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El-Banna TES, Sonbol FI, Kamer AMA, Badr SAMM. Genetic diversity of macrolides resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates and the potential synergistic effect of vitamins, C and K 3. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:30. [PMID: 38245680 PMCID: PMC10799532 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrolide antibiotics have been extensively used for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. However, the emergence of macrolide-resistant strains of S. aureus has become a major concern for public health. The molecular mechanisms underlying macrolide resistance in S. aureus are complex and diverse, involving both target site modification and efflux pump systems. In this study, we aim to overcome the molecular diversity of macrolide resistance mechanisms in S. aureus by identifying common molecular targets that could be exploited for the development of novel therapeutics. METHODS About 300 Staphylococcus aureus different isolates were recovered and purified from 921 clinical specimen including urine (88), blood (156), sputum (264), nasal swabs (168), pus (181) and bone (39) collected from different departments in Tanta University Hospital. Macrolide resistant isolates were detected and tested for Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Gel electrophoresis was performed after the D test and PCR reaction for erm(A), (B), (C), msr(A), and mph(C) genes. Finally, we tried different combinations of Erythromycin or Azithromycin antibiotics with either vitamin K3 or vitamin C. RESULTS Macrolide resistance S. aureus isolates exhibited 7 major resistance patterns according to number of resistance markers and each pattern included sub patterns or subgroups. The PCR amplified products of different erm genes; analysis recorded different phenotypes of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates according to their different genotypes. In addition, our new tested combinations of Erythromycin and vitamin C, Erythromycin, and vitamin K3, Azithromycin and vitamin C and Azithromycin and vitamin K3 showed significant antibacterial effect when using every antibiotic alone. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of macrolide resistance in S. aureus and offer potential strategies for the development of novel protocols to overcome this emerging public health threat.
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Widodo A, Moses IB, Hasib A, Zahra RLA, Gelolodo MA, Kurniawati DA, Riwu KHP, Silaen OSM, Afnani DA, Ramandinianto SC. Kinship analysis of mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and risk factors from the farmers in Blitar, Indonesia. Vet World 2024; 17:216-225. [PMID: 38406357 PMCID: PMC10884576 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.216-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim There are numerous reports of subclinical mastitis cases in Blitar, which is consistent with the region's high milk production and dairy cattle population. Staphylococcus aureus, which is often the cause of mastitis cases, is widely known because of its multidrug-resistant properties and resistance to β-lactam antibiotic class, especially the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. This study aimed to molecular detection and sequence analysis of the mecA gene in milk and farmer's hand swabs to show that dairy cattle are reservoirs of MRSA strains. Materials and Methods A total of 113 milk samples and 39 farmers' hand swab samples were collected from a dairy farm for the isolation of S. aureus using Mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Isolates confirmed as S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics. Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base testing was used to confirm the presence of MRSA, whereas the mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results A total of 101 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus. There were 2 S. aureus isolates that were multidrug-resistant and 14 S. aureus isolates that were MRSA. The mecA gene was detected in 4/14 (28.6%) phenotypically identified MRSA isolates. Kinship analysis showed identical results between mecA from milk and farmers' hand swabs. No visible nucleotide variation was observed in the two mecA sequences of isolates from Blitar, East Java. Conclusion The spread of MRSA is a serious problem because the risk of zoonotic transmission can occur not only to people who are close to livestock in the workplace, such as dairy farm workers but also to the wider community through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dharmawangsa Dalam Selatan No. 28-30, Kampus B Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki 480211, Nigeria
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Queensland, Australia
| | - Reichan Lisa Az Zahra
- Profession Program of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Maria Aega Gelolodo
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Jl. Adisucipto Penfui, Kupang 85001, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Indonesia Research Center for Veterinary Science, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 30, Bogor 16114, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Dasan Agung Baru, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Daniah Ashri Afnani
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Dasan Agung Baru, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Czatzkowska M, Rolbiecki D, Zaborowska M, Bernat K, Korzeniewska E, Harnisz M. The influence of combined treatment of municipal wastewater and landfill leachate on the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment - A preliminary case study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119053. [PMID: 37748295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally-friendly management of landfill leachate (LL) poses a challenge, and LL is usually co-treated with municipal wastewater in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The extent to which the co-treatment of LL and municipal wastewater influences the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) in the environment has not been examined to date. Two WWTPs with similar wastewater composition and technology were studied. Landfill leachate was co-treated with wastewater in one of the studied WWTPs. Landfill leachate, untreated and treated wastewater from both WWTPs, and river water sampled upstream and downstream from the wastewater discharge point were analyzed. Physicochemical parameters, microbial diversity, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) abundance were investigated to determine the impact of LL co-treatment on chemical and microbiological contamination in the environment. Landfill leachate increased pollutant concentrations in untreated wastewater and river water. Cotreatment of LL and wastewater could affect the abundance and diversity of microbial communities and the interactions between microbial species. Co-treatment also decreased the stability of microbial co-occurrence networks in the examined samples. The mexF gene was identified as a potential marker of environmental pollution with LL. This is the first study to explore the impact of LL on the occurrence of AR determinants in wastewater and rivers receiving effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Czatzkowska
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Damian Rolbiecki
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zaborowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bernat
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Venditto VJ, Feola DJ. Delivering macrolide antibiotics to heal a broken heart - And other inflammatory conditions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114252. [PMID: 35367307 PMCID: PMC9063468 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug carriers to deliver macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin, show promise as antibacterial agents. Macrolide drug carriers have largely focused on improving the drug stability and pharmacokinetics, while reducing adverse reactions and improving antibacterial activity. Recently, macrolides have shown promise in treating inflammatory conditions by promoting a reparative effect and limiting detrimental pro-inflammatory responses, which shifts the immunologic setpoint from suppression to balance. While macrolide drug carriers have only recently been investigated for their ability to modulate immune responses, the previous strategies that deliver macrolides for antibacterial therapy provide a roadmap for repurposing the macrolide drug carriers for therapeutic interventions targeting inflammatory conditions. This review describes the antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity of macrolides, while assessing the past in vivo evaluation of drug carriers used to deliver macrolides with the intention of presenting a case for increased effort to translate macrolide drug carriers into the clinic.
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Soltani M, Hajikhani B, Zamani S, Haghighi M, Hashemi A, Nasiri MJ, Dadashi M, Pourhossein B, Goudarzi M. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospitalized patients based on coagulase gene polymorphism analysis: High frequency of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus and the emergence of coagulase type II in Iran. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene: high prevalence of clonal complex 22 strains and the emergence of new spa types t223 and t605 in Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 36:100695. [PMID: 32518656 PMCID: PMC7270607 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that carry the tst gene are disseminated worldwide with varying regional incidences and different genetic backgrounds. The data on molecular characteristics of these strains is insufficient in Iran. The present study aimed to assess the characteristics and distribution of spa types of tst-positive MRSA strains. We investigated 89 MRSA isolates carrying the tst gene with spa typing, resistance gene detection and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. Of the 89 tested isolates, 61 (68.5%) were confirmed as multidrug resistant (MDR). The isolates were distributed across seven clonal complexes (CCs) including CC22 (42.7%), CC8 (28.1%), CC5 (11.2%), CC59 (5.6%), CC30 (4.5%), CC80 (4.5%) and CC15 (3.4%). spa typing identified 11 distinct types, with t223 (16.9%) and t790 (15.7%) being the most prevalent. All high-level mupirocin-resistant strains belonged to t002 (n = 8) and low-level mupirocin-resistant strains belonged to t790 (n = 6) spa types. Fusidic-acid-resistant isolates belonged to t437 (n = 3). iMLSB phenotype was observed in t005 (6.7%), t002 (5.6%), t790 (3.4%), and t030, t044 and t084 (each 2.2%). It was found that in the tst-carrying MRSA strains, there were genetic diversities with a majority of the t223 spa type. Indeed, there is a necessity for more constructive surveillance/infection control strategies to address the prevalence and prevention of the emerging spa types.
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Goudarzi M, Razeghi M, Hashemi A, Pouriran R, Dadashi M, Tayebi Z. Genetic analysis of toxic shock syndrome toxin (TST) positive Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound infections in Tehran hospitals, Iran. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Taati Moghadam M, Khoshbayan A, Chegini Z, Farahani I, Shariati A. Bacteriophages, a New Therapeutic Solution for Inhibiting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Causing Wound Infection: Lesson from Animal Models and Clinical Trials. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1867-1883. [PMID: 32523333 PMCID: PMC7237115 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s251171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wound infection kills a large number of patients worldwide each year. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most important colonizing pathogens of wounds that, with various virulence factors and impaired immune system, causes extensive tissue damage and nonhealing wounds. Furthermore, the septicemia caused by these pathogens increases the mortality rate due to wound infections. Because of the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in recent years, the use of antibiotics to inhibit these pathogens has been restricted, and the topical application of antibiotics in wound infections increases antibiotic resistance. Therefore, finding a new therapeutic strategy against wound infections is so essential since these infections have a destructive effect on the patient’s mental health and high medical costs. In this review, we discussed the use of phages for the prevention of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, causing wound infection and their role in wound healing in animal models and clinical trials. The results showed that phages have a high ability to inhibit different wound infections caused by MDR bacteria, heal the wound faster, have lower side effects and toxicity, destroy bacterial biofilm, and they are useful in controlling immune responses. Many studies have used animal models to evaluate the function of phages, and this study appears to have a positive impact on the use of phages in clinical practice and the development of a new therapeutic approach to control wound infections, although there are still many limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Taati Moghadam
- Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Khoshbayan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Farahani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Goudarzi M, Kobayashi N, Dadashi M, Pantůček R, Nasiri MJ, Fazeli M, Pouriran R, Goudarzi H, Miri M, Amirpour A, Seyedjavadi SS. Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Temporary Shifts of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus Clones in Tehran, Iran: A Molecular-Epidemiological Analysis From 2013 to 2018. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:663. [PMID: 32425898 PMCID: PMC7204094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus as an aggressive pathogen resistant to multiple antibiotics causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections is increasing with limited therapeutic options. Macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B (MLSB) family of antibiotics represents an important alternative therapy for staphylococcal infections. This study was conducted over a period of five years from August 2013 to July 2018 to investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology in Iran of inducible resistance in S. aureus. In the current study, 126 inducible methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (n = 106) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) (n = 20) isolates were characterized by in vitro susceptibility analysis, resistance and virulence encoding gene distribution, phenotypic and genotypic analysis of biofilm formation, prophage typing, S. aureus protein A locus (spa) typing, staphylocoagulase (SC) typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and multilocus sequence typing. Of the 126 isolates, 76 (60.3%) were classified as hospital onset, and 50 (39.7%) were classified as community onset (CO). Biofilm formation was observed in 97 strains (77%). A total of 14 sequence types (STs), 26 spa types, 7 coagulase types, 9 prophage types, 3 agr types (no agr IV), and 9 clonal complexes (CCs) were identified in this study. The prevalence of the inducible MLSB (iMLSB) S. aureus increased from 7.5% (25/335) to 21.7% (38/175) during the study period. The iMLSB MRSA isolates were distributed in nine CCs, whereas the MSSA isolates were less diverse, which mainly belonged to CC22 (7.95%) and CC30 (7.95%). High-level mupirocin-resistant strains belonged to ST85-SCCmec IV/t008 (n = 4), ST5-SCCmec IV/t002 (n = 4), ST239-SCCmec III/t631 (n = 2), and ST8-SCCmec IV/t064 (n = 2) clones, whereas low-level mupirocin-resistant strains belonged to ST15-SCCmec IV/t084 (n = 5), ST239-SCCmec III/t860 (n = 3), and ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 (n = 3) clones. All the fusidic acid–resistant iMLSB isolates were MRSA and belonged to ST15-SCCmec IV/t084 (n = 2), ST239-SCCmec III/t030 (n = 2), ST1-SCCmec V/t6811 (n = 1), ST80-SCCmec IV/t044 (n = 1), and ST59-SCCmec IV/t437 (n = 1). The CC22 that was predominant in 2013–2014 (36% of the isolates) had almost disappeared in 2017–2018, being replaced by the CC8, which represented 39.5% of the 2017–2018 isolates. This is the first description of temporal shifts of iMLSB S. aureus isolates in Iran that identifies predominant clones and treatment options for iMLSB S. aureus–related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masoud Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Roman Pantůček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Fazeli
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mirmohammad Miri
- Department of Critical Care and Anesthesiology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Amirpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Goudarzi M, Tayebi Z, Fazeli M, Miri M, Nasiri MJ. Molecular Characterization, Drug Resistance and Virulence Analysis of Constitutive and Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus Strains Recovered from Clinical Samples, Tehran - Iran. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1155-1162. [PMID: 32368106 PMCID: PMC7183778 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s251450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B family is one of the important alternative antibiotics for treating staphylococcal infections. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in different coagulase types of clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains. Methods In the present study, 86 isolates with different phenotypes of MLSB resistance were investigated. In vitro susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. PCR assays were used to detect resistance-related genes. Coagulase and SCCmec types were identified by multiplex PCR assay. Results The prevalences of constitutive MLSB, inducible MLSB, and MS phenotypes were found to be 23%, 14.2%, and 4.9%, respectively. The rates of resistance to mupirocin, fusidic acid, and tigecycline were found to be 9.3%, 4.6%, and 2.3%, respectively. The top three predominant resistance genes were mecA, tet(M), erm(C) representing 75.6, 50, and 40.7% of isolates. mupA (7%), fusB (3.5%), and fusC (1.2%) genes were also detected among tested isolates. Coagulase types were mainly type II (34.9%), followed by III (32.6%), V (20.9%), and I (11.6%). Conclusion These findings indicated high resistance rate and low genetic variability with the prominence of coa type II, highlighting the particular importance of diagnosis of these strains to avoid treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayebi
- Microbiology Department, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Fazeli
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mirmohammad Miri
- Department of Critical Care and Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Characterizing a Lytic Bacteriophage Infecting Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated From Burn Patients. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.91634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Razeghi M, Saffarian P, Goudarzi M. Incidence of inducible clindamycin resistance and antibacterial resistance genes variability in clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains: A two-year multicenter study in Tehran, Iran. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dadashi M, Hajikhani B, Darban-Sarokhalil D, van Belkum A, Goudarzi M. Mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 20:238-247. [PMID: 31442624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mupirocin has been increasingly used for treatment of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of mupirocin-resistant S. aureus (MuRSA), mupirocin-resistant MRSA (MuRMRSA), high-level MuRSA (HLMuRSA) and high-level MuRMRSA (HLMuRMRSA) worldwide. METHODS Online databases including Medline, Embase and Web of Science were searched (2000-2018) to identify studies addressing the prevalence of MuRSA, MuRMRSA, HLMuRSA and HLMuRMRSA. STATA v. software was used to interpret the data. RESULTS Of the 2243 records identified from the databases, 30 and 63 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria for MuRSA and MuRMRSA, respectively. Finally, 27 and 60 studies were included separately for HLMuRSA and HLMuRMRSA, respectively. The analyses revealed pooled and averaged prevalences of MuRSA, MuRMRSA, HLMuRSA and HLMuRMRSA of 7.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.2-9.0%], 13.8% (95% CI 12.0-15.6%), 8.5% (95% CI 6.3-10.7%) and 8.1% (95% CI 6.8-9.4%), respectively. CONCLUSION Overall, these results show a global increase in the prevalence of HLMuRSA and HLMuRMRSA among clinical S. aureus isolates over time. However, there was only a significant increase in the prevalence of MuRMRSA compared with the other categories, especially MuRSA. Since mupirocin remains the most effective antibiotic for MSSA and MRSA decolonisation both in patients and healthcare personnel, a reduction of its effectiveness presents a risk for invasive infection. Monitoring of mupirocin resistance development remains critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Non Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMérieux 3, La Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Guo R, Li S, Xia H, Feng Z, Tang Q, Peng C. Effects of Myeloperoxidase on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Colonized Burn Wounds in Rats. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:271-280. [PMID: 31737417 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To achieve better therapeutic results in burn wound infections and to examine alternatives to antibiotics, we designed this study to elaborate the role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) on infected burn wounds in rats. Approach: We compared chemical properties as well as bacteriostatic ability of MPO in different concentrations with NeutroPhase. Subsequently, we applied MPO (MPO group), NeutroPhase (NeutroPhase group), NaCl+H2O2 (NaCl+H2O2 group), or NaCl (control group) on rat dorsal burn wounds inoculated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Their effects on MRSA-colonized wounds were evaluated by microscopy, histologic section, and Western blot. Results: MPO produced more H+ and HClO-, leading to a more acidic environment. Moreover, MPO inhibited the growth of MRSA more intensely after 6 h of inoculation ex vivo. In vivo the open wound rate in the MPO group was significantly lower, while the contraction rate and epithelialization rate of MPO group were higher than that of the control group, NaCl+H2O2 group, and NeutroPhase group on day 20. The hematoxylin and eosin staining of MPO group showed better wound healing than other groups. More vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was expressed in wound tissue of MPO group by Western blot. Innovation: This is the first study to use MPO for MRSA-colonized burn wound therapy. Conclusion: MPO displayed more effective bacteriostatic ability, possibly beneficial for MRSA-colonized wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuaihua Li
- Department of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Hansong Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhicai Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiyu Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Goudarzi M, Kobayashi N, Hashemi A, Fazeli M, Navidinia M. Genetic Variability of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated from Burns Patients. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019; 10:170-176. [PMID: 31263666 PMCID: PMC6590875 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.3.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial pathogen that provides a major challenge in the healthcare environment, especially in burns units where patients are particularly susceptible to infections. In this study, we sought to determine molecular types of S. aureus isolates collected from burns patients, based on staphylococcal protein A and coagulase gene polymorphisms. Methods Antibiotic susceptibility testing of 89 S. aureus strains isolated from burn wounds of patients was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Strains were characterized by spa typing, coa typing, and resistance and toxin gene profiling. Results A total of 12 different spa types were identified with the majority being t790 (18%). Panton-Valentine leucocidin encoding genes were identified in spa types t044 (5.6%), t852 (2.2%) and t008 (2.2%). The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance gene was ant (4')-Ia (60.7%). Ten different coa types were detected and the majority of the tested isolates belonged to coa III (47.2%). All the high-level mupirocin-resistant and low-level mupirocin resistant strains belonged to coa type III. Conclusion The present study illustrated that despite the high frequency of coa III and spa t790 types, the genetic background of S. aureus strains in Iranian burns patients was diverse. The findings obtained are valuable in creating awareness of S. aureus infections within burns units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Fazeli
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Navidinia
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Motallebi M, Jabalameli F, Beigverdi R, Emaneini M. High prevalence of direct repeat unit types of 10di, 8 h and 8i among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains with staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IIIA isolated in Tehran, Iran. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:50. [PMID: 30886703 PMCID: PMC6404295 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a main concern in burn care centers worldwide. The some reports of MRSA in Iran suggested that MRSA with type SCCmec III is common among burn patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility of the direct repeat units (dru) types of MRSA with SCCmec IIIA isolated from burn wounds in a burn care center in Tehran, Iran. Methods In total, 165 S. aureus isolates were collected from clinical samples. In order to detect MRSA isolates, the mecA gene was amplified through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the disc agar diffusion test. Moreover, the PCR method was applied to determine SCCmec types, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance genes. The dru region was sequenced and thereby, dru types and dru repeats were identified. A similarity matrix was used to create minimum spanning tree (MST). Results The prevalence of MRSA was 69% (114 out of 165 isolates). Most of MRSA isolates (61 out of 114, 53.5%) were SCCmec type IIIA. All MRSA isolates were vancomycin-susceptible and more than 68% of MRSA isolates with SCCmec type IIIA were mupirocin resistant. The successful dru typing of isolates with SCCmec type IIIA revealed fourteen different dru types. There were two new dru types, namely dt10di and dt7aj. MST analysis indicated the presence of the three clusters of dt10di (cluster I), dt8i-dt8 h (cluster II), and dt11c-dt10ao-dt11dd-dt11a-dt10a (cluster III). There were significant differences between clusters I and II respecting antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence genes. Conclusion Three main dru clusters are prevalent in the study setting. The main dru types in the setting are dt10di, dt8i, and dt8 h. Dru typing can be used to differentiate MRSA strains with SCCmec IIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Motallebi
- 1Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,2Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- 3Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Building No. 7, 100 Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14167-53955 Iran
| | - Reza Beigverdi
- 3Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Building No. 7, 100 Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14167-53955 Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- 3Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Building No. 7, 100 Poursina St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14167-53955 Iran
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17
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Mahmoudi S, Mamishi S, Mohammadi M, Banar M, Ashtiani MTH, Mahzari M, Bahador A, Pourakbari B. Phenotypic and genotypic determinants of mupirocin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from clinical samples of children: an Iranian hospital-based study. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:137-143. [PMID: 30655680 PMCID: PMC6322560 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s185610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The aim of this study was to evaluate both phenotypic and genotypic determinants of mupirocin resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains recovered from different clinical samples of children who were admitted to the Children’s Medical Center (CMC) Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Materials and methods A total of 120 clinical isolates of S. aureus were collected from the microbiology laboratory of CMC Hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to different antimicrobial agents was determined by disk diffusion method. The methicillin resistance phenotype (MRSA) was identified using a 30 µg cefoxitin disk. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mupirocin was determined by broth microdilution method. Strains with mupirocin MIC between 8 and 256 µg/mL were considered as low-level mupirocin resistant (LLMR), and strains with an MIC≥512 µg/mL were considered as high-level mupirocin resistant (HLMR). The presence of genes encoding HLMR (ie, mupA and mupB genes) was evaluated by PCR method. Results Four out of 120 isolates (3%) had mupirocin MIC≥512 µg/mL and were HLMR; however, no LLMR isolate was detected. Fifty-two isolates (43%) were MRSA, and there were no differences in the distribution of mupirocin resistance among MRSA and MSSA isolates (P>0.05). The PCR method identified mupA gene in two out of four HLMR isolates, and mupB gene was not detected in any HLMR isolates. Conclusion Because of discrepancies between the phenotypic and genotypic patterns of mupirocin resistance and due to the avoidance of false-negative results, it is better to determine the mupirocin resistance by both antibiotic susceptibility tests and PCR method. Considering the increasing need of mupirocin for the control of S. aureus infections, continuous checking of its susceptibility status is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, .,Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Banar
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | | | - Masoumeh Mahzari
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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18
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Khoshnood S, Heidary M, Asadi A, Soleimani S, Motahar M, Savari M, Saki M, Abdi M. A review on mechanism of action, resistance, synergism, and clinical implications of mupirocin against Staphylococcus aureus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1809-1818. [PMID: 30551435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mupirocin (MUP), bactroban, or pseudomonic acid is a natural crotonic acid derivative drug extracted from Pseudomonas fluorescens which is produced by modular polyketide synthases. This antibiotic has a unique chemical structure and mechanism of action. It is a mixture of A-D pseudomonic acids and inhibits protein synthesis through binding to bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. MUP is often prescribed to prevent skin and soft tissue infections caused by S. aureus isolates and where the MRSA isolates are epidemic, MUP may be used as a choice drug for nasal decolonization. It is also used for prevention of recurring infections and control the outbreaks. The emergence of MUP resistance has been increasing particularly among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in many parts of the world and such resistance is often related with MUP widespread uses. Although both low-level and high-level MUP resistance were reported among MRSA isolates, the rate of resistance is different in various geographic areas. In this review, we will report the global prevalence of MUP resistance, discuss synergism and mechanism of action of MUP, and provide new insights into the clinical use of this antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Asadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saleh Soleimani
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Moloudsadat Motahar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Savari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahtab Abdi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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19
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Emergence of Staphylococcus epidermidis Clinical Isolates with Resistance to Both Mupirocin and Fusidic Acid. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.62697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Guo L, Xu R, Zhao Y, Liu D, Liu Z, Wang X, Chen H, Kong MG. Gas Plasma Pre-treatment Increases Antibiotic Sensitivity and Persister Eradication in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:537. [PMID: 29628915 PMCID: PMC5876240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of serious nosocomial infections, and recurrent MRSA infections primarily result from the survival of persister cells after antibiotic treatment. Gas plasma, a novel source of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) generation, not only inactivates pathogenic microbes but also restore the sensitivity of MRSA to antibiotics. This study further found that sublethal treatment of MRSA with both plasma and plasma-activated saline increased the antibiotic sensitivity and promoted the eradication of persister cells by tetracycline, gentamycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, and vancomycin. The short-lived ROS and RNS generated by plasma played a primary role in the process and induced the increase of many species of ROS and RNS in MRSA cells. Thus, our data indicated that the plasma treatment could promote the effects of many different classes of antibiotics and act as an antibiotic sensitizer for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria involved in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruobing Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailan Chen
- Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Michael G Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
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21
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Emaneini M, Jabalameli F, Rahdar H, Leeuwen WBV, Beigverdi R. Nasal carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Iranian healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:590-597. [PMID: 29160504 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0534-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major cause of healthcare-associated infections. Healthcare workers (HCWs), patients and the environment may act as reservoirs for the spread of MRSA to patients and other HCWs. Screening and eradication of MRSA colonization is an effective method of reducing the MRSA infection rate. There are limited data on the prevalence of MRSA among Iranian HCWs. We performed a systematic search by using different electronic databases including Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, and Iranian Databases (from January 2000 to July 2016). Meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Biostat V2.2) software. The meta-analyses showed that the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA among HCWs were 22.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 19.3-26.6] and 32.8% (95% CI: 26.0-40.4) respectively. The high rate of nasal MRSA carriage among Iranian HCWs has been attributed to poor compliance to hand hygiene, injudicious use of antibiotics, and ineffective infection control and prevention measures. The rational use of antibiotics plus strict infection control are the main pillars for controlling multidrug resistant microorganisms such as MRSA in the hospital setting. These measurements should be applied nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Rahdar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Willem B van Leeuwen
- Department of Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Applied Sciences. Leiden. Netherlands
| | - Reza Beigverdi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Distribution of Genes Encoding Toxin, Adhesion, and Antibacterial Resistance Among Various SCCmec Types of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Intensive Care Unit, Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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23
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Emaneini M, Beigverdi R, van Leeuwen WB, Rahdar H, Karami-Zarandi M, Hosseinkhani F, Jabalameli F. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from burn patients in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 12:202-206. [PMID: 29107767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a major cause of infection and mortality in burn patients, especially when nosocomially acquired. However, limited information is available on the prevalence of MRSA among burn patients in Iran. METHODS A systematic search was performed using different electronic databases including Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science and Iranian Database. A meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (BioStat v.2.2). Use of a fixed- or random-effects model was used based on a heterogeneity test, and publication bias was assessed using Begg rank correlation and Egger weighted regression methods. RESULTS Of 555 articles published from January 2000 to January 2016, 13 studies were included in this review. The meta-analyses showed that the prevalence of MRSA infection in burn patients was 77.9% (95% confidence interval 70.2-84.0%) among culture-positive cases. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of MRSA among burn patients is very high in Iran. Thus, a comprehensive infection control strategy based on hand hygiene, education and training in antibiotic prescribing, environmental cleaning, contact precautions, good antibiotic stewardship and an active surveillance system on the basis of international criteria is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Beigverdi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Willem B van Leeuwen
- Professorate Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hosseinali Rahdar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Karami-Zarandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faride Hosseinkhani
- Professorate Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Distribution of SCCmec Types in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Burn Patients. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.62760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Goudarzi M, Seyedjavadi SS, Nasiri MJ, Goudarzi H, Sajadi Nia R, Dabiri H. Molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from patients with bacteremia based on MLST, SCCmec, spa, and agr locus types analysis. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:328-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Goudarzi M, Bahramian M, Satarzadeh Tabrizi M, Udo EE, Figueiredo AMS, Fazeli M, Goudarzi H. Genetic diversity of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burn patients in Iran: ST239-SCCmec III/t037 emerges as the major clone. Microb Pathog 2017; 105:1-7. [PMID: 28179118 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a major cause of infection in health care, hospital and community settings is a global health concern. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and distribution of circulating molecular types of MRSA in a burn hospital in Tehran, the capital of Iran. During a 10-month study period, 106 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were assessed. Isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detection of mecA, fem and nuc genes. The presence of PVL and tst encoding genes were determined by PCR method. All the MRSA isolates were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, SCCmec typing and agr typing. The presence of mecA gene was confirmed in all the Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a high resistance rate (90.6%) to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. The rates of resistance to remaining antibiotics tested varied between 18.9% and 84.9%. The high- level of resistance to mupirocin was confirmed in 19.8% of MRSA strains isolated from burn patients. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 90.6% of isolates. Sixteen of the 106 MRSA isolates (15.1%) harbored PVL-encoding genes. The majority of our MRSA strains carried SCCmec III (71.7%). ST239-SCCmec III/t037 (34%) was the most common genotype followed by ST239-SCCmec III/t030 (24.5%), ST15-SCCmec IV/t084 (15.1%), ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 (13.2%), and ST239-SCCmec III/t631 (13.2%). Mupirocin resistant MRSA isolates belonged to ST15-SCCmec IV/t084 (40%), ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 (23.3%), ST239-SCCmec III/t631 (20%), and ST239-SCCmec III/t030 (16.7%) clones. The results showed that genetically diverse strains of MRSA are circulating in our burn hospitals with relatively high prevalence of ST239-SCCmec III/t037 clone. The findings support the need for regular surveillance of MRSA to determine the distribution of existing MRSA clones and to detect the emergence of new MRSA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Bahramian
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Shahid Motahari Burn Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Satarzadeh Tabrizi
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Shahid Motahari Burn Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Edet E Udo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Medica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maryam Fazeli
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Molecular Characterization and Resistance Profile of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Hospitalized Patients in Intensive Care Unit, Tehran-Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.41666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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28
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Molecular Characterization and Distribution of Class 1 Integron-Bearing Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Burn Patients, Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.40592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Kerstein K, Sutcliffe J. Resistance to Macrolide Antibiotics in Public Health Pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a025395. [PMID: 27527699 PMCID: PMC5046686 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrolide resistance mechanisms can be target-based with a change in a 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue or a mutation in ribosomal protein L4 or L22 affecting the ribosome's interaction with the antibiotic. Alternatively, mono- or dimethylation of A2058 in domain V of the 23S rRNA by an acquired rRNA methyltransferase, the product of an erm (erythromycin ribosome methylation) gene, can interfere with antibiotic binding. Acquired genes encoding efflux pumps, most predominantly mef(A) + msr(D) in pneumococci/streptococci and msr(A/B) in staphylococci, also mediate resistance. Drug-inactivating mechanisms include phosphorylation of the 2'-hydroxyl of the amino sugar found at position C5 by phosphotransferases and hydrolysis of the macrocyclic lactone by esterases. These acquired genes are regulated by either translation or transcription attenuation, largely because cells are less fit when these genes, especially the rRNA methyltransferases, are highly induced or constitutively expressed. The induction of gene expression is cleverly tied to the mechanism of action of macrolides, relying on antibiotic-bound ribosomes stalled at specific sequences of nascent polypeptides to promote transcription or translation of downstream sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Fyfe
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
| | | | - Kathy Kerstein
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
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Rafieian-Kopaei M, Saki K, Bahmani M, Ghafourian S, Sadeghifard N, Taherikalani M. Listeriosis Phytotherapy: A Review Study on the Effectiveness of Iranian Medicinal Plants in Treatment of Listeriosis. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2016; 22:278-283. [PMID: 26682768 DOI: 10.1177/2156587215621460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can be found in many processed foods, raw milk, dairy products, meat and meat products such as sausages, beef and fish products, seafoods, eggs, fruits, and vegetables such as radish and cabbage. This article is a review study on the Iranian medicinal plants applied for treatment of listeriosis. Information of this review article was obtained by searching various key words such as Listeria monocytogenes, medicinal plants, plant extracts and essential oils among scientific articles published in databases of Google scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, SID and Magiran. Thyme, German chamomile, great chamomile, yarrow, onion, oregano, nutmeg, sage, sagebrush, hyssop, rosemary, St John's wort, safflower, ajowan, cumin, peppermint, shallot, anise, and parsnip are known antilisteriosis medicinal plants. Bioactive phytochemicals, antioxidants and monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, coumarin, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids are the main ingredients of antilisteriosis medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- 1 Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kourosh Saki
- 2 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Bahmani
- 3 Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sobhan Ghafourian
- 4 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- 4 Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Morovat Taherikalani
- 3 Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Kiyani N, Amin M, Hedayati Ch M, Imani Fooladi AA. Distribution of high-level mupirocin resistance among clinical MRSA. J Chemother 2016; 29:215-219. [PMID: 27376552 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2016.1201257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) decolonization in hospital settings and nursing homes and is used as a highly effective antibiotic against MRSA. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of high-level mupirocin-resistant (HLMR) strains among the MRSA subtypes. A total of 188 clinical MRSA isolates were collected from 2011 to 2014, and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and vancomycin resistance was evaluated using disc diffusion method and micro-dilution method, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of mecA, SSCmec, mupA and mupB was assessed by PCR. All isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) but 2 strains (1.06%) were resistant to mupirocin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin for 8 strains (4.7%) was higher than 2 μg/ml. Of 188 isolates, 188 (100%), 64 (34.04%), 8 (4.3%), 150 (79.8%), 26 (13.8%), 2 (1.06) and 2 (1.06%) isolates possessed mecA, SCCmec types I, II, III, IV, mupA and mupB genes, respectively. Our data showed that despite infection control policy enforced by health care committee, the rate of mupirocin resistance among MRSA strains is continuously rising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasibeh Kiyani
- b Faculty of Biotechnology, Branch Tehran-Shargh , Payame Noor University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohsen Amin
- c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug and Food Control , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hedayati Ch
- d Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology , Guilan University of Medical Sciences , Rasht , Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- a Applied Microbiology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Taherikalani M, Mohammadzad MR, Soroush S, Maleki MH, Azizi-Jalilian F, Pakzad I, Sadeghifard N, Asadollahi P, Emaneini M, Monjezi A, Alikhani MY. Determining the prevalence of SCCmec polymorphism, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from selected hospitals in west of Iran. J Chemother 2016; 28:104-9. [PMID: 25976554 DOI: 10.1179/1973947815y.0000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important pathogens worldwide and compared to other staphylococcal species that are associated with higher mortality rate. A total of 500 Staphylococcus spp. was collected from selected hospitals in Ilam, Kermanshah, Khorram Abad and Hamadan cities and, via phenotypic and genotypic methods, was assessed to find MRSA. The presence or absence of prevalent antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes was evaluated among MRSA isolates, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and then the SCCmec typing of these isolates was assayed by multiplex PCR. A total of 372 (74.4%) Stapylococcus spp. isolates were identified as S. aureus, among which 200 (53.8%) possessed the mecA gene and were distinguished as MRSA. All of MRSA isolates contained blaZ gene. The frequency of ermA and ermC genes among erythromycin-resistant MRSA isolates was 21.6% and 66.7%, respectively. The frequency of the virulence genes eta, hla and sea among MRSA isolates was 10%, 80.5% and 100%, respectively. SCCmec type IV accounted for 30.6% of the MRSA isolates and SCCmec type III, SCCmec type II and SCCmec type I accounted for 30%, 22% and 17.5% of the isolates, respectively. The antibiotic resistance genes and the virulence genes of blaZ, hla, sea, eta and ermC had high frequencies among the MRSA isolates. This study showed that the antibiotic resistance genes had higher frequencies among SCCmec types I and IV, which confirms the previous reports in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morovat Taherikalani
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.,b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Setareh Soroush
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.,b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Farid Azizi-Jalilian
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.,b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.,b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Parisa Asadollahi
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- c Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Aazam Monjezi
- b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- d Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
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Nejabat M, Khashei R, Bazargani A, Sedigh Ebrahim-Saraie H, Motamedifar M. Evaluation of High-Level of Mupirocin Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Shiraz, Iran (2008-2009). PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Parhizgari N, Khoramrooz SS, Malek Hosseini SAA, Marashifard M, Yazdanpanah M, Emaneini M, Gharibpour F, Mirzaii M, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Moein M, Naraki M. High frequency of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with SCCmec type III and Spa types t037 and t631 isolated from burn patients in southwest of Iran. APMIS 2015; 124:221-8. [PMID: 26709106 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methicilin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are the major challenges in hospitals, especially in the burn units. The use of molecular typing methods is essential for tracking the spread of S. aureus infection and epidemiological investigations. The aim of this study was to find the profile of the spa types and also the prevalence of each SCCmec type of S. aureus strains in a central burn hospital in southwest of Iran. A total of 81 non-duplicate S. aureus were isolated from burn patients between April 2011 and February 2012. The susceptibility of the isolates against 13 different antibiotics was tested by disk agar diffusion (DAD) method. MRSA strains were identified by amplification of mecA gene. Multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to determine the SCCmec types of MRSA strains and all the S. aureus isolates were typed by spa typing method. Detection of mecA gene showed that 70 (86.4%) of the isolates were MRSA. The highest rate of resistance was observed for penicillin (97.5%) and erythromycin (77.8%). None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Sixty-seven of the 70 MRSA isolates harbored only SCCmec type III and three untypeable isolates. Five different spa types were detected. The most common spa types were t037 (42.5%) and t631 (34.5%) and were only found in MRSA isolates. Only SCCmec type III was found in burn patients which emphasizes the HA-MRSA origin of these strains. Only five different spa types identified in this study are in accordance with one SCCmec type which indicates that a limited number of bacterial colons are circulated in the burn unit in this hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Parhizgari
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Masoud Marashifard
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Mirzaii
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahrood University of Medical Sciences, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Moein
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mahmood Naraki
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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Arianpoor A, Estaji F, Naderinasab M, Askari E. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Against Newly Marketed Antibiotics: A Report From Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad, Iran. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/rijm31568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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36
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Mohammadi S, Sekawi Z, Monjezi A, Maleki MH, Soroush S, Sadeghifard N, Pakzad I, Azizi-Jalilian F, Emaneini M, Asadollahi K, Pourahmad F, Zarrilli R, Taherikalani M. Emergence of SCCmec type III with variable antimicrobial resistance profiles and spa types among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthcare- and community-acquired infections in the west of Iran. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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37
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The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates with high-level mupirocin resistance from patients and personnel in a burn center. Burns 2013; 39:650-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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