A pectin from fruits of Lycium barbarum L. decreases β-amyloid peptide production through modulating APP processing

Precision Synthesis and Antiliver Fibrosis Activity of a Highly Branched Acidic 63-Mer Pectin Polysaccharide

Natural polysaccharides possess various biological functions and have become increasingly important as drug candidates for biomedical development. However, the accessibility to multiple-branched and large-sized acidic polysaccharides with well-defined structures and the identification of related active glycan domains remain challenging. Here, we report the precision synthesis of a highly branched acidic pectin polysaccharide up to a 63-mer containing 10 different glycosidic linkages from Lycium barbarum. The synthetic strategy relies on highly stereoselective modular assembly of an orthogonally protected decasaccharide backbone, efficient synthesis of three side chain glycans by the integration of stereocontrolled one-pot chemoselective glycosylations and a hydrogen-bond-mediated aglycone delivery approach, and convergent assembly of the target polysaccharide in a branched site-specific glycosylation manner via flexible orthogonal protecting group manipulations. Structure-activity relationship studies of synthetic polysaccharide 63-mer and its short fragments (9-mer, 10-mer, 11-mer, and 33-mer) suggest that the decasaccharide as an active glycan domain exhibits better antiliver fibrosis activity.

Structural Characterization of, and Protective Effects Against, CoCl2-Induced Hypoxia Injury to a Novel Neutral Polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L

Oxidative stress is closely related to the occurrence and development of ischaemic stroke. Natural plant polysaccharides have potential value in inhibiting oxidative stress and preventing ischaemic stroke. Here, a novel neutral polysaccharide named LICP009-3F-1a with a Mw of 10,780 Da was separated and purified from Lycium barbarum L. fruits. Linkage and NMR data revealed that LICP009-3F-1a has the following backbone: →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, with a branched chain of β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→, α-L-Araf-(1→ and →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ connected to the main chain through O-3 of →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→. X-ray and SEM analyses showed that LICP009-3F-1a has a semicrystalline structure with a laminar morphology. Thermal property analysis showed that LICP009-3F-1a is thermally stable. In vivo experiments suggested that LICP009-3F-1a could inhibit hypoxia-induced oxidative stress damage by eliminating ROS, reversing and restoring the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx, and reducing the expression levels of the HIF-1α and VEGF genes. Blocking the apoptosis genes Bax and Caspase 3 and upregulating the expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 protected PC12 cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that LICP009-3F-1a may have multiple potential uses in the treatment of IS.

Structural characterization of a polysaccharide from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and its immune-enhancing properties on RAW264.7 cells

A novel polysaccharide SPS01-2 (87.5 kDa) was isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Monosaccharide composition revealed that SPS01-2 consists of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in ratio of 4.4: 67.1: 22.2: 6.3: 1.2. Further investigations using methylation, NMR, and mass spectrometry indicated that SPS01-2 is classified as a type II arabinogalactan (AG-II) with a minor presence of type I rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I). The core structure alternates between 1,2/1,2,4-α-L-Rhap and 1,4-α-D-GalpA, with branches including 1,3,6-β-D-Galp, 1,3-β-D-Galp, T-β-D-Galp, and T-α-L-Rhap. The RG-I regions are linked to 1,6-β-D-Galp, and 1,3,6-β-D-Galp units. Numerous arabinan branches, featuring multiple branching points, are attached to the O-3 position of galactose. Additionally, T-β-D-Galp, 1,6-β-D-Galp, and T-β-D-4-OMe-GlcpA are also linked to galactose in the backbone. Furthermore, SPS01-2 demonstrated potential immune-enhancing properties by dose-dependently increasing proliferation, phagocytosis, and the production of nitric oxide and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in RAW264.7 cells. It also enhanced the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC-II at concentrations ranging from 5 to 200 μg/mL. Moreover, the immunostimulatory activity of SPS01-2 was significantly reduced when branch linkages were removed through partial acid hydrolysis. Our findings indicate that SPS01-2 could serve as a natural immunostimulant in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

An in-depth review: Unraveling the extraction, structure, bio-functionalities, target molecules, and applications of pectic polysaccharides

Pectic polysaccharides have long been a challenging subject of research in the field of macromolecular science, given their complex structures and wide range of biological effects. However, the extensive exploration of pectic polysaccharides has been limited due to the intricacy of their structures. In this comprehensive review, we aim to provide a thorough summary of the existing knowledge on pectic polysaccharides, with a particular focus on aspects such as classification, extraction methodologies, structural analysis, elucidation of biological activities, and exploration of target molecules and signaling pathways. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and research achievements, we strive to establish a comprehensive and systematic framework that can serve as a reference and guide for further investigations into pectic polysaccharides. Furthermore, this review delves into the applications of pectic polysaccharides beyond their fundamental attributes and characteristics, exploring their potential in fields such as materials, food, and pharmaceuticals. We pay special attention to the promising opportunities for pectic polysaccharides in the pharmaceutical domain and provide an overview of related drug development research. The aim of this review is to facilitate a holistic understanding of pectic polysaccharides by incorporating multifaceted research, providing valuable insights for further in-depth investigations into this significant polymer.

Lycium barbarum Extract Enhanced Neuroplasticity and Functional Recovery in 5xFAD Mice via Modulating Microglial Status of the Central Nervous System

OBJECTIVE

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease with limited treatment options. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lycium barbarum extract (LBE), a Chinese herb, on the central nervous system (CNS)-including the retina, brain, and spinal cord-in 5xFAD transgenic mice after the onset of AD.

METHODS

Starting at 6 months of age, 5xFAD mice received daily intragastric gavage of LBE (2 g/kg) for 2 months. At 8 months, behavioral tests were conducted to assess cognition, motor function, and visual function. These included the Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and Y-maze tests for cognition; the beam walking balance and clasping tests for motor function; and electroretinogram (ERG) for visual function. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and ELISA were used to evaluate Aβ deposition, microglial morphology, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotective signaling pathways. Primary microglia and the IMG cell line were used to study LBE's effects on Aβ uptake and degradation in vitro.

RESULTS

After 2 months of LBE treatment, the decline in cognition, motor, and visual functions in 5xFAD mice was significantly slowed. Microglia in the brain, spinal cord, and retina exhibited a neuroprotective state, with reduced Aβ deposition, decreased inflammatory cytokine levels (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), increased Arg-1/iNOS ratio, and enhanced phagocytic capacity. LBE also promoted Aβ uptake and degradation in primary microglia and the IMG cell line. Neuroprotective signals such as p-Akt, p-Erk1/2, and p-CREB were elevated. Additionally, LBE treatment restored synaptic protein expression and enhanced neuroplasticity.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that LBE treatment can enhance neuroplasticity, reduce systemic inflammation, and improve phagocyte clearance of Aβ deposition via inducing a neuroprotective microglial phenotype throughout CNS. As an upper-class Chinese medicine, appropriate intake of LBE may serve as a beneficial antiaging strategy for AD.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide increases thermogenesis and energy metabolism through modulation of the gut microbiota to confer resistance to cold temperatures

Traditional Chinese medical literature contains numerous records of many traditional Chinese herbal medicines that exhibit efficacy in enhancing resistance to cold, yet there is a lack of scientific explanation. Lycium barbarum is among the herbal medicines that are explicitly documented to enhance resistance to cold in the "Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compendium of Materia Medica)". Herein, we investigated L. barbarum polysaccharide (LBP)-induced browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), energy expenditure and thermogenic function in a long-term (4 months) treatment mouse model. LBP supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in weight and adipocyte size in iWAT, along with increased gut microbiota diversity. Specifically, the levels of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidaceae (short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria) were elevated, leading to a higher level of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the caecal content. These effects subsequently triggered the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and activated the CREB/PGC1α signaling pathway in iWAT, thereby increasing energy expenditure and enhancing thermogenic function. The antibiotic treatment experiments confirmed that the LBP-mediated gut microbiota participated in the process of iWAT browning. In summary, our findings provide the first scientific explanation and mechanistic insights into the cold resistance of L. barbarum and identify potentially safe natural product supplements for individuals in alpine areas.

RG-I pectin-like polysaccharide from Rosa chinensis inhibits inflammation and fibrosis associated to HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to improve non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

A novel RG-I pectin-like polysaccharide, YJ3A1, was purified from the flowers of Rosa chinensis and its structure and hepatoprotective effect in vivo and in vitro were investigated. The backbone of this polysaccharide is mainly composed of 1, 4-galactan, 1, 4-linked α-GalpA and 1, 2-linked α-Rhap disaccharide repeating unit attached by 1, 6-linked β-Galp or 1, 5-linked α-Araf on C-4 of the Rhap. Interestingly, oral administration of YJ3A1 significantly ameliorates NASH-associated inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis and does not affect the liver morphology of normal mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The mechanism study suggests that the biological activity may associate to inactivating of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1)/TLR4/NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways by restraining the expression and release of HMGB1, thereby impeding the effect of NASH. The current findings outline a novel leading polysaccharide for new drug candidate development against NASH.

Fruit development and ripening orchestrating the biosynthesis and regulation of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in goji berry

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are the primary bioactive components in fruits of L. barbarum, commonly known as goji berry. Despite significant progress in understanding the chemical structures and health benefits of LBPs, the biosynthesis and regulation of LBPs in goji berry remains largely unknown. In this study, physiological indicators, including LBPs, were monitored in goji berry during fruit development and ripening (FDR), suggesting that pectin might be the major component of LBPs with increased content reaching 235.8 mg/g DW. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis show that 6410 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2052 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified with overrepresentation of flavonoids and polysaccharides-related gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that LBPs coexpress with genes involved in pectin biosynthesis (LbGALS3, LbGATL5, LbQUA1, LbGAUT1/4/7, LbRGGAT1, LbRRT1/7, and LbRHM2), modification (LbSBT1.7), and regulation (LbAP2, LbGL2 LbTLP2, LbERF4, and LbTTG2), as well as with novel transcription factors (LbSPL9 and LbRIN homologs) and glycosyltransferases. Transgenic hairy roots overexpressing LbRIN validated that LbRIN modulate the expression of WGCNA-predicted regulators, including LbERF4, LbTTG2, and LbSPL9. These findings suggest that the biosynthesis and regulation of LBPs is conserved partially to those in Arabidopsis pectin. Taken together, this study provides valuable insights into the biosynthesis and regulation of LBPs, which can facilitate future studies on synthetic biology applications and genetic improvement of LBPs.

Polysaccharide from walnut green husk alleviates liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction by altering gut microbiota in ochratoxin A-induced mice

Walnut green husk polysaccharides (WGP) are isolated from the walnut green husk with a mean molecular weight of 12.77 kDa. The structural characterization revealed by methylation and NMR analysis indicated that WGP might consist of →4-α-D-Galp-(1→, α-D-Galp (1→, and →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→. Previous studies have been demonstrated that WGP effectively prevented liver injury and modulated gut microbiota in high fructose-treated mice and high fat diet-treated rats. In this study, we found for the first time that WGP presenting outstanding protective effects on liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) in mice. Firstly, WGP decreased oxidative stress, down-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibited the TLR4/p65/IκBα pathway in the liver. Then, WGP reversed OTA-induced lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl kinase (PEPCK), and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6PC) activities in the liver. Furthermore, WGP increased the diversity of gut microbiota and the abundance of beneficial bacteria, especially Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Importantly, the results of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment further confirmed that gut microbiota involved in the protective effects of WGP on liver damage induced by OTA. Our results indicated that the protective effect of WGP on liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction caused by OTA may be due to the regulation of gut microbiota.

Structural Characterization and Anticomplement Activity of an Acidic Heteropolysaccharide from Lysimachia christinae Hance

A novel acidic heteropolysaccharide (LCP-90-1) was isolated and purified from a traditional "heat-clearing" Chinese medicine, Lysimachia christinae Hance. LCP-90-1 (Mw, 20.65 kDa) was composed of Man, Rha, GlcA, Glc, Gal, and Ara, with relative molar ratios of 1.00: 3.00: 11.62: 1.31: 1.64: 5.24. The backbone consisted of 1,4-α-D-GlcpA, 1,4-α-D-Glcp, 1,4-β-L-Rhap, and 1,3,5-α-L-Araf, with three branches of β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, α-L-Araf-(1→ and α-D-Manp-(1→ attached to the C-5 position of 1,3,5-α-L-Araf. LCP-90-1 exhibited potent anticomplement activity (CH50: 135.01 ± 0.68 µg/mL) in vitro, which was significantly enhanced with increased glucuronic acid (GlcA) content in its degradation production (LCP-90-1-A, CH50: 28.26 ± 0.39 µg/mL). However, both LCP-90-1 and LCP90-1-A were inactivated after reduction or complete acid hydrolysis. These observations indicated the important role of GlcA in LCP-90-1 and associated derivatives with respect to anticomplement activity. Similarly, compared with LCP-90-1, the antioxidant activity of LCP-90-1-A was also enhanced. Thus, polysaccharides with a high content of GlcA might be important and effective substances of L. christinae.

A pectic polysaccharide isolated from Achyranthes bidentata is metabolized by human gut Bacteroides spp

Achyranthes bidentata (A. bidentata) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TGM) for treatment osteoporosis. Polysaccharides, a major factor for shaping the gut microbiota, are the primary ingredients of A. bidentata. However, bioactivity of A. bidentata polysaccharide on human gut microbiota (HGM) remains unknown. Here, a homogeneous pectic polysaccharide A23-1 with average molecular weight of 93.085 kDa was extracted and purified from A. bidentata. And A23-1 was compsed of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 7.26: 0.76: 5.12: 2.54: 23.51: 60.81. GC-MS, partial acid hydrolysis and NMR results indicated the backbone of A23-1 was composed of 1, 2, 4-Rhap and 1, 4-GlapA, while the branches were composed of galactose, arabinose, glucose and glucuronic acid. Further, A23-1 was found to be degraded into monosaccharides and fragments. Taking Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT) as a model, we suggested three polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) might be involved in the A23-1 degradation. Degraded products generated by BO might not support the growth of probiotics. Besides, acetate and propionate as the main end products were generated by Bacteroides spp. and probiotics utilizing A23-1. These findings suggested A23-1 was possible one of food sources of human gut Bacteroides spp.

A novel peptidoglycan isolated from Semiaquilegia adoxoides inhibits Aβ42 production via activating autophagy

The accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) containing senile plaques is one of the key histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing evidences demonstrated the important role of autophagy in Aβ clearance. Recent studies implied that extracts from Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino could ameliorate the memory of D-galactose induced aging mice. However, the bioactive substance and underlying mechanism remains unknown. Thus, the present study sought to explore the effects of a novel homogenous peptidoglycan on Aβ42 secretion and the underlying mechanism. Briefly, we extracted a novel peptidoglycan named SA02C using hot water extraction and alcohol precipitation with the Mw of 13.72 kDa. SA02C contains 73.33% carbohydrate and 27.83% protein. The structure characterization revealed that its glycan part might mainly composed of galacturonic acid with minor rhamnose in backbone, and branched with glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose and galacturonic acid. The protein or peptide moiety in SA02C was bonded to the polysaccharide via threonine. Bioactivities test showed that SA02C could reduce Aβ42 production in a dose dependent manner with no obvious cytotoxicity. Mechanism study demonstrated that SA02C could modulate APP processing by upregulating the expression of ADAM10, sAPPα and downregulating BACE1, sAPPβ. Furthermore, SA02C also could stimulate autophagy by promoting the expression of the markers of autophagy such as LC3B and ATG5, resulting in the promotion of Aβ42 phagocytosis.

LBP1C-2 from Lycium barbarum alleviated age-related bone loss by targeting BMPRIA/BMPRII/Noggin

Age-related bone loss is unavoidable and effective safe drugs are in great need. The fruit of Lycium barbarum was recorded to strengthen bones in the "Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compendium of Materia Medica)". However, there lacks scientific explanation. Herein, we investigated L. barbarum water extract (LBE), L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) and the homogeneous polysaccharide LBP1C-2 on the bone loss in adult mouse, aging mouse and ovariectomized mouse models. LBE, LBP and LBP1C-2 all markedly increased bone mass and bone strength in these models and promoted osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and ossification. Mechanistic studies showed that LBP1C-2 binds directly to the BMP receptors (BMPRIA and BMPRII) and noggin, activates the phosphorylation of Smad and disrupts the interaction between noggin and BMPs. Our results clearly elucidate the mechanism, the critical component and the direct targets of L. barbarum and provide potentially safe natural products and new drug candidate against age-related bone loss.

A structure defined pectin SA02B from Semiaquilegia adoxoides is metabolized by human gut microbes

Polysaccharide is one of the major factors for shaping the gut microbiota. However, bioactivity of polysaccharide isolated from Semiaquilegia adoxoides on human gut microbiota remains unclear. Thus, we hypothesize gut microbes may act on it. Herein, pectin SA02B from the roots of Semiaquilegia adoxoides with molecular weight 69.26 kDa was elucidated. The backbone of SA02B was composed of alternate 1, 2-linked α-Rhap and 1, 4-linked α-GalpA, with branches of terminal (T) -, 1, 4-, 1, 3- and 1, 3, 6-linked β-Galp, T-, 1, 5- and 1, 3, 5-linked α-Araf and T-, 1, 4-linked-β-Xylp substituted at C-4 of 1, 2, 4-linked α-Rhap. Bioactivity screening showed SA02B promoted the growth of Bacteroides spp. which deconstructed it into monosaccharide. Simultaneously, we observed competition might exist between Bacteroides spp. and probiotics. Besides, we found that both Bacteroides spp. and probiotics could generate SCFAs grown on SA02B. Our findings highlight SA02B may deserve as a prebiotic to be explored to benefit the health gut microbiota.

Structural characterization and anti-osteoporosis effects of polysaccharide purified from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver cortex based on its modulation on bone metabolism

EuOCP3, with a molecular weight of 38.1 kDa, is an acidic polysaccharide purified from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver cortex. Herein, we determined that the main backbone of EuOCP3 was predominantly composed of →4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 4)-α-GalpA-(1→, →4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 5)-α-Araf-(1→, →4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 2)-α-Rhap-(1→, and →4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 5)-α-Araf-(1 → 2)-α-Rhap-(1 → repeating blocks, which were connected by →2,3,5)-α-Araf-(1→. The side chains, substituted at C-2 and C-5 of →2,3,5)-α-Araf-(1→, contained T-β-Araf→ and T-β-Araf → 4)-α-GalpA-(1 → residues. In dexamethasone (Dex)-induced osteoporosis (OP) mice, EuOCP3 treatment restored cortical bone thickness, increased mineralized bone area, enhanced the number of osteoblasts, and decreased the number of osteoclasts on the surface of cortical bone. Combining analysis of gut microflora, serum metabolite profiles, and biological detection results, we demonstrated that EuOCP3 regulated the abundance of specific species within the gut microflora, such as g_Dorea and g_Prevotella, and ameliorated oxidative stress. In turn, enhancement of osteogenic function and restoration of bone metabolism via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway was indicated. The current findings contribute to understanding the potential of EuOCP3 in anti-OP treatment.

A comprehensive review on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and quality control of the genus Lycium in China

The Lycium genus, perennial herbs of the Solanaceae family, has been an important source of medicines and nutrient supplements for thousands of years in China, where seven species and three varieties are cultivated. Among these, Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill., two "superfoods", together with Lycium ruthenicum Murr, have been extensively commercialized and studied for their health-related properties. The dried ripe fruits of the genus Lycium are well recognized as functional foods for the management of various ailments including waist and knee pain, tinnitus, impotence, spermatorrhea, blood deficiency and weak eyes since ancient times. Phytochemical studies have reported numerous chemical components in the Lycium genus, categorized as polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids and fatty acids, and its therapeutic roles in antioxidation, immunomodulation, antitumor treatment, hepatoprotection and neuroprotection have been further confirmed by modern pharmacological studies. As a multi-functional food, the quality control of Lycium fruits has also attracted attention internationally. Despite its popularity in research, limited systematic and comprehensive information has been provided on the Lycium genus. Therefore, herein, we provide an up-to-date review of the distribution, botanical features, phytochemistry, pharmacology and quality control of the Lycium genus in China, which will provide evidence for further in-depth exploration and comprehensive utilization of Lycium, especially its fruits and active ingredients in the healthcare field.

Structural elucidation of a novel arabinogalactan LFP-80-W1 from Lycii fructus with potential immunostimulatory activity

Polysaccharides are the most important effective components of Lycii fructus, which has a variety of biological activities and broad application prospects in the fields of medicine and food. In this study, we reported a novel arabinogalactan LFP-80-W1 with potential immunostimulatory activity. LFP-80-W1 was a continuous symmetrical single-peak with an average molecular weight of 4.58 × 10⁴ Da and was mainly composed of arabinose and galactose. Oligosaccharide sequencing analyses and NMR data showed that the LFP-80-W1 domain consists of a repeated 1,6-linked β-Galp main chain with branches arabinoglycan and arabinogalactan at position C-3. Importantly, we found that LFP-80-W1 could activate the MAPK pathway and promote the release of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines in vitro. Therefore, our findings suggest that the homogeneous arabinogalactan from Lycii fructus, can be used as a natural immunomodulator.

Roles of traditional chinese medicine regulating neuroendocrinology on AD treatment

The incidence of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing in recent years. Studies have shown that in addition to some genetic abnormalities, the majority of AD patients has a history of long-term exposure to risk factors. Neuroendocrine related risk factors have been proved to be strongly associated with AD. Long-term hormone disorder can have a direct detrimental effect on the brain by producing an AD-like pathology and result in cognitive decline by impairing neuronal metabolism, plasticity and survival. Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) may regulate the complex process of endocrine disorders, and improve metabolic abnormalities, as well as the resulting neuroinflammation and oxidative damage through a variety of pathways. TCM has unique therapeutic advantages in treating early intervention of AD-related neuroendocrine disorders and preventing cognitive decline. This paper reviewed the relationship between neuroendocrine and AD as well as the related TCM treatment and its mechanism. The advantages of TCM intervention on endocrine disorders and some pending problems was also discussed, and new insights for TCM treatment of dementia in the future was provided.

Enzyme-extracted raspberry pectin exhibits a high-branched structure and enhanced anti-inflammatory properties than hot acid-extracted pectin

To characterize the structure of purified raspberry pectin and discuss the impact of different extraction methods on the pectin structure, raspberry pectin was extracted by hot-acid and enzyme method and purified by stepwise ethanol precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography isolation. Enzyme-extracted raspberry pectin (RPE50%-3) presented relatively intact structure with molecular weight of 5 × 10⁴ g/mol and the degree of methylation was 39%. The 1D/2D NMR analysis demonstrated RPE50%-3 was a high-branched pectin mainly containing 50% homogalacturonan, 16% branched α-1,5-arabinan and α-1,3-arabinan, 18% β-1,4-galactan and β-1,6-galactan. Acid-extracted raspberry pectin (RPA50%-3) contained less arabinan than RPE50%-3. Moreover, RPE50%-3 inhibited the nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, IL-6 production of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages by 67%, 22% and 46% at the dosage of 200 ug/mL, while the inhibitory rate of RPA50%-3 were 33%, 9%, and 1%, respectively. These results suggested that enzyme-extracted raspberry pectin contained more arabinan sidechains and exhibited better immunomodulatory effect.

Lycium Genus Polysaccharide: An Overview of its Extraction, Structures, Pharmacological Activities and Biological Applications

Polysaccharide is considered to be the main active ingredient of the genus Lycium L., which is taken from the dried fruit of the famous Chinese herbal medicine and precious tonic known as wolfberry. Traditional uses include nourishing the liver and kidney and improving eyesight, with widespread use in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. Many studies have focused on the isolation and identification of the genus Lycium L. polysaccharide and its biological activities. However, the variety of raw materials and the mechanisms of polysaccharides differ. After extraction, the structure and biological activity of the obtained polysaccharides also differ. To date, approximately 58 kinds of polysaccharides have been isolated and purified from the Lycium genus, including water-soluble polysaccharides; homogeneous polysaccharides; pectin polysaccharides; acidic heteropolysaccharides; and arabinogalactans, which are composed of arabinose, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, ribose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid. Pharmacological studies have shown that LBPs exhibit a variety of important biological activities, such as protection of nerves; promotion of reproduction; and anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and eyesight-improving activities. The aim this paper is to summarize previous and current references to the isolation process, structural characteristics, and biological activities of the genus Lycium L. polysaccharide. This review will provide a useful reference for further research and application of the genus Lycium L. polysaccharide in the field of functional food and medicine.

Prebiotic effects of goji berry in protection against inflammatory bowel disease

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing, which is concerning because IBD is a known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. Emerging evidence highlights environmental factors, particularly dietary factors and gut microbiota dysbiosis, as pivotal inducers of IBD onset. Goji berry, an ancient tonic food and a nutraceutical supplement, contains a range of phytochemicals such as polysaccharides, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Among these phytochemicals, L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are the most important functional constituents, which have protective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Recently, the beneficial effects of goji berry and associated LBPs consumption were linked to prebiotic effects, which can prevent dysbiosis associated with IBD. This review assessed pertinent literature on the protective effects of goji berry against IBD focusing on the gut microbiota and their metabolites in mediating the observed beneficial effects.

A polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L.: Structure and protective effects against oxidative stress and high-glucose-induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are beneficial for vision; however, relevant research has mainly focused on entire crude polysaccharides, with the basis and exact structure of the polysaccharide rarely explored. In this study, LICP009-3F-2a, a novel polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L., was separated and then purified using anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Structural characteristics were investigated using chemical and spectroscopic methods, which revealed that LICP009-3F-2a has an Mw of 13720 Da and is an acidic heteropolysaccharide composed of rhamnose (39.1%), arabinose (7.4%), galactose (22.5%), glucose (8.3%), galacturonic acid (13.7%), and glucuronic acid (4.0%). Linkage and NMR data revealed that LICP009-3F-2a has the following backbone: →2)-α-L-Rha-(1→2,4)-α-L-Rha- (1→4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, with three main branches, including: α-L-Araf-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→2,4)-α-L-Rha-(1→, β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, and β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→3,6) -β-D-Galp-(1→. Differential scanning colorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed that LICP009-3F-2a is thermally stable, while X-ray diffractometry showed that LICP009-3F-2a has a semi-crystalline structure. In addition, LICP009-3F-2a protects ARPE-19 cells from H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage by regulating the expression of antioxidant SOD1 and CAT enzymes and down-regulating MMP2 expression. Moreover, LICP009-3F-2a promotes the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and protects ARPE-19 cells from hyperglycemia by inhibiting apoptosis.

Dietary nutrition for neurological disease therapy: Current status and future directions

Adequate food intake and relative abundance of dietary nutrients have undisputed effects on the brain function. There is now substantial evidence that dietary nutrition aids in the prevention and remediation of neurologic symptoms in diverse pathological conditions. The newly described influences of dietary factors on the alterations of mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modification and neuroinflammation are important mechanisms that are responsible for the action of nutrients on the brain health. In this review, we discuss the state of evidence supporting that distinct dietary interventions including dietary supplement and dietary restriction have the ability to tackle neurological disorders using Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis as examples. Additionally, it is also highlighting that diverse potential mechanisms such as metabolic control, epigenetic modification, neuroinflammation and gut-brain axis are of utmost importance for nutrient supply to the risk of neurologic condition and therapeutic response. Finally, we also highlight the novel concept that dietary nutrient intervention reshapes metabolism-epigenetics-immunity cycle to remediate brain dysfunction. Targeting metabolism-epigenetics-immunity network will delineate a new blueprint for combating neurological weaknesses.

Wolfberry genomes and the evolution of Lycium (Solanaceae)

Wolfberry Lycium, an economically important genus of the Solanaceae family, contains approximately 80 species and shows a fragmented distribution pattern among the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Although several herbaceous species of Solanaceae have been subjected to genome sequencing, thus far, no genome sequences of woody representatives have been available. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 13 perennial woody species of Lycium, with a focus on Lycium barbarum. Integration with other genomes provides clear evidence supporting a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared by all hitherto sequenced solanaceous plants, which occurred shortly after the divergence of Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae. We identified new gene families and gene family expansions and contractions that first appeared in Solanaceae. Based on the identification of self-incompatibility related-gene families, we inferred that hybridization hotspots are enriched for genes that might be functioning in gametophytic self-incompatibility pathways in wolfberry. Extremely low expression of LOCULE NUBER (LC) and COLORLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR) orthologous genes during Lycium fruit development and ripening processes suggests functional diversification of these two genes between Lycium and tomato. The existence of additional flowering locus C-like MADS-box genes might correlate with the perennial flowering cycle of Lycium. Differential gene expression involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway between Lycium and tomato likely illustrates woody and herbaceous differentiation. We also provide evidence that Lycium migrated from Africa into Asia, and subsequently from Asia into North America. Our results provide functional insights into Solanaceae origins, evolution and diversification.

A novel pectin from Polygala tenuifolia blocks Aβ42 aggregation and production by enhancing insulin-degradation enzyme and neprilysin

More and more evidences show that pectin polysaccharide may have impact on Aβ_42, one important molecule implicated in Alzhemer's disease pathology. We speculate special structural motif of pectin might have better bioactivity on Aβ₄₂. To address this hypothesis, we reported structure and impact of a novel pectin RP02-1 with the molecular weight of 116.0 kDa from roots of Polygala tenuifolia on Aβ₄₂ aggregation and production and the underlying mechanism. Its structure is characterized as a backbone of alternate 1, 2, 4-linked α-Rhap and 1, 4-linked α-GalpA, with branches of terminal (T) -, 1, 3-,1, 4-, 1, 6- and 1, 3, 6-linked β-Galp, T-, 1, 5- and 1, 3, 5-linked α-Araf substituted at C-4 of 1, 2, 4-linked α-Rhap. Bioactivity study shows that this pectin may significantly block the aggregation of Aβ₄₂. We further show that RP02-1 suppresses Aβ₄₂ production with no apparent cytotoxicity in both CHO/APPBACE1 and HEK293-APPsw cells. Mechanism study demonstrates that RP02-1 may enhance the expression of insulin-degradation enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP), which are the main enzymes involved in Aβ degradation. These results suggest that RP02-1 may be a candidate leading compound for anti-Alzheimer's disease new drug development by attenuating Aβ₄₂ production and inhibiting Aβ₄₂ aggregation.

Polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum ameliorate amyloid pathology and cognitive functions in APP/PS1 transgenic mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common degenerative disease of the central nervous system. It is associated with abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, impaired neurogenesis, and damaged cognitive functions. We have known for a long time that natural compounds and their derivatives have gained increasing attention in AD drug research due to their multiple effects and inherently enormous chemicals. In this study, we will demonstrate that polysaccharides from L. barbarum (LBP1), a traditional natural compound, can reduce Aβ level and improve the cognitive functions in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse. LBP1 can enhance neurogenesis as indicated by BrdU/NeuN double labeling. Furthermore, it can restore synaptic dysfunction at hippocampus CA3-CA1 pathway. Additionally, in vitro cell assay indicates that LBP1 may affect Aβ processing. In conclusion, our study indicates that LBP1 might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD against multiple targets that include synaptic plasticity, Aβ pathology and neuropathology.