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Liu G, Zhang CP, Lu YY, Niu DF, Hu FL. Biotransformation and metabolite activity analysis of flavonoids from propolis in vivo. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:1192-1206. [PMID: 38794953 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2355142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Propolis is a natural resinous compound produced by bees, mixed with their saliva and wax, and has a range of biological benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This article reviews the in vivo transformation of propolis flavonoids and their potential influence on drug efficacy. Despite propolis is widely used, there is little research on how the active ingredients of propolis change in the body and how they interact with drugs. Future research will focus on these interactions and the metabolic fate of propolis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cui-Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - De-Fang Niu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Fu-Liang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Choi JI, Song WS, Koh DH, Kim EY. In Silico and In Vitro multiple analysis approach for screening naturally derived ligands for red seabream aryl hydrocarbon receptor. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116262. [PMID: 38569320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a key ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates the toxic effects of compounds such as dioxin. Recently, natural ligands of AHR, including flavonoids, have been attracting physiological and toxicological attention as they have been reported to regulate major biological functions such as inflammation and anti-cancer by reducing the toxic effects of dioxin. Additionally, it is known that natural AHR ligands can accumulate in wildlife tissues, such as fish. However, studies in fish have investigated only a few ligands in experimental fish species, and the AHR response of marine fish to natural AHR ligands of various other structures has not been thoroughly investigated. To explore various natural AHR ligands in marine fish, which make up the most fish, it is necessary to develop new screening methods that consider the specificity of marine fish. In this study, we investigated the response of natural ligands by constructing in vitro and in silico experimental systems using red seabream as a model species. We attempted to develop a new predictive model to screen potential ligands that can induce transcriptional activation of red seabream AHR1 and AHR2 (rsAHR1 and rsAHR2). This was achieved through multiple analyses using in silico/ in vitro data and Tox21 big data. First, we constructed an in vitro reporter gene assay of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 and measured the response of 10 representatives natural AHR ligands in COS-7 cells. The results showed that FICZ, Genistein, Daidzein, I3C, DIM, Quercetin and Baicalin induced the transcriptional activity of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2, while Resveratrol and Retinol did not induce the transcriptional activity of rsAHR isoforms. Comparing the EC50 values of the respective compounds in rsAHR1 and rsAHR2, FICZ, Genistein, and Daidzein exhibited similar isoform responses, but I3C, Baicalin, DIM and Quercetin show the isoform-specific responses. These results suggest that natural AHR ligands have specific profiling and transcriptional activity for each rsAHR isoform. In silico analysis, we constructed homology models of the ligand binding domains (LBDs) of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 and calculated the docking energies (U_dock values) of natural ligands with measured in vitro transcriptional activity and dioxins reported in previous studies. The results showed a significant correlation (R2=0.74(rsAHR1), R2=0.83(rsAHR2)) between docking energy and transcriptional activity (EC50) value, suggesting that the homology model of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 can be utilized to predict the potential transactivation of ligands. To broaden the applicability of the homology model to diverse compound structures and validate the correlation with transcriptional activity, we conducted additional analyses utilizing Tox21 big data. We calculated the docking energy values for 1860 chemicals in both rsAHR1 and rsAHR2, which were tested for transcriptional activation in Tox21 data against human AHR. By comparing the U_dock energy values between 775 active compounds and 1085 inactive compounds, a significant difference (p<0.001) was observed between the U_dock energy values in the two groups, suggesting that the U_dock value can be applied to distinguish the activation of compounds. Furthermore, we observed a significant correlation (R2=0.45) between the AC50 of Tox21 database and U_dock values of human AHR model. In conclusion, we calculated equations to translate the results of an in silico prediction model for ligand screening of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 transactivation. This ligand screening model can be a powerful tool to quantitatively estimate AHR transactivation of major marine agents to which red seabream may be exposed. The study introduces a new screening approach for potential natural AHR ligands in marine fish, based on homology model-docking energy values of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2, with implications for future agonist development and applications bridging in silico and in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-In Choi
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Seon Song
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Koh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Mou Y, Lu S, Xia Y, Cheng B. Polymethoxylated flavonoids in citrus fruits: absorption, metabolism, and anticancer mechanisms against breast cancer. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16711. [PMID: 38188169 PMCID: PMC10771093 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) are a subclass of flavonoids found in citrus fruits that have shown multifunctional biological activities and potential anticancer effects against breast cancer. We studied the absorption, metabolism, species source, toxicity, anti-cancer mechanisms, and molecular targets of PMFs to better utilize their anticancer activity against breast cancer. We discuss the absorption and metabolism of PMFs in the body, including the methylation, demethylation, and hydroxylation processes. The anticancer mechanisms of PMFs against breast cancer were also reviewed, including the estrogen activity, cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) inhibition, along with various molecular targets and potential anticancer effects. Although PMFs may be advantageous in the prevention and treatment for breast cancer, there is a lack of clinical evidence and data to support their efficacy. Despite their promise, there is still a long way to go before PMFs can be applied clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Mou
- Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China
| | - Senlin Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- Chong Qing Wan Zhou Health Center for Women and Children, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhua Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Key Lab of Xinjiang Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Shi J, Yang G, You Q, Sun S, Chen R, Lin Z, Simal-Gandara J, Lv H. Updates on the chemistry, processing characteristics, and utilization of tea flavonoids in last two decades (2001-2021). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-28. [PMID: 34898343 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea flavonoids are widely recognized as critical flavor contributors and crucial health-promoting bioactive compounds, and have long been the focus of research worldwide in food science. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the major progress in tea flavonoid chemistry, their dynamics of constituents and concentrations during tea processing as well as storage, and their health functions studied between 2001 and 2021. Moreover, the utilization of tea flavonoids in the human body has also been discussed for a detailed understanding of their uptake, metabolism, and interaction with the gut microbiota. Many novel tea flavonoids have been identified, including novel A- and B-ring substituted flavan-3-ol derivatives, condensed and oxidized flavan-3-ol derivatives, and glycosylated and methylated flavonoids, and are found to be closely associated with the characteristic color, flavor, and health benefits of tea. Flavoalkaloids exist widely in various teas, particularly 8-C N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted flavan-3-ols. Tea flavonoids behave significantly difference in constituents and concentrations depending on tea cultivars, plantation conditions, multiple stresses, the tea-specified manufacturing steps, and even the long-term storage period. Tea flavonoids exhibit multiple health-promoting effects, particularly their anti-inflammatory in alleviating metabolic syndromes. Interaction of tea flavonoids with the gut microbiota plays vital roles in their health function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaozhong Yang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushuang You
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shili Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Haipeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Łużny M, Tronina T, Kozłowska E, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Janeczko T. Biotransformation of 5,7-Methoxyflavones by Selected Entomopathogenic Filamentous Fungi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3879-3886. [PMID: 33780240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
5,7-Dimethoxyflavone, a chrysin derivative, occurs in many plants and shows very low toxicity, even at high doses. On the basis of this phenomenon, we biotransformed a series of methoxy-derivatives of chrysin, apigenin, and tricetin obtained by chemical synthesis. We used entomopathogenic fungal strains with the confirmed ability of simultaneous hydroxylation/demethylation and glycosylation of flavonoid compounds. Both the amount and the place of attachment of the methoxy group influenced the biotransformation rate and the product's amount nascent. Based on product and semi-product structures, it can be concluded that they are the result of cascading transformations. Only in the case of 5,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone, the strains were able to attach a sugar molecule in place of the methoxy substituent to give 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methylglucopyranosyl)-5,7,4',5'-tetramethoxyflavone. However, we observed the tested strains' ability to selectively demethylate/hydroxylate the carbon C-3' and C-4' of ring B of the substrates used. The structures of four hydroxyl-derivatives were determined: 4'-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone, 3'-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone, 3'-hydroxy-5,7,4',5'-tetramethoxyflavone, and 5,7-dimethoxy-3',4'-dihydroxyflavone (5,7-dimethoxy-luteolin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Łużny
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tronina
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Feng X, Yu W, Cao L, Meng F, Cong M. A novel chrysin thiazole derivative polarizes macrophages to an M1 phenotype via targeting TLR4. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106986. [PMID: 33182070 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important cause of tumorigenesis and tumor development. M2 macrophages can promote tumor growth while M1 macrophages kill tumor cells, therefore, polarizing macrophages to achieve a functional M1 phenotype could effectively play its anti-tumor role. In the current study, we synthesized a novel chrysin derivative which is termed as ChR-TD. And we found ChR-TD might be a ligand of TLR4 that polarized the TAMs towards M1 phenotype and played its anti-tumor role. Further study indicated that ChR-TD reprogrammed the macrophages into an M1 phenotype via TLR4 activation. Moreover, ChR-TD activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and promoted the NF-κB/p65 translocated into the nuclear, leading to the activation of NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines release. In addition, type I interferon signaling was also activated by ChR-TD, leading to the expressions of IFN-α and IFN-β and its targeted genes NOS2, MCP-1 and IP-10 were significantly increased in macrophages. Importantly, these effects were disturbed in TLR4-/- macrophages, which are constructed by using CRISPR/Cas9 system. And the molecule docking simulation further indicated that ChR-TD could bind to TLR4 and might be a ligand of TLR4. Hence, these findings suggested that ChR-TD might be a ligand of TLR4 and can be used as a potential lead compound for tumors treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujing Feng
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Wen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lingsen Cao
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fanda Meng
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Mulin Cong
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
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7
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Song S, Gao K, Niu R, Wang J, Zhang J, Gao C, Yang B, Liao X. Inclusion complexes between chrysin and amino-appended β-cyclodextrins (ACDs): Binding behavior, water solubility, in vitro antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 106:110161. [PMID: 31753384 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Solid inclusion complexes between chrysin and four amino-appended β-cyclodextrins (ACDs) were prepared by suspension method and characterized in solid and solution states by kinds of analytical methods. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed distinct micro-morphologies of them. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed their unique thermal properties, such as decomposition temperatures and endothermic points. Powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis disclosed their unique crystal patterns. Their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses provided the variations of chemical shifts before and after the formation of inclusion complexes. Their binding stability constants (Ks) were 574, 842, 704, and 474 L·mol-1, respectively, as determined by spectral titration. A 1:1 inclusion mode with self-assembly of their amino side chains inside the ACD cavity was proposed based on Job plot and 2D-ROESY experiments. Water solubility of chrysin was promoted up to 4411.98 μg·mL-1 after formation of inclusion complexes with ACDs, better than that of β-CD and its derivatives, i.e., HP- and SBE-β-CD. In vitro antioxidant activity of chrysin was also improved after inclusion complexation by the DPPH scavenging assay. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity of solid inclusion complexes towards three human cancer cell lines, A549, HT-29 and HCT116 were enhanced significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Raomei Niu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China; Jiangsu Xinchen Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, 222047 Lianyungang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, 224007 Yancheng, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Care and Quality Management, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chuanzhu Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Xiali Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China.
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Ancuceanu R, Dinu M, Dinu-Pirvu C, Anuţa V, Negulescu V. Pharmacokinetics of B-Ring Unsubstituted Flavones. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E370. [PMID: 31374885 PMCID: PMC6723510 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B-ring unsubstituted flavones (of which the most widely known are chrysin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A) are 2-phenylchromen-4-one molecules of which the B-ring is devoid of any hydroxy, methoxy, or other substituent. They may be found naturally in a number of herbal products used for therapeutic purposes, and several have been designed by researchers and obtained in the laboratory. They have generated interest in the scientific community for their potential use in a variety of pathologies, and understanding their pharmacokinetics is important for a grasp of their optimal use. Based on a comprehensive survey of the relevant literature, this paper examines their absorption (with deglycosylation as a preliminary step) and their fate in the body, from metabolism to excretion. Differences among species (inter-individual) and within the same species (intra-individual) variability have been examined based on the available data, and finally, knowledge gaps and directions of future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Dinu-Pirvu
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Valentina Anuţa
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Vlad Negulescu
- Department of Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Zhang Q, Bao J, Yang J. Genistein-triggered anticancer activity against liver cancer cell line HepG2 involves ROS generation, mitochondrial apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell migration. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1001-1009. [PMID: 31360194 PMCID: PMC6657265 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.78742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies across the globe and one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality. With limited available treatment options, there is an urgent need to look for new available options. Genistein is an important plant flavonoid and has been shown to possess tremendous pharmacological potential. The objective of the present study was therefore to evaluate the anticancer effect of the genistein. MATERIAL AND METHODS The antiproliferative activity and IC50 of genistein were determined by MTT assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cycle distribution were investigated by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was detected by DAPI and annexin V/IP staining. Cell migration was investigated by wound healing assay. Protein expression was estimated by western blotting. RESULTS MTT assay revealed that genistein reduced the cell viability of HepG2 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Genistein also reduced the colony forming potential of the HepG2 cell concentration dependently. The IC50 of genistein was found to be 25 μM. Genistein caused G2/M cell cycle arrest and G2/M cells increased from 4.2% in the control to 56.4% at 100 μM concentration. Genistein prompted generation of significant (p < 0.01) amounts of ROS, ultimately favouring cell death. Genistein also triggered apoptosis which was associated with upregulation of cytosolic cytochrome c, Bax, cleaved caspase 3 and 9 expression and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS We propose that genistein exhibits significant anticancer activity against liver cancer and therefore may prove beneficial in the management of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qujing Second People’s Hospital, Qujing, China
| | - Juan Bao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiehua Yang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qujing Second People’s Hospital, Qujing, China
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11
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the commonest cause of global mortality and morbidity. Atherosclerosis, the fundamental pathological manifestation of CVDs, is a complex process and is poorly managed both in terms of preventive and therapeutic intervention. Aberrant lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation play critical roles in the development of atherosclerosis. These processes can be targeted for effective management of the disease. Although managing lipid metabolism is in the forefront of current therapeutic approaches, controlling inflammation may also prove to be crucial for an efficient treatment regimen of the disease. Flavonoids, the plant-derived polyphenols, are known for their antiinflammatory properties. This review discusses the possible antiatherogenic role of 3 flavonoids, namely, chrysin, quercetin, and luteolin primarily known for their antiinflammatory properties.
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Arsalandeh F, Khodagholi F, Ahmadian S, Foolad F, Mohammadi Kamsorkh H, Moridi Farimani M, Shaerzadeh F. Prevention of recognition memory loss and moderation of mitochondrial dynamic tendency toward fusion by flavone derivatives in Aβ-injected rats: a comparison between two flavonoids with different polarity. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:295-301. [PMID: 28990868 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1384173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence sheds light on the use of flavonoids as the promising alternatives for the treatment of chronic conditions, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed at evaluating the effects of oral intake of two structurally different flavonoids 5-hydroxy-6,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (flavone 1) and 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (flavone 2) on recognition memory, hippocampal protein level of immediate early gene cFos and mitochondrial dynamic markers in Amyloid β (Aβ)-injected rats. Recognition aspect of memory and level of proteins were measured using novel object recognition test and Western blot, respectively. Our data indicated that even though flavone 1 was more effective than flavone 2 to prevent memory impairment, feeding with both flavones alleviated memory in Aβ-injected rats. Furthermore, in flavones-administered rats, mitochondrial dynamic balancing returned to the control level by the decline in Dynamin-related protein-1 protein level, a known marker for mitochondrial fission, and elevation in protein level of mitochondrial fusion factors Mitofusins 1 and 2. In parallel with behavior results, flavone 1 was more effectual on mitochondrial dynamic moderating. The more neuroprotective effects of flavone 1 could be attributed to its methylated structure leading to crossing of the blood-brain barrier with ease and metabolic stability and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Arsalandeh
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (I.B.B.) , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- b Neuroscience Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (I.B.B.) , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Forough Foolad
- c NeuroBiology Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Moridi Farimani
- d Department of Phytochemistry , Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaerzadeh
- e Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences , Bandar Abbas , Iran
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Li H, Zhang X, Wang W. ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF 5, 7-DIMETHOXYFLAVONE AGAINST LIVER CANCER CELL LINE HEPG2 INVOLVES APOPTOSIS, ROS GENERATION AND CELL CYCLE ARREST. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2017. [PMID: 28638884 PMCID: PMC5471468 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i4.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are considered potential anticancer agents owing to their properties to interact with a diversity of cellular entities. Among flavonoids, methylated flavones are more efficient anticancer agents due to their higher stability in vivo. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to evaluate the anticancer effect of methylated natural flavonoid 5, 7-dimethoxyflavone (5, 7-DMF). MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assay was used to determine the anticancer activity and IC50 of 5, -DMF). Cell viability, cell cycle distribution, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were carried out by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was studied by DAPI staining. RESULTS MTT assay revealed that the molecule reduced the cell viability of HepG2 cancer cells. The IC50 of 5, 7-DMF was found to be 25 µM. Our result indicated that 5, 7-DMF triggered production of ROS and significantly reduced ΔΨm . It also leads to arrest of HepG2 cells in Sub-G1 stage of cell cycle, and ultimately induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, as indicated by DAPI staging. Additionally, 5, 7-DMF also reduced the colony forming potential of the HepG2 cells concentration dependently. CONCLUSION Taken together, we conclude that 5, 7-DMF induces cell death via ROS generation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and, therefore, may prove beneficial in the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengping Li
- Department of general surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan university (Hubei General hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of pain treatment, the first people's hospital of xiangyang, xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of general surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan university (Hubei General hospital), Wuhan 430060, China
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In Silico Study and Bioprospection of the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of Flavone and Its Hydroxylated Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060869. [PMID: 28538688 PMCID: PMC6152620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid compounds are widely used as natural protective species, which can act as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antihypertensive and antitumor agents. This study set out to investigate the probable pharmacological activities, along with the antibacterial and antioxidant effects, of flavone and its hydroxy derivatives: 3-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone and 6-hydroxyflavone. To do so, we investigated their pharmacological characteristics, using in silico tests that indicate likelihood of activity or inactivity, with the PASS online software, and the antimicrobial potential against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria was also analyzed, including bacteria of clinical importance. We also tested for oxidant and antioxidant potential in these molecules in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phenylhydrazine (Ph). The results revealed the following characteristics: pharmacological activities for the flavonoids as agonists of cell membrane integrity and as permeability inhibitors, as antagonists of anaphylatoxin receptors, as inhibitors of both kinase and peroxidase, and as having both antimutagenic capacity and vaso-protective potential. All of the flavonoids exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative strains, with the flavones being bactericidal at 200 μg/mL for the strains of P. aeruginosa ATCC 8027, S. aureus ATCC 25619 and E. coli 104; the other flavonoids revealed bacteriostatic action. The substances did not promote erythrocyte oxidation and behaved as sequestrators and antioxidants of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and phenylhydrazine (Ph). It was concluded that the analyzed compounds have various pharmacological activities in accordance with the predictions of PASS online, as their antibacterial and antioxidant activities were confirmed. The study also helps to consolidate the use of computational chemistry in silico tools to guide new drug search and discovery protocols.
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Wen L, Jiang Y, Yang J, Zhao Y, Tian M, Yang B. Structure, bioactivity, and synthesis of methylated flavonoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1398:120-129. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingrong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - Yupeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou China
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Cabrera J, Saavedra E, del Rosario H, Perdomo J, Loro JF, Cifuente DA, Tonn CE, García C, Quintana J, Estévez F. Gardenin B-induced cell death in human leukemia cells involves multiple caspases but is independent of the generation of reactive oxygen species. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 256:220-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone in mice following single dose oral administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 119:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Metal-free methodology for the preparation of sterically hindered alkynoylphenols and its application to the synthesis of flavones and aurones. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Ticha LA, Klaasen JA, Green IR, Naidoo S, Baker B, Pietersen RD. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Flavanones and Chalcones from Galenia africana and Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on an 80% ethanol:water extract of Galenia africana and Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis in which a phytochemical study revealed the presence of flavonoids as the major secondary plant metabolites. Eleven pure flavonoids viz., ( E)-2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone 1, ( S)-7-hydroxyflavanone 2, ( E)-2′,4′-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochalcone 3, ( S)-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone 4, ( S)-2′,5,7,-trihydroxyflavanone 5, ( S)-5,7-dihydroxy-2′-methoxyflavanone 6, 5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one 7, ( S)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone 8 and ( E)-2-hydroxy-3′,6′-dimethoxychalcone 9 were isolated from G. africana, while [sakuranetin] ( S)-4′,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone 10 and [eriodictyol-3′,7-dimethyl ether] ( S)-4′,5-dihydroxy-3′,7-dimethoxyflavanone 11 were isolated from D. rhinocerotis. Compounds 6 and 9 are new while this is the first reported isolation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 11 from these plants. All isolated compounds were tested for their antimycobacterial activity against the reference strain Mtb H37Rv. The most active compound, 9, demonstrated a MIC 99 of 5 μM against Mtb H37Rv American Type Culture (ATCC) and (ATCC27294), which were also sensitive to Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin. The antibacterial activity of 9 might be ascribed to the presence of features such as the α,β-unsaturated ketone and the substitution patterns on the A and B rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Ticha
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Jeremy A. Klaasen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535 South Africa
| | - Ivan R. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Sivapregasen Naidoo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Centre for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Pietersen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Centre for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Synthesis of new 7-O-modified chrysin derivatives and their anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on human gastric carcinoma MGC-803 cells. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-4269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Synthesis of novel amino acid derivatives containing chrysin as anti-tumor agents against human gastric carcinoma MGC-803 cells. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of neohesperidine dihydrochalcone as a sensory additive for fish. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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24
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Pentamethylquercetin reduces fat deposition via Sirt1-mediated pathways in male obese mice induced by a high fat diet. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:463-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Tsuji PA, Stephenson KK, Wade KL, Liu H, Fahey JW. Structure-Activity Analysis of Flavonoids: Direct and Indirect Antioxidant, and Antiinflammatory Potencies and Toxicities. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:1014-25. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.809127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Mekjaruskul C, Jay M, Sripanidkulchai B. Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, Tissue Distribution, Excretion, and Metabolite Identification of Methoxyflavones in Kaempferia parviflora Extract in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:2342-53. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.047142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Chen H, Lv L, Soroka D, Warin RF, Parks TA, Hu Y, Zhu Y, Chen X, Sang S. Metabolism of [6]-shogaol in mice and in cancer cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:742-53. [PMID: 22246389 PMCID: PMC3310425 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger has received extensive attention because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. However, the metabolic fate of its major components is still unclear. In the present study, the metabolism of [6]-shogaol, one of the major active components in ginger, was examined for the first time in mice and in cancer cells. Thirteen metabolites were detected and identified, seven of which were purified from fecal samples collected from [6]-shogaol-treated mice. Their structures were elucidated as 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-4-decen-3-ol (M6), 5-methoxy-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M7), 3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl-decan-3-one (M8), 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-ol (M9), 5-methylthio-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M10), 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M11), and 5-methylthio-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-ol (M12) on the basis of detailed analysis of their (1)H, (13)C, and two-dimensional NMR data. The rest of the metabolites were identified as 5-cysteinyl-M6 (M1), 5-cysteinyl-[6]-shogaol (M2), 5-cysteinylglycinyl-M6 (M3), 5-N-acetylcysteinyl-M6 (M4), 5-N-acetylcysteinyl-[6]-shogaol (M5), and 5-glutathiol-[6]-shogaol (M13) by analysis of the MS(n) (n = 1-3) spectra and comparison to authentic standards. Among the metabolites, M1 through M5, M10, M12, and M13 were identified as the thiol conjugates of [6]-shogaol and its metabolite M6. M9 and M11 were identified as the major metabolites in four different cancer cell lines (HCT-116, HT-29, H-1299, and CL-13), and M13 was detected as a major metabolite in HCT-116 human colon cancer cells. We further showed that M9 and M11 are bioactive compounds that can inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells. Our results suggest that 1) [6]-shogaol is extensively metabolized in these two models, 2) its metabolites are bioactive compounds, and 3) the mercapturic acid pathway is one of the major biotransformation pathways of [6]-shogaol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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29
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Kang YG, Choi EJ, Choi Y, Hwang JK. 5,7-dimethoxyflavone induces melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells through cAMP-dependent signalling. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:445-7. [PMID: 21426409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin protects the skin against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and diverse free radicals. Agents that increase melanin synthesis in melanocytes may reduce UVR-induced skin damage and skin cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF) on melanogenic protein expression and signalling pathways. We found that 5,7-DMF significantly increased melanin content by upregulating microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and related melanogenic proteins. Additionally, 5,7-DMF increased cAMP levels, which activates a cascade of reactions, such as cAMP responsive element-binding protein and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signalling. Thus, 5,7-DMF may be an effective pigmentation stimulator for photoprotection and hypopigmentation disorders.
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Yenjai C, Wanich S. Cytotoxicity against KB and NCI-H187 cell lines of modified flavonoids from Kaempferia parviflora. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2821-3. [PMID: 20362442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Flavones 1-4 isolated from Kaempferia parviflora were used for structural modification. Sixteen flavonoid derivatives, including four new derivatives, were synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity against KB and NCI-H187 cell lines. Flavanones 2a-4a demonstrated higher cytotoxic activity than the parent compounds. Cytotoxicity against KB cell line of oxime 1c was about 7 times higher than the ellipticine standard. Interestingly, oximes 1c and 2c exhibited highly potent cytotoxicity against NCI-H187 cell line with IC(50) values of 0.014 and 0.23 microM, respectively. Oximes 4c and 5c showed strong cytotoxicity against NCI-H187 cell line with IC(50) values of 4.04 and 2.32 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavi Yenjai
- Natural Products Research Unit, Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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31
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Wanich S, Yenjai C. Amino and nitro derivatives of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone from Kaempferia parviflora and cytotoxicity against KB cell line. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1185-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Herath W, Rakel Mikell J, Ahmad Khan I. Microbial metabolism. Part 10: Metabolites of 7,8-dimethoxyflavone and 5-methoxyflavone. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1231-9. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410902829797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Grimes AC, Kirby ML. The outflow tract of the heart in fishes: anatomy, genes and evolution. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:983-1036. [PMID: 20735616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A large number of congenital heart defects associated with mortality in humans are those that affect the cardiac outflow tract, and this provides a strong imperative to understand its development during embryogenesis. While there is wide phylogenetic variation in adult vertebrate heart morphology, recent work has demonstrated evolutionary conservation in the early processes of cardiogenesis, including that of the outflow tract. This, along with the utility and high reproductive potential of fish species such as Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes etc., suggests that fishes may provide ideal comparative biological models to facilitate a better understanding of this poorly understood region of the heart. In this review, the authors present the current understanding of both phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiac outflow tract in fishes and examine how new molecular studies are informing the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trajectories that have been proposed. The authors also attempt to address some of the issues of nomenclature that confuse this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Grimes
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Singh R, Jain A, Ravichandran V, Mourya V, Agrawal RK. Prediction of antiproliferative activity of some flavone derivatives: QSAR study. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fischer H, Illek B. Activation of the CFTR Cl- channel by trimethoxyflavone in vitro and in vivo. Cell Physiol Biochem 2008; 22:685-92. [PMID: 19088450 DOI: 10.1159/000185552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavone apigenin has been previously selected as a potent pharmacological activator of the CFTR Cl(-) channel, however, its utility for the activation of CFTR in vivo is expected to be limited because flavonoids are readily metabolized. We therefore investigated the poorly metabolizable methylether of apigenin, 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF) as a CFTR activator using transepithelial short-circuit current measurements, whole cell and single cell patch clamp techniques, and nasal potential difference (PD) measurements. Transepithelial Cl(-) secretion by Calu-3 epithelia was stimulated by TMF with a halfmaximal concentration of 64+/-5 microM to 55+/-15% of maximal currents achieved by subsequent addition of cAMP agonist forskolin (10 microM). In forskolin-prestimulated tissues, TMF showed small effects and stimulated Cl(-) secretion by an additional 6%. Single channel and whole cell patch clamp techniques were used to verify these effects and identify CFTR as the target of TMF. TMF increased the open probability of silent CFTR (to 0.31+/-0.06) but showed small effects once CFTR had been prestimulated with forskolin. In nasal PD measurements in humans, perfusion of TMF onto the nasal mucosa activated nasal PD by -9.5+/-1.1 mV, which was 69% of the effect of TMF+isoproterenol (-13.8+/-3.9 mV). These data show that TMF is an activator of CFTR in both in vitro and in vivo assays that targets mainly the unstimulated CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Fischer
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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Walle T. Methylation of Dietary Flavones Greatly Improves Their Hepatic Metabolic Stability and Intestinal Absorption. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:826-32. [DOI: 10.1021/mp700071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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Walle UK, Walle T. Bioavailable flavonoids: cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of methoxyflavones. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1985-9. [PMID: 17709371 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoxylated flavones were recently shown to be promising cancer chemopreventive agents. Their high metabolic stability compared with the hydroxylated analogs was shown in our laboratory using the human hepatic S9 fraction with cofactors for glucuronidation, sulfation, and oxidation. In the present study, the resistance of methoxylated flavones toward oxidative metabolism was investigated with human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms. Among 15 methoxylated flavones investigated, the two partially methylated compounds, tectochrysin and kaempferide, were among the most susceptible to microsomal oxidation (Cl(int) 283 and 82 ml/min/kg). Of the fully methylated compounds, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and 5-methoxyflavone were the most stable (Cl(int) 13 and 18 ml/min/kg, respectively), whereas 4'-methoxyflavone, 3'-methoxyflavone, 5,4'-dimethoxyflavone, and 7,3'-dimethoxyflavone were the least stable (Cl(int) 161, 140, 119, and 92 ml/min/kg, respectively), emphasizing the importance of the positions of the methoxy substituents in the flavone ring system. Among the five P450 isoforms tested, CYP1A1 showed the highest rate of metabolism of fully methylated compounds, followed by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 gave minimal disappearance of the parent compound. Finally, in incubations with hepatic S9 fraction with cofactors for oxidation and both conjugation reactions, partially methylated flavones, as expected, were much less metabolically stable than fully methylated flavones, confirming that oxidative demethylation is the rate-limiting metabolic reaction for fully methylated flavones only. In summary, the rate of oxidative metabolism of methoxylated flavones, mainly involving CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, varied widely, even between compounds with very similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kristina Walle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250505, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Walle T, Wen X, Walle UK. Improving metabolic stability of cancer chemoprotective polyphenols. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:379-88. [PMID: 17539745 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids and other polyphenols have the potential to be developed as effective food supplements as well as drugs for the prevention, as well as treatment of, cancer and other disease conditions. However, their very poor oral bioavailability, mainly due to extensive conjugation by glucuronidation and sulfation, is a severe limiting factor. First, this review shows the use of a simple, commercially available model system, the human hepatic S9 fraction, by which metabolic stability can be assessed effectively and accurately. Second, permethylation of the polyphenols effectively blocks the metabolic conjugation reactions, thereby dramatically increasing both metabolic stability and intestinal absorption, while maintaining or even increasing the biologic activities. Thus, permethylated polyphenols may have a future as chemoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Tsuji PA, Walle T. Benzo[a]pyrene-induced cytochrome P450 1A and DNA binding in cultured trout hepatocytes - inhibition by plant polyphenols. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 169:25-31. [PMID: 17583686 PMCID: PMC2034307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) mainly induce lung cancer in humans, but induce liver cancer in fishes. The chemoprevention of cancers through inhibition of molecular events via phytochemicals is a potentially beneficial area of research, and has been carried out in human cell cultures in the past. Carcinogenesis initiation events are thought to occur in similar ways in fish and humans. Our study investigated the feasibility of using cultured rainbow trout CRL-2301 liver cells as a model for BaP-induced carcinogenesis and its prevention by dietary phytochemicals. Treatment with 1 microM BaP resulted in extensive time-dependent covalent binding to cellular DNA and marked cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A induction, for both about a 20-fold increase, which is similar to what has been observed in cultured human cells. A surprisingly high expression of epoxide hydrolase (EH) activity in these cells likely contributed substantially to the bioactivation of BaP. Two methoxylated flavones and the stilbene resveratrol were effective inhibitors of both the BaP-DNA binding and CYP 1A induction, in particular 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF), supporting a role for these dietary compounds as cancer chemopreventive agents. Unlike in human liver or bronchial cells, the main mechanism of inhibition of BaP-induced CYP 1A activity in trout liver cells appears to be direct competition at the protein level. Different cellular responses in any particular model used can be expected and the effect of cell context on the biological responses to xenobiotics, including carcinogens as well as polyphenols, must be considered. The trout CRL-2301 cells' sensitivity to BaP treatment is a clear advantage when contemplating a model system for studies of PAH-induced carcinogenesis and cancer chemoprevention. However, extrapolation to human organs should be done cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra A Tsuji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Walle T. Methoxylated flavones, a superior cancer chemopreventive flavonoid subclass? Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:354-62. [PMID: 17574860 PMCID: PMC2024817 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids and other polyphenols show great potential as cancer chemopreventive agents in cell culture studies. This does not translate well into in vivo activity, because of extensive conjugative metabolism of these compounds in the intestine and liver. This paper presents a review of a flavonoid subclass in which all hydroxyl groups are capped by methylation. This results in dramatically increased metabolic stability and membrane transport in the intestine/liver, thus improving oral bioavailability. The methoxyflavones also show increased cancer chemopreventive properties. At the cancer initiation stage, bioactivation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens and binding to DNA are markedly diminished through effects on CYP1A1/1B1 transcription but also through direct interactions with the proteins. At the cancer promotion stage, the proliferation of cancer cells, but not normal cells, is inhibited with greater potency than with the unmethylated flavones. Limited mechanistic experiments, such as of effects on cell cycle regulation, indicate that the mechanisms of methoxyflavone activities are unique, including aromatase inhibition. The cancer preventive effects and mechanisms of the polymethoxyflavones, such as tangeretin and nobiletin, are discussed in comparison. It is concluded that the methoxyflavones have properties that may make them particularly useful as cancer chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, P.O. Box 250505, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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