biochemical parameters. In conclusion, S. triloba and P. nigrum methanolic extracts have potent anti-inflammatory effects against neuroinflammation characterizing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Department, National Research Center, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
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Pagar K, Vavia P. Rivastigmine-loaded L-lactide-depsipeptide polymeric nanoparticles: decisive formulation variable optimization. Sci Pharm 2013; 81:865-85. [PMID: 24106679 PMCID: PMC3791946 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1211-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the investigation was to explore a novel L-lactide-depsipeptide copolymer for the development of rivastigmine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. L-lactide-depsipeptide synthesis was based on the ring opening polymerization reaction of L-lactide with the cyclodepsipeptide, cyclo(Glc-Leu), using tin 2-ethyl hexanoate as an initiator. Rivastigmine-loaded nanoparticles were prepared by the single emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. The influence of various critical formulation variables like sonication time, amount of polymer, amount of drug, stabilizer concentration, drug-to-polymer ratio, and organic-to-aqueous phase ratio on particle size and entrapment efficiency was studied. The optimized formulation having a particle size of 142.2 ± 21.3 nm with an entrapment efficiency of 60.72 ± 3.72% was obtained. Increased rivastigmine entrapment within the polymer matrix was obtained with a relatively low organic-to-aqueous phase ratio and high drug-to-polymer ratio. A decrease in the average size of the nanoparticles was observed with a decrease in the amount of polymer added and an increase in the sonication time. Prolonged sonication time, however, decreased rivastigmine entrapment. From the different lyoprotectant tested, only trehalose was found to prevent nanoparticle aggregation upon application of the freeze-thaw cycle. Drug incorporation into the polymeric matrix was confirmed by the DSC and XRD study. The spherical nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed by the SEM study. The in vitro drug release study showed the sustained release of more than 90% of the drug up to 72 h. Thus, L-lactide-depsipeptide can be used as an efficient carrier for the nanoparticle preparation of rivastigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, University under Section 3 of UGC Act-1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence - Govt. of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II Funded, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, India
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Nordberg A, Ballard C, Bullock R, Darreh-Shori T, Somogyi M. A review of butyrylcholinesterase as a therapeutic target in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2013; 15:PCC.12r01412. [PMID: 23930233 PMCID: PMC3733526 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.12r01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in cholinergic signaling and neurologic conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The rationale for inhibiting cholinesterases in the management of AD, including clinical evidence supporting use of the dual acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BuChE inhibitor rivastigmine, is discussed. DATA SOURCES PubMed searches were performed using butyrylcholinesterase as a keyword. English-language articles referenced in PubMed as of September 2011 were included. Study Selection and Data Synthesis: English-language articles related to BuChE considered to be of clinical relevance to physicians were included. English-language articles specifically related to AChE were not included, as the role of AChE in cholinergic signaling and the underlying pathology of AD is well documented. Reference lists of included publications were used to supplement the search. RESULTS AChE and BuChE play a role in cholinergic signaling; BuChE can hydrolyze acetylcholine and compensate for AChE when levels are depleted. In the AD brain, AChE levels decrease, while BuChE levels are reportedly increased or unchanged, with changes becoming more pronounced during the disease course. Furthermore, BuChE genotype may influence AD risk and rate of disease progression. Strategies that increase acetylcholine levels (eg, cholinesterase inhibitors) demonstrate symptomatic efficacy in AD. Rivastigmine has proven cognitive efficacy in clinical trials, and data suggest that its action is mediated, in part, by inhibition of BuChE. Retrospective analyses of clinical trials provide evidence that BuChE genotype may also influence treatment response. CONCLUSIONS AChE-selective inhibitors and a dual AChE and BuChE inhibitor demonstrate symptomatic efficacy in AD. Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence for a role of BuChE in maintaining normal cholinergic function and the pathology of AD provides a rationale for further studies investigating use of rivastigmine in AD and the influence of BuChE genotype on observed efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Nordberg
- Alzheimer Neurobiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Nordberg and Darreh-Shori); Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College, London, United Kingdom (Dr Ballard); Kingshill Research Centre, Victoria Hospital, Swindon, United Kingdom (Dr Bullock); and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey (Dr Somogyi)
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Alipour M, Khoobi M, Foroumadi A, Nadri H, Moradi A, Sakhteman A, Ghandi M, Shafiee A. Novel coumarin derivatives bearing N-benzyl pyridinium moiety: Potent and dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:7214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Arumugam K, Chamallamudi MR, Gilibili RR, Mullangi R, Ganesan S, Kar SS, Averineni R, Shavi G, Udupa N. Development and validation of a HPLC method for quantification of rivastigmine in rat urine and identification of a novel metabolite in urine by LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:353-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Huang L, Luo Z, He F, Shi A, Qin F, Li X. Berberine derivatives, with substituted amino groups linked at the 9-position, as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6649-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Novel piperazine derivative PMS1339 exhibits tri-functional properties and cognitive improvement in mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:1409-19. [PMID: 19460190 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta-induced neuroinflammation plays a central role in the extensive loss of cholinergic neurons and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the first class of drugs used to enhance surviving cholinergic activities. However, their limited effectiveness following long-term treatment raises a need for new multi-target therapies. We report herein a novel piperazine derivative compound PMS1339 possesses multifunctional properties including anti-platelet-activating factor, AChE inhibition, Abeta aggregation inhibition and cognitive improvement. PMS1339 could significantly inhibit both mice brain AChE (IC50=4.41+/-0.63 microM) and sera butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, IC50=1.09+/-0.20 microM). PMS1339 was also found to inhibit neuronal AChE secreted by SH-SY5Y cell line (IC50=17.95+/-2.31 microM). Enzyme kinetics experiments performed on electric eel AChE indicated that PMS1339 acts as a mixed type competitive AChE inhibitor. Molecular docking studies using the X-ray crystal structure of AChE from Torpedo californica elucidated the interactions between PMS1339 and AChE: PMS1339 is well buried inside the active-site gorge of AChE interacting with Trp84 at the bottom, Tyr121 halfway down and Trp279 at the peripheral anionic site (PAS). Thioflavin T-based fluorimetric assay revealed the ability of PMS1339 to inhibit AChE-induced Abeta aggregation. In-vivo study indicated PMS1339 (1 mg/kg i.p.) reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Overall, these findings indicated that PMS1339 exhibits tri-functional properties in vitro and cognitive improvement in vivo, and revealed the emergence of a multi-target-directed ligand to tackle the determinants of Alzheimer's disease.
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Ferris S, Nordberg A, Soininen H, Darreh-Shori T, Lane R. Progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: effects of sex, butyrylcholinesterase genotype, and rivastigmine treatment. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009; 19:635-46. [PMID: 19617863 PMCID: PMC4114757 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32832f8c17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of sex and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) genotype on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), cognitive and functional decline, brain volume changes, and response to rivastigmine treatment in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS This retrospective exploratory analysis from a 3-4 year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of rivastigmine in MCI patients included participants who consented to pharmacogenetic testing. RESULTS Of a total of 1018 patients, 490 [253 (52%) female] were successfully genotyped for BuChE. In patients receiving placebo, the BuChE wt/wt genotype was associated with a statistically significant higher incidence of progression to AD and functional decline in women, compared with men with the BuChE wt/wt genotype. In patients with a BuChE-K allele receiving placebo, incidence of progression to AD and rate of functional decline were not significantly different by sex; however, cognitive decline was significantly faster in men. Statistically significant benefits of rivastigmine treatment on incident AD, functional decline, ventricular volume expansion, whole-brain atrophy, and white matter loss were evident in female BuChE wt/wt. CONCLUSION Sex and BuChE genotype seem to differentially influence the type of decline in MCI patients, with more rapid progression of cognitive decline in male BuChE-K, and more incident AD and functional decline in female BuChE wt/wt. Cognitive decline in male BuChE-K and functional decline and incident AD in female BuChE wt/wt were significantly attenuated by rivastigmine. Rivastigmine treatment also significantly reduced ventricular expansion, whole-brain atrophy rate, and white matter loss in female BuChE wt/wt, suggesting a possible disease-modifying effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ferris
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, Orangeburg, New York, USA.
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Emerging hypotheses regarding the influences of butyrylcholinesterase-K variant, APOE epsilon 4, and hyperhomocysteinemia in neurodegenerative dementias. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:230-50. [PMID: 19359103 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic functions of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) include prevention of the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) in a concentration-dependent manner. This is mediated by the C-terminus of the protein, distal from the enzymatic site. The BuChE-K variant polymorphism lowers expression of BuChE protein and/or alters C-terminal activity. In combination with factors that increase production or reduce elimination of A beta, and/or increase susceptibility to A beta toxicity - such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 allele and/or hyperhomocysteinemia - BuChE-K may accelerate cholinergic synaptic and neuronal damage and cognitive decline. A beta-mediated damage to ascending cholinergic pathways may be further accentuated by Lewy body and/or cerebrovascular disease. As the disease advances and functioning cholinergic synapses disappear, both the rapid cognitive decline and response to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in individuals with these factors may diminish. Non-enzymatic functions of the BuChE protein, APOE epsilon 4 status and hyperhomocysteinemia influence the progression of pathology, symptom expression, and response to cholinesterase inhibition in a stage-specific manner in neurodegenerative disorders associated with Alzheimer, Lewy body and vascular pathology.
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Robles A. Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Is it Progressing Adequately? Open Neurol J 2009; 3:27-44. [PMID: 19461897 PMCID: PMC2684708 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x00903010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Between 1993 and 2000 four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were marketed as a symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as memantine in 2003. Current research is focused on finding drugs that favorably modify the course of the disease. However, their entrance into the market does not seem to be imminent. RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT The aim of AD research is to find substances that inhibit certain elements of the AD pathogenic chain (beta- and gamma-secretase inhibitors, alpha-secretase stimulants, beta-amyloid aggregability reducers or disaggregation and elimination inductors, as well as tau-hyperphosphorylation, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage reducers, among other action mechanisms). Demonstrating a disease's retarding effect demands longer trials than those necessary to ascertain symptomatic improvement. Besides, a high number of patients (thousands of them) is necessary, all of which turns out to be difficult and costly. Furthermore, it would be necessary to count on diagnosis and progression markers in the disease's pre-clinical stage, markers for specific phenotypes, as well as high-selectivity molecules acting only where necessary. In order to compensate these difficulties, drugs acting on several defects of the pathogenic chain or showing both symptomatic and neuroprotective action simultaneously are being researched. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple molecules used in research to modify AD progression. Although it turns out to be difficult to obtain drugs with sufficient efficacy so that their marketing is approved, if they were achieved they would lead to a reduction of AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Robles
- La Rosaleda Hospital, Santiago León de Caracas street, no. 1, 15706 – Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Carageorgiou H, Sideris AC, Messari I, Liakou CI, Tsakiris S. The effects of rivastigmine plus selegiline on brain acetylcholinesterase, (Na, K)-, Mg-ATPase activities, antioxidant status, and learning performance of aged rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:687-99. [PMID: 19043511 PMCID: PMC2536534 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated the effects of rivastigmine (a cholinesterase inhibitor) and selegiline ((-)deprenyl, an irreversible inhibitor of monoamineoxidase-B), alone and in combination, on brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), (Na(+), K(+))-, Mg(2+)-ATPase activities, total antioxidant status (TAS), and learning performance, after long-term drug administration in aged male rats. The possible relationship between the biochemical and behavioral parameters was evaluated. METHODS Aged rats were treated (for 36 days) with rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg rat/day ip), selegiline (0.25 mg/kg rat/day im), rivastigmine plus selegiline in the same doses and way of administration as separately. Aged and adult control groups received NaCl 0.9% 0.5 ml ip. RESULTS TAS was lower in aged than in adult rats, rivastigmine alone does not affect TAS, decreases AChE activity, increases (Na(+), K(+))-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of aged rat brain and improves cognitive performance. Selegiline alone decreases free radical production and increases AChE activity and (Na(+), K(+))-ATPase activity, improving cognitive performance as well. In the combination: rivastigmine seems to cancel selegiline action on TAS and AChE activity, while it has additive effect on (Na(+), K(+))-ATPase activity. In the case of Mg(2+)-ATPase selegiline appears to attenuate rivastigmine activity. No statistically significant difference was observed in the cognitive performance. CONCLUSION Reduced TAS, AChE activity and learning performance was observed in old rats. Both rivastigmine and selesiline alone improved performance, although they influenced the biochemical parameters in a different way. The combination of the two drugs did not affect learning performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Carageorgiou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens Athens, Greece
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Mateo I, Llorca J, Infante J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Berciano J, Combarros O. Gene–gene interaction between 14-3-3 zeta and butyrylcholinesterase modulates Alzheimer's disease risk. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:219-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Seltzer B. Is long-term treatment of Alzheimer's disease with cholinesterase inhibitor therapy justified? Drugs Aging 2008; 24:881-90. [PMID: 17953456 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200724110-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are the current mainstays in the drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is convincing evidence that these agents provide at least modest cognitive, behavioural and functional benefit for 6-12 months at all stages of the disease. Longer term benefits cannot be directly examined by placebo-controlled trials. Nevertheless, the results of virtually all open-label extensions of the pivotal trials, studies of patients with AD at different levels of severity and clinical trials using other designs favour treatment over no treatment for periods of up to 5 years. There are plausible biological reasons why ChEIs might be expected to work over a prolonged period of time although, to date, studies using various markers to chart the effects of medication on long-term disease progression have yielded mixed results. The most contentious issue regarding long-term treatment is economic, but the majority of available economic analyses suggest net savings over the long term if patients with AD receive persistent treatment with ChEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Seltzer
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Vyjayanti VN, Chary NS, Rao KS. On the inhibitory affect of some dementia drugs on DNA polymerase Beta activity. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2187-96. [PMID: 18185993 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Some drugs are routinely prescribed for dementia that sets in either due to normal ageing or due to neurodegenerative disorders. We have studied the effect of three of these drugs, Donepezil hydrochloride, Rivastigmine tartrate and Nootropyl, on the activity of DNA polymerases beta, a crucial enzyme in the base excision repair pathway, the most important mode of DNA repair in brain. All the three drugs inhibited DNA polymerase beta activity to varying degrees although the affects of Donepezil being the least and inconsistent. The drugs preferentially bind to and inhibit the activities of 8 kDa domain of DNA polymerase beta that is known to possess the dRP lyase activity. The function of 31 kDa domain dealing with template driven addition of nucleotides at 3' end of the primer is not adversely affected. The inhibitory action of most widely used dementia drugs on DNA repair potential signifies that pharma sector needs to consider this aspect especially while designing drugs targeted towards brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Vyjayanti
- ICMR Center for Research on Aging and Brain (CRAB), Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500046, India
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