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Lebel S, Lépine O, Brillon P. Mental Health of Homicidally Bereaved Individuals: A Systematic Review of Post-Homicide Factors. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241245751. [PMID: 38584454 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241245751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Experiencing the homicide of a loved one has a substantial impact on the mental health of family members and friends who must survive their loved one's tragic death. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current findings on post-homicide factors and identify the factors most frequently related to the mental health of homicidally bereaved individuals (HBI). Four databases were searched (PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Sociological Abstract, PubMed). The selection of studies was based on a peer review process conducted by two independent researchers to ensure interrater reliability. The articles were screened to ensure the presence of homicidally bereaved adults, resulting in a total of 35 eligible papers to be considered in the current review. Factors were organized into categories, with the criminal justice system-related factors (n = 18), social factors (n = 17), and coping factors (n = 13) being the most prevalent. This review identifies clinical avenues for preventing distress and fostering the well-being of HBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lebel
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Lépine
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Brillon
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Benight CC, Hurd JA, Morison M, Ricca BP. Big ideas series: self-regulation shift theory: trauma, suicide, and violence. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:1-15. [PMID: 37555655 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2242281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic stress, suicide, and impulsive violence arguably are three of the most consequential problems facing societies today. Self-regulation shift theory is introduced to capture the underlying coping dynamics involved in these three grave challenges. OBJECTIVES Self-regulation shift theory, based in a nonlinear dynamical systems framework, focuses on critical psychological self-regulation thresholds and the role of cognitive self-appraisals in human adaptation to help understand these three significant societal challenges. METHODS This essay reviews existing evidence within the posttraumatic adaptation process utilizing SRST for understanding dynamic self-regulation. This is followed by integrating SRST within existing current theoretical models for suicidal behaviors and violent outbursts. CONCLUSIONS The essay concludes with methodological suggestions for future research applying SRST and how this research offers important opportunities to develop early warning systems that promote hope when hope seems impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Benight
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA
| | - Julie A Hurd
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA
| | - Margaret Morison
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA
| | - Bernard P Ricca
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA
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Mohamed SK, El Bakri Y, Alfayomy AM, Karthikeyan S, Saravanan K, Abdel-Aziz SA, Abou-Seri SM, Ragab FA, Mague JT, Aboelmagd M. Insights into the crystal structure and computational studies of newly synthesized thiazolopyrimidine derivatives against adenosine receptor (Thermostabilised HUMAN A2a). J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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4
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Sultana T, Dhillon G, Oliveira T. The effect of fear and situational motivation on online information avoidance: The case of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2023; 69:102596. [PMID: 36415624 PMCID: PMC9671792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a plethora of online sources for information and news dissemination have emerged. Extant research suggests that very quickly, individuals become disinterested and begin avoiding the information. In this study, we investigate how an individual's fear and situational motivation impact Online Information Avoidance. Using the self-determination theory and information avoidance theories, we argue that fear and external regulation are associated with increased Online Information Avoidance. We also argue that intrinsic motivation and identified regulation are associated with a decrease in Online Information Avoidance. Our findings suggest that fear, intrinsic motivation, and external regulation drive Online Information Avoidance, where intrinsic motivation is the most significant driver. We also found that identified regulation is a crucial inhibitor of Online Information Avoidance. While focusing on COVID-19, our study contributes to the broader information systems research literature and specifically to the information avoidance literature during a pandemic or a prolonged crisis. Our study's findings will be useful for governments, health organizations, and communities that utilize online platforms, forums, and related outlets to reach larger audiences for disseminating pertinent information and recommendations during a crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmina Sultana
- Information Systems and Supply Chain Management, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, United States,Information Technology and Decision Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, United States,Correspondence to: Room 306, Business Leadership Building, 1307 W Highland St, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Gurpreet Dhillon
- Information Technology and Decision Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, United States,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tiago Oliveira
- NOVA Information Management School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Maladaptive cognitions and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2023:10.1007/s40211-022-00453-w. [PMID: 36692809 PMCID: PMC9872076 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-022-00453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the interactions between emotion regulation strategies and cognitive distortions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We also examined differences in emotion regulation and cognitive distortions across the trauma spectrum. METHODS The study was conducted in France between December 2019 and August 2020 and was approved by the university ethics committee. We recruited 180 participants aged over 18, with 3 groups of 60 each: (1) patients diagnosed with PTSD, (2) trauma-exposed without PTSD, (3) no history of trauma. Exclusion criteria were a history of neurological or mental disorders, psychoactive substance abuse, and a history of physical injury that could affect outcomes. All participants completed the Life Events Checklist‑5 (LEC-5), Post-traumatic Check List‑5 (PCL-5), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and Cognitive Distortions scale for Adults (EDC-A). Correlation analysis was performed to observe the relationship between PTSD severity and cognitive functioning. Correlations between cognitive distortions and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were calculated for the PTSD group. A moderation analysis of the whole sample was conducted to examine the relationship between cognitive distortions, emotion regulation strategies, and PTSD. RESULTS Participants with PTSD scored significantly higher on the PCL‑5 and for dissociation than the other groups. PCL‑5 scores were positively correlated with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and acceptance. They were also correlated with positive and negative dichotomous reasoning and negative minimization. Analysis of the PTSD group revealed correlations between maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and negative cognitive distortions. The moderation analysis revealed the cognitive distortions explaining the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and trauma exposure overall, and how they exacerbate emotional problems in PTSD. CONCLUSION The study provides indications for management of PTSD patients. Inclusion of an intermediate group of individuals exposed to trauma without PTSD revealed differences in the observed alterations. It would be interesting to extend the cross-sectional observation design to study traumatic events that may cause a specific type of disorder.
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Lu J, Yu Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Ji H, Chen X, Sun M, Daun Y, Pan Y, Chen Y, Yi Y, Dou X, Zhou L. The mediating role of self-efficacy between workplace violence and PTSD among nurses in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1090451. [PMID: 36910753 PMCID: PMC9995771 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nurses are at high risk for workplace violence, which can lead to psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between workplace violence, self-efficacy, and PTSD, and to further explore whether self-efficacy mediates the relationship between workplace violence and PTSD among Chinese nurses. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Liaoning Province, China in 2020. A total of 1,017 valid questionnaires were returned. Each questionnaire included the Workplace Violence Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (PTSS-10), and demographics information. A hierarchical multiple regression approach was used to explore the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between workplace violence and PTSD. The mediation model was then tested by the PROCESS macro in SPSS. Results A total of 1,017 nurses were included in this study, and the average score of PTSD among Chinese nurses was 26.85 ± 13.13 (mean ± SD). After further adjustment for control variables, workplace violence was positively associated with PTSD, explaining 13% of the variance. High self-efficacy was associated with low PTSD, explaining 18% of the variance. Self-efficacy partially mediated the role of workplace violence and PTSD. Conclusion The high scores of PTSD among Chinese nurses demand widespread attention. Workplace violence is an important predictor of PTSD in nurses. Self-efficacy is a significant factor in improving PTSD in nurses and mediates the relationship between workplace violence and PTSD. Measures and strategies to improve self-efficacy may mitigate the effects of workplace violence on PTSD in nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Haoqiang Ji
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuxin Daun
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuanping Pan
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yunting Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yaohui Yi
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Sexual Violence and Psychological Distress: The Roles of Coping Self-Efficacy, Self-Blame, Shame, Activism, and Feminism. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Wu Y. Assessing regulatory emotional self-efficacy within overseas Chinese university students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yeager CM, Benight CC. Engagement, Predictors, and Outcomes of a Trauma Recovery Digital Mental Health Intervention: Longitudinal Study. JMIR Ment Health 2022; 9:e35048. [PMID: 35499857 PMCID: PMC9112079 DOI: 10.2196/35048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, exposure to potentially traumatic events is extremely common, and many individuals develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) along with other disorders. Unfortunately, considerable barriers to treatment exist. A promising approach to overcoming treatment barriers is a digital mental health intervention (DMHI). However, engagement with DMHIs is a concern, and theoretically based research in this area is sparse and often inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The focus of this study is on the complex issue of DMHI engagement. On the basis of the social cognitive theory framework, the conceptualization of engagement and a theoretically based model of predictors and outcomes were investigated using a DMHI for trauma recovery. METHODS A 6-week longitudinal study with a national sample of survivors of trauma was conducted to measure engagement, predictors of engagement, and mediational pathways to symptom reduction while using a trauma recovery DMHI (time 1: N=915; time 2: N=350; time 3: N=168; and time 4: N=101). RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis of the engagement latent constructs of duration, frequency, interest, attention, and affect produced an acceptable model fit (χ22=8.3; P=.02; comparative fit index 0.973; root mean square error of approximation 0.059; 90% CI 0.022-0.103). Using the latent construct, the longitudinal theoretical model demonstrated adequate model fit (comparative fit index 0.929; root mean square error of approximation 0.052; 90% CI 0.040-0.064), indicating that engagement self-efficacy (β=.35; P<.001) and outcome expectations (β=.37; P<.001) were significant predictors of engagement (R2=39%). The overall indirect effect between engagement and PTSD symptom reduction was significant (β=-.065; P<.001; 90% CI -0.071 to -0.058). This relationship was serially mediated by both skill activation self-efficacy (β=.80; P<.001) and trauma coping self-efficacy (β=.40; P<.001), which predicted a reduction in PTSD symptoms (β=-.20; P=.02). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study may provide a solid foundation for formalizing the nascent science of engagement. Engagement conceptualization comprised general measures of attention, interest, affect, and use that could be applied to other applications. The longitudinal research model supported 2 theoretically based predictors of engagement: engagement self-efficacy and outcome expectancies. A total of 2 task-specific self-efficacies-skill activation and trauma coping-proved to be significant mediators between engagement and symptom reduction. Taken together, this model can be applied to other DMHIs to understand engagement, as well as predictors and mechanisms of action. Ultimately, this could help improve the design and development of engaging and effective trauma recovery DMHIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Yeager
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Charles C Benight
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
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Shirley DM, Metz AJ, Hinkson KD, Drake-Brooks MM, Taylor JM, Artman SE, Burningham C, Bryan CJ. Academic Performance of College Student Servicemembers and Veterans: The Influence of Emotion Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and PTSD Symptom Severity. JOURNAL OF VETERANS STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.21061/jvs.v8i1.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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11
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See Mey L, Khairudin R, Tengku Muda TEA, Abdullah @ Mohd Nor H, Kamaluddin MR. The Mediating Role of Forgiveness and Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Treatment Motivation Among Malaysian Male Drug Addicts. Front Psychol 2022; 13:816373. [PMID: 35360613 PMCID: PMC8963337 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.816373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported high rates of childhood maltreatment among individuals with drug addiction problems; however, investigation about the potentially protective factors to mitigate the effects of maltreatment experiences on motivation to engage in addiction treatment has received less attention. This study aims at exploring the mediating effects of forgiveness and self-efficacy on the association between childhood maltreatment and treatment motivation among drug addicts. A total of 360 male drug addicts (mean age = 33.34, SD = 7.25) were recruited from three mandatory inpatient rehabilitation centers in Malaysia. Participants completed a package of self-report questionnaires including measures of childhood maltreatment experiences, forgiveness, self-efficacy, and motivation for treatment. The analysis conducted using the structural equation model (SEM) revealed that childhood maltreatment significantly predicted lower treatment motivation, while forgiveness and self-efficacy played a fully mediating role regarding the effect of childhood maltreatment on treatment motivation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that combining the element of forgiveness and self-efficacy in treatment programs appears to benefit the drug addicts with childhood maltreatment history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loy See Mey
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Rozainee Khairudin
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Hilwa Abdullah @ Mohd Nor
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Meredith LS, Wong E, Osilla KC, Sanders M, Tebeka MG, Han B, Williamson SL, Carton TW. Trauma-informed Collaborative Care for African American Primary Care Patients in Federally Qualified Health Centers: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Med Care 2022; 60:232-239. [PMID: 35157622 PMCID: PMC8867914 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have nearly double the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with other racial/ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE To understand whether trauma-informed collaborative care (TICC) is effective for improving PTSD among African Americans in New Orleans who receive their care in Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). DESIGN AND METHOD In this pilot randomized controlled trial, we assigned patients within a single site to either TICC or to enhanced usual care (EUC). We performed intent to treat analysis by nonparametric exact tests for small sample sizes. PARTICIPANTS We enrolled 42 patients from October 12, 2018, through July 2, 2019. Patients were eligible if they considered the clinic their usual source of care, had no obvious physical or cognitive obstacles that would prevent participation, were age 18 or over, self-identified as African American, and had a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. MEASURES Our primary outcome measures were PTSD measured as both a symptom score and a provisional diagnosis based on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). KEY RESULTS Nine months following baseline, both PTSD symptom scores and provisional PTSD diagnosis rates decreased substantially more for patients in TICC than in EUC. The decreases were by 26 points in EUC and 36 points in TICC for symptoms (P=0.08) and 33% in EUC and 57% in TICC for diagnosis rates (P=0.27). We found no effects for mediator variables. CONCLUSIONS TICC shows promise for addressing PTSD in this population. A larger-scale trial is needed to fully assess the effectiveness of this approach in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Meredith
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- VA HSR&D Center for Healthcare Innovation, Implementation & Policy, 16111 Plummer St, North Hills, CA, USA
| | - Eunice Wong
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - Margaret Sanders
- Louisiana Public Health Institute, 1515 Poydras Street, Suite 1200, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Bing Han
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas W. Carton
- Louisiana Public Health Institute, 1515 Poydras Street, Suite 1200, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Zhen R, Zhou X. Latent Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Depression, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:197-209. [PMID: 34339577 PMCID: PMC8426724 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Researchhas shown that posttraumatic reactions can co-occur in trauma-exposed individuals. Many studies have assessed the co-occurring patterns of two types of reactions, but few have assessed the patterns of multiple reactions. To build on existing knowledge, the present study examined co-occurring patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants (N = 683) were adolescents selected from an area in China severely affected by COVID-19 who completed the PTSD Checklist, a measure of depression, a PTG inventory, and a cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire. Latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression were used for the data analyses. The results showed three heterogeneous patterns characterized by growth (n = 248, 36.3%), distress (n = 101, 14.8%), and struggle (n = 334, 48.9%). Positive refocusing and reappraisal were associated with membership in the growth group compared with distress group, OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.75, 0.93] and OR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.68, 0.90], whereas rumination, catastrophizing, and "putting into perspective" were associated with membership in the distress group compared with growth group, ORs = 1.15-1.44. These findings suggest that posttraumatic reactions show heterogeneous characteristics: struggle, rather than growth or distress, is common among adolescents during COVID-19; and distinct cognitive emotional regulation strategies have distinguishing roles in the three patterns of posttraumatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhen
- School of EducationHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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14
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Schou-Bredal I, Bonsaksen T, Ekeberg Ø, Skogstad L, Grimholt TK, Lerdal A, Heir T. Sexual Assault and the Association With Health, Quality of Life, and Self-Efficacy in the General Norwegian Population. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1878-1901. [PMID: 32515259 PMCID: PMC8793317 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520926307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime prevalence of sexual assault was examined in a representative sample of the general Norwegian adult population (n = 1,792), in addition to the association between sexual assault and health, quality of life, and general self-efficacy. Respondents completed questionnaires assessing these factors. Overall, 6.7% (n = 120) of the respondents (10.9% of women and 1.9% of men) reported an experience of sexual assault. Respondents in the sexual assault group reported significantly worse mental and physical health as well as poorer quality of life and lower self-efficacy, compared with those without sexual assault experience. The most prevalent mental problems in the sexual assault group were depression (61.7%), sleep problems (58.3%), eating disorders (26.7%), and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at a clinical level (25.0%). The most prevalent physical problems were chronic pain (47.5%) and musculoskeletal disease (30.8%). The proportions of physical and mental health problems were not significantly different between male and female victims. Results indicated that having experienced sexual assault during one's life appears to be associated with lifetime occurrence of multiple health problems for both genders and reduces a person's perceived general self-efficacy and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Akershus, Norway
- VID Specialized University, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- University of Oslo, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | | | - Anners Lerdal
- University of Oslo, Norway
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- University of Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Chung MC, Shakra M. The Association Between Trauma Centrality and Posttraumatic Stress Among Syrian Refugees: The Impact of Cognitive Distortions and Trauma-Coping Self-Efficacy. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1852-1877. [PMID: 32515293 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520926311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While research suggests that the war in Syria has led to a drastic re-evaluation of oneself and elevated psychiatric symptoms among Syrian refugees, little is known whether these psychological reactions might be influenced by maladaptive beliefs about oneself and the world and their ability to cope with the effect of the trauma. This study aimed to provide further evidence on the association between trauma centrality, posttraumatic stress, and psychiatric comorbidity, and examine whether cognitive distortions and trauma-coping self-efficacy would mediate the impact of trauma centrality on distress among Syrian refugees residing in Sweden. Four-hundred seventy-five Syrian refugees completed a demographic page, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-28, Centrality of Event Scale, Cognitive Distortion Scales, and trauma-coping self-efficacy. Results showed that trauma centrality was significantly correlated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric comorbidity after adjusting the effects of trauma exposure characteristics. Cognitive distortions mediated the impact of trauma centrality on the two distress outcomes; trauma-coping self-efficacy did not but was negatively correlated with outcomes. To conclude, the war in Syria changed self-perception, outlook on life, and identity among Syrian refugees. These changes were related to increased psychological symptoms especially for those who had distorted beliefs about themselves and the world. Refugees' belief in the lack of ability to cope with the effect of the trauma impacted psychological distress independently of changes in self-perception.
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16
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Zheng S, Stewart JG, Bagby RM, Harkness KL. Specific early maladaptive schemas differentially mediate the relations of emotional and sexual maltreatment to recent life events in youth with depression. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:1020-1033. [PMID: 34725882 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study provided a novel investigation of relations among particular types of childhood maltreatment (emotional vs. physical vs. sexual maltreatment), specific cognitive schema themes and the generation of dependent versus independent life events. Participants included 227 adolescents and emerging adults (74% female; aged 12-29) in a current episode of a unipolar depressive disorder drawn from three archival cross-sectional studies. Childhood maltreatment and life events from the past 6 months were assessed using detailed contextual interviews with independent, standardized ratings. Emotional maltreatment was uniquely associated with schema themes of emotional deprivation and subjugation, and sexual maltreatment was uniquely associated with schema themes of abandonment, vulnerability and dependence/incompetence. Further, subjugation and abandonment cross-sectionally mediated the relations of emotional and sexual maltreatment, respectively, to greater dependent, but not independent, life events. Physical maltreatment was not associated with cognitive schemas or recent life events after accounting for its overlap with emotional and sexual maltreatment. Results suggest targets for cognitive intervention that may improve outcomes for youth with specific histories of emotional and sexual maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy G Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Michael Bagby
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate L Harkness
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Mahoney CT, Lynch SM, Benight CC. The Indirect Effect of Coping Self-Efficacy on the Relation Between Sexual Violence and PTSD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:9996-10012. [PMID: 31608775 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519881525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One in five women experience rape and one in four experience unwanted sexual contact, incurring significant risk of negative psychological outcomes such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Given this heightened risk, it is imperative to examine factors that can inhibit the development of PTSD symptoms in response to sexual violence in women. Perceived coping self-efficacy (CSE) is a cognitive appraisal ability utilized to regulate internal and external stressors that arise from traumatic events and is crucial for effective adaptation after traumas such as sexual violence. This study investigated CSE as a potential protective factor against trauma-related psychopathology in female rape survivors. In this study, 518 female undergraduate students (M age = 22.71 years, SD = 8.33 years; 82.4% Caucasian) completed self-report measures of nonconsensual sexual experiences, CSE, and PTSD symptom severity. Of those, 375 women (M age = 22.89 years, SD = 6.91 years; 83.7% Caucasian) reported at least one incident of a nonconsensual sexual experience. We hypothesized that CSE would indirectly affect the relationship between sexual violence and PTSD symptom severity, such that CSE would be protective against PTSD symptoms. In line with our hypothesis, there was evidence of a significant indirect effect, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.18, 0.44]. This evidence suggests that CSE may be an important protective factor given women's increased risk of developing PTSD symptoms following sexual violence. Furthermore, this finding suggests that programs targeting the development of CSE may prevent or lessen risk of PTSD symptoms following sexual violence.
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18
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Köverová M, Ráczová B, Kováčová Holevová B. Predictors of Anxiety, Stress, and Concern of COVID-19 Infection in Older Adults During the First and the Second Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Slovakia. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2021; 7:23337214211047642. [PMID: 34660848 PMCID: PMC8511907 DOI: 10.1177/23337214211047642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional online study examined the role of socio-demographic and psychological characteristics in predicting anxiety, stress, and concern of coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in older adults during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia. METHODS Six hundred and seven older adults (Sample 1) and 156 older adults (Sample 2) participated in the study during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The older adults completed a battery of validated instruments for anxiety, stress, concern of COVID-19 infection (outcome variables), satisfaction with health, perceived danger of COVID-19, loneliness, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), optimism, powerlessness, and coping self-efficacy (predictor variables). The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS The older adults in both samples experienced moderate levels of anxiety, stress, and concern of COVID-19 infection. The greatest amount of variability in anxiety and stress was explained by powerlessness, IU, optimism, and coping self-efficacy. Concern of COVID-19 infection was best predicted by the perceived danger of COVID-19. CONCLUSION The findings contribute to the existing knowledge about the mental health of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the role of the psychological predictors of anxiety, stress, and concern of COVID-19 infection during both waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Köverová
- Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Beáta Ráczová
- Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
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19
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Haj-Yahia MM, Hassan-Abbas N, Malka M, Sokar S. Exposure to Family Violence in Childhood, Self-Efficacy, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Young Adulthood. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9548-NP9575. [PMID: 31272271 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519860080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship of exposure to family violence (i.e., experiencing parental physical violence [PH] and psychological aggression [PA] and witnessing interparental PH and PA) during childhood and adolescence with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during young adulthood. In addition, the mediating role of self-efficacy in this relationship was investigated. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 516 university and college students in Israel (90.7% female and 9.3% male; Mage = 24.9, SD = 2.7). The results revealed that experiencing parental violence and witnessing interparental violence during childhood and adolescence were associated with high levels of current PTSS. The results also indicate that experiencing parental violence was associated with lower levels of self-efficacy, whereas no such significant relationship was found between witnessing interparental violence and self-efficacy. Furthermore, a negative relationship was found between self-efficacy and PTSS. In addition, the results show a partial mediation effect of self-efficacy only on the relationship between experiencing parental violence and PTSS. The findings are interpreted in light of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. The strengths and limitations of the study as well as implications for future research are discussed.
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20
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Diotaiuti P, Valente G, Mancone S. Development and Preliminary Italian Validation of the Emergency Response and Psychological Adjustment Scale. Front Psychol 2021; 12:687514. [PMID: 34421737 PMCID: PMC8376143 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the personal adaptation response to the emergency situations is very important for the prevention of mental distress, for the activation of network and community synergies and for the planning and implementation of appropriate psycho-social interventions. So far there are no short tools for the overall assessment of cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses of psychological adaptation to the emergency in the psychometric panorama. The Emergency Response and Psychological Adjustment Scale (ERPAS) was administered to a sample of 1,088 participants, while the concurrent validity was tested through a second administration to 600 participants along with the GSE (Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale) and the BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory-II). Confirmatory factor analysis bore out a five-factor solution (including 18 items) with good fit indices of adaptation to data, χ2/df = 1.440, RMSEA = 0.028, RMSEA 90% CI = 0.018–0.038, GFI = 0.996, AGFI = 0.959, CFI = 0.982, and NFI = 0.944. Evidence of convergent validity was provided by the significant correlations with variables such as cognitive and somatic depression, and perceived general self-efficacy. The analyses also showed a strong invariance across gender. The ERPAS tool prefigures application during the assessment in multiple emergency contexts (e.g. earthquakes, floods, pandemics, terrorist attacks, war events, major accidents, major fires). This validation study of the ERPAS has shown that this version is a reliable and valid measurement for assessing people's modes of personal response (cognitive, emotional, behavioral) in emergency contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valente
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Stefania Mancone
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
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21
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Dolcos F, Hohl K, Hu Y, Dolcos S. Religiosity and Resilience: Cognitive Reappraisal and Coping Self-Efficacy Mediate the Link between Religious Coping and Well-Being. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:2892-2905. [PMID: 33415601 PMCID: PMC7790337 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative evidence points to the engagement of religious coping strategies when facing adversity, and evidence also highlights the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal in reducing the impact of distressing emotions on well-being. It has been suggested that religious practices could facilitate the use of reappraisal, by promoting reframing of negative cognitions to alter emotional states. However, the link between religiosity and reappraisal in influencing resilience against symptoms of distress is not known. The current study (N = 203) examined connections among these aspects, using self-reported measures of religious coping, habitual use of specific coping strategies (positive reappraisal) and perceived confidence in using coping strategies, as well as questionnaires assessing symptoms of distress (anxiety and depression). Results point to a mediating role of reappraisal and coping self-efficacy as part of mechanisms that provide a protecting role of religious coping against emotional distress. These results provide novel scientific evidence further validating millennia-old traditional coping practices and shed light on psychological factors influencing adaptive behaviors that promote increased resilience, reduce symptoms of distress, and maintain emotional well-being. These findings inform general counseling practices and counseling of religious clients alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Dolcos
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Kelly Hohl
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yifan Hu
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sanda Dolcos
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61820, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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22
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Fang BB, Lu FJH, Gill DL, Liu SH, Chyi T, Chen B. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Outdoor Education Programs on Adolescents' Self-Efficacy. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1932-1958. [PMID: 34107802 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211022709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While prior research has generally found Outdoor Education Programs (OEPs) to be beneficial to adolescents' self-efficacy, we sought to conduct a meta-analytic review of prior studies in this area in order to pinpoint the key elements to OEPs' effectiveness. Following Cooper's guidelines for synthesis research and meta-analysis, we searched six electronic databases for relevant articles: PubMed, Sciencedirect, Medline, PsycArticles, and Behavioral Sciences Collection of EBSCO, and Eric. Selection criteria were: Populations, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, Study Design (PICOS), and Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS). We estimated the effect size of the selected studies with a 95% confidence interval (CI), estimated I-squared (I2) for heterogeneity analysis and analyzed publication bias by Egger's test. After excluding many studies, we reviewed 12 studies with 2,642 participants that were deemed to be eligible for final analysis. We discovered a high level of heterogeneity (I-squared value =82.474) in the findings of the selected studies. Our meta-analyses revealed that adolescents participating in OEPs enhanced their self-efficacy (medium effect size; Hedges's g = 0.597) but this enhancement was moderated by participants' mental health status, the length of the experiments, study groups, and the duration of the intervention. We found no evidence of publication bias (Egger: bias = 2.001, 95% CI = -0.736 to 4.739, p = .137). We discussed our research limitations and the theoretical and practical implications of these findings and made recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Fang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, Fujian, China
| | - Frank J H Lu
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Diane L Gill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sean H Liu
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Theresa Chyi
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Public Physical Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
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23
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Self-Leadership and Psychological Capital as Key Cognitive Resources for Shaping Health-Protective Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic. ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/admsci11020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 has become a global pandemic, health researchers and practitioners have focused attention on identifying the factors that may help to shape health-protective behaviors, protecting individual health and well-being, and helping to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. This study explores the potential role of self-leadership and psychological capital (PsyCap) as key cognitive resources for shaping health-protective behaviors. Using multiple theoretical frameworks (social cognitive theory, psychological resources theory, and the health belief model), this paper develops and tests a hypothesized serial mediation model in which PsyCap and coping self-efficacy mediate the relationship between self-leadership and health-protective behaviors including hand washing, wearing face masks, and social distancing. Results suggest that PsyCap and coping self-efficacy mediate the positive relationship between self-leadership and health-protective behaviors. These results yield valuable insights regarding the usefulness of self-leadership and PsyCap as cognitive resources for shaping health-protective behaviors and for possible self-leadership and PsyCap interventions, potentially tailored to at-risk populations, which should have practical benefits for both the current and future pandemics and health crises.
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24
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Hu N, Li Y, He SS, Wang LL, Wei YY, Yin L, Chen JX. Impact of the Family Environment on the Emotional State of Medical Staff During the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:576515. [PMID: 33162916 PMCID: PMC7581684 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the medical staff was facing severe work pressure, which led to a negative emotional state. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the family environment and the emotional state of the medical staff members during the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to the importance of self-efficacy in regulating mental health, the mediating role of self-efficacy in the association between family environment and emotional state was also explored. A cross-sectional survey was performed, using an online questionnaire, on 645 medical staff who participated in the epidemic prevention and control tasks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Beijing. Family environment, self-efficacy, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were measured by the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Correlation analysis and mediating effect analysis were used to explore the relationships between them. First, a higher prevalence of anxiety (39%) and depressive (33%) symptoms were confirmed among the medical staff. Second, the symptoms of anxiety and depression were negatively correlated with the dimensions of cohesion and expressiveness and positively correlated with the dimensions of conflict in the FES-CV scale. Third, self-efficacy significantly mediated the association between the family environment and anxiety symptoms (P < 0.001) as well as the family environment and depressive symptoms (P < 0.001). These findings show that a negative family environment was the main predictor of symptoms of anxiety and depression in the medical staff during the COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, we found that self-efficacy played a critical mediating role between the family environment and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Our study also indicates that improvements in the family environment benefit the mental health care of the medical staff, and high self-efficacy enhances this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hu
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Shuang He
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wei
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Xu Chen
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
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25
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Wright RM. The Relationship Among Secondary Trauma, Self-Efficacy, and Correctional Nurses. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2020; 26:207-214. [PMID: 32715826 DOI: 10.1177/1078345820937763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many of the nurses working in corrections suffer from secondary trauma as a result of taking care of a population that has had a high percentage of traumas in their lives. There is limited research in correctional nursing, and perhaps by identifying the relationship among secondary trauma, self-efficacy, and correctional nursing, there will be growth as a profession. A literature review was completed using PubMed, CIHAHL, and Google Scholar. If nurses apply self-efficacy and secondary traumatic growth into their profession, they will be removing negative emotions from secondary trauma and emergency medical crisis situations. With the correctional populations, it is important for correctional nurses to recognize the barriers in themselves to better take care of their patients. This might then lead to better care and have an impact on the violence in society upon release.
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26
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Caricati L, Panari C, Melleri M. Group identification and self‐efficacy associated with quality of life in emergency medical services volunteers: A cross‐sectional investigation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Caricati
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries University of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Chiara Panari
- Department of Economics and Management University of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Marta Melleri
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries University of Parma Parma Italy
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27
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Gallagher MW, Long LJ, Phillips CA. Hope, optimism, self‐efficacy, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta‐analytic review of the protective effects of positive expectancies. J Clin Psychol 2019; 76:329-355. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Gallagher
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and StatisticsUniversity of HoustonHouston Texas
| | - Laura J. Long
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and StatisticsUniversity of HoustonHouston Texas
| | - Colleen A. Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and StatisticsUniversity of HoustonHouston Texas
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28
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McLean CP, Zang Y, Gallagher T, Suzuki N, Yarvis JS, Litz BT, Mintz J, Young-McCaughan S, Peterson AL, Foa EB. Trauma-Related Cognitions and Cognitive Emotion Regulation as Mediators of PTSD Change Among Treatment-Seeking Active-Duty Military Personnel With PTSD. Behav Ther 2019; 50:1053-1062. [PMID: 31735241 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trauma-related cognitions about the self and the world have been identified as a mediator of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) change during prolonged exposure (PE) therapy. However, the extent to which negative cognitions mediate PTSD change in other PTSD treatments is unclear. In addition, previous studies have not tested alternate mediators of PTSD change during PE. In a sample of 216 treatment-seeking active-duty military personnel with PTSD, the present study examined the specificity of the negative cognition mediation effect in both PE and present-centered therapy (PCT). In addition, we examined another possible mediator, cognitive emotion regulation. Lagged mediational analyses indicated that negative cognitions about the self and world and the unhelpful cognitive emotion regulation strategy of catastrophizing each significantly mediated change in PTSD from baseline to 6-month follow-up. In a combined model, the mediating effect of catastrophizing was greater than negative cognitions about the world, and similar to negative cognitions about the self. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that the effect of catastrophizing was greater in PE than in PCT. Findings show that trauma-related cognitions and, to a greater degree, the emotion regulation strategy catastrophizing, both mediate PTSD change. Further research is needed to determine whether these mediating variables represent mechanisms of therapeutic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen P McLean
- National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System; Stanford University.
| | - Yinyin Zang
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
| | | | - Noah Suzuki
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | | | - Brett T Litz
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiological Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Jim Mintz
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | | | - Alan L Peterson
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Veterans Health Care System; University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Edna B Foa
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
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29
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Denneson LM, Smolenski DJ, Bauer BW, Dobscha SK, Bush NE. The Mediating Role of Coping Self-Efficacy in Hope Box Use and Suicidal Ideation Severity. Arch Suicide Res 2019; 23:234-246. [PMID: 29624123 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2018.1456383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the indirect effect of the Virtual Hope Box (VHB) smartphone application on suicidal ideation, mediated through coping self-efficacy. A total of 117 veterans with suicidal ideation completed measures on coping self-efficacy and suicidal ideation at baseline and weeks 3, 6, and 12. Participants were randomly assigned to either the VHB or enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU) condition. Parallel process growth curve modeling (-0.20 [95% CI = -0.44, 0.00]) and auto-regressive modeling (-0.12 [95% CI = -0.35, -0.01]) revealed that a higher rate of change in coping self-efficacy in the VHB group was associated with a decrease in suicidal ideation severity, as compared to the eTAU group. Findings suggest that coping self-efficacy may be one mechanism by which the VHB operates to help reduce suicidal ideation. More broadly, the role of coping self-efficacy in reducing suicidal ideation is worthy of future study.
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30
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Benight CC, Shoji K, Yeager CM, Weisman P, Boult TE. Predicting Change in Posttraumatic Distress Through Change in Coping Self-Efficacy After Using the My Trauma Recovery eHealth Intervention: Laboratory Investigation. JMIR Ment Health 2018; 5:e10309. [PMID: 30497992 PMCID: PMC6293247 DOI: 10.2196/10309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technology offers a unique platform for delivering trauma interventions (ie, eHealth) to support trauma-exposed populations. It is important to evaluate mechanisms of therapeutic change in reducing posttraumatic distress in eHealth for trauma survivors. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated a proactive, scalable, and individually responsive eHealth intervention for trauma survivors called My Trauma Recovery. My Trauma Recovery is an eHealth intervention aiming to support trauma survivors and consisting of 6 modules: relaxation, triggers, self-talk, professional help, unhelpful coping, and social support. It was designed to enhance trauma coping self-efficacy (CSE). We tested 3 hypotheses. First, My Trauma Recovery would decrease posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Second, My Trauma Recovery would increase CSE. And last, changes in CSE would be negatively correlated with changes in PTSS. METHODS A total of 92 individuals exposed to trauma (78/92, 85% females, mean age 34.80 years) participated. Our study was part of a larger investigation and consisted of 3 sessions 1 week apart. Participants completed the baseline online survey assessing PTSS and CSE. Each session included completing assigned modules followed by the online survey assessing CSE. PTSS was remeasured at the end of the last module. RESULTS PTSS significantly declined from T1 to T9 (F1,90=23.63, P<.001, η2p=.21) supporting the clinical utility of My Trauma Recovery. Significant increases in CSE for sessions 1 and 2 (F8,83=7.51, P<.001) were found. No significant change in CSE was found during session 3 (N=92). The residualized scores between PTSS T1 and T9 and between CSE T1 and T9 were calculated. The PTSS residualized score and the CSE residualized score were significantly correlated, r=-.26, P=.01. Results for each analysis with a probable PTSD subsample were consistent. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study show that participants working through My Trauma Recovery report clinically lower PTSS after 3 weeks. The results also demonstrate that CSE is an important self-appraisal factor that increased during sessions 1 and 2. These improvements are correlated with reductions in PTSS. Thus, changes in CSE may be an important mechanism for reductions in PTSS when working on a self-help trauma recovery website and may be an important target for eHealth interventions for trauma. These findings have important implications for trauma eHealth interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Benight
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States.,Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Kotaro Shoji
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Carolyn M Yeager
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Pamela Weisman
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Terrance E Boult
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
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31
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Tsai N, Eccles JS, Jaeggi SM. Stress and executive control: Mechanisms, moderators, and malleability. Brain Cogn 2018; 133:54-59. [PMID: 30396706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress pervades everyday life and more importantly, affects prefrontal cortices that support executive control functions, processes that are critical to learning and memory as well as a range of life outcomes. The positive or negative effect of stress on cognition depends on an interaction of factors related to the situation and the individual. Research has shown that psychological characteristics related to self-relevance and the availability of resources may lead individuals to perceive a stressor as a threat or challenge, driving performance outcomes. Given that perception is arguably the key to stress reactivity, positive affect and self-belief constructs are discussed in the context of how they may lead to preserved performance in the face of stress. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of stress perception could inform the development of interventions, a socially important endeavor given the impact of stress on health and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Tsai
- University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
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32
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Măirean C. Driving cognitions, rumination, and posttraumatic stress disorder in road traffic accidents survivors. Clin Psychol Psychother 2018; 26:47-54. [PMID: 30203885 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationships between driving cognitions (i.e., panic-related cognitions, accident-related cognitions, and social-related cognitions), rumination, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of road traffic accidents (RTAs) survivors. We also investigated the indirect effect of driving cognitions on PTSD symptoms through rumination. The sample included 633 drivers (62% were men; Mage = 36.09; standard deviation [SD] = 11.42 years). The participants completed scales measuring driving cognitions, rumination, and PTSD symptoms, as well as providing their demographic information. The results showed that all three types of driving cognitions assessed in the present study and rumination were significantly positively associated with PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, rumination mediated the relation between social-related cognitions and PTSD symptoms. The implications for PTSD treatment and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Măirean
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
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Benight CC, Harwell A, Shoji K. Self-Regulation Shift Theory: A Dynamic Personal Agency Approach to Recovery Capital and Methodological Suggestions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1738. [PMID: 30298033 PMCID: PMC6160534 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery capital highlights person and environmental resources associated with overcoming significant life challenges. This paper utilizes social cognitive theory as a framework for understanding how recovery capital functions in trauma adaptation. This theory outlines the bidirectional, dynamic interactions among person (e.g., cognitive and affective), behavioral (e.g., problem focused coping), and environmental variables (i.e., triadic reciprocal determinism). The value of this approach to understanding human adaptation to trauma is that it targets the self-regulatory processes that unfold for trauma survivors as they attempt to put their lives back together. Self-regulation shift theory (SRST), as an extension to social cognitive theory, is offered to explain how self-regulation is involved in both positive and negative adjustment. The theory uses a dynamical systems approach and highlights the mechanisms related to non-linear shifts in both positive and negative trauma recovery. According to SRST, trauma recovery may not be linear with threshold shifts (i.e., bifurcations) from one organized state (broken self) to another (empowered self). Coping self-efficacy perceptions are a critical factor influencing these threshold shifts. This paper concludes with a brief review of study designs and analytic procedures that can facilitate the application of non-linear dynamic research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Benight
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States.,Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Aaron Harwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Kotaro Shoji
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
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Titcombe-Parekh RF, Chen J, Rahman N, Kouri N, Qian M, Li M, Bryant RA, Marmar CR, Brown AD. Neural circuitry changes associated with increasing self-efficacy in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 104:58-64. [PMID: 29982083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive models suggest that posttraumtic stress disorder (PTSD) is maintained, in part, as a result of an individual's maladaptive beliefs about one's ability to cope with current and future stress. These models are consistent with considerable findings showing a link between low levels of self-efficacy and PTSD. A growing body of work has demonstrated that perceptions of self-efficacy can be enhanced experimentally in healthy subjects and participants with PTSD, and increasing levels of self-efficacy improves performance on cognitive, affective, and problem-solving tasks. This study aimed to determine whether increasing perceptions of self-efficacy in participants with PTSD would be associated with changes in neural processing. Combat veterans (N = 34) with PTSD were randomized to either a high self-efficacy (HSE) induction, in which they were asked to recall memories associated with successful coping, or a control condition before undergoing resting state fMRI scanning. Two global network measures in four neural circuits were examined. Participants in the HSE condition showed greater right-lateralized path length and decreased right-lateralized connectivity in the emotional regulation and executive function circuit. In addition, area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) analyses found that average connectivity (.71) and path length (.70) moderately predicted HSE group membership. These findings provide further support for the importance of enhancing perceived control in PTSD, and doing so may engage neural targets that could guide the development of novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingyun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Nadia Rahman
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Nicole Kouri
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Meng Qian
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Charles R Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Adam D Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychology, Sarah Lawrence College, USA
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Assessing Trauma-Related Appraisals by Means of a Scenario-Based Approach. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sheerin CM, Chowdhury N, Lind MJ, Kurtz ED, Rappaport LM, Berenz EC, Brown RC, Pickett T, McDonald SD, Danielson CK, Amstadter AB. Relation between coping and posttrauma cognitions on PTSD in a combat-trauma population. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 30:98-107. [PMID: 29785065 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2017.1420980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in cognitive processes and coping behaviors play a role in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Given the large numbers of combat-exposed service members returning from the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) conflicts, exploring individual differences in cognitive-affective processes is important for informing our understanding of PTSD etiology and early intervention in military samples. The present study examined the unique main and interactive effects of negative posttrauma cognitions (i.e., negative beliefs about self [NS], the world [NW], and self-blame [SB]) and coping strategies (i.e., positive behavioral, positive cognitive, avoidant coping, and social and emotional coping) on PTSD diagnosis within 155 (Mage = 30.7, SD = 4.48) OEF/OIF/OND combat trauma-exposed veterans recruited from an ongoing study examining the effects of combat trauma and stress reactivity. In the final, stepwise logistic regression analysis, avoidant coping, but no other coping strategy, was significantly positively related to PTSD diagnosis in the initial step. Higher levels of NS, but not NW, were significantly associated with having a PTSD diagnosis, while SB was associated with decreased likelihood of PTSD, above and beyond coping strategies. A significant interaction effect was found between NS and positive cognitive coping, such that greater positive cognitive coping weakened the relationship between NS and PTSD. Examining and addressing coping behaviors and negative thoughts of self jointly may benefit assessment and intervention approaches in a combat-trauma population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Sheerin
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Nadia Chowdhury
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Mackenzie J Lind
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Erin D Kurtz
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Lance M Rappaport
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Erin C Berenz
- Dept of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Ruth C Brown
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Treven Pickett
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Virginia Commonwealth University.,Depts. of Psychology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Scott D McDonald
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Virginia Commonwealth University.,Depts. of Psychology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Carla Kmett Danielson
- Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Krans J, Brown AD, Moulds ML. Can an experimental self-efficacy induction through autobiographical recall modulate analogue posttraumatic intrusions? J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 58:1-11. [PMID: 28746833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Research has shown a link between self-efficacy appraisals and PTSD symptoms. Less is known about the relation between perceived self-efficacy and specific PTSD symptoms such as intrusions. These two experiments tested the causal relationship between perceived self-efficacy and intrusions from a trauma film. METHODS In Experiment I, healthy student participants received a self-efficacy manipulation consisting of the recall of autobiographical memories of success (high self-efficacy condition), failure (low self-efficacy condition) or 'important' memories (control condition). Afterwards, they viewed a trauma film and recorded their intrusions of the film in the following week. In Experiment II the self-efficacy manipulation was given after the film. RESULTS In contrast to expectations, the high self-efficacy condition reported a higher number of intrusions relative to the low self-efficacy condition in both experiments. LIMITATIONS The trauma film provides experimental control but precludes generalization to real-life trauma. The effect of the experimental manipulation was small. The control condition also affected mood and confidence. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the relation between self-efficacy and intrusions development is causal, but not straightforward. Recalling personal memories of success before or after a traumatic event may increase the risk of developing intrusions, at least under some circumstances. Conversely, recalling past failure experiences may be protective, perhaps by preparing the individual for adversity, or prompting them to search for coping strategies that have been successful in the past. Overall, autobiographical recall involves complex processes related to the self that could be useful but need to be more fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Krans
- Behavior, Health and Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Adam D Brown
- Department of Psychology, Sarah Lawrence College, 1 Mead Way, Bronxville, NY 10708, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Michelle L Moulds
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Fang S, Chung MC, Watson C. The impact of posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic stress cognitions and interpersonal dependency on psychological co-morbidities following relationship dissolution among college students. J Ment Health 2018; 27:424-431. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2018.1437600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Fang
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, and
| | - Man Cheung Chung
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, and
| | - Clare Watson
- Department of Psychology, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
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Guerra C, Farkas C, Moncada L. Depression, anxiety and PTSD in sexually abused adolescents: Association with self-efficacy, coping and family support. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:310-320. [PMID: 29179084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse has the potential to generate serious emotional consequences for its victims, but there is high variability in the symptoms reported by different victims. Therefore, it is necessary to ascertain the factors associated with the symptoms presented by sexual abuse victims. The aim of the study was to use a single model to evaluate the relationship between sexual abuse characteristics (frequency, violence, relation with the aggressor and physical commitment), cognitive and behavioral factors (self-efficacy, active coping and perceived family support) and internalizing symptoms (anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress) in a group of sexually abused adolescents. The participants included 106 female adolescent victims of sexual abuse (M=14.25years, SD=1.74). The results of a path analysis indicated that sexual abuse characteristics were unrelated to symptomatology. Only a negative relationship was observed between the victim's relationship with the aggressor and PTSD symptomatology. The violence of the sexual abuse was negatively related to self-efficacy, and self-efficacy was positively related to active coping and negatively related to symptomatology. Finally, the perception of family support was positively related to self-efficacy and negatively related to symptomatology. These results suggest the need to consider the studied factors in the process of psychotherapy with victims of sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Guerra
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile.
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Chung MC, AlQarni N, Al Muhairi S, Mitchell B. The relationship between trauma centrality, self-efficacy, posttraumatic stress and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees: Is gender a moderator? J Psychiatr Res 2017; 94:107-115. [PMID: 28697422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the inter-relationship between trauma centrality, self-efficacy, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity among a group of Syrian refugees living in Turkey, and whether gender would moderate the mediational effect of self-efficacy on the impact of trauma centrality on distress. Seven hundred and ninety-two Syrian refugees completed the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-28, Centrality of Event Scale and Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. The results showed that 52% met the cutoff for PTSD. Trauma centrality was positively correlated with PTSD, psychiatric co-morbidity and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was negatively correlated with PTSD only. Gender did not moderate the mediational effect of self-efficacy on the path between trauma centrality and distress outcomes. To conclude, following exposure to traumatic events, more than half reported PTSD. Perception of the future and identity construction was affected. Signs of psychological distress were evident, alongside resilience, regardless of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cheung Chung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Educational Psychology, Ho Tim Building, Faculty of Education, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
| | - Nowf AlQarni
- Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Chung MC, Reed J. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Stillbirth: Trauma Characteristics, Locus of Control, Posttraumatic Cognitions. Psychiatr Q 2017; 88:307-321. [PMID: 27338722 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-016-9446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the incidence of PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity among women who experienced stillbirth and investigated the relationship between locus of control, trauma characteristics of stillbirth, posttraumatic cognitions, PTSD and co-morbid psychiatric symptoms following stillbirth. Fifty women recorded information on stillbirth experiences, and completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, General Health Questionnaire-28, Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. 60, 28 and 12 % met the diagnostic criteria for probable full-PTSD, partial and no-PTSD respectively. Sixty-two percent and 54 % scored at or above the cutoff of the General Health Questionnaire-28 and postnatal depression respectively. Women who experienced stillbirth reported significantly more psychiatric co-morbid and post-natal depressive symptoms than the comparison group. Both groups were similar in locus of control. Women who experienced stillbirth reported negative cognitions about the self the most. After adjusting for postnatal depression, trauma characteristics were significantly correlated with Posttraumatic cognitions which, in turn, were significantly correlated with PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. Locus of control was not significantly correlated with psychological outcomes. Mediational analyses showed that negative cognitions about self mediated the relationship between trauma characteristics and psychiatric co-morbidity only. Women reported a high incidence of probable PTSD and co-morbid psychiatric symptoms following stillbirth. Stillbirth trauma characteristics influenced how they negatively perceived themselves. This then specifically influenced general psychological problems rather than PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cheung Chung
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ho Tim Building, Shatin NT, Hong Kong.
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Weems CF, Osofsky JD, Osofsky HJ, King LS, Hansel TC, Russell JD. Three-year longitudinal study of perceptions of competence and well-being among youth exposed to disasters. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1219229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucy S. King
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
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Chung MC, Jalal S, Khan NU. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, co-morbid psychiatric symptoms and distorted cognitions among flood victims of different ages. J Ment Health 2016; 26:204-211. [PMID: 26940708 DOI: 10.3109/09638237.2016.1149803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In literature, the effect of age on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is inconclusive; the effect on flood-related PTSD is particularly unclear. Little is known on distorted cognitions among flood victims, although cognition distortions and PTSD have been linked among victims of other traumas. AIMS To investigate: (1) whether flood-related PTSD, psychiatric co-morbidity and cognitive distortions would differ according to age and (2) distinctive patterns of association between the preceding variables for different age groups. METHODS One hundred and fifty-four flood victims of different ages completed standardized questionnaires measuring PTSD, psychiatric co-morbidity and cognitive distortions. RESULTS Adolescents and young adults reported significantly fewer PTSD, psychiatric co-morbidity and distorted cognition symptoms than people who were older. Preoccupation with danger and hopelessness were associated with both outcomes for adolescents, people in their thirties and middle-aged/older people. For young adults, helplessness was associated with PTSD; hopelessness and preoccupation with danger with psychiatric co-morbidity. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents and young adults buffered against flood-related psychological distress better than older people. Distorted cognitions related to distress outcomes differently depending on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cheung Chung
- a Department of Educational Psychology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin NT , Hong Kong
| | - Sabeena Jalal
- b Medical and Dental College, Bahria University , Karachi , Pakistan , and
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Michael T, Streb M, Häller P. PTSD in Paramedics: Direct Versus Indirect Threats, Posttraumatic Cognitions, and Dealing With Intrusions. Int J Cogn Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2016.9.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Emotional Intensity of Trauma Memory as Moderator of the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Cognitions and PTSD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals develop three types of cognitions in the aftermath of a traumatic experience: negative cognitions about the self, negative cognitions about the world, and self-blame (Foa et al., 1999 ). Although the relationship of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic cognitions has been supported in literature, memory-related responses affecting this relationship need further exploration. It was the intention of the present study to address this gap by examining the moderating role of emotional intensity of trauma memory in the relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptoms. In a sample of survivors of typhoon Haiyan ( N = 632), one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded, it was found that in general, negative cognitions about the self and the world, but not self-blame, predict PTSD symptoms; and emotional intensity of trauma memory generally moderates the relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD. The findings of the study would be useful in the development and enhancement of interventions to help the survivors of natural disasters in maintaining their mental health and wellbeing.
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Benight CC, Shoji K, James LE, Waldrep EE, Delahanty DL, Cieslak R. Trauma Coping Self-Efficacy: A Context-Specific Self-Efficacy Measure for Traumatic Stress. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2015; 7:591-599. [PMID: 26524542 PMCID: PMC4664052 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The psychometric properties of a Trauma Coping Self-Efficacy (CSE-T) scale that assesses general trauma-related coping self-efficacy perceptions were assessed. METHOD Measurement equivalence was assessed using several different samples: hospitalized trauma patients (n₁ = 74, n₂ = 69, n₃ = 60), 3 samples of disaster survivors (n₁ = 273, n₂ = 227, n₃ = 138), and trauma-exposed college students (N = 242). This is the first multisample evaluation of the psychometric properties for a general trauma-related CSE measure. RESULTS Results showed that a brief and parsimonious 9-item version of the CSE performed well across the samples with a robust factor structure; factor structure and factor loadings were similar across study samples. DISCUSSION The 9-item scale CSE-T demonstrated measurement equivalence across samples indicating that the underlying concept of general posttraumatic CSE is organized in a similar manner in the different trauma-exposed groups. These results offer strong support for cross-event construct validity of the CSE-T scale. Associations of the CSE-T with important expected covariates showed significant evidence for convergent validity. Finally, discriminant validity was also supported. Replication of the factor structure, internal reliability, and other evidence for construct validity is a critical next step for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Benight
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs
| | - Kotaro Shoji
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs
| | - Lori E James
- Psychology Department, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs
| | | | | | - Roman Cieslak
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs
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Van Buren BR, Weierich MR. Peritraumatic Tonic Immobility and Trauma-Related Symptoms in Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: The Role of Posttrauma Cognitions. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2015; 24:959-974. [PMID: 26701284 PMCID: PMC4732563 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2015.1082003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tonic immobility is a set of involuntary motor responses elicited under conditions of extreme fear and perceived inescapability, and it is one type of peritraumatic distress reported by survivors of child sexual abuse. Experiencing tonic immobility during child sexual abuse is associated with increased risk for developing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, although less is known about relations between tonic immobility and other established risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder. We investigated posttraumatic cognitions as a potential mediator of the relations between peritraumatic fear, perceptions of inescapability, tonic immobility, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Specifically, we tested posttraumatic negative beliefs about the self, the world, and self-blame as pathways that might increase risk for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in child sexual abuse survivors who had experienced tonic immobility. Forty-six women with a history of unwanted childhood sexual contact completed questionnaires measuring peritraumatic tonic immobility, posttraumatic cognitions, and current posttraumatic stress symptoms. Negative beliefs about the self independently mediated the relation between peritraumatic perceptions of inescapability and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, but the data did not support similar path model for the physical symptoms of tonic immobility and post-traumatic stress disorder. We discuss ways in which treatment of survivors and future research on CSA can benefit from attention to the impact of peritraumatic distress on posttraumatic beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Van Buren
- a Hunter College , The City University of New York , New York , New York , USA
| | - Mariann R Weierich
- a Hunter College , The City University of New York , New York , New York , USA
- b The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , New York , New York , USA
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Alisic E, Conroy R, Magyar J, Babl FE, O'Donnell ML. Psychosocial care for seriously injured children and their families: a qualitative study among emergency department nurses and physicians. Injury 2014; 45:1452-8. [PMID: 24629706 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately one in five children who sustain a serious injury develops persistent stress symptoms. Emergency Department nurses and physicians have a pivotal role in psychosocial care for seriously injured children. However, little is known about staff's views on this role. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate Emergency Department staff's views on psychosocial care for seriously injured children. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 nurses and physicians working in an Australian Paediatric Emergency Department. We used purposive sampling to obtain a variety of views. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and major themes were derived in line with the summative analysis method. We also mapped participants' strategies for child and family support on the eight principles of Psychological First Aid (PFA). RESULTS Five overarching themes emerged: (1) staff find psychosocial issues important but focus on physical care; (2) staff are aware of individual differences but have contrasting views on vulnerability; (3) parents have a central role; (4) staff use a variety of psychosocial strategies to support children, based on instinct and experience but not training; and (5) staff have individually different wishes regarding staff- and self-care. Staff elaborated most on strategies related to the PFA elements 'contact and engagement', 'stabilization', 'connection with social supports' and least on 'informing about coping'. CONCLUSIONS The strong notion of individual differences in views suggests a need for training in psychosocial care for injured children and their families. In addition, further research on paediatric traumatic stress and psychosocial care in the ED will help to overcome the current paucity of the literature. Finally, a system of peer support may accommodate wishes regarding staff care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alisic
- Monash Injury Research Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rowena Conroy
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Psychology Department, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Psychology Service, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne Magyar
- Emergency Department, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franz E Babl
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Psychology Service, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meaghan L O'Donnell
- Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Shoji K, Bock J, Cieslak R, Zukowska K, Luszczynska A, Benight CC. Cultivating Secondary Traumatic Growth Among Healthcare Workers: The Role of Social Support and Self‐Efficacy. J Clin Psychol 2014; 70:831-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roman Cieslak
- University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities
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Rudy BM, Davis TE, Matthews RA. Cognitive indicators of social anxiety in youth: a structural equation analysis. Behav Ther 2014; 45:116-25. [PMID: 24411119 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated significant relationships among various cognitive variables such as negative cognition, self-efficacy, and social anxiety. Unfortunately, few studies focus on the role of cognition among youth, and researchers often fail to use domain-specific measures when examining cognitive variables. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine domain-specific cognitive variables (i.e., socially oriented negative self-referent cognition and social self-efficacy) and their relationships to social anxiety in children and adolescents using structural equation modeling techniques. A community sample of children and adolescents (n=245; 55.9% female; 83.3% Caucasian, 9.4% African American, 2% Asian, 2% Hispanic, 2% "other," and 1.2% not reported) completed questionnaires assessing social cognition and social anxiety symptomology. Three latent variables were created to examine the constructs of socially oriented negative self-referent cognition (as measured by the SONAS scale), social self-efficacy (as measured by the SEQSS-C), and social anxiety (as measured by the SPAI-C and the Brief SA). The resulting measurement model of latent variables fit the data well. Additionally, consistent with the study hypothesis, results indicated that social self-efficacy likely mediates the relationship between socially oriented negative self-referent cognition and social anxiety, and socially oriented negative self-referent cognition yields significant direct and indirect effects on social anxiety. These findings indicate that socially oriented negative cognitions are associated with youth's beliefs about social abilities and the experience of social anxiety. Future directions for research and study limitations, including use of cross-sectional data, are discussed.
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