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Stone BT, Lin JY, Mahmood A, Sanford AJ, Katz DB. LiCl-induced sickness modulates rat gustatory cortical responses. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001537. [PMID: 35877759 PMCID: PMC9352195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gustatory cortex (GC), a structure deeply involved in the making of consumption decisions, presumably performs this function by integrating information about taste, experiences, and internal states related to the animal’s health, such as illness. Here, we investigated this assertion, examining whether illness is represented in GC activity, and how this representation impacts taste responses and behavior. We recorded GC single-neuron activity and local field potentials (LFPs) from healthy rats and rats made ill (via LiCl injection). We show (consistent with the extant literature) that the onset of illness-related behaviors arises contemporaneously with alterations in 7 to 12 Hz LFP power at approximately 12 min following injection. This process was accompanied by reductions in single-neuron taste response magnitudes and discriminability, and with enhancements in palatability-relatedness—a result reflecting the collapse of responses toward a simple “good-bad” code visible in the entire sample, but focused on a specific subset of GC neurons. Overall, our data show that a state (illness) that profoundly reduces consumption changes basic properties of the sensory cortical response to tastes, in a manner that can easily explain illness’ impact on consumption. Sickness is an internal state that impacts consumption, and so could be expected to influence the neural processing of tastes. This study shows that onset of illness changes basic properties of gustatory cortical network processing and taste responses, such that activity comes more purely to reflect the "goodness" or "badness" of tastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradly T. Stone
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jian-You Lin
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abuzar Mahmood
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alden J. Sanford
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Katz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shoji H, Kunugi H, Miyakawa T. Acute and chronic effects of oral administration of a medium-chain fatty acid, capric acid, on locomotor activity and anxiety-like and depression-related behaviors in adult male C57BL/6J mice. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2022; 42:59-69. [PMID: 34994529 PMCID: PMC8919109 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Capric acid (also known as decanoic acid or C10) is one of the fatty acids in the medium‐chain triglycerides (MCTs) commonly found in dietary fats. Although dietary treatment with MCTs is recently of great interest for the potential therapeutic effects on neuropsychiatric disorders, the effects of oral administration of C10 on behavior remain to be examined. This study investigated acute and chronic effects of oral administration of C10 on locomotor activity and anxiety‐like and depression‐related behaviors in adult male C57BL/6J mice. Methods To explore the acute effects of C10 administration, mice were subjected to a series of behavioral tests in the following order: light/dark transition, open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt forced swim, and tail suspension tests, 30 minutes after oral gavage of either vehicle or C10 solution (30 mmol/kg dose in Experiment 1; 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mmol/kg doses in Experiment 2). Next, to examine chronic effects of C10, mice repeatedly administered with either vehicle or C10 solution (0.3, 3.0 mmol/kg doses per day, for 21 days, in Experiment 3) were subjected to behavioral tests without oral administration immediately before each test. Results The mice administrated with the high dose of C10 (30 mmol/kg) showed lower body weights, shorter distance traveled, and more anxiety‐like behavior than vehicle‐treated mice, and the results reached study‐wide statistical significance. The C10 administration at a lower dose of 0.3 mmol/kg had no significant effects on body weights and induced nominally significantly longer distance traveled than vehicle administration. Repeated administration of C10 at a dose of 3.0 mmol/kg for more than 21 days caused lower body weights and decreased depression‐related behavior, although the behavioral differences did not reach study‐wide significance. Conclusions Although these results suggest dose‐dependent effects of oral administration of capric acid on locomotor activity and anxiety‐like and depression‐related behaviors, further study will be needed to replicate the findings and explore the underlying brain mechanisms. Repeated oral administration of the medium‐chain fatty acid, capric acid, decreased depression‐related behavior in C57BL/6J mice. This study suggests that capric acid exerts an antidepressant effect. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Shoji
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Doobay M, Cross-Mellor SK, Wah DTO, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. Toxin-induced aversive context conditioning: Assessing active aversive behaviors conditioned to the context of an automated activity monitor. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113559. [PMID: 34416259 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is an emetic drug that has been used to create animal models of anticipatory nausea and conditioned place aversion. In this study we examined escape behaviours from a context in which rats experienced the aversive effects of LiCl treatments. The experiment had two phases: acquisition of context conditioning, which consisted of pairing a distinct context with the pharmacological effects of a moderate dose of the toxin LiCl, and extinction of context conditioning, which consisted of placement in the distinct context in a drug free state. During context conditioning, 16 adult male Long-Evans rats were injected intraperitoneally with 96 mg/kg lithium chloride (LiCl; n = 8) or 0.9% saline (NaCl; n = 8) and placed individually in an automated locomotor activity apparatus for 30 min every other day for 4 days. During the extinction phase, rats were placed in the apparatus for 30 min every other day without injections during a 4 day extinction phase. A significant Drug x Trial interaction was found for the time spent in vertical position in the open field apparatus during trials 1-3 of the extinction phase. The LiCl treated rats exhibited significantly increased rearing behavior, relative to the control rats, indicative of conditioned aversion. The results of this study suggest that escape behavior (vertical activity) occurs in rats experiencing the aversive conditioned effects of LiCl in a distinct context. In the context of current theoretical accounts, the LiCl-conditioned increase in apparent escape behaviors can be considered a reflection of anticipatory nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Doobay
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario Canada
| | | | - Deanne T O Wah
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario Canada
| | - Martin Kavaliers
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario Canada
| | - Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario Canada.
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Hernández-Matias A, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Osorio-Gómez D. Maintenance of conditioned place avoidance induced by gastric malaise requires NMDA activity within the ventral hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:270-276. [PMID: 34400528 PMCID: PMC8372560 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052720.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that during chemotherapy treatment, some patients can experience nausea before pharmacological administration, suggesting that contextual stimuli are associated with the nauseating effects. There are attempts to reproduce with animal models the conditions under which this phenomenon is observed to provide a useful paradigm for studying contextual aversion learning and the brain structures involved. This manuscript assessed the hippocampus involvement in acquiring and maintaining long-term conditioned place avoidance (CPA) induced by a gastric malaise-inducing agent, LiCl. Our results demonstrate that a reliable induction of CPA is possible after one acquisition trial. However, CPA establishment requires a 20-min confinement in the compartment associated with LiCl administration. Interestingly, both hippocampal regions seem to be necessary for CPA establishment; nonetheless, inactivation of the ventral hippocampus results in a reversion of avoidance and turns it into preference. Moreover, we demonstrate that activation of dorsal/ventral hippocampal NMDA receptors after CS–US association is required for long-term CPA memory maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernández-Matias
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Osorio-Gómez
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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Li H, Pullmann D, Cho JY, Eid M, Jhou TC. Generality and opponency of rostromedial tegmental (RMTg) roles in valence processing. eLife 2019; 8:41542. [PMID: 30667358 PMCID: PMC6361585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), a GABAergic afferent to midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, has been hypothesized to be broadly activated by aversive stimuli. However, this encoding pattern has only been demonstrated for a limited number of stimuli, and the RMTg influence on ventral tegmental (VTA) responses to aversive stimuli is untested. Here, we found that RMTg neurons are broadly excited by aversive stimuli of different sensory modalities and inhibited by reward-related stimuli. These stimuli include visual, auditory, somatosensory and chemical aversive stimuli, as well as “opponent” motivational states induced by removal of sustained rewarding or aversive stimuli. These patterns are consistent with broad encoding of negative valence in a subset of RMTg neurons. We further found that valence-encoding RMTg neurons preferentially project to the DA-rich VTA versus other targets, and excitotoxic RMTg lesions greatly reduce aversive stimulus-induced inhibitions in VTA neurons, particularly putative DA neurons, while also impairing conditioned place aversion to multiple aversive stimuli. Together, our findings indicate a broad RMTg role in encoding aversion and driving VTA responses and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Dominika Pullmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Jennifer Y Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Maya Eid
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
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Hanak AS, Chevillard L, Lebeau R, Risède P, Laplanche JL, Benturquia N, Mégarbane B. Neurobehavioral effects of lithium in the rat: Investigation of the effect/concentration relationships and the contribution of the poisoning pattern. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:124-133. [PMID: 28336491 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Severity of lithium poisoning depends on the ingested dose, previous treatment duration and renal function. No animal study has investigated neurobehavioral differences in relation to the lithium poisoning pattern observed in humans, while differences in lithium pharmacokinetics have been reported in lithium-pretreated rats mimicking chronic poisonings with enhanced brain accumulation in rats with renal failure. Our objectives were: 1)-to investigate lithium-related effects in overdose on locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, spatial recognition memory and anhedonia in the rat; 2)-to model the relationships between lithium-induced effects on locomotion and plasma, erythrocyte, cerebrospinal fluid and brain concentrations previously obtained according to the poisoning pattern. Open-field, elevated plus-maze, Y-maze and sucrose consumption tests were used. In acutely lithium-poisoned rats, we observed horizontal (p<0.001) and vertical hypolocomotion (p<0.0001), increased anxiety-like behavior (p<0.05) and impaired memory (p<0.01) but no altered hedonic status. Horizontal (p<0.01) and vertical (p<0.001) hypolocomotion peaked more markedly 24h after lithium injection and was more prolonged in acute-on-chronically vs. acutely lithium-poisoned rats. Hypolocomotion in chronically lithium-poisoned rats with impaired renal function did not differ from acutely poisoned rats 24h after the last injection. Interestingly, hypolocomotion/concentration relationships best fitted a sigmoidal Emax model in acute poisoning and a linear regression model linked to brain lithium in acute-on-chronic poisoning. In conclusion, lithium overdose alters rat behavior and consistently induces hypolocomotion which is more marked and prolonged in repeatedly lithium-treated rats. Our data suggest that differences between poisoning patterns regarding lithium-induced hypolocomotion are better explained by the duration of lithium exposure than by its brain accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Hanak
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Lebeau
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Risède
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Benturquia
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Paris, France.
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7
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Fortin SM, Chartoff EH, Roitman MF. The Aversive Agent Lithium Chloride Suppresses Phasic Dopamine Release Through Central GLP-1 Receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016. [PMID: 26211731 PMCID: PMC4707837 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Unconditioned rewarding stimuli evoke phasic increases in dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) while discrete aversive stimuli elicit pauses in dopamine neuron firing and reductions in NAc dopamine concentration. The unconditioned effects of more prolonged aversive states on dopamine release dynamics are not well understood and are investigated here using the malaise-inducing agent lithium chloride (LiCl). We used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure phasic increases in NAc dopamine resulting from electrical stimulation of dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Systemic LiCl injection reduced electrically evoked dopamine release in the NAc of both anesthetized and awake rats. As some behavioral effects of LiCl appear to be mediated through glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation, we hypothesized that the suppression of phasic dopamine by LiCl is GLP-1R dependent. Indeed, peripheral pretreatment with the GLP-1R antagonist exendin-9 (Ex-9) potently attenuated the LiCl-induced suppression of dopamine. Pretreatment with Ex-9 did not, however, affect the suppression of phasic dopamine release by the kappa-opioid receptor agonist, salvinorin A, supporting a selective effect of GLP-1R stimulation in LiCl-induced dopamine suppression. By delivering Ex-9 to either the lateral or fourth ventricle, we highlight a population of central GLP-1 receptors rostral to the hindbrain that are involved in the LiCl-mediated suppression of NAc dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Fortin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elena H Chartoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell F Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA, Tel: 312 996 3113, Fax: 312 413 4122, E-mail:
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Nadeem RI, Ahmed HI, El-Denshary EEDS. Effect of Imipramine, Paroxetine, and Lithium Carbonate on Neurobehavioral Changes of Streptozotocin in Rats: Impact on Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Blood Glucose Level. Neurochem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mavrikaki M, Schintu N, Kastellakis A, Nomikos GG, Svenningsson P, Panagis G. Effects of lithium and aripiprazole on brain stimulation reward and neuroplasticity markers in the limbic forebrain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:630-8. [PMID: 24275700 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe pathological condition with impaired reward-related processing. The present study was designed to assess the effects of two commonly used BD medications, the mood stabilizer lithium chloride (LiCl) and the atypical antipsychotic and antimanic agent aripiprazole, in an animal model of reward and motivation and on markers of neuroplasticity in the limbic forebrain in rats. We utilized intracranial self-simulation (ICSS) to assess the effects of acute and chronic administration of LiCl and aripiprazole on brain stimulation reward, and phosphorylation studies to determine their effects on specific cellular neuroplasticity markers, i.e., the phosphorylation of CREB and crucial phosphorylation sites on the GluA1 subunit of AMPA receptors and the NA1 and NA2B subunits of NMDA receptors, in the limbic forebrain. Chronic LiCl induced tolerance to the anhedonic effect of the drug observed after acute administration, while chronic aripiprazole induced a sustained anhedonic effect. These distinct behavioral responses might be related to differences in molecular markers of neuroplasticity. Accordingly, we demonstrated that chronic LiCl, but not aripiprazole, decreased phosphorylation of CREB at the Ser133 site and NA1 at the Ser896 site in the prefrontal cortex and GluA1 at the Ser831 site and NA2B at the Ser1303 site in the ventral striatum. The present study provides evidence for BD medication-evoked changes in reward and motivation processes and in specific markers of neuronal plasticity in the limbic forebrain, promoting the notion that these drugs may blunt dysregulated reward processes in BD by counteracting neuronal plasticity deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavrikaki
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymno, Crete, Greece; Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicoletta Schintu
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kastellakis
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymno, Crete, Greece
| | - George G Nomikos
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc., Northbrook, IL 60062, USA
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Panagis
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymno, Crete, Greece.
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Goeldner C, Spooren W, Wichmann J, Prinssen EP. Further characterization of the prototypical nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor agonist Ro 64-6198 in rodent models of conflict anxiety and despair. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:203-14. [PMID: 22249359 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ro 64-6198, the prototypical non-peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor agonist, has potent anxiolytic-like effects in several preclinical models and species. However the effects of Ro 64-6198 on distinctive anxiety-provoking conditions related to unconditioned conflict behavior as well as its role in despair-like behavior remain to be addressed. OBJECTIVE Here we examined the effects of Ro 64-6198 on unconditioned conflict anxiety using stimuli with different salience and on regulation of autonomic reactivity and compared these to the effects of benzodiazepine receptor agonists. We also addressed the potential effects of Ro 64-6198 on despair-like behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ro 64-6198 (0.1 to 10 mg/kg i.p.) and either diazepam or chlordiazepoxide were tested in the Vogel conflict punished drinking test (VCT) in Sprague Dawley rats, in the social approach-avoidance (SAA) test in Lewis rats, in the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) in C57BL/6J mice, and in stress-induced hyperthermia in NMRI mice, as well as in the forced swim test (FST) in Sprague Dawley rats and the tail suspension test (TST) in C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS Ro 64-6198 (0.3 to 3 mg/kg) dose-dependently produced anxiolytic-like effects in the VCT, SAA, NIH, and SIH, similar to benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Ro 64-6198 did not alter immobility time in the FST and TST. CONCLUSIONS Ro 64-6198 produced marked anxiolytic-like effects in response to a variety of mild to strong anxiogenic stimuli, whereas it did not facilitate depression-related behaviors. This data extend previous literature suggesting that NOP receptors are a viable target for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Goeldner
- CNS Research, CNS Discovery, pRED, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Ponce-Lopez T, Liy-Salmeron G, Hong E, Meneses A. Lithium, phenserine, memantine and pioglitazone reverse memory deficit and restore phospho-GSK3β decreased in hippocampus in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced memory deficit model. Brain Res 2011; 1426:73-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hernandez G, Bernstein D, Schoenbaum G, Cheer JF. Contrasting Effects of Lithium Chloride and CB1 Receptor Blockade on Enduring Changes in the Valuation of Reward. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5:53. [PMID: 21922005 PMCID: PMC3167146 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
When an organism responds for a reward, its learned behavior can be characterized as goal-directed or habitual based on whether or not it is susceptible to reward devaluation. Here, we evaluated whether instrumental responding for brain stimulation reward (BSR) can be devalued using a paradigm traditionally used for natural rewards. Rats were trained to lever press for BSR; afterward, BSR was paired with either lithium chloride (LiCl, 5 mg/kg, i.p.), a pro-emetic, or AM251, a CB1 receptor antagonist (3 mg/kg, i.p.) or the vehicle of these compounds. Pairings of BSR with these compounds and their vehicles were performed in a novel environment so that only unconditional effects of BSR would be affected by the pharmacological manipulations. Subsequently, in a probe test, all rats were returned in the drug-free state to the boxes where they had received training and instrumental responding was reassessed in the absence of BSR delivery. When compared to control, LiCl produced a significant decrease in the number of responses during the test session, whereas AM251 did not. These results show that instrumental responding for BSR is susceptible to devaluation, in accord with the proposal that this behavior is supported at least in part by associations between the response and the rewarding outcome. Further, they suggest that reward modulation observed in studies involving the use of CB1 receptor antagonists arises from changes in the organism’s motivation rather than drug-induced changes in the intrinsic value of reward.
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Creson TK, Austin DR, Shaltiel G, McCammon J, Wess J, Manji HK, Chen G. Lithium treatment attenuates muscarinic M(1) receptor dysfunction. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13:238-49. [PMID: 21676127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered muscarinic acetylcholine receptor levels and receptor-coupled signaling processes have been reported in mood disorders. M(1) , one of five muscarinic receptor subtypes, couples to the phospholipase C/protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Mood stabilizers regulate these pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that suppress translation in a sequence-selective manner. Lithium downregulates several miRNAs, including let-7b and let-7c. One predicted target of let-7b and let-7c is the M(1) receptor. We hypothesized that miRNAs regulate M(1) receptor translation, and that disrupted M(1) expression leads to aberrant behaviors and disrupted downstream signaling pathways that are rescued by lithium treatment. METHODS The effects of miRNAs and chronic treatment with mood stabilizers on M(1) levels were tested in primary cultures and in rat frontal cortex. Effects of M(1) ablation and chronic treatment with mood stabilizers on several signaling cascades and M(1) -modulated behaviors were examined in wild-type and M(1) knockout mice. RESULTS Let-7b, but not let-7c, negatively regulated M(1) levels. Chronic treatment with lithium, but not valproate, increased M(1) levels in the rat cortex. M(1) knockout mice exhibit ERK pathway deficits and behavioral hyperactivity; chronic treatment with lithium attenuated these deficits and hyperactivity. CONCLUSIONS Lithium treatment can affect M(1) receptor function through intracellular signaling enhancement and, in situations without M(1) ablation, concomitant receptor upregulation via mechanisms involving miRNAs. Muscarinic dysfunction may contribute to mood disorders, while M(1) receptors and the downstream ERK pathway may serve as potential therapeutic targets for alleviating manic symptoms such as psychomotor hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Creson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Xing B, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Dang Y, Chen T, Huang J, Luo Q. Microinjection of valproic acid into the ventrolateral orbital cortex exerts an antidepressant-like effect in the rat forced swim test. Brain Res Bull 2011; 85:153-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kiyani A, Javadi-Paydar M, Mohammadkhani H, Esmaeili B, Dehpour AR. Lithium chloride disrupts consolidation of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in male mice: the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 2011; 219:240-7. [PMID: 21241742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium effects on brain functions such as cognition, attention, learning and memory are well-established for ages; however, the way it affects these functions and its precise mechanism of action remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of lithium on the consolidation of morphine-associated conditioned place preference and the possible involvement of the NO/cGMP pathway. Using an unbiased conditioned place preference (CPP) model, the effects of lithium (1-100 mg/kg, i.p.), nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (5-100 mg/kg, i.p.), nitric oxide precursor L-arginine (50-150 mg/kg, i.p.) and phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil (5-40 mg/kg, i.p.) on the consolidation of morphine-induced CPP were assessed. In addition, the possible interaction between lithium, L-arginine and sildenafil or subeffective doses of lithium and L-NAME on the consolidation of morphine-induced contextual memory was evaluated. NMRI mice were used in all studies. Lithium (5-30 mg/kg, i.p.), immediately after conditioning trials, significantly reduced the time spent by mice in the reward-paired compartment. Although post-training administration of L-arginine, sildenafil or L-NAME had no significant effect on the consolidation of CPP, concomitant administration of L-arginine (50-150 mg/kg) and sildenafil (5-10 mg/kg) with lithium (30 mg/kg) prevented the impairing effect of lithium. Also, co-administration of sub-effective doses of lithium (1 mg/kg) and L-NAME (5 mg/kg) disrupted consolidation of CPP. However, delayed administration of effective doses of lithium, which shows specific effect on memory consolidation, did not affect morphine-induced CPP. Lithium seems to inhibit consolidation of morphine-induced CPP and this impairing effect might be via nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirali Kiyani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole in d-amphetamine-based preclinical models of mania. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:541-8. [PMID: 20047715 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709991143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole has been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of bipolar mania. To further profile the antimanic-like properties of aripiprazole in relevant preclinical models, we examined its efficacy in d-amphetamine-based behavioural models of acute mania in rats. The effects of acute and repeated administration of aripiprazole were assessed in the facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and hyperlocomotion after acute d-amphetamine, and in the sensitized facilitation of ICSS function and hyperlocomotion after repeated d-amphetamine. Acutely, aripiprazole (0.75, 1.5 and 2.5 mg/kg i.p.) increased ICSS thresholds, attenuated the reward-facilitating effects of d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.), decreased motor activity and prevented d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. Co-administration of aripiprazole and d-amphetamine for 7 d resulted in aripiprazole counteracting the d-amphetamine-induced sensitization in facilitation of brain reward function and hyperlocomotion. These results indicate the efficacy of aripiprazole in d-amphetamine-based preclinical models of acute mania that are characterized by increased motivational drive and/or hyperfunction of brain reward.
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17
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Ghasemi M, Raza M, Dehpour AR. NMDA receptor antagonists augment antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the mouse forced swimming test. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:585-94. [PMID: 19351802 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although there is evidence of the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) in the action of lithium, its role in the antidepressant effects of lithium in a behavioural model remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of NMDAR antagonists on the antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the mouse forced swimming test. Lithium (30 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the immobility times of mice, whereas at lower doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) had no effect. NMDA antagonists ketamine (2 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.), MK-801 (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) and ifenprodil (1 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the immobility time. Lower doses of ketamine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg), MK-801 (0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg) and ifenprodil (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) had no effect. Combined treatment of subeffective doses of lithium (10 mg/kg) and ketamine (1 mg/kg), MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg) or ifenprodil (0.5 mg/kg) robustly (P < 0.001) exerted an antidepressant-like effect. The noneffective dose of a NMDA agonist (NMDA, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented the antidepressant-like effect of lithium (30 mg/kg). None of the drugs at subactive doses or in combination with lithium had significant effect on the locomotor activity in the open field test. We for the first time suggested a role for NMDAR signalling in the antidepressant-like effects of lithium, providing a new approach for treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Simultaneous anhedonia and exaggerated locomotor activation in an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:293-303. [PMID: 19404615 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anhedonia, or hyposensitivity to normally pleasurable stimuli, is a cardinal symptom of depression. As such, reward circuitry may comprise a substrate with relevance to this symptom of depression. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to characterize in the rat changes in the rewarding properties of a pharmacological and a natural stimulus following olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), a pre-clinical animal model of depression. METHODS We measured amphetamine enhancement of brain stimulation reward, changes in sucrose intake, as well as striatal cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activity, a molecular index previously associated with depressant-like behavior. Moreover, since alteration of psychomotor activity is also a common symptom of depression, and psychostimulant reward and locomotion are thought to share common neurobiology, we used the same treatment schedule of amphetamine to probe for changes in locomotion. RESULTS Our findings show that OBX produces a behavioral phenotype characterized by both anhedonia and exaggerated locomotor activation. Thus, we observed a blunted response to the rewarding properties of amphetamine (1 mg/kg, 21 days post-lesion), a long-lasting reduction in sucrose intake and increased striatal CREB activity. In addition, the same dose of amphetamine, at a coincident time post-lesion, triggered an exaggerated response to its locomotor-stimulant actions. CONCLUSIONS These paradoxical findings are not consistent with the notion that reward and locomotion are mediated by a common substrate; this dissociation may be useful in modeling psychiatric disorders such as mixed depressive states. In addition, our findings suggest that central reward circuitry may constitute a possible target for rationally designed therapeutics for depression.
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Kappa-opioid ligands in the study and treatment of mood disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:334-43. [PMID: 19497337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The biological basis of mood is not understood. Most research on mood and affective states has focused on the roles of brain systems containing monoamines (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin). However, it is becoming clear that endogenous opioid systems in the brain may also be involved in the regulation of mood. In this review, we focus on the potential utility of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) ligands in the study and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Research from our group and others suggests that KOR antagonists might be useful for depression, KOR agonists might be useful for mania, and KOR partial agonists might be useful for mood stabilization. Currently available KOR agents have some unfavorable properties that might be addressed through medicinal chemistry. The development of KOR-selective agents with improved drug-like characteristics would facilitate preclinical and clinical studies designed to evaluate the possibility that KORs are a feasible target for new medications.
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Mavrikaki M, Nomikos GG, Panagis G. Effects of mood stabilizers on brain reward processes in rats: studies using the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19:205-14. [PMID: 19110403 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is characterized by dysregulated motivation and increased hedonistic drive. d-Amphetamine induces manic symptoms in humans and exacerbates mania in bipolar disorder patients, effects that are counteracted by mood stabilizers. We utilized intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to examine how lithium (LiCl), valproate (VPA) or their combination that is commonly used in the clinic affect brain reward function in rats, and how these drugs affect d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LiCl (100, 200 mg/kg), VPA (400 mg/kg) or combined administration of subthreshold doses of LiCl (50 mg/kg) and VPA (200 mg/kg) increased ICSS thresholds. LiCl (100 mg/kg) and combined administration of LiCl and VPA (50 and 200 mg/kg), but not VPA alone (200, 400 mg/kg), attenuated d-amphetamine's reward-facilitating effects. These results suggest that ICSS combined with d-amphetamine constitutes a useful model to explore the elation and increased hedonistic drive observed in bipolar patients and ultimately help to identify novel pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavrikaki
- University of Crete, School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, 74100 Rethymno, Crete, Greece
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Tsaltas E, Kontis D, Boulougouris V, Papadimitriou GN. Lithium and cognitive enhancement: leave it or take it? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:457-76. [PMID: 18781296 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lithium is established as an effective treatment of acute mania, bipolar and unipolar depression and as prophylaxis against bipolar disorder. Accumulating evidence is also delineating a neuroprotective and neurotrophic role for lithium. However, its primary effects on cognitive functioning remain ambiguous. OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to review and combine the relevant translational studies, focusing on the putative cognitive enhancement properties of lithium, specifically on learning, memory, and attention. DISCUSSION These properties are also discussed in reference to research demonstrating a protective action of lithium against cognitive deficits induced by various challenges to the nervous system, such as stress, trauma, neurodegenerative disorders, and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested on the basis of the evidence that the cognitive effects of lithium are best expressed and should, therefore, be sought under conditions of functional or biological challenge to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Tsaltas
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 74 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece.
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22
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Tomasiewicz HC, Todtenkopf MS, Chartoff EH, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA. The kappa-opioid agonist U69,593 blocks cocaine-induced enhancement of brain stimulation reward. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:982-8. [PMID: 18639235 PMCID: PMC2592608 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence indicates that brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) are involved in regulation of mood states. In animal models often used to study psychiatric illness, KOR agonists produce depressive-like effects (e.g., anhedonia), whereas KOR antagonists produce antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects. The ability of KOR agonists to produce anhedonia-like signs in laboratory animals raises the possibility that this class of drugs might be useful to ameliorate states characterized by excess reward or motivation, such as mania or stimulant intoxication. METHODS We examined how the selective KOR agonist U69,593 affects cocaine-induced facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), a model of the abnormally increased reward function that characterizes mania and stimulant intoxication. Rats with stimulating electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were tested with intraperitoneal injections of U69,593 (.063-.5 mg/kg) alone, cocaine (1.25-10 mg/kg) alone, and combinations of the drugs. RESULTS Cocaine dose-dependently decreased ICSS thresholds, indicating that it enhanced the rewarding impact of MFB stimulation. In contrast, U69,593 dose-dependently increased ICSS thresholds, indicating that it decreased the rewarding impact of the stimulation. Pretreatment with U69,593 blocked cocaine-induced decreases in ICSS thresholds at doses that had negligible effects on their own. CONCLUSIONS Activation of KORs reduces the reward-related effects of cocaine. Inasmuch as cocaine-induced behavioral stimulation in rodents may model key aspects of enhanced mood in humans, these findings raise the possibility that KOR agonists might ameliorate symptoms of conditions characterized by increased motivation and hyperfunction of brain reward systems, such as mania and stimulant intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilarie C Tomasiewicz
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Ghasemi M, Sadeghipour H, Mosleh A, Sadeghipour HR, Mani AR, Dehpour AR. Nitric oxide involvement in the antidepressant-like effects of acute lithium administration in the mouse forced swimming test. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:323-32. [PMID: 17728109 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the involvement of l-arginine/nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway in the antidepressant-like effects of acute lithium administration in the mouse forced swimming test (FST). Lithium, at 30 and 100 mg/kg, significantly reduced the immobility times of mice in the FST, whereas at lower doses (0.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) had no effect on the immobility time. The NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), at 10 and 30 mg/kg, and the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor N(omega)-propyl-L-arginine (L-NPA), at 5 and 15 mg/kg, had no significant effects on the FST, whereas they significantly decreased the immobility time at 100 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Combination of non-effective dose of lithium (10 mg/kg) with low doses of L-NAME (30 mg/kg) or L-NPA (15 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility times in the FST. Moreover, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ at 50 mg/kg significantly decreased the immobility time of mice, whereas it had not significant effects on the FST at 2, 10 and 20 mg/kg. Combination of lithium (10 mg/kg) with 20 mg/kg ODQ significantly decreased the immobility times in the FST. Non-effective doses of L-arginine (750 mg/kg) or sildenafil (5 mg/kg) significantly reversed the antidepressant-like effect of 30 mg/kg lithium in the FST. Neither of the drugs had effect on the locomotor activity. These data indicate the involvement of L-arginine/NO/cGMP pathway in the antidepressant-like effect of lithium in the mouse FST and also might suggest the concurrent administration of NOS inhibitors and lithium as an appropriate strategy for treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Silva R, Mesquita A, Bessa J, Sousa J, Sotiropoulos I, Leão P, Almeida O, Sousa N. Lithium blocks stress-induced changes in depressive-like behavior and hippocampal cell fate: The role of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3β. Neuroscience 2008; 152:656-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rodents to study the neurobiology of motivation. Nat Protoc 2008; 2:2987-95. [PMID: 18007634 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly important to assess mood states in laboratory animals. Tests that reflect reward, reduced ability to experience reward (anhedonia) and aversion (dysphoria) are in high demand because many psychiatric conditions that are currently intractable in humans (e.g., major depression, bipolar disorder, addiction) are characterized by dysregulated motivation. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) can be utilized in rodents (rats, mice) to understand how pharmacological or molecular manipulations affect the function of brain reward systems. Although many different methodologies are possible, we will describe in this protocol the use of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation together with the 'curve-shift' variant of analysis. This combination is particularly powerful because it produces a highly reliable behavioral output that enables clear distinctions between the treatment effects on motivation and the treatment effects on the capability to perform the task.
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26
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O'Donnell KC, Gould TD. The behavioral actions of lithium in rodent models: leads to develop novel therapeutics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:932-62. [PMID: 17532044 PMCID: PMC2150568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For nearly as long as lithium has been in clinical use for the treatment of bipolar disorder, depression, and other conditions, investigators have attempted to characterize its effects on behaviors in rodents. Lithium consistently decreases exploratory activity, rearing, aggression, and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion; and it increases the sensitivity to pilocarpine-induced seizures, decreases immobility time in the forced swim test, and attenuates reserpine-induced hypolocomotion. Lithium also predictably induces conditioned taste aversion and alterations in circadian rhythms. The modulation of stereotypy, sensitization, and reward behavior are less consistent actions of the drug. These behavioral models may be relevant to human symptoms and to clinical endophenotypes. It is likely that the actions of lithium in a subset of these animal models are related to the therapeutic efficacy, as well the side effects, of the drug. We conclude with a brief discussion of various molecular mechanisms by which these lithium-sensitive behaviors may be mediated, and comment on the ways in which rat and mouse models can be used more effectively in the future to address persistent questions about the therapeutically relevant molecular actions of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley C O'Donnell
- The Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, HHS, Bldg 35, Rm 1C-912, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 3711, USA
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Roybal K, Theobold D, Graham A, DiNieri JA, Russo SJ, Krishnan V, Chakravarty S, Peevey J, Oehrlein N, Birnbaum S, Vitaterna MH, Orsulak P, Takahashi JS, Nestler EJ, Carlezon WA, McClung CA. Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6406-11. [PMID: 17379666 PMCID: PMC1851061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609625104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms and the genes that make up the molecular clock have long been implicated in bipolar disorder. Genetic evidence in bipolar patients suggests that the central transcriptional activator of molecular rhythms, CLOCK, may be particularly important. However, the exact role of this gene in the development of this disorder remains unclear. Here we show that mice carrying a mutation in the Clock gene display an overall behavioral profile that is strikingly similar to human mania, including hyperactivity, decreased sleep, lowered depression-like behavior, lower anxiety, and an increase in the reward value for cocaine, sucrose, and medial forebrain bundle stimulation. Chronic administration of the mood stabilizer lithium returns many of these behavioral responses to wild-type levels. In addition, the Clock mutant mice have an increase in dopaminergic activity in the ventral tegmental area, and their behavioral abnormalities are rescued by expressing a functional CLOCK protein via viral-mediated gene transfer specifically in the ventral tegmental area. These findings establish the Clock mutant mice as a previously unrecognized model of human mania and reveal an important role for CLOCK in the dopaminergic system in regulating behavior and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole Roybal
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - David Theobold
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Ami Graham
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Jennifer A. DiNieri
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MRC 217, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Scott J. Russo
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Joseph Peevey
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Nathan Oehrlein
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, 4500 South Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216
| | - Shari Birnbaum
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - Martha H. Vitaterna
- Center for Functional Genomics and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; and
| | - Paul Orsulak
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, 4500 South Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216
| | - Joseph S. Takahashi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3520
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
| | - William A. Carlezon
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MRC 217, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Colleen A. McClung
- *Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Rowe MK, Wiest C, Chuang DM. GSK-3 is a viable potential target for therapeutic intervention in bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:920-31. [PMID: 17499358 PMCID: PMC2020444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a serious psychiatric condition that has been treated for over 50 years with lithium. Lithium is a well established glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor, suggesting that manipulating GSK-3 may have therapeutic value in treating bipolar disorder. GSK-3 is regulated by a wide variety of mechanisms including phosphorylation, binding with protein complexes, phosphorylation state of its substrates, cellular localization and autoregulation, thus providing a wide number of potential therapeutic mechanisms. Mounting evidence suggests that GSK-3 regulation can be used to manage bipolar disorder symptoms. Although GSK-3 mutations have not been detected amongst the general bipolar population, they have been correlated with females with bipolar II and most of the drugs used for successful bipolar disorder treatment regulate GSK-3. These drugs produce a weak anti-depressant-like and a strong anti-mania-like effect in a wide range of animal models tested, mirroring their utility in treating bipolar disorder symptoms. Taken together, the evidence suggests that targeting GSK-3 may be a means to control the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - De-Maw Chuang
- Address Correspondence to De-Maw Chuang, Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4C206, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA; Phone: (301) 496-4915; FAX: (301) 480-9290; E-mail:
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Bourin M, Prica C. The role of mood stabilisers in the treatment of the depressive facet of bipolar disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:963-75. [PMID: 17462734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown that available mood stabilisers are used to treat bipolar depression. As part of the natural course of illness, patients with bipolar disorder often suffer from episodes of depression more frequently and for longer durations than mania. A major challenge in the treatment of bipolar depression is the tendency for antidepressant medications, particularly tricyclic antidepressants, to precipitate episodes of mania, or to increase cycle frequency or symptom intensity. Thus, exploring the utility of mood stabilisers as monotherapy for bipolar depression is important. The aim of this review it to collate data involving the effects of some mood stabilisers like lithium, carbamazepine, valproate and lamotrigine in depressive aspects of bipolar disorder, but as well using an animal model of depression, to understand their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bourin
- EA 3256 Neurobiologie de l'anxiété et de la dépression, Faculté de Médecine 1, rue Gaston Veil BP 53508, 44035 Nantes cedex 01, France.
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Chartoff EH, Mague SD, Barhight MF, Smith AM, Carlezon WA. Behavioral and molecular effects of dopamine D1 receptor stimulation during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. J Neurosci 2006; 26:6450-7. [PMID: 16775132 PMCID: PMC6674021 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0491-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine dependence is characterized by somatic and motivational signs of withdrawal that likely contribute to the maintenance of addictive behavior. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) receives extensive dopaminergic input and is an important substrate for mediating these aversive states. In the NAc, the function of the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and AMPA glutamate receptor subunit, type 1 (GluR1) can be regulated by dopamine (DA) D1 receptor-mediated phosphorylation (P-CREB, P-GluR1). However, the roles of D1 receptors, CREB, and GluR1 in morphine dependence are not well understood. Here, we show that somatic signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal were associated with increased P-CREB, but not P-GluR1, in the NAc of morphine-dependent rats. The D1 receptor agonist chloro-APB hydrobromide (SKF 82958) was rewarding in morphine-dependent rats and blocked naloxone-induced place aversions and somatic signs of withdrawal. Surprisingly, SKF 82958 increased P-GluR1, but not P-CREB, in the NAc, and naloxone reduced SKF 82958-mediated P-GluR1 induction specifically in morphine-dependent rats. Together, these results confirm that aversive treatments can increase CREB function in the NAc. Furthermore, they suggest a dependence-associated shift in the molecular mechanisms that regulate the consequences of D1 receptor stimulation, favoring activation of GluR1 rather than CREB. These data raise the possibility that the rewarding effects of SKF 82958 in morphine-dependent rats involve increased P-GluR1 in the NAc, although the involvement of other brain regions cannot be ruled out. Regardless, these findings suggest for the first time that D1 agonists might be useful for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms that contribute to the maintenance of opiate addiction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena H Chartoff
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA.
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