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Hendricks SA, Hendricks KJ, Tiesman HM, Gomes HL, Collins JW, Hartley D. Trends in workplace homicides in the U.S., 1994-2021: An end to years of decline. Am J Ind Med 2024; 67:562-571. [PMID: 38564331 PMCID: PMC11081857 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Workplace and non-workplace homicides in the United States (U.S.) have declined for over 30 years until recently. This study was conducted to address the change in trends for both workplace and non-workplace homicides and to evaluate the homogeneity of the change in workplace homicides by specified categories. Joinpoint and autoregressive models were used to assess trends of U.S. workplace and non-workplace homicides utilizing surveillance data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1994 through 2021. Both workplace and non-workplace homicides decreased significantly from 1994 through 2014. Workplace homicides showed no significant trend from 2014 through 2021 (p = 0.79), while non-workplace homicides showed a significant average annual increase of 4.1% from 2014 through 2020 (p = 0.0013). The large decreases in the trend of workplace homicides occurring during a criminal act, such as robbery, leveled off and started to increase by the end of the study period (p < 0.0001). Declines in workplace homicides due to shootings also leveled off and started to increase by the end of the study period (p < 0.0001). U.S. workplace and non-workplace homicide rates declined from the 1990s until around 2014. Trends in workplace homicides varied by the types of the homicide committed and by the type of employee that was the victim. Criminal-intent-related events, such as robbery, appear to be the largest contributor to changes in workplace homicides. Researchers and industry leaders could develop and evaluate interventions that further address criminal-intent-related workplace homicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Hendricks
- Division of Safety Research (NIOSH), Division of Safety Research (DSR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kitty J. Hendricks
- Division of Safety Research (NIOSH), Division of Safety Research (DSR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Hope M. Tiesman
- Division of Safety Research (NIOSH), Division of Safety Research (DSR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Harold L. Gomes
- Division of Safety Research (NIOSH), Division of Safety Research (DSR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James W. Collins
- Division of Safety Research (NIOSH), Division of Safety Research (DSR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dan Hartley
- Office of Extramural Programs (OEP), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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2
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Avalos S. A Comparative Content Analysis of the News Media Framing of Trans Homicide Between Trans Men and Trans Women in the U.S. from 2016 to 2022. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:2602-2628. [PMID: 38149587 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231220014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the media's coverage of trans homicides has increased in the U.S. Studies show that the news media's framing has been largely negative but has improved in recent times. Yet, research has mostly analyzed the news media's framing of victims who were trans women, thus limiting our understanding of this issue across different trans groups. The present study employs a mixed method approach to comparatively analyze articles (N = 124) published in online news media outlets of 15 trans men and 15 trans women murdered between 2016 and 2022. The findings indicate news media outlets used more positive and neutral frames than negative for both groups. However, when compared to trans women, trans men were delegitimized at higher rates. These findings highlight the ways that the police, news media, family, friends, and community members simultaneously contribute to the humanization and delegitimization of trans victims of homicide, demonstrating the importance of ensuring all information released about the victims correctly reflects who they were, or the cycle of delegitimization will continue. By studying how the news media frames trans homicide victims, we can look at how the media shapes cultural beliefs and ideologies about trans people, the role of language in reinforcing stereotypes, and the implications of these framings for trans people.
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Escaño GJ, Pridemore WA. Population-Level Alcohol Consumption and Homicide Rates in Latin America: A Fixed Effects Panel Analysis, 1961-2019. Br J Criminol 2024; 64:656-674. [PMID: 38638838 PMCID: PMC11022986 DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) possesses 8 per cent of the global population but approximately one-third of global homicides. The region also exhibits high per capita alcohol consumption, risky drinking patterns and a heterogeneous mix of beverage preferences. Despite this, LAC violence receives limited attention in the English-language literature and there are no studies of the population-level alcohol-homicide association in the region. We examined the effects on total, male and female homicide rates of total and beverage-specific alcohol consumption (22 nations, 1961-2019) and of risky drinking patterns (20 nations, 2005 and 2010). We collected homicide and alcohol data from the World Health Organization. Panel fixed effects models showed (1) per capita total and wine consumption were positively associated with total, male and female homicide rates, though effects were much stronger for males, (2) per capita beer consumption was positively associated with total and male homicide rates, (3) per capita spirits consumption was not associated with homicide rates, and (4) nations with riskier drinking patterns had higher total, male and female homicide rates than those with less risky drinking patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo J Escaño
- University at Albany, State University of New York, School of Criminal Justice, 135 Western Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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4
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DeLisi M. Super homicide offenders: Nosology, empirical features, and linkages to sexual and multiple murder typologies. Behav Sci Law 2024. [PMID: 38678593 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The nosology for criminals who murder multiple victims is at once well-established and controversial, perhaps because theorists have largely segregated such offenders from the broader criminal population. The current study introduces the superhomicide offender, an individual convicted of at least five murders, to locate multiple homicide offenders within the criminological and epidemiological science pertaining to the most pathological offenders, and statistically place them with other conceptualizations of severe offenders at the 95th percentile of the offending distribution. Relative to other capital murderers, superhomicide offenders have lengthier criminal history, greater conviction history, and coextensive psychopathology characterized by psychopathy, sexual sadism, homicidal ideation, cluster A and B personality disorders, and major depressive disorder. Superhomicide offenders are profoundly psychopathic with 20 of the 39 offenders reaching the clinical threshold of 30 or more on the PCL-R, and 19 of the 39 are sexually sadistic. Regarding extant typologies of sexual and multiple homicide offenders, 15 are serial murderers, 17 are sexual homicide offenders, 17 are mass murderers, and 17 are spree murderers. Twenty-four of the 39 superhomicide offenders (61.5%) met criteria for multiple typologies, suggesting the new prototype can help unify the study of those who perpetrate multicide and embed them within criminological and epidemiological models that specify pathological antisocial outcomes.
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Sharpe T, Aqil N, Donkin V. Invisible Wounds: Exploring the Coping Strategies of Black Survivors of Homicide Victims in Canada. Omega (Westport) 2024:302228241246423. [PMID: 38635949 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241246423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Canada has experienced a steady increase in homicide. Specifically, out of the 10 provinces and 3 territories, Ontario has consistently experienced the highest number of homicides, the majority concentrated within predominantly African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) communities in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Despite this disproportionate reality, there is limited research on the ways in which survivors of homicide victims cope with the murder of their loved ones. This article explores the identification and characterization of coping strategies for ACB survivors of homicide victims residing in five neighbourhoods in the GTA. Participants in this study provided their insights and experiences, highlighting the coping mechanisms employed, the influence of cultural identity, and the challenges they experienced in accessing adequate care following the death of their loved ones. Implications for future research, policy and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sharpe
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nauman Aqil
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Donkin
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bruns A, Aubel AJ, Zhang X, Buggs SA, Kravitz-Wirtz N. Community exposure to gun homicide and adolescents' educational aspirations. J Adolesc 2024. [PMID: 38584575 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Witnessing violence and violent victimization have detrimental effects on adolescents' emotional functioning and ability to envision and plan for their futures. However, research is limited on the impact of violence that occurs in adolescents' communities-whether or not it was witnessed or experienced firsthand. This paper investigated the associations between community exposure to gun homicide and adolescents' high school and college graduation aspirations. METHODS We analyzed data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3031), a cohort study of children born 1998-2000 in 20 large US cities, merged with incident-level data on deadly gun violence from the Gun Violence Archive (2014-2017). Outcomes were reported by adolescents (girls and boys) during wave 6 (2014-2017) of the study, conducted when the children were 15 years of age. We employed ordinary least squares regression, ordered logistic regression, and multilevel stratification to examine the average and heterogeneous impacts of community exposure to gun homicide on adolescents' educational aspirations. RESULTS Community exposure to gun homicide was associated with reduced high school graduation aspirations, particularly among adolescents with the lowest risk of exposure to gun homicide. Gun homicide exposure was also associated with increased college graduation aspirations; this association was concentrated among adolescents with moderate-high risk of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Given the importance of education for job opportunities and the better health that accompanies education and occupational attainment, preventing early exposure to gun violence and providing institutional supports to help adolescents facing adversity realize their goals is essential to their long-term health and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bruns
- Department of Sociology & Criminology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda J Aubel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiaoya Zhang
- Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shani A Buggs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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Lebel S, Lépine O, Brillon P. Mental Health of Homicidally Bereaved Individuals: A Systematic Review of Post- Homicide Factors. Omega (Westport) 2024:302228241245751. [PMID: 38584454 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241245751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Experiencing the homicide of a loved one has a substantial impact on the mental health of family members and friends who must survive their loved one's tragic death. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current findings on post-homicide factors and identify the factors most frequently related to the mental health of homicidally bereaved individuals (HBI). Four databases were searched (PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Sociological Abstract, PubMed). The selection of studies was based on a peer review process conducted by two independent researchers to ensure interrater reliability. The articles were screened to ensure the presence of homicidally bereaved adults, resulting in a total of 35 eligible papers to be considered in the current review. Factors were organized into categories, with the criminal justice system-related factors (n = 18), social factors (n = 17), and coping factors (n = 13) being the most prevalent. This review identifies clinical avenues for preventing distress and fostering the well-being of HBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lebel
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Lépine
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Brillon
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Oya Y, Ishihara K, Shiko Y, Kawasaki Y, Iwase H. A Descriptive Study of the Characteristics of Homicide-Suicide in Forensic Autopsy Cases. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:1473-1495. [PMID: 37887432 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231207616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Homicide followed by suicide (HS) is a tragic event with varied characteristics across countries and regions. Compared to Western countries, there are limited studies on HS in Asian countries. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the characteristics of recent HS cases by examining forensic autopsy records from 2008 to 2020 collected from the Department of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, in Japan. A total of 77 HS cases were identified, involving 77 perpetrators (52 completed suicides, 25 attempted suicides), with 28 perpetrator and 89 victim autopsies. Our findings showed that older adults accounted for nearly half of the victims; victims were mostly females, whereas most perpetrators were male. The most common HS relationship was that between a parent and a child. Autopsy findings showed that the most common cause of death was strangulation, and illegal drugs were detected only in a few cases; however, psychotropic drugs were detected in child victims. No obvious evidence of past child physical abuse by caregivers was found. In contrast, intimate partner violence (IPV) was present, with a history of IPV found in half of HS cases involving adult intimate partner relationships. Notably, gender differences in age and relationship to the victim were identified. Likewise, some perpetrators may have expressed their plans and intentions for HS before the event, which may represent an important sign for HS prevention. However, to accurately reveal the course of HS, nationwide integrated statistics, forensic autopsies, including toxicological analyses of the deceased; and forensic psychiatric perspectives, including psychological autopsy, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Johnson L. Jealousy as a correlate of intimate partner homicide-suicide versus homicide-only cases: National Violent Death Reporting System, 2016-2020. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024. [PMID: 38554063 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to compare jealousy as a correlate of intimate partner homicide-suicide cases to homicide-only cases using data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), a state-based surveillance system maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Jealousy is categorized as jealous feelings or distress over a current or former intimate partner's relationship or suspected relationship with another person. METHODS NVDRS data from a 5-year period (2016-2020) was used to estimate frequencies and identify significant differences in jealousy and other sociodemographic, mental health, relationship, and incident-related correlates of intimate partner homicide-suicide compared to homicide-only cases. Cases were included if they involved an intimate partner single homicide or a single homicide followed by suicide. RESULTS The study sample included 5335 cases (intimate partner homicide-suicide n = 1402; homicide-only n = 3933). A significantly higher percentage of intimate partner homicide-suicide cases reported jealousy preceding the event (9%) compared to homicide-only cases (6%). Compared with homicide-only cases, homicide-suicide cases had 3.5 greater odds of recording jealousy as a precipitating event. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that intimate partner homicide-suicide cases are distinct from homicide-only cases both in terms of individual- and incident-level and situational factors, including the presence of jealousy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Johnson
- Temple University School of Social Work, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Tamworth M, Tekin S, Billings J, Killaspy H. What Are the Experiences of Mental Health Practitioners Involved in a Coroner's Inquest and Other Inquiry Processes after an Unexpected Death of a Patient? A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of the Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:357. [PMID: 38541356 PMCID: PMC10970210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Grief after suicide or patient-perpetrated homicide can be complex for those involved in the patient's care. Mental health practitioners with patients who die unexpectedly may be called to assist in the formal investigation processes that follow. The aim of this study was to examine the experience of mental health practitioners called to attend a coroner's inquest or other forms of formal inquiry. A protocol for a systematic review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023400310). A thematic synthesis of existing literature was conducted. We identified six articles for inclusion and constructed three themes from our analysis: Blame and enduring hostility, In the dark, and Limited learning. We found mental health practitioners may construct narratives of self-blame. These can be reinforced by the investigatory processes that follow. Feedback from inquiries is often delivered haphazardly and may not reflect the realities of clinical work. The support given to assist practitioners through inquiry processes varied-both in amount and how helpful it was. The research conducted on this topic is limited. More qualitative research should be conducted to understand the factors that make this experience more or less difficult as well as well as what support is needed for whom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Tamworth
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7NK, UK; (S.T.); (J.B.); (H.K.)
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11
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Mariani F, Calandri I, Dansilio S. Criminal behaviors: A theory of mind problem? Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38466873 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2326935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Theory of mind (ToM) has been addressed in relation to functional alterations of certain brain regions and their connections. The objective is to evaluate ToM in imprisoned criminal offenders and to analyze their relationship with the functions linked to the prefrontal cortex according to their expression in neuropsychological tests. The sample was composed of 52 subjects. 27 committed instrumental homicides and 25 crimes of sale and/or possession of narcotics. A control group was taken, 19 healthy subjects at liberty. The Faux-Pas (FP) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes tests were used. A neuropsychological battery of executive functions and functions related to the frontal lobes and Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was also applied. The criminal groups have comparable performances in all measures. The control group (in freedom) showed higher performance, with statistical significance, in the Faux-Pas test. Moderate negative correlations were found between the FP and the PCL-R. A distinction between affective and cognitive ToM could be affirmed, with people deprived of liberty presenting deficient functioning in the cognitive ToM test. This difference in performance could be linked to the disruptive event with the social norm and not so much with the violent homicide act itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mariani
- Institute of Fundamentals in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology
- Department of Neuropsychology Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Sergio Dansilio
- Institute of Fundamentals in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology
- Department of Neuropsychology Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Lewis PC, Kaslow NJ, Cheong YF, Evans DP, Yount KM. Femicide in the United States: a call for legal codification and national surveillance. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1338548. [PMID: 38481840 PMCID: PMC10933122 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1338548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C. Lewis
- Department of Health Sciences, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT, United States
| | - Nadine J. Kaslow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dabney P. Evans
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kathryn M. Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Byard RW. Cable ties in forensic practice. Med Sci Law 2024:258024241233464. [PMID: 38387872 DOI: 10.1177/00258024241233464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cable or zip ties are mass produced inexpensive nylon fasteners, which have a locking mechanism to prevent them from being loosened. Their use in medicolegal cases is infrequent, being involved in situations of neck compression or restraint. The Forensic Science SA Pathology Database (in Adelaide, Australia) and search engines PubMed, Google Scholar and Google were examined for cases where cable ties were documented as either causing death or being potentially lethal, being a contributor to death, or having been used for restraint purposes. Neck compression resulting in ligature strangulation was found in cases of homicide and suicide in adults. Accidental neck compression was rarely reported in children. Cases of restraint again occurred in both homicides and suicides, with nonlethal wrist restraint being used by law enforcement officers in lieu of traditional handcuffs. Cable ties may also be used to fasten ligatures to suspension points in case of hanging. Despite their ready availability, cable ties are only relatively rarely involved in medicolegal cases. More traditional forms of manual or ligature neck compression are still favoured possibly because they require less dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Byard
- Forensic Science South Australia and the School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Australia
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Maharaj S, Seepersad R, Sooknanan J, Anderson S, Franco D, Ramdass A, Seemungal T. A public health approach to reducing violence within the CARICOM region. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1344387. [PMID: 38425469 PMCID: PMC10902113 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1344387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Widespread crime has become a worldwide problem so much so that violence is now ranked fourth globally in its contribution to disability-adjusted life years in the 10 to 24 age group. Homicides, a surrogate marker of violent crime, have shown an upward trend in almost all of the CARICOM countries, and homicide rates over the past 3 years have consistently increased, though the pattern of violence varies by country. This background has informed the need for greater emphasis on the need for a different approach to dealing with crime in the CARICOM region. The CARICOM governments recently hosted a symposium on crime and violence as a public health issue. The public health approach to crime has been used with measurable success in different parts of the world and, more recently in Trinidad, one of the CARICOM countries. The paper outlines the outcomes of the symposium and discusses its implications for the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Maharaj
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Randy Seepersad
- Criminology Unit, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Joanna Sooknanan
- The University of the West Indies Open Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Simon Anderson
- Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
- The George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, A Unit of the Caribbean Institute for Health Research, Cave Hill, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Darleen Franco
- Primary Care and Public Health, Northwest Regional Health Authority, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Amrica Ramdass
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Terence Seemungal
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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15
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Dunt DR, Jiang H, Room R. Early closing of hotels: Impacts on alcohol consumption, drunkenness, liver disease and injury mortality. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:491-500. [PMID: 38048172 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early (six o'clock) closing of hotels was introduced in 1916 in Australia to curb heavy drinking. It lasted between 21 and 51 years in four Australian states. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of early closing on alcohol consumption, liver disease mortality rates, drunkenness and various forms of injury. METHODS Time series analysis was undertaken using an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages modelling technique. Relevant data were derived from annual publications of the Australian Bureau of Statistics and its predecessor organisations. RESULTS Early closing had a substantial downward effect on alcohol consumption across 1901-2006. It had a substantial and beneficial effect on liver disease mortality. Drunkenness rates declined pre-World War II (WWII), though they increased post-WWII. Rates for homicide decreased substantially, and close to substantially for suicide and female homicide. Early closing impacts were more beneficial pre-WWII than post-WWII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Early closing has not been favourably remembered in Australia in recent years. However, all pre-WWII impacts of early closing were beneficial including public drunkenness rates. Post-WWII, beneficial effects were less clear-cut and drunkenness increased. Resistance to early closing may also have arisen in the 1950s as families had more disposable income and ability to consume alcohol. While universal six o'clock closing is no longer feasible or desirable, opening hours and days for hotels are still part of the policy discussion in Australia. The experience of early closing pre-WWII gives confidence that the impacts of these can be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Dunt
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heng Jiang
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Duenow P, Connelly LB. The effect of gun buy-back law reform on homicides and suicides in Australia. Health Econ 2024; 33:248-279. [PMID: 37883468 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we use the synthetic control method (SCM) to estimate the causal effects of a national legislative reform accompanied by mandatory gun buy-backs in Australia on both suicide and homicide rates. Using a rich international dataset, we are able to separate not only these two death types, but also to distinguish deaths by firearm and by other means, thereby enabling us to test substitution-of-means hypotheses. Specifically, we apply the SCM to determine whether any reductions in firearm-related death rates where wholly or partly offset by increases in the use of other means (e.g., bladed weapons, poisons) to commit suicides and perpetrate homicides. Our findings show that these gun control policies substantially reduced both homicides and suicides by firearm, but also some evidence of other-means substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Duenow
- School of Economics, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke B Connelly
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Sociology and Business Law, The University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Nijborg LC, Kunst MJ, Westerhof GJ, de Keijser J, Lenferink LI. Grief and delivering a statement in court: a longitudinal mixed-method study among homicidally bereaved people. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2297541. [PMID: 38285899 PMCID: PMC10826785 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2297541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Participating in a criminal trial may increase the likelihood of developing psychopathology. In 2021, people bereaved by a plane disaster (flight MH17) had the opportunity to deliver a victim personal statement (VPS) in Dutch court.Objective: This longitudinal mixed-method study examined different aspects of 84 bereaved people's experiences with VPS delivery.Method: Motivations to deliver, or not deliver, an oral VPS were examined qualitatively using thematic content analysis. Whether background and loss-related variables were related to the decision to deliver a VPS was examined using binary logistic regression analyses. Between-group (delivered VPS vs. did not) and within-group (pre- vs. post-VPS) comparisons were made regarding prolonged grief disorder (PGD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression levels using t-tests and paired t-tests.Results: Bereaved people were most frequently motivated to deliver an oral VPS to describe the impact of the incident, while those who did not deliver an oral VPS commonly wanted to protect themselves from the perceived emotional burden. None of the correlates - i.e. biological sex, age, level of education, number of losses, and (closest) relationship to the deceased - were related to the decision to deliver a VPS. Lastly, significantly higher PGD, PTSD, and depression levels were reported by people who delivered a VPS than those who did not, before and after the court hearing. No significant within-group differences were found over time.Conclusions: Professionals may provide emotional support to bereaved people who want to deliver a VPS and manage their expectations if they want to deliver a VPS for the purpose of symptom reduction. Future research may benefit from examining other ways in which VPS delivery might have beneficial or detrimental effects for specific individuals. Overall, implementing VPS delivery in court on the basis of emotional restoration remains empirically unsupported, if defined as a reduction in psychopathological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke C.J. Nijborg
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J.J. Kunst
- Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben J. Westerhof
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jos de Keijser
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural, and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke I.M. Lenferink
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural, and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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18
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Fazel-Zarandi MM, Barnett A. Why did US urban homicide spike in 2020? A cross-sectional data analysis for the largest American cities. Risk Anal 2024. [PMID: 38218625 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Working with data about homicide victims and perpetrators from 50 of America's largest cities, we investigate the explanatory power of some familiar explanations for why murder in those cities rose sharply in 2020. The analysis reveals that the distribution of risk by race was essentially the same in 2020 as in 2019. That empirical finding challenges some theories of how racial tensions after the death of George Floyd may have driven homicide increases. Similarly, homicide growth was not concentrated in those cities with the greatest availability in 2020 of new and older guns, or among the cities that suffered the most from the COVID-19 pandemic. At a minimum, the cross-city outcomes should reduce confidence that some combination of "race, guns, and COVID-19" explains all of the most important aspects of what happened in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Fazel-Zarandi
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arnold Barnett
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Irmici M, D'Aleo M, Pelletti G, Pirani F, Giorgetti A, Fais P, Pelotti S. Homicide or suicide? A probabilistic approach for the evaluation of the manner of death in sharp force fatalities. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:205-212. [PMID: 37877199 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of forensic science can be defined as providing relevant opinions to assist investigators and courts of law in answering questions. The Likelihood Ratio (LR) provides a quantitative and logical approach to communicating the strength of expert evidence. We reviewed existing forensic literature on sharp force fatalities, focusing on studies reporting the manner of death and the frequency of some characteristics that are traditionally assessed. Four studies were included, resulting in a database of 173 suicides and 354 homicides. The LR of each of the characteristic under both hypotheses (suicide and homicide) was obtained. Subsequently, the LR was computed in six fatalities with known manner of death, three suicides and three homicides, by multiplying the corresponding LR of each individual characteristic. LR ranged from 115 to 140,250 in suicidal cases and from 9 to 2728 in homicidal cases. Compared to other fields of forensic science where LR is used extensively, the values obtained in our cases of sharp force fatalities is low. However, in forensic pathology there is evidence that is outside the expert's opinion, and it is for the trier of fact, such as the judge or jury, to draw conclusions. Nevertheless, the LR serves as a tool for interpreting and weighing evidence while maintaining the distinct roles of the trier of fact and the expert. To comprehensively apply the LR in the field of sharp force deaths, it will be necessary to standardize the methodology of investigation and data collection in descriptive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Irmici
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele D'Aleo
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pelletti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Pirani
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Giorgetti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Fais
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Susi Pelotti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Felthous AR, Masood Y, Kahlon C, Safari D, Rodgers E, Chennu N, Angly M. A classification of combined homicide-suicide: An update-Part I: Introduction and psychopathology. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:222-230. [PMID: 37919798 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
A 1995 classification of combined homicide-suicide was based on the psychopathology of the perpetrator and the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim(s). A three-part model was proposed for the study and potential understanding of individual homicide-suicide acts. This triarchic model consisted of the concepts of ego weakness, stress, and vector, the vector representing the ideational component. Today, approaching a quarter of a century after this initial classification based on a review of the literature available then, a considerable volume of experience and investigative knowledge has been published advancing our knowledge of homicide-suicide. The present review updates and revises the original classification, retains the two-part, psychopathological and relational classification, and adds several categories. Because this updated classification is more expansive than the original, it is presented in three parts. Part I, the present article, provides the introduction to this classification and the classification of mental conditions that may attend homicide-suicide. Parts II and III will address intrafamilial and extrafamilial homicide-suicide, respectively, the two major divisions of the classification based on the relationship between the actor and the homicide victim(s). All three parts are integral to this classification and belong together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Felthous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yasir Masood
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University at St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chanchal Kahlon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Delavar Safari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Emily Rodgers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Navreet Chennu
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mary Angly
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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21
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Hava D. An Ecological Review of Homicide Bereavement's Risk Factors: Implications for Future Research. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:413-429. [PMID: 36869782 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231155527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This literature review focused on homicide bereavement (HB) risk factors. A content analysis was conducted on 83 empirical papers published in English from January 2000 to December 2021 in peer-reviewed journals. Extracted HB risk factors were synthesized according to six main dimensions: individual level; situational homicide-related factors; and micro, meso, exo, and macro social levels. The review demonstrates that macro-level and situational homicide-related risk factors are in special need of further study. In addition, how HB risk factors interact with one another to influence HB also requires further study. Future research may benefit from examining whether and how individuals experiencing HB influence related factors at various social levels. Last, given that almost all reviewed studies were conducted in Western societies, the sociocultural and ethnic diversity in HB risk factors is in dire need of future study.
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22
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Tan L, Stephenson L, Byard R. Methamphetamine use in homicide victims. Med Sci Law 2024; 64:5-7. [PMID: 36949672 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231165433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine use is increasing in the Australian population. It has a known association with violent and erratic behaviour and with an increased risk of unnatural deaths. To determine whether victims of homicide have significant exposure to methamphetamine 100 randomly selected de-identified homicide cases from 2012 to 2021 were accessed from the Forensic Science SA (FSSA) Pathology Database to determine the type of homicide and whether methamphetamine was detected in the blood. A total of 76 males and 24 females were found (M:F = 3:1). Of these, 30 victims (30%) had methamphetamine detected in blood, consisting of 26 males and 4 females (M:F = 6:1; male age range 18-53 years, average 36.8 years; female age range 28-63 years average 44.8 years). Levels of methamphetamine ranged from 0.02 to 3.3 mg/L with an average of 0.64 mg/L, with the highest numbers of positive cases occurring in victims of gunshot wounds (45.5%), and the lowest in those with lethal blunt force trauma (23.5%). This study has demonstrated that victims of homicide in an Australian population are more likely to have used methamphetamine than members of the general population. The reasons for this remain unclear although involvement in a drug selling environment may be an important determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzern Tan
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Forensic Science South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lilli Stephenson
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger Byard
- Forensic Science South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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23
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Lantz B, Faulkner L, M Mills J. A Descriptive Account of the Nature and Extent of Transgender Homicide in America, 2010 to 2021. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:341-368. [PMID: 37705402 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing acknowledgment of transgender homicide as a serious social and public health issue; indeed, the American Medical Association has even referred to violence against transgender people as an "epidemic." Addressing this issue, however, requires understanding the patterns associated with this violence. Yet, reliable data for doing so does not currently exist, especially in recent years. As such, the prevalence of these incidents and their key features are not easily understood. The current study addresses this issue using a comprehensive nationwide database on 305 instances of homicide directed against transgender people between 2010 and 2021, collected through extensive open-source data collection methods. The descriptive analyses of these incidents demonstrate pronounced increases in homicide victimization over time, and clear geographic clustering by state, such that roughly one in four incidents occurred in just three states: Texas, Florida, and California. After accounting for the estimated size of the transgender population, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri emerge as the most dangerous states with the highest risk of homicide victimization. The results also clearly demonstrate the intersectional nature of transgender homicide, in finding that most homicide victims are young Black or Hispanic transgender women. We conclude by emphasizing the need for multipronged policy responses to this issue that recognize the uniquely dangerous intersection of social problems that contribute to the vulnerable social position of many transgender people, including their vulnerability to homicide victimization.
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24
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Berezowski V, Moffat I, Seckiner D, Crebert I, Ellis J, Mallett X. The suitability of using domestic pigs (Sus spp.) as human proxies in the geophysical detection of clandestine graves. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:316-328. [PMID: 37904624 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Research in many forensic science fields commonly uses domestic pigs (Sus spp.) as proxies for human remains, due to their physiological and anatomical similarities, as well as being more readily available. Unfortunately, previous research, especially that which compares the decompositional process, has shown that pigs are not appropriate proxies for humans. To date, there has not been any published research that specifically addresses whether domestic pigs are adequate human proxies for the geophysical detection of clandestine graves. As such, the aim of this paper was to compare the geophysical responses of pig cadavers and human donor graves, in order to determine if pigs can indeed be used as adequate human proxies. To accomplish this, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) responses on single and multiple pig cadaver graves were compared to single and multiple human donor graves, all of which are in known locations within the same geological environment. The results showed that under field conditions, both GPR and ERT were successful at observing human and pig burials, with no obvious differences between the detected geophysical responses. The results also showed that there were no differences in the geophysical responses of those who were clothed and unclothed. The similarity of the responses may reflect that the geophysical techniques can detect graves despite what their contents are. The study implications suggest that experimental studies in other soil and climate conditions can be easily replicated, benefiting law enforcement with missing persons cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Berezowski
- School of Law and Justice, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Moffat
- Archaeology, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dilan Seckiner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Isabella Crebert
- School of Law and Justice, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin Ellis
- School of Law and Justice, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xanthé Mallett
- School of Law and Justice, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Jones BW, Quick-Graham L, Martin SL. Perinatal Homicide in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023:15248380231217044. [PMID: 38160243 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231217044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This review focused on literature from the United States evaluating homicide during the perinatal period. It was completed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Seventeen studies met the criteria for inclusion, including: describing prevalence and risk factors related to homicide deaths of pregnant or postpartum birthing individuals; being conducted in the United States; and being published in English 2007 or later. This review found that homicide is an important contributor to maternal mortality and is a leading cause of death during pregnancy and the postpartum period, especially if an individual is Black and under the age of 30. Future efforts must be made to standardize data collection efforts and resolve nuanced terminology that results in interpretation challenges. The United States should examine maternal deaths through the entirety of the perinatal period and fully invest in violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke W Jones
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Sandra L Martin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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26
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Marineau LA, Uzzi M, Buggs SA, Ihenacho N, Campbell JC. Risk and Protective Factors for Firearm Assault Injuries Among Black Men: A Scoping Review of Research. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023:15248380231217042. [PMID: 38153002 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231217042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Black men are disproportionately affected by firearm assaults in the United States, and these disparities are rooted in structural and social inequities. The objective of this scoping review of research was to identify risk and protective factors for firearm assault injuries among Black men at all levels of the social-ecological framework. The search was conducted in 2021. The initial search generated 1,122 articles. Studies were eligible if they (a) included an analysis of modifiable risk or protective factors for firearm assaults among Black men; (b) reported an estimate of correlation, association, or effect between risk or protective factors and firearm assault injuries, firearm violence, and/or firearm homicides; and (c) were published peer-reviewed articles. In all, 19 articles were identified for review. Risk factors identified at each ecological level include the following: (1) Individual: firearm possession/weapon use and criminal legal system interaction; (2) Relationships: gang membership and exposure to other people who have experienced a firearm assault; (3) Community: indicators for socioeconomic status and racial residential segregation; and (4) Societal: historical racist policy. Individual-level substance use had mixed results. Few (26%) studies examined protective factors at any ecological level, but community-level factors like neighborhood tree cover were identified. Future research needs to examine risk and protective factors at the societal level and multiple ecological levels simultaneously leading to more effective multi-level interventions that will guide policy formation. A greater diversity of study designs, research methods, and theoretical frameworks is needed to better understand factors associated with firearm assault among Black men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mudia Uzzi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shani A Buggs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
- California Firearm Violence Research Center, Davis, USA
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27
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Robiner WN, Barnes RD, Freese RL, Palmer B, Kim MH. Homicides of psychologists, physicians, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and other health professionals: National Violent Death Reporting System data 2003-2020. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:2932-2946. [PMID: 37639225 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homicide is the extreme endpoint along the continuum of interpersonal violence. Violence in healthcare settings and directed toward healthcare workers has been a growing concern. Analysis of health professionals' homicides is needed to inform prevention interventions. METHODS Decedent numbers, age, and sex in the National Violent Death Reporting System are reported for 10 types of health professionals: advance practice registered nurses, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, physicians, physician assistants, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and veterinarians. RESULTS Between 2003 and 2020, 944 homicides of these professionals were reported to the NVDRS. Nearly 80% of victims were women; 53% of homicides involved guns. Nurses, social workers, physicians, and pharmacists comprised the most victims. In 2020, nurses, social workers, pharmacists, and psychologists had the highest homicide rates relative to their workforce size. Few of these homicides were related to professionals' work. The number of homicides within these professions correlated highly with the size of professions' workforces. CONCLUSIONS Health professionals' homicides constitute a small proportion of US homicides generally at lower rates than seen in the general population. Age is likely one of the protective factors. Future, more comprehensive data will provide greater insights into emerging trends to inform strategies to mitigate homicide risk in health professionals. Prevention needs to go beyond healthcare settings and address societal roots of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Robiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric, Palliative, and Primary Care, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rachel D Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric, Palliative, and Primary Care, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rebecca L Freese
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brooke Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric, Palliative, and Primary Care, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael H Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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28
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Page J, Tzani-Pepelasi K, Gavin H. Characteristics of Sexual Homicide Offenders Focusing on Child Victims: A Review of the Literature. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:2922-2935. [PMID: 36000678 PMCID: PMC10594845 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221119511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The topic of sexual homicide encompasses various categories of both offender and victim and much research has shown that there are different typologies of sexual homicide offender (SHO). The aim of this study was to review the current literature regarding sexual homicides, with a focus on those SHOs that targeted children. Studies were selected for review based on the samples utilized. Studies that used a mixed sample of sexual homicide, for example, serial/non-serial, adult/child victim, stranger/non-stranger relationship were included, as well as those that exclusively investigated sexual killers of children. Relevant studies were found by utilizing online libraries and databases. Research studies (n = 39) and review studies (n = 3) were deemed suitable to be included in this review. Offender and victim characteristics, as well as crime scene behaviors, offender's previous convictions, psychopathologies and paraphilias were reported. Geographical profiling of sexual homicides was also discussed. The review highlighted the current typologies of SHOs, including the Sadistic/Angry/Opportunistic model and the only current model dedicated to SHOs of children. There are mixed findings within this topic which may be caused by different cultures or different samples. Limitations, such as small sample sizes and the lack of comparison between sub-types of SHOs, were discussed. Suggestions for future research, including further exclusive study of sexual killers of children, were recommended.
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29
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Soares MQ, Melo CMD, Pinto IV, Bevilacqua PD. [Mortality of women with reported violence during pregnancy in Brazil: a case-control study]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2023; 39:e00012823. [PMID: 38018641 PMCID: PMC10642240 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xpt012823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the main causes of death of women with notification of interpersonal violence during pregnancy and to identify the factors associated with these deaths. This is a case-control study conducted based on relating data on violence to deaths that occurred in Brazil from 2011 to 2017. Data from the Braziliam Information System for Notificable Diseases and the Brazilian Mortality Information System were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The results showed that 56.4% of the deaths were due to external causes, and 80.1% of which were due to femicide. The following risk factors associated with death were identified: age group from 30 to 39 years (OR = 2.53; 95%CI: 1.01-6.59); firearm assault (OR = 14.21; 95%CI: 4.58-31.86); and by piercing-cutting objects (OR = 4.45; 95%CI: 1.01-22.73). Being married/in a stable union (OR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.24-0.93); having more than four years of schooling (OR = 0.21; 95%CI: 0.06-0.63); and living in municipalities with a population over 100,000 inhabitants (OR = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.10-0.52) were observed as protective factors. The study was important due to demonstrating the magnitude of femicide among women with notification of violence during pregnancy, as well as the weaknesses in producing information on the external causes of death in the pregnancy-puerperal period. The study also evinced the factors that make women vulnerable to death, reinforcing the urgent need for health professionals to screen for violence during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Quaresma Soares
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil
| | - Cristiane Magalhães de Melo
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brasil
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Ringqvist A, Aloumar B, Wingren CJ, Ekelund U, Khoshnood AM. Understanding medical aspects of violent crimes in Sweden's region Skåne: a retrospective cross-sectional design of the ViCS project. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1287007. [PMID: 38025463 PMCID: PMC10665833 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1287007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While there has been a reduction in specific homicide categories in Sweden, the last decade has witnessed an increase in the overall rate. The escalation is predominantly linked to heightened gun violence associated with criminal gangs. As a result, Sweden faces an extreme rate of shootings and firearm-related homicides, constituting one of the most severe instances across Europe. However, comprehensive scientific studies on this phenomenon are lacking. This paper presents the design of the Violent Crimes in Skåne (ViCS) project, which aims to investigate violent crimes requiring hospitalization or causing death in Sweden's region Skåne from a medical, forensic, and criminological perspective. The project aims to examine the epidemiology and trends of violent crimes, injury profiles, treatments, patient outcomes, causes of death, and victim demographics. Methods and analysis Using a retrospective cross-sectional design, ViCS will examine trauma by violent crimes from 2000 to 2019. Data will be sourced from several institutions, including hospital records from nine emergency hospitals, and the National Board of Forensic Medicine Agency. The project aims to study medical and criminological aspects of violent crimes, primarily focusing on assaults involving firearms, sharp weapons, blunt instruments, kicks, punches, and other types of assault like strangulation. Data analysis will involve descriptive and inferential statistics. Discussion ViCS aims to contribute to the limited body of knowledge about victims of violent crimes in Sweden. The findings may inform evidence-based interventions in medical, forensic, and criminological fields, potentially enabling targeted prevention strategies and improvements in emergency care for victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ringqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Emergency Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Basem Aloumar
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Wingren
- Unit for Forensic Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Emergency Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ardavan M. Khoshnood
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Emergency Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Tsellou M, Bacopoulou F, Ferentinos P, Baccino E, Martrille L, Papadodima S. The Prevalence and Characteristics of Intrafamilial Child and Adolescent Homicides in Greece over 11 Years (2010-2020). Children (Basel) 2023; 10:1783. [PMID: 38002874 PMCID: PMC10669970 DOI: 10.3390/children10111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Intrafamilial child/adolescent homicide is the murder of a child/adolescent by one or more family members. This study delves into the medical and sociological consequences of child homicide, shedding light on the broader impact beyond individual families, which extends into the local community. Two Internet search engines and the search engines of major national news websites were surveyed to identify the number of intrafamilial child/adolescent homicide cases that occurred in Greece from January 2010 to December 2020. Over the study period, 34 victims of intrafamilial child/adolescent homicides were identified. The above deaths reflect an intrafamilial child/adolescent homicide rate of 0.15 homicides per year per 100,000 inhabitants. Most of the perpetrators (51.4%) were male, and the victims were equally divided into males and females. The ages of the perpetrators ranged from 13 to 61 years, and the ages of the victims ranged between 0 and 17 years. Most perpetrators (54.5%) had a previous psychiatric history and in many cases, they committed (33.3%) or attempted (15.2%) suicide after the homicide. The most common method of homicide was strangulation (usually combined with suffocation) (25%), followed by abandonment (15.6%). The most commonly reported motives were spousal revenge (26.5%) and psychotic disorders (26.5%). Raising awareness for intrafamilial child and adolescent homicide is of the utmost importance for the prevention of this dreadful phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsellou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Ferentinos
- Affective Disorders and Suicide Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, “Attikon” University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eric Baccino
- EDPFM, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France; (E.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Laurent Martrille
- EDPFM, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France; (E.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Stavroula Papadodima
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Bojanić L, Baird A, Ash K, Shaw J. Homicide as the first conviction: A retrospective cohort study. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:595-601. [PMID: 37390388 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The association between previous convictions and perpetrating homicide has been previously described but little is known about the characteristics of homicide offenders without previous convictions. By utilizing the unique database on homicide offenders held by the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health, this study aimed to describe the sample of homicide perpetrators in England and Wales who have committed homicide as their first offense based on their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Compared with those with previous convictions, homicide offenders without previous convictions were more likely to be female and a member of an ethnic minority group. More of those without previous convictions belonged to the youngest (<25) and oldest (>55) age groups and were more likely to kill somebody family member or a spouse. Schizophrenia and other delusional disorders as well as affective disorders were more prevalent in those without previous convictions as were mental illness/insanity as a circumstance in homicide, but those without previous convictions were less likely to have been in previous contact with mental health services. There are clear sociodemographic and clinical differences between homicide perpetrators with and without previous convictions. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Bojanić
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alison Baird
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kosturika Ash
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jenny Shaw
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Pitcho-Prelorentzos S, Leshem E, Mahat-Shamir M. Mitigating Loss and Trauma: The Continuing Bonds Experience of Daughters Bereaved to Intimate Partner Femicide. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2170-2193. [PMID: 35938495 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221099985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The current study sheds light on the continuing bonds experience of adult Israeli daughters whose mothers were murdered by their fathers. Through 11 semi structured interviews, common externalized and internalized continuing bonds with the deceased mothers were closely examined. The interpreted results supported the existence of bonds, yet revealed a unique manifestation; the bonds were purposefully and defensively restricted, which seemed to be an adjustive compromise in light of the strong traumatic component of the loss. Our results contribute to the theoretical and clinical understanding of the restrictive effect that trauma components have on loss components in cases of traumatic bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elazar Leshem
- School of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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34
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Anas M, Mannan R, Khan ZM. Understanding the Mode and Factors Influencing Cut-Throat Injuries in a Tribal-Dominated Population in Eastern India. Cureus 2023; 15:e45481. [PMID: 37859881 PMCID: PMC10584271 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traditionally, injuries have often been perceived as random and inevitable 'accidents'. However, in the current context, both intentional and unintentional injuries are preventable. Among these, neck injuries can be particularly complex, encompassing homicidal, suicidal, or accidental causes. Despite extensive research on the different modes and patterns of cut-throat injuries in the general population, this study aims to look deeper into this phenomenon within a unique context. Our investigation is centered in the Eastern part of India, among a tribal-dominated population who live with their traditional culture. Method In this prospective observational study, 50 cut-throat patients were included, who reported to the emergency department and then were referred to the ENT department. Parameters such as age, sex, anatomical location, mode of cut-throat injury, prior substance abuse, psychiatric issues, socioeconomic level, and length of hospital stay were considered for analysis. Results The majority (n=40, 80%) of patients belonged to tribal communities and most were young adults. Cut-throat injuries were predominantly caused by suicide (n=36, 72%) and homicide (n=12, 24%). Among tribals, 85% (n=34) of the cases were suicidal. Among suicidal cases, 86.11% (n=31) had a history of substance abuse while 22.22% (n=8) had a history of psychiatric illnesses. Conclusion In Eastern India, among the tribal-dominated population, suicide emerges as the predominant mode of cut-throat injuries, which is notably distinct from patterns observed in the general population of developing countries. These were often associated with substance abuse. Future interventions and public health efforts in these regions should consider these factors in the development of targeted strategies aimed at prevention and support for at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anas
- Otolaryngology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Raihan Mannan
- Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Zahid M Khan
- Otolaryngology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
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Sarkar R, Dipnall JF, Bassed R, Ozanne-Smith Ao J. Family violence homicide rates: a state-wide comparison of three data sources in Victoria, Australia. HEALTH INF MANAG J 2023; 52:135-143. [PMID: 34875905 DOI: 10.1177/18333583211060464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family violence homicide (FVH) is a major public health and social problem in Australia. FVH trend rates are key outcomes that determine the effectiveness of current management practices and policy directions. Data source-related methodological problems affect FVH research and policy and the reliable measurement of homicide trends. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine data reliability and temporal trends of Victorian FVH rates and sex and relationship patterns. METHOD FVH rates per 100,000 persons in Victoria were compared between the National Coronial Information System (NCIS), Coroners Court of Victoria (CCoV) Homicide Register, and the National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP). Trends for 2001-2017 were analysed using Joinpoint regression. Crude rates were determined by sex and relationship categories using annual frequencies and Australian Bureau of Statistics population estimates. RESULTS NCIS closed FVH cases totalled 360, and an apparent downward trend in the FVH rate was identified. However, CCoV and NHMP rates trended upwards. While NCIS and CCoV were case-based, NHMP was incident-based, contributing to rate variations. The NCIS-derived trend was particularly impacted by unavailable case data, potential coding errors and entry backlog. Neither CCoV nor NHMP provided victim-age in their public domain data to enable age-adjusted rate comparison. CONCLUSION Current datasets have limitations for FVH trend determination; most notably lag times for NCIS data. IMPLICATIONS This study identified an indicative upward trend in FVH rates in Victoria, suggesting insufficiency of current management and policy settings for its prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Sarkar
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, VIC, Australia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna F Dipnall
- Pre-hospital, Emergency and Trauma Research, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Bassed
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, VIC, Australia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Joan Ozanne-Smith Ao
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, VIC, Australia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, VIC, Australia
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Atreya A, Menezes RG, Nepal S. The tragic consequence of false honour: Understanding the phenomenon of "honour-killings" and its legal implications in Nepal. Med Leg J 2023; 91:156-158. [PMID: 37310168 DOI: 10.1177/00258172231177886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
"Honour-killings" are the intentional execution of women who are perceived to have disrespected their families; in Nepal this is frequently considered socially acceptable while the United Nations condemns them as arbitrary executions that violate the right to life. In Nepal, "honour-killing" is typically a caste-based hate crime which is not limited to women as there have been reports of male victims as well. The perpetrators are sentenced to life imprisonment for murder, with the perpetrator serving 25 years. Pride-killing is common in the animal kingdom, but there is no logic in killing a family member to maintain family pride in a civilised human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Atreya
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samata Nepal
- Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
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Myers WC, Safarik M, Chan HCO, Yaksic E. Serial sexual murder by juveniles and the role of sexual sadism: An international study. Behav Sci Law 2023; 41:262-279. [PMID: 36960891 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This is a descriptive study of 21 cases of serial sexual murder by children and adolescents spanning nearly the past century and a half. No earlier cases worldwide were identified. Each of these youth committed two or more sexual homicides prior to age 18. Their psychopathological, psychosocial, crime scene behaviors, and offender-victim relationship characteristics are presented. Additionally, the role of sexual sadism and its measurement using the SADSEX-SH rating scale is addressed. Nearly all of the sample had conduct disorder, a paraphilic disorder, and sadistic fantasies, and two-thirds had sexual sadism disorder. Family dysfunction, serious school problems, and average or above IQ levels were typical. Their modus operandi generally reflected predatory behavior and direct contact methods of killing were most common. Two case reports are provided to illustrate the breadth and complexity of these offenders. Juvenile Serial Sexual Homicide is an extremely rare but persistent phenomenon. Prognostic implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade C Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mark Safarik
- Forensic Behavioral Services, Inc., Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Heng Choon Oliver Chan
- Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Enzo Yaksic
- Atypical Homicide Research Group, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Valença AM, de Almeida LR, de Oliveira GC, França MF, da Silva AG, Telles LB, Nardi AE. Matricide and schizophrenia- psychopathological, psychodynamic, and forensic aspects: a case report. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1240385. [PMID: 37706037 PMCID: PMC10495561 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matricide is the murder of a mother by her son or daughter, a form of homicide rarely seen in psychiatric practice. A narrative review was conducted on the relationship between matricide and schizophrenia, followed by a case report in Brazil of a schizophrenic patient who murdered his mother and was submitted to forensic psychiatric assessment for criminal liability. The article discusses psychopathological, psychodynamic, and forensic aspects related to the case. The observation of ambivalent and conflictive relations between schizophrenic individuals and their mothers suggests the need for family-level interventions to resolve the understandable occurrence of emotional conflicts, which can serve as stimuli that trigger the murder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Martins Valença
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Carvalho de Oliveira
- Department of Psychiatry, University Center of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Physician, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lisieux Borba Telles
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Antonio Egidio Nardi
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ziogos S, Dadour IR, Pitts K, Magni PA. Qualitative Analyses of Textile Damage (Cuts and Tears) Applied to Fabrics Exposed to the Decomposition of Carcasses and Associated Insect Activity in an Austral Summer. Insects 2023; 14:618. [PMID: 37504624 PMCID: PMC10380818 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Fatal stabbings are the leading cause of homicide in countries with restricted access to firearms, such as Australia. The analysis of damage on clothing imparted by a sharp object can assist in the characterization of the weapon. However, decomposition and carrion insects can modify the features of the damage, impeding textile damage analysis and crime reconstruction. This study aimed to identify and characterize the modifications of textile damage over 47 days of decomposition during the summer season in Western Australia. Fabric modifications were analyzed on cotton, synthetic, and blended fabrics with standardized cuts and tears, wrapped on 99 stillborn piglets. Six unclothed piglets acted as controls, with three being stabbed. All piglets were placed simultaneously in the field alongside swatches of fabric. Analyses considered taphonomy, insect interactions, and any textile damage using optical microscopy and SEM. The results showed that carrion insects can modify existing cuts and tears and introduce new artifacts on textiles. The 100% cotton fabric was the most affected by mechanical and chemical degradation, especially cuts and areas stained with blood or decomposition fluids. The study highlights the combined effect of multiple factors on textile damage, including the type of fabric, initial damage, bloating, insect activity, and biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Ziogos
- School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Ian R Dadour
- School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Source Certain, Wangara, WA 6947, Australia
| | - Kari Pitts
- Physical Evidence, Forensic Science Laboratory, ChemCentre, Bentley, WA 6983, Australia
| | - Paola A Magni
- School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Meira KC, Simões TC, Guimarães RM, Beserra da Silva PG, Mendonça AB, Cristina de Jesus J, Covre-Sussai M. Female Homicides in Brazil and Its Major Regions (1980-2019): An Analysis of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231183657. [PMID: 37415498 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231183657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to analyze the temporal effects of age, period, and cohort on mortality from all female homicides, and from female homicides and by firearms, in Brazil from 1980 to 2019. Data were accessed from Brazilian health records. There was an increase in the risk of death in the 2000s in the North and Northeast regions and a decrease in the Southeast, South, and Midwest. Younger women had a higher risk of death than women born between 1950 and 1954. The findings may be correlated with the inefficiency of the Brazilian state in protecting female victims of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Cardoso Meira
- Health School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Taynãna César Simões
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Gilson Beserra da Silva
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Jordana Cristina de Jesus
- Department of Demography and Actuarial Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maira Covre-Sussai
- Institute of Social Sciences/Social Sciences Institute (ICS), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Waltzman D, Sarmiento K, Daugherty J, Lumba-Brown A, Klevens J, Miller GF. Firearm-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Homicides in the United States, 2000-2019. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:43-49. [PMID: 36727717 PMCID: PMC10391713 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of homicide-related death in the United States. Penetrating TBI associated with firearms is a unique injury with an exceptionally high mortality rate that requires specialized neurocritical trauma care. OBJECTIVE To report incidence patterns of firearm-related and nonfirearm-related TBI homicides in the United States between 2000 and 2019 by demographic characteristics to provide foundational data for prevention and treatment strategies. METHODS Data were obtained from multiple cause of death records from the National Vital Statistics System using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database for the years 2000 to 2019. Number, age-adjusted rates, and percent of firearm and nonfirearm-related TBI homicides by demographic characteristics were calculated. Temporal trends were also evaluated. RESULTS During the study period, there were 77 602 firearm-related TBI homicides. Firearms were involved in the majority (68%) of all TBI homicides. Overall, men, people living in metro areas, and non-Hispanic Black persons had higher rates of firearm-related TBI homicides. The rate of nonfirearm-related TBI homicides declined by 40%, whereas the rate of firearm-related TBI homicides only declined by 3% during the study period. There was a notable increase in the rate of firearm-related TBI homicides from 2012/2013 through 2019 for women (20%) and nonmetro residents (39%). CONCLUSION Firearm-related violence is an important public health problem and is associated with the majority of TBI homicide deaths in the United States. The findings from this study may be used to inform prevention and guide further research to improve treatment strategies directed at reducing TBI homicides involving firearms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Waltzman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), Division of Injury Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly Sarmiento
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), Division of Injury Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jill Daugherty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), Division of Injury Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Joanne Klevens
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), Division of Injury Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gabrielle F. Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), Division of Injury Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Weisbrot DM, Carlson GA, Ettinger AB, Reed ML, Fanning KM, Bostic RC. Psychiatric Characteristics of Students Who Make Threats Toward Others at School. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:764-776. [PMID: 36608740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While studies have focused on identifying potential school shooters, little is known about the mental health and other characteristics of students who make threats. This study aimed to describe these students and factors prompting psychiatric interventions and treatment recommendations. METHOD Child and adolescent psychiatry threat assessment evaluations of 157 consecutive school-referred youths in grades K-12 between 1998 and 2019 were reviewed for demographics, reasons for referral, nature of threat, psychiatric diagnosis, and psychiatric and educational recommendations. Predictors of recommendations for psychiatric interventions were modeled using multivariable logistic regression as a function of above-mentioned covariates. RESULTS Mean (SD) age of referred students was 13.37 (2.79) years; 88.5% were male; 79.7%, White; 11.6%, Hispanic; 10.1%, Black; 2.5%, Asian. Of students, 51.6% were receiving special education services. Verbal threat was made by 80%, and 29.3% brought a weapon to school. History included being bullied in 43.4%, traumatic family events in 52.2%, physical abuse in 5.1%, sexual abuse in 5.7%, and verbal abuse in 36.3%. Frequently encountered psychiatric diagnoses were attention-deficit/hyperactivity, learning, depressive, anxiety, and autism spectrum disorders, usually in combinations. History of medication treatment was reported in 79 (50.3%) and psychotherapeutic interventions in 57 (36.3%). Recommendations to return the student to their prior schools were made for 63.1%. Recommendations for psychotherapy were made for 79.9%, medication for 88.5%, and both for 70.1%. Therapeutic school setting or psychiatric hospitalization was more likely recommended (with statistical significance) with a prior threat history (odds ratio [OR] 5.47, 95% CI 1.91-15.70), paranoid symptoms (OR 5.72, 95% CI 1.55-21.14, p = .009), autism spectrum disorders (OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.32-9.00), mood disorder (OR 5.71, 95% CI 1.36-23.96), personality disorder (OR 9.47, 95% CI 1.78-50.55), or with psychotherapy recommendation (OR 4.84, 95% CI 1.08-21.75). CONCLUSION Students who make threats have diverse psychiatric profiles and warrant treatments. A trauma and/or abuse history is common. Evaluations of youths who make threats need to go beyond simply assessing the threat itself and should include identifying underlying psychiatric problems. Psychiatric evaluation of students who issue threats of any type can lead to revelations about psychiatric diagnoses and crucial treatment and educational recommendations. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan B Ettinger
- United Medical Monitoring and United Diagnostics, Garden City Park, New York
| | | | | | - Ryan C Bostic
- MIST Research and Statistical Consulting, Wilmington, Delaware
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Kumari J. Profile of sharp weapon trauma cases in Jharkhand, India: An autopsy-based report. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1133-1136. [PMID: 37636180 PMCID: PMC10451606 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1311_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Medical injury is a break of the natural continuity of any of the tissue of the living body. Sharp weapons are one of most violent means of death. This study documents the nature of injury among sharp weapon trauma cases and the cause of death among them. Studies also include the prevalence of the most frequently injured part of the body. It has always been a crucial and condemnable method of fatalities, either suicidal or homicidal. Methods It is an autopsy-based study conducted in the department of forensic medicine and toxicology at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, for the period of one year from July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2013. The variables considered were gender, age, injury pattern, cause of death, etc. Results This study reports that the frequency of death due to sharp weapons in Ranchi is like some other studies conducted in different states of India. Our study reported that out of 2540 medico-legal deaths, 120 (4.72%) deaths were due to sharp weapons, including 91 (75.83%) males and 29 (24.17%) females. Conclusion The study showed that most of the sharp weapon trauma cases were homicidal in nature which is common in 20-39 years. It is observed that sharp weapon cases were common in urban areas. Sharp weapon injuries may be ante-mortem or post-mortem and may be homicidal, accidental (rare), or fabricated in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Kumari
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences Mau, Ataria, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Waller B, Goddard-Eckrich D, Kagotho N, Hankerson SH, Hawks A, Wainberg ML. Sarah Waller's Help-Seeking Model: Understanding African American Women Intimate Partner Violence Survivors' Help-seeking Process. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:7170-7192. [PMID: 36583331 PMCID: PMC10634285 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221141869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
African American women overwhelmingly experience the poorest outcomes resulting from intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. Despite theoretical advancements, there remain a paucity of theories that explicate this marginalized population's comprehensive help-seeking process that includes the domestic violence service provision system and the Black church. We conducted 30 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with women who self-identified as African American. We utilized sensitizing concepts from the Transtheoretical Model of Change and Intersectionality theories, along with Agency framework and employed constructivist grounded theory methodology. Sarah's Help-Seeking Model emerged from the data and includes nine phases: (1) Awareness, (2) Acknowledgment, (3) Assessment, (4) Enough, (5) Enlist, (6) Escalate, (7) Reject, (8) Resolve, and (9) Restoration. This is the first theory that identifies how this vulnerable and underserved population's mental health and social support-seeking process is partially mediated by mistrust of law enforcement, disappointment in linkage to care and services, fear of death, and willingness to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadine Waller
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alice Hawks
- NYC Family Justice Center, Brooklyn, New York City Mayor’s Office to End Domestic and Gender-Based Violence, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Milton L. Wainberg
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Neyme P, Brulin-Solignac D, de Jésus A, Bouchard JP. [Soothing in units for difficult patients and in psychiatric intensive care units]. Rev Infirm 2023; 72:32-33. [PMID: 37364974 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In the units for difficult patients (UMD) and the intensive psychiatric care units (Usip), patients whose mental pathologies have or could generate violent acts which can go as far as committing homicide are taken care of. If, during the psychiatric care of these patients, isolation and restraint measures can be put in place as a last resort, in general it is the symptomatological and behavioral appeasement of these persons that is sought in an alternative way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Neyme
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD) Louis-Crocq, Fondation du Bon Sauveur d'Alby, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Diane Brulin-Solignac
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Arnaud de Jésus
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France; Centre hospitalier du Pays d'Eygurande (CHPE), La Cellette, 19340 Monestier-Merlines, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France; Psychologie-Criminologie-Victimologie (PCV), 33000 Bordeaux, France; Statistics and Population Studies Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa.
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Neyme P, Brulin-Solignac D, De Jésus A, Bouchard JP. [Isolation and restraint in units for difficult patients and in psychiatric intensive care units]. Rev Infirm 2023; 72:23-25. [PMID: 37364971 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The units for difficult patients (UMD) and the intensive psychiatric care units (Usip) are psychiatric services that are not successively sectorized, created to meet the needs of intensive care in a closed environment and sometimes of a forensic nature. These two systems are used to care for patients whose clinical condition often makes it too complex to maintain them in sector psychiatric units, and many of their operating rules differ. This is not the case for seclusion and restraint measures and the application of the law governing these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Neyme
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD) Louis-Crocq, Fondation du Bon Sauveur d'Alby, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Diane Brulin-Solignac
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France
| | - Arnaud De Jésus
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France; Centre hospitalier du Pays d'Eygurande (CHPE), La Cellette, 19340 Monestier-Merlines, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), Pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France; Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, Centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 33410 Cadillac, France; Psychologie-Criminologie-Victimologie (PCV), 33000 Bordeaux, France; Statistics and Population Studies Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa.
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Tomé-Fernández M, Berbegal-Bernabeu M, Sánchez-Sansegundo M, Zaragoza-Martí A, Rubio-Aparicio M, Portilla-Tamarit I, Rumbo-Rodríguez L, Hurtado-Sánchez JA. Neurocognitive Suicide and Homicide Markers in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:446. [PMID: 37366698 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicide and homicide are considered important problems in public health. This study aims to identify the cognitive performance of suicidal and homicidal behaviors in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, as well as examining whether there are shared neuropsychological mechanisms. A systematic review of the recent literature was carried out from September 2012 to June 2022 using the Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Among the 870 studies initially identified, 23 were finally selected (15 related to suicidal behaviors and 8 to homicidal behaviors). The results evidenced a relationship between impairment of cognitive performance and homicidal behavior; meanwhile, for suicidal behaviors, no consistent results were found. High neuropsychological performance seems to act as a protective factor against violent behavior in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but not against suicidal behavior; indeed, it can even act as a risk factor for suicidal behavior. To date, there is insufficient evidence that shared neurocognitive mechanisms exist. However, processing speed and visual memory seem to be affected in the presence of both behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Tomé-Fernández
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Marina Berbegal-Bernabeu
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Miriam Sánchez-Sansegundo
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Zaragoza-Martí
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - María Rubio-Aparicio
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Irene Portilla-Tamarit
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Lorena Rumbo-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Felson RB. When strength is a weakness. Aggress Behav 2023. [PMID: 37210734 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In general, individuals with low levels of coercive power are at greater risk of victimization than those who are more powerful. However, in some circumstances, superior coercive power increases an individual's vulnerability. In this paper, I show how coercive power can increase vulnerability (offsetting its protective effect) by its effects on targeting and tactics. Individuals with greater coercive power can increase their risk of getting targeted because they tend to be less vigilant and more likely to behave in ways that provoke others. They generate more grievances and have more enemies because they are less compliant and more verbally aggressive and confrontational. Powerful parties are also at greater risk of being targeted by adversaries seeking to gain status. An attack on a strong adversary is more likely to enhance status than an attack on a weaker adversary since it is a greater achievement. Individuals with coercive power are also at greater risk because of the tactics used by their weaker adversaries. Weaker parties are more likely to engage in pre-emptive attack and use weapons. They are better able to attract and rely on allies because of the norm of social responsibility, that is, the tendency to protect those in need. Finally, they are more likely to attempt to kill more power adversaries in order to incapacitate them and, thereby, avoid retaliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Felson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Žiūkaitė G, Jasaitė M, Chmieliauskas S, Vasiljevaitė D, Laima S, Banionis D, Stasiūnienė J. Homicides Disguised as Fire Deaths. Acta Med Litu 2023; 30:86-96. [PMID: 37575373 PMCID: PMC10417010 DOI: 10.15388/amed.2023.30.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background When conducting a forensic examination of burnt bodies, it is important to determine whether the victim was exposed to fire while alive or after death. The differential diagnosis between antemortem and postmortem burning is difficult and often cannot be made based on information obtained solely from the autopsy. The aim of the study is to review current literature on this topic and present clinical cases that illustrate how challenging the determination of vitality during the fire and manner of death can be. Materials and methods We present four cases of burnt homicide victims, illustrating the complexity of forensic determination of the cause of death in the fire and the importance of differential diagnosis of antemortem and postmortem exposure to flames. Results In the forensic assessment autopsy is a fundamental to determine the cause of death. When death is related to fire, particular findings during autopsy can help to suspect that the victim was alive. One of the main antemortem signs is the deposition of soot in the respiratory tract. Another important test is the toxicological analysis, which determines the level of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood: a concentration of more than 50% indicates that the person died in the fire. Conclusions Forensic examination of burnt bodies requires a comprehensive and detailed assessment of all available data. The autopsy, together with additional diagnostic forensic methods, including histological examination, toxicological analysis and postmortem computed tomography, allows the exact cause of death to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Jasaitė
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Chmieliauskas
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Diana Vasiljevaitė
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Laima
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University
| | - Dalius Banionis
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Stasiūnienė
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Willoughby M, Young JT, Borschmann R, Spittal MJ, Keen C, Hail-Jares K, Patton G, Sawyer SM, Kinner SA. Violence-Related Death in Young Australians After Contact With the Youth Justice System: A Data Linkage Study. J Interpers Violence 2023:8862605231169490. [PMID: 37148272 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231169490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known outside of the United States about the risk of violence-related death among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system (justice-involved young people). We examined violence-related deaths among justice-involved young people in Queensland, Australia. In this study, youth justice records for 48,647 young people (10-18 years at baseline) who were charged, or experienced a community-based order or youth detention in Queensland, Australia (1993-2014) were probabilistically linked with death, coroner, and adult correctional records (1993-2016). We calculated violence-related crude mortality rates (CMRs) and age- and sex-standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). We constructed a cause-specific Cox regression model to identify predictors of violence-related deaths. Of 1,328 deaths in the cohort, 57 (4%) were from violence. The violence-related CMR was 9.5 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] [7.4, 12.4]) and the SMR was 6.8 [5.3, 8.9]. Young Indigenous people had a greater risk of violence-related death than non-Indigenous people (cause-specific hazard ratio [csHR] 2.5; [1.5, 4.4]). Young people who experienced detention had more than twice the risk of violence-related death than those who were charged only (csHR 2.5; [1.2, 5.3]). We found that justice-involved young people have a risk of dying from violence that far exceeds that of the general population. The rate of violence-related death found in this study is lower than that in U.S.-based studies, which most likely reflects lower population level firearm violence in Australia. In Australia, young Indigenous people and those released from detention appear key groups to target for violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Claire Keen
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - George Patton
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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