1
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Kim S, Cho M, Kim TH. Novel Compounds Derived from DFPM Induce Root Growth Arrest through the Specific VICTR Alleles of Arabidopsis Accessions. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1797. [PMID: 37763201 PMCID: PMC10532556 DOI: 10.3390/life13091797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The small compound [5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) furan-2-yl]-piperidine-1-ylmethanethione (DFPM) inhibits ABA responses by activating effector-triggered immune signal transduction in Arabidopsis. In addition to the known function of DFPM as an antagonist of ABA signaling, DFPM causes accession-specific root growth arrest in Arabidopsis Columbia-0 via the TIR-NLR protein VICTR (VARIATION IN COMPOUND TRIGGERED ROOT growth response) in an EDS1/PAD4/RAR1/SGT1B-dependent manner. Although DFPM could control the specific steps of various cellular responses, the functional residues for the activity of DFPM or the existence of a stronger version of DFPM modification have not been characterized thoroughly. This study analyzed twenty-two DFPM derivatives during root growth arrest, inhibition of ABA signaling, and induction of biotic signal transduction to determine critical residues that confer the specific activity of DFPM. Furthermore, this study identified two more Arabidopsis accessions that generate significant root growth arrest in response to DFPM derivatives dependent on multiple amino acid polymorphisms in the coding region of VICTR. The isolation of novel compounds, such as DFPM-5, and specific amino acid polymorphisms critical for the compound-induced responses will help determine the detailed regulatory mechanism for how DFPM regulates abiotic and biotic stress signaling interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojung Kim
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Miri Cho
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Houn Kim
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Gu Y, Zhu Y, Liu L, Zhuang Z, Kong L, Li Y. Four-Component Ring-Opening Reaction of Pyrroles via C-N Bond Cleavage under Multiple Functions of Elemental Sulfur. Org Lett 2023; 25:3094-3098. [PMID: 37087758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a four-component ring-opening reaction of pyrroles via C-N bond cleavage. In this process, elemental sulfur is used as the sulfur source of thiazole and thioamide and the reductant of olefin. A series of benzothiazoles functionalized with thiopropionamides at the C2 position were synthesized using this method. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed based on the concise control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingge Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yilin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ziyi Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingkai Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China
| | - Yanzhong Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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3
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Beliaeva MA, Wilmanns M, Zimmermann M. Decipher enzymes from human microbiota for drug discovery and development. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102567. [PMID: 36963164 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiota plays an important role in human health and contributes to the metabolism of therapeutic drugs affecting their potency. However, the current knowledge on human gut bacterial metabolism is limited and lacks an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of observed drug biotransformations. Despite the complexity of the gut microbial community, genomic and metagenomic sequencing provides insights into the diversity of chemical reactions that can be carried out by the microbiota and poses new challenges to functionally annotate thousands of bacterial enzymes. Here, we outline methods to systematically address the structural and functional space of the human microbiome, highlighting a combination of in silico and in vitro approaches. Systematic knowledge about microbial enzymes could eventually be applied for personalized therapy, the development of prodrugs and modulators of unwanted bacterial activity, and the further discovery of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia A Beliaeva
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany. https://twitter.com/@MariiaABeliaeva
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany. https://twitter.com/@WilmannsGroup
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4
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Gavadia R, Rasgania J, Basil MV, Chauhan V, Kumar S, Jakhar K. Synthesis of Isoniazid analogs with Promising Antituberculosis Activity and Bioavailability: Biological Evaluation and Computational Studies. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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5
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Moreira JS, Galvão DS, Xavier CFC, Cunha S, Pita SSDR, Reis JN, Freitas HFD. Phenotypic and in silico studies for a series of synthetic thiosemicarbazones as New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase carbapenemase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:14223-14235. [PMID: 34766882 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have been marked by a global spread of bacterial resistance to β-lactam drugs and carbapenems derivatives are the ultimate treatment against multidrug-resistant bacteria. β-lactamase expression is related to resistance which demands the development of bacterial resistance blockers. Drug inhibitor combinations of serine-β-lactamase and β-lactam were successful employed in therapy despite their inactivity against New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM). Until now, few compounds are active against NDM-producing bacteria and no specific inhibitors are available yet. The rational strategy for NDM inhibitors development starts with in vitro assays aiming to seek compounds that could act synergistically with β-lactam antibiotics. Thus, eight thiosemicarbazone derivatives were synthesized and investigated for their ability to reverse the resistant phenotype in NDM in Enterobacter cloacae. Phenotypic screening indicated that four isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazones showed Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) ≤ 250 µM in the presence of meropenem (4 µg/mL). The most promising compound (FIC= 31.25 µM) also presented synergistic effect (FICI = 0.34). Docking and molecular dynamics studies on NDM-thiosemicarbazone complex suggested that 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one subunit interacts with catalytic zinc and interacted through hydrogen bonds with Asp124 acting like a carboxylic acid bioisostere. Additionally, thiosemicarbazone tautomer with oxidized sulfur (thione) seems to act as a spacer rather than zinc chelator, and the aromatic moieties are stabilized by pi-pi and cation-pi interactions with His189 and Lys221 residues. Our results addressed some thiosemicarbazone structural changes to increase its biological activity against NDM and highlight its scaffold as promising alternatives to treat bacterial resistance.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatham Souza Moreira
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvio Cunha
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva da Rocha Pita
- Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory (LaBiMM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joice Neves Reis
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacy, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory (LaBiMM), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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6
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Acyldepsipeptide Analogues: A Future Generation Antibiotics for Tuberculosis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091956. [PMID: 36145704 PMCID: PMC9502522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyldepsipeptides (ADEPs) are a new class of emerging antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are currently explored for treatment of pathogenic infections, including tuberculosis (TB). These cyclic hydrophobic peptides have a unique bacterial target to the conventional anti-TB drugs, and present a therapeutic window to overcome Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M. tb) drug resistance. ADEPs exerts their antibacterial activity on M. tb strains through activation of the protein homeostatic regulatory protease, the caseinolytic protease (ClpP1P2). ClpP1P2 is normally regulated and activated by the ClpP-ATPases to degrade misfolded and toxic peptides and/or short proteins. ADEPs bind and dysregulate all the homeostatic capabilities of ClpP1P2 while inducing non-selective proteolysis. The uncontrolled proteolysis leads to M. tb cell death within the host. ADEPs analogues that have been tested possess cytotoxicity and poor pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. However, these can be improved by drug design techniques. Moreover, the use of nanomaterial in conjunction with ADEPs would yield effective synergistic effect. This new mode of action has potential to combat and eradicate the extensive multi-drug resistance (MDR) problem that is currently faced by the public health pertaining bacterial infections, especially TB.
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7
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Salehi R, Abyar S, Ramazani F, Khandar AA, Hosseini-Yazdi SA, White JM, Edalati M, Kahroba H, Talebi M. Enhanced anticancer potency with reduced nephrotoxicity of newly synthesized platin-based complexes compared with cisplatin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8316. [PMID: 35585092 PMCID: PMC9117324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As a platinum-containing anticancer drug, cisplatin is the keystone for treating many malignancies. Nephrotoxicity is the main dose-limiting toxicity, and several hydration therapies and supplementary strategies are utilized to reduce cisplatin-induced kidney damage, so the discovery and development of effective and safe antitumor drugs are still on the path of human health. Herein, a new four-coordinated Pt complex [Pt(TSC)Cl] using N(4)-phenyl-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (HTSC) was synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1HNMR, FT-IR, LC/MS and CHN elemental analysis. The Pt(TSC)Cl complex revealed antiproliferative activity against A549, MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines with a low micromolar IC50 (200–1.75 µM). Specifically, the Pt(TSC)Cl complex displayed more selectivity in Caco-2 cells (IC50 = 2.3 µM) than cisplatin (IC50 = 107 µM) after 48 h of treatment. Moreover, compared with cisplatin, a known nephrotoxic drug, the Pt(TSC)Cl complex exhibited lower nephrotoxicity against Hek293 normal cells. We also found that the Pt(TSC)Cl complex can effectively prevent cancer cell propagation in sub-G1 and S phases and induce apoptosis (more than 90%). Real time PCR and western analysis demonstrated that the expression pattern of apoptotic genes and proteins is according to the intrinsic apoptosis pathway through the Bax/Bcl-2-Casp9-Casp3/Casp7 axis. Collectively, our findings indicated that the Pt(TSC)Cl complex triggers apoptosis in Caco-2 cell lines, while low nephrotoxicity was shown and may be considered a useful anticancer drug candidate for colorectal cancers for further optimization and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5165665811, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Selda Abyar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramazani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Khandar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and BIO-21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Mahdi Edalati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Department Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Center for Environmental Science, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Department of Applied Cell Science, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5154853431, Iran
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8
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The development of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 inhibitors since 2018. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Gupta A, Vankar JK, Jadav JP, Gururaja GN. Water Mediated Direct Thioamidation of Aldehydes at Room Temperature. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2410-2420. [PMID: 35133151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A mild, greener approach toward thioamide synthesis has been developed. Its unique features include water-mediated reaction with no input energy, additives, or catalysts as well. The presented protocol is attractive with readily available starting materials and the use of different array amines, along with a scaled-up method. Biologically active molecules such as thionicotinamide and thioisonicotinamide can be synthesized from this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Gupta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Jigarkumar K Vankar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Jaydeepbhai P Jadav
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
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10
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Emen FM, Kutlu E, Karacolak AI, Ali MA, Demirdogen RE, Yesilkaynak T, Erat S, Ayaz F. Novel benzoylthiourea derivatives had differential anti-inflammatory photodynamic therapy potentials on in vitro stimulated mammalian macrophages. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102685. [PMID: 34921988 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel benzoylthioureas, N-((5-chloropyridin-2yl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, (HL1), N-((2-chloropyridin-3yl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, (HL2), N-((5-bromopyridin-2yl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, (HL3) and N-(Naphthalene-1-yl(phenyl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, (HL4), were synthesized. Their characterizations were made by FT-IR,1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrophotometric analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements were conducted to determine the crystal structure of HL1 and HL4. The HL1 crystallization conditions are: in the monoclinic crystal system with P21/c space group, Z = 2, a = 8.118(2) Å, b = 12.056(3) Å, c = 13.753(4) Å. HL4crystallization conditions are: in the orthorhombic crystal system with Pbca space group, Z = 8, a = 19.597(9) Å, b = 8.270(4) Å, c = 24.299(11) Å. Investigation of photodynamic and antiinflamatory effects of these compounds revealed that they are potent adducts. Using these derivatives, mammalian macrophages were stimulated with LPS to test their anti-inflammatory activity. Based on pro-inflammatory cytokine production levels, the photodynamic anti-inflammatory activity of these adducts were found to differ. Our results showedthat benzoylthioureas can be used as potential photodynamic therapy agents to suppress the excessive inflammatory reactions encountered in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih M Emen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15100, Turkey.
| | - Emine Kutlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15100, Turkey
| | - Ali I Karacolak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15100, Turkey
| | - Muhammad A Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15100, Turkey
| | - Ruken E Demirdogen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı 18100, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Yesilkaynak
- Department of Chemistry Technology, Afsin Vocational School, Kahramanmaraş Sütcü İmam University, Kahramanmaras TR46500, Turkey
| | - Selma Erat
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Program of Opticianry, Mersin University, Mersin 33340, Turkey; Advanced Technology Education, Research and Application Center, Mersin University, Mersin 33340, Turkey
| | - Furkan Ayaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey; Biotechnology Research Center, Mersin University, 33040, Turkey.
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11
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SICAK Y. Synthesis, predictions of drug-likeness, and pharmacokinetic properties of some chiral thioureas as potent enzyme inhibition agents. Turk J Chem 2021; 46:665-676. [PMID: 37720601 PMCID: PMC10503972 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of chiral thioureas (1 - 17) were synthesized from and tested for their anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, and urease enzyme inhibitor activities. Various phenylisothiocyanates were added to solution of l-cysteine in methanol: water (1 : 1 v/v) at room temperature and stirred for 24 h. The precipitated solid was recrystallized from n-butanol. Pure compounds were characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), FTIR, and CHNS. Tertiary amine containing N-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)-N'-(2-mercapto-carboxyethanyl)thiourea 17, N-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-N'-(2-mercapto-carboxyethanyl)thiourea 16 and trimethoxy containing N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-N'-(2-mercapto-carboxyethanyl)thiourea 14 were more active than galantamine against AChE and BChE enzymes. In tyrosinase enzyme inhibition activity, compound 14, 10, 12, 6, 13, and 11 exhibited higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity showing IC50 values of 1.1 ± 0.1, 1.5 ± 0.3, 1.6 ± 0.6, 1.9 ± 0.5, 2.2 ± 0.9 and 2.9 ± 0.2 mM, respectively. In urease enzyme inhibition activity assay, 17 showed higher activity. This work demonstrates the pharmacological significance of chiral thiourea derivatives synthesized from l-cysteine and shows their potential. There is a need to perform more in vitro and in vivo biological activities followed by clinical trials to bring such thiourea to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf SICAK
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Köyceğiz Vocational School, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla,
Turkey
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12
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de Freitas Paulo T, Duhayon C, de França Lopes LG, Silva Sousa EH, Chauvin R, Bernardes-Génisson V. Further Insights into the Oxidative Pathway of Thiocarbonyl-Type Antitubercular Prodrugs: Ethionamide, Thioacetazone, and Isoxyl. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1879-1889. [PMID: 34319702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A chemical activation study of the thiocarbonyl-type antitubercular prodrugs, ethionamide (ETH), thioacetazone (TAZ), and isoxyl (ISO), was performed. Biomimetic oxidation of ethionamide using H2O2 (1 equiv) led to ETH-SO as the only stable S-oxide compound, which was found to occur in solution in the preferential form of a sulfine (ETH═S═O vs the sulfenic acid tautomer ETH-S-OH), as previously observed in the crystal state. It was also demonstrated that ETH-SO is capable of reacting with amines, as the putative sulfinic derivative (ETH-SO2H) was supposed to do. Unlike ETH, oxidation of TAZ did not allow observation of the mono-oxygenated species (TAZ-SO), leading directly to the more stable sulfinic acid derivative (TAZ-SO2H), which can then lose a SOxH group after further oxidation or when placed in a basic medium. It was also noticed that the unstable TAZ-SO intermediate can lead to the carbodiimide derivative as another electrophilic species. It is suggested that TAZ-SOH, TAZ-SO2H, and the carbodiimide compound can also react with NH2-containing nucleophilic species, and therefore be involved in toxic effects. Finally, ISO showed a very complex reactivity, here assigned to the coexistence of two mono-oxygenated structures, the sulfine and sulfenic acid tautomers. The mono- and dioxygenated derivatives of ISO are also highly unstable, leading to a panel of multiple metabolites, which are still reactive and likely contribute to the toxicity of this prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tércio de Freitas Paulo
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.,Laboratory of Bioinorganic, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Carine Duhayon
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Silva Sousa
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Remi Chauvin
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Vania Bernardes-Génisson
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, LCC, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
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13
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Gao H, Li JQ, Kang PW, Chigan JZ, Wang H, Liu L, Xu YS, Zhai L, Yang KW. N-acylhydrazones confer inhibitory efficacy against New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105138. [PMID: 34229201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The expression of β-lactamases, especially metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) in bacteria is one of the main causes of drug resistance. In this work, an effective N-acylhydrazone scaffold as MβL inhibitor was constructed and characterized. The biological activity assays indicated that the synthesized N-acylhydrazones 1-11 preferentially inhibited MβL NDM-1, and 1 was found to be the most effective inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.2 µM. Analysis of IC50 data revealed a structure-activity relationship, which is that the pyridine and hydroxylbenzene substituents at 2-position improved inhibition of the compounds on NDM-1. ITC and enzyme kinetics assays suggested that it reversibly and competitively inhibited NDM-1 (Ki = 0.29 ± 0.05 µM). The synthesized N-acylhydrazones showed synergistic antibacterial activities with meropenem, reduced 4-16-fold MIC of meropenem on NDM-1- producing E. coli BL21 (DE3), while 1 restored 4-fold activity of meropenem on K. pneumonia expressing NDM-1 (NDM-K. pneumoniae). The mice experiments suggested that 1 combined meropenem to fight against NDM-K. pneumoniae infection in the spleen and liver. Cytotoxicity assays showed that 1 and 2 have low cytotoxicity. This study offered a new framework for the development of NDM-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Peng-Wei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Jia-Zhu Chigan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Yin-Sui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Le Zhai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 72101, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China.
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14
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Li JQ, Gao H, Zhai L, Sun LY, Chen C, Chigan JZ, Ding HH, Yang KW. Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 38:116128. [PMID: 33862468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To combat the superbug infection caused by metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs), a dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone (DpC), was identified to be the broad-spectrum inhibitor of MβLs (NDM-1, VIM-2, IMP-1, ImiS, L1), with an IC50 value in the range of 0.021-1.08 µM. It reversibly and competitively inhibited NDM-1 with a Ki value of 10.2 nM. DpC showed broad-spectrum antibacterial effect on clinical isolate K. pneumonia, CRE, VRE, CRPA and MRSA, with MIC value ranged from 16 to 32 µg/mL, and exhibited synergistic antibacterial effect with meropenem on MβLs-producing bacteria, resulting in a 2-16-, 2-8-, and 8-fold reduction in MIC of meropenem against EC-MβLs, EC01-EC24, K. pneumonia, respectively. Moreover, mice experiments showed that DpC also had synergistic antibacterial action with meropenem. In this work, DpC was identified to be a potent scaffold for the development of broad-spectrum inhibitors of MβLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Le Zhai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 72101, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Le-Yun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Jia-Zhu Chigan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Huan-Huan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China.
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15
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Li JQ, Sun LY, Jiang Z, Chen C, Gao H, Chigan JZ, Ding HH, Yang KW. Diaryl-substituted thiosemicarbazone: A potent scaffold for the development of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104576. [PMID: 33383326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The superbug infection caused by New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) has become an emerging public health threat. Inhibition of NDM-1 has proven challenging due to its shuttling between pathogenic bacteria. A potent scaffold, diaryl-substituted thiosemicarbazone, was constructed and assayed with metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs). The obtained twenty-six molecules specifically inhibited NDM-1 with IC50 0.038-34.7 µM range (except 1e, 2e, and 3d), and 1c is the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.038 µM). The structure-activity relationship of synthetic thiosemicarbazones revealed that the diaryl-substitutes, specifically 2-pyridine and 2-hydroxylbenzene improved inhibitory activities of the inhibitors. The thiosemicarbazones exhibited synergistic antimycobacterial actions against E. coli-NDM-1, resulted a 2-512-fold reduction in MIC of meropenem, while 1c restored 16-256-, 16-, and 2-fold activity of the antibiotic on clinical isolates ECs, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa harboring NDM-1, respectively. Also, mice experiments showed that 1c had a synergistic antibacterial ability with meropenem, reduced the bacterial load clinical isolate EC08 in the spleen and liver. This work provided a highly promising scaffold for the development of NDM-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Le-Yun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Zhihui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, PR China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Jia-Zhu Chigan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Huan-Huan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China.
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16
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Hu BL, Song YK, Zhang G, Yao Z, Zhang XG. Copper-catalyzed three component C S/C N coupling for the synthesis of trifluorothioacetamides. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Lapasam A, Kollipara MR. A survey of crystal structures and biological activities of platinum group metal complexes containing N-acylthiourea ligands. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1764956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agreeda Lapasam
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Mohan Rao Kollipara
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
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18
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Wu S, Fan X, Jiang J, Ho CM, Ding X, Lou Y, Fan G. Validation of a universal and highly sensitive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology for the quantification of pyrazinamide, ethambutol, protionamide, and clofazimine in different biological matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1151:122141. [PMID: 32526663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel and potent anti-tuberculosis drug combination pyrazinamide (PZA), ethambutol (EMB), protionamide (PTO), and clofazimine (CFZ) that rapidly kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the lungs has been identified using the artificial-intelligence-enabled parabolic response surface approach. A universal and highly sensitive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of PZA, EMB, PTO, and CFZ in various biological samples in different states (liquid samples: plasma, bile, and urine; solid samples: tissue and feces) using simple pretreatment was established and validated. For the first dimension of this column-switching arrangement, the automated purification and enrichment of the drugs were achieved on a Polar-RP column. The subsequent analytical separation was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq column, and the total loop time was 7.5 min. The positive-ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring was used for detection. The sensitivity was good with no carry-over detected, and the lower limit of quantification ranged from 100 to 500 pg/mL. This quantification method was fully validated and proved to be robust in accordance with US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. High recoveries (85.3-111.4%) and accuracies (92.1-109.3%), together with high precision values (0.5-13.8%), were verified in all matrices. All standard curves showed favorable linearities with r2 > 0.995. This validated method was applied to study plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion in Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration of the drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Wu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xianyu Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Chih-Ming Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xianting Ding
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuefen Lou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China.
| | - Guorong Fan
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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19
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Jelińska A, Zając M, Dadej A, Tomczak S, Geszke-Moritz M, Muszalska-Kolos I. Tuberculosis - Present Medication and Therapeutic Prospects. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:630-656. [PMID: 30457045 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181120100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) has been present in the history of human civilization since time immemorial and has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease. It is still considered one of the ten most common epidemiologic causes of death in the world. As a transmissible disease, it is initiated by rod-shaped (bacillus) mycobacteria. The management of tuberculosis became possible owing to several discoveries beginning in 1882 with the isolation of the TB bacillus by Robert Koch. The diagnosis of TB was enabled by finding a staining method for TB bacteria identification (1883). It was soon realized that a large-scale policy for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis was necessary, which resulted in the foundation of International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (1902). An antituberculosis vaccine was developed in 1921 and has been in therapeutic use since then. TB treatment regimens have changed over the decades and the latest recommendations are known as Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS, WHO 1993). METHODS A search of bibliographic databases was performed for peer-reviewed research literature. A focused review question and inclusion criteria were applied. Standard tools were used to assess the quality of retrieved papers. RESULTS A total of 112 papers were included comprising original publications and reviews. The paper overviews anti-TB drugs according to their mechanism of action. The chemical structure, metabolism and unwanted effects of such drugs have been discussed. The most recent treatment regimens and new drugs, including those in clinical trials, are also presented. CONCLUSION Despite a 22% decrease in the tuberculosis fatality rate observed between 2000 and 2015, the disease remains one of the ten prime causes of death worldwide. Increasing bacterial resistance and expensive, prolonged therapies are the main reasons for efforts to find effective drugs or antituberculosis regimens, especially to cure multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jelińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Zając
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrianna Dadej
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Szymon Tomczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Geszke-Moritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Muszalska-Kolos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
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20
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Saito M, Murakami S, Nanjo T, Kobayashi Y, Takemoto Y. Mild and Chemoselective Thioacylation of Amines Enabled by the Nucleophilic Activation of Elemental Sulfur. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8130-8135. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Murakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nanjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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21
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He Z, Qiao H, Yang F, Zhou W, Gong Y, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhao B, Ma L, Liu HM, Zhao W. Novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives containing indole fragment as potent and selective anticancer agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 184:111764. [PMID: 31614257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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23
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Stigliani J, Bernardes-Génisson V. New insights into the chemical behavior of S-oxide derivatives of thiocarbonyl-containing antitubercular drugs and the influence on their mechanisms of action and toxicity. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2019; 77:126-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Matty MA, Knudsen DR, Walton EM, Beerman RW, Cronan MR, Pyle CJ, Hernandez RE, Tobin DM. Potentiation of P2RX7 as a host-directed strategy for control of mycobacterial infection. eLife 2019; 8:39123. [PMID: 30693866 PMCID: PMC6351102 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading worldwide cause of death due to a single infectious agent. Existing anti-tuberculous therapies require long treatments and are complicated by multi-drug-resistant strains. Host-directed therapies have been proposed as an orthogonal approach, but few have moved into clinical trials. Here, we use the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model as a whole-animal screening platform to identify FDA-approved, host-directed compounds. We identify multiple compounds that modulate host immunity to limit mycobacterial disease, including the inexpensive, safe, and widely used drug clemastine. We find that clemastine alters macrophage calcium transients through potentiation of the purinergic receptor P2RX7. Host-directed drug activity in zebrafish larvae depends on both P2RX7 and inflammasome signaling. Thus, targeted activation of a P2RX7 axis provides a novel strategy for enhanced control of mycobacterial infections. Using a novel explant model, we find that clemastine is also effective within the complex granulomas that are the hallmark of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Matty
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Daphne R Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Eric M Walton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Rebecca W Beerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Mark R Cronan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Charlie J Pyle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Rafael E Hernandez
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
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25
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Willetts A. Characterised Flavin-Dependent Two-Component Monooxygenases from the CAM Plasmid of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453 (NCIMB 10007): ketolactonases by Another Name. Microorganisms 2018; 7:E1. [PMID: 30577535 PMCID: PMC6352141 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The CAM plasmid-coded isoenzymic diketocamphane monooxygenases induced in Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453 (NCIMB 10007) by growth of the bacterium on the bicyclic monoterpene (rac)-camphor are notable both for their interesting history, and their strategic importance in chemoenzymatic syntheses. Originally named 'ketolactonase-an enzyme system for cyclic lactonization' because of its characterised mode of action, (+)-camphor-induced 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase was the first example of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase activity to be confirmed in vitro. Both this enzyme and the enantiocomplementary (-)-camphor-induced 3,6-diketocamphane 1,6-monooxygenase were mistakenly classified and studied as coenzyme-containing flavoproteins for nearly 40 years before being correctly recognised and reinvestigated as FMN-dependent two-component monooxygenases. As has subsequently become evident, both the nature and number of flavin reductases able to supply the requisite reduced flavin co-substrate for the monooxygenases changes progressively throughout the different phases of camphor-dependent growth. Highly purified preparations of the enantiocomplementary monooxygenases have been exploited successfully for undertaking both nucleophilic and electrophilic biooxidations generating various enantiopure lactones and sulfoxides of value as chiral synthons and auxiliaries, respectively. In this review the chequered history, current functional understanding, and scope and value as biocatalysts of the diketocamphane monooxygenases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Willetts
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
- Curnow Consultancies, Helston TR13 9PQ, UK.
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26
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Yanev SG, Stoyanova TD, Valcheva VV, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Xanthates: Metabolism by Flavoprotein-Containing Monooxygenases and Antimycobacterial Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1091-1095. [PMID: 29777023 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH) plays a central role in the treatment of tuberculosis in patients resistant to the first-line drugs. The ETH, thioamide, and thiourea class of antituberculosis agents are prodrugs that are oxidatively converted to their active S-oxides by the mycobacterial flavin-dependent monooxygenase (EtaA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, thus initiating the chain of reactions that result in inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis and cell lysis. As part of a search for new lead candidates, we report here that several xanthates are oxidized by purified EtaA to S-oxide metabolites (perxanthates), which are implicated in the antimycobacterial activity of these compounds. This process, which is analogous to that responsible for activation of ETH, is also catalyzed by human flavoprotein monooxygenase 3. EtaA was not inhibited in a time-dependent manner during the reaction. Xanthates with longer alkyl chains were oxidized more efficiently. EtaA oxidized octyl-xanthate (Km = 5 µM; Vmax = 1.023 nmolP/min; kcat = 5.2 molP/min/molE) more efficiently than ETH (194 µM; 1.46 nmolP/min; 7.73 nmolP/min/molE, respectively). Furthermore, the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of four xanthates against M. tuberculosis H37Hv was higher (minimum inhibitory concentration of around 1 µM) than that of ETH (12 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav G Yanev
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Neurobiology (S.G.Y., T.D.S.), and Institute of Microbiology (V.V.V.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (P.R.O.M.)
| | - Tsveta D Stoyanova
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Neurobiology (S.G.Y., T.D.S.), and Institute of Microbiology (V.V.V.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (P.R.O.M.)
| | - Violeta V Valcheva
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Neurobiology (S.G.Y., T.D.S.), and Institute of Microbiology (V.V.V.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (P.R.O.M.)
| | - Paul R Ortiz de Montellano
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Neurobiology (S.G.Y., T.D.S.), and Institute of Microbiology (V.V.V.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (P.R.O.M.)
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27
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Laborde J, Deraeve C, Duhayon C, Pratviel G, Bernardes-Génisson V. Ethionamide biomimetic activation and an unprecedented mechanism for its conversion into active and non-active metabolites. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:8848-8858. [PMID: 27714216 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH), a second-line anti-tubercular drug that is regaining a lot of interest due to the increasing cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis, is a pro-drug that requires an enzymatic activation step to become active and to exert its therapeutic effect. The enzyme responsible for ETH bioactivation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a monooxygenase (EthA) that uses flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor and is NADPH- and O2-dependant to exert its catalytic activity. In this work, we investigated the activation of ETH by various oxygen-donor oxidants and the first biomimetic ETH activation methods were developed (KHSO5, H2O2, and m-CPBA). These simple oxidative systems, in the presence of ETH and NAD+, allowed the production of short-lived radical species and the first non-enzymatic formation of active and non-active ETH metabolites. The intermediates and the final compounds of the activation pathway were well characterized. Based on these results, we postulated a consistent mechanism for ETH activation, not involving sulfinic acid as a precursor of the iminoyl radical, as proposed so far, but putting forward a novel reactivity for the S-oxide ethionamide intermediate. We proposed that ETH is first oxidized into S-oxide ethionamide, which then behaves as a "ketene-like" compound via a formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with peroxide to give a dioxetane intermediate. This unstable 4-membered intermediate in equilibrium with its open tautomeric form decomposes through different pathways, which would explain the formation of the iminoyl radical and also that of different metabolites observed for ETH oxidation, including the ETH-NAD active adduct. The elucidation of this unprecedented ETH activation mechanism was supported by the application of isotopic labelling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Laborde
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France. and Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Céline Deraeve
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France. and Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France. and Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Geneviève Pratviel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France. and Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Vania Bernardes-Génisson
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France. and Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
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28
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Laborde J, Deraeve C, Bernardes-Génisson V. Update of Antitubercular Prodrugs from a Molecular Perspective: Mechanisms of Action, Bioactivation Pathways, and Associated Resistance. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1657-1676. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Laborde
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
| | - Céline Deraeve
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
| | - Vania Bernardes-Génisson
- CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination); 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4 France
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29
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Mugumbate G, Mendes V, Blaszczyk M, Sabbah M, Papadatos G, Lelievre J, Ballell L, Barros D, Abell C, Blundell TL, Overington JP. Target Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phenotypic Hits Using a Concerted Chemogenomic, Biophysical, and Structural Approach. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:681. [PMID: 29018348 PMCID: PMC5623190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium phenotypic hits are a good reservoir for new chemotypes for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, the absence of defined molecular targets and modes of action could lead to failure in drug development. Therefore, a combination of ligand-based and structure-based chemogenomic approaches followed by biophysical and biochemical validation have been used to identify targets for Mycobacterium tuberculosis phenotypic hits. Our approach identified EthR and InhA as targets for several hits, with some showing dual activity against these proteins. From the 35 predicted EthR inhibitors, eight exhibited an IC50 below 50 μM against M. tuberculosis EthR and three were confirmed to be also simultaneously active against InhA. Further hit validation was performed using X-ray crystallography yielding eight new crystal structures of EthR inhibitors. Although the EthR inhibitors attain their activity against M. tuberculosis by hitting yet undefined targets, these results provide new lead compounds that could be further developed to be used to potentiate the effect of EthA activated pro-drugs, such as ethionamide, thus enhancing their bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Mugumbate
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vitor Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Blaszczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamad Sabbah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George Papadatos
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Lelievre
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis Ballell
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barros
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John P Overington
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Medicines Discovery Catapult, Alderley Edge, United Kingdom
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30
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Jamshidzadeh A, Niknahad H, Heidari R, Azadbakht M, Khodaei F, Arabnezhad MR, Farshad O. Propylthiouracil-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in liver and its relevance to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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31
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Jiang Y, Liu J, Chen D, Yan L, Zheng W. Sirtuin Inhibition: Strategies, Inhibitors, and Therapeutic Potential. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:459-472. [PMID: 28389129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The β-NAD+-dependent Nε-acyl-lysine deacylation reaction catalyzed by sirtuin family members has been increasingly demonstrated to be important in regulating multiple crucial cellular processes and has also been proposed to be a therapeutic target for multiple human diseases. Accordingly, its inhibitors have been actively pursued over the past few years. In addition, we have also seen the pharmacological assessment of sirtuin inhibitory compounds, although to a lesser extent. In this review, we first discuss how sirtuin inhibitors were discovered with the use of various approaches. We then follow with a discussion of pharmacological studies using sirtuin inhibitors. Our aim here is to set a stage for developing future superior sirtuin inhibitors and for an expanded effort in exploiting inhibitors to explore and/or validate the therapeutic potential stemming from the inhibition of the sirtuin-catalyzed deacylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lingling Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Weiping Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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32
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Zhou Z, Yu JT, Zhou Y, Jiang Y, Cheng J. Aqueous MCRs of quaternary ammoniums, N-substituted formamides and sodium disulfide towards aryl thioamides. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A three-component reaction of quaternary ammonium salts, N-substituted formamides and aqueous sodium disulfide was developed, leading to aryl/heteroaryl thioamides in moderate to good yields with good functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Yongnan Zhou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
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33
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Niknahad H, Jamshidzadeh A, Heidari R, Abdoli N, Ommati MM, Jafari F, Zarei M, Asadi B. The Postulated Hepatotoxic Metabolite of Methimazole Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Energy Metabolism Disturbances in Liver. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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34
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Chipiso K, Logan IE, Eskew MW, Omondi B, Simoyi RH. Kinetics and Mechanism of Bioactivation via S-Oxygenation of Anti-Tubercular Agent Ethionamide by Peracetic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8056-8064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kudzanai Chipiso
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Isabelle E. Logan
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Matthew W. Eskew
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Benard Omondi
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville
Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Reuben H. Simoyi
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville
Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
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35
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Raheel A, Imtiaz-ud-Din, Andleeb S, Ramadan S, Tahir MN. Synthesis and structural characterization of new bioactive ligands and their Bi(III) derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Raheel
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz-ud-Din
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Sohaila Andleeb
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Simko Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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36
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Grant SS, Wellington S, Kawate T, Desjardins CA, Silvis MR, Wivagg C, Thompson M, Gordon K, Kazyanskaya E, Nietupski R, Haseley N, Iwase N, Earl AM, Fitzgerald M, Hung DT. Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases EthA and MymA Are Required for Activation of Replicating and Non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:666-77. [PMID: 27321573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Successful treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection typically requires a complex regimen administered over at least 6 months. Interestingly, many of the antibiotics used to treat M. tuberculosis are prodrugs that require intracellular activation. Here, we describe three small molecules, active against both replicating and non-replicating M. tuberculosis, that require activation by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). Two molecules require BVMO EthA (Rv3854c) for activation and the third molecule requires the BVMO MymA (Rv3083). While EthA is known to activate the antitubercular drug ethionamide, this is the first description of MymA as an activating enzyme of a prodrug. Furthermore, we found that MymA also plays a role in activating ethionamide, with loss of MymA function resulting in ethionamide-resistant M. tuberculosis. These findings suggest overlap in function and specificity of the BVMOs in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schmidt Grant
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samantha Wellington
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomohiko Kawate
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Carl Wivagg
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathan Haseley
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Noriaki Iwase
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashlee M Earl
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Deborah T Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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37
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Shukla M, Sharma A, Jaiswal S, Lal J. Insights into the pharmacokinetic properties of antitubercular drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:765-78. [PMID: 27120703 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1183643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The furiously advancing cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) along with the recent emergence of total drug resistant TB and TB-AIDS comorbidity present an increased threat to global public health. Knowledge of pharmacokinetic properties helps in selecting an appropriate anti-TB dosage regimen to achieve optimal results in patients. AREAS COVERED This article provides a brief compilation of the information available regarding published pharmacokinetic data for anti-TB drugs and may act as a single window for investigators/medical practitioners in this field. The information regarding absorption, tissue distribution, elimination and pharmacokinetic interactions of the first- and second-line anti-TB drugs and candidate drugs under clinical trials is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Pharmacokinetic properties such as poor absorption, too short biological half-life, extensive first-pass metabolism, drug-food and drug-drug related interactions are not attractive for prospective anti-TB drugs and significantly contribute to treatment failure and further resistance. The long duration, monotonous and multidrug treatment plan leads to poor patient compliance and resulted in a greater occurrence of anti-TB drug resistance worldwide. Few new agents, which are in development phase, are considering the aspect of shortening duration of the treatment regimen and provide a boost in therapy that is sorely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Shukla
- a Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- a Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- a Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- a Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Ortiz de Montellano
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 91158-2517
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39
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Dong Y, Qiu X, Shaw N, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li X, Li J, Rao Z. Molecular basis for the inhibition of β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by flavonoid inhibitors. Protein Cell 2015; 6:504-17. [PMID: 26081470 PMCID: PMC4491049 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration is one of the key steps in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids and is vital to the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Consequently, stalling dehydration cures tuberculosis (TB). Clinically used anti-TB drugs like thiacetazone (TAC) and isoxyl (ISO) as well as flavonoids inhibit the enzyme activity of the β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex. How this inhibition is exerted, has remained an enigma for years. Here, we describe the first crystal structures of the MtbHadAB complex bound with flavonoid inhibitor butein, 2',4,4'-trihydroxychalcone or fisetin. Despite sharing no sequence identity from Blast, HadA and HadB adopt a very similar hotdog fold. HadA forms a tight dimer with HadB in which the proteins are sitting side-by-side, but are oriented anti-parallel. While HadB contributes the catalytically critical His-Asp dyad, HadA binds the fatty acid substrate in a long channel. The atypical double hotdog fold with a single active site formed by MtbHadAB gives rise to a long, narrow cavity that vertically traverses the fatty acid binding channel. At the base of this cavity lies Cys61, which upon mutation to Ser confers drug-resistance in TB patients. We show that inhibitors bind in this cavity and protrude into the substrate binding channel. Thus, inhibitors of MtbHadAB exert their effect by occluding substrate from the active site. The unveiling of this mechanism of inhibition paves the way for accelerating development of next generation of anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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40
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Heidari R, Niknahad H, Jamshidzadeh A, Eghbal MA, Abdoli N. An overview on the proposed mechanisms of antithyroid drugs-induced liver injury. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:1-11. [PMID: 25789213 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2015.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major problem for pharmaceutical industry and drug development. Mechanisms of DILI are many and varied. Elucidating the mechanisms of DILI will allow clinicians to prevent liver failure, need for liver transplantation, and death induced by drugs. Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU) are two convenient antithyroid agents which their administration is accompanied by hepatotoxicity as a deleterious side effect. Although several cases of antithyroid drugs-induced liver injury are reported, there is no clear idea about the mechanism(s) of hepatotoxicity induced by these medications. Different mechanisms such as reactive metabolites formation, oxidative stress induction, intracellular targets dysfunction, and immune-mediated toxicity are postulated to be involved in antithyroid agents-induced hepatic damage. Due to the idiosyncratic nature of antithyroid drugs-induced hepatotoxicity, it is impossible to draw a specific conclusion about the mechanisms of liver injury. However, it seems that reactive metabolite formation and immune-mediated toxicity have a great role in antithyroids liver toxicity, especially those caused by methimazole. This review attempted to discuss different mechanisms proposed to be involved in the hepatic injury induced by antithyroid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Gerash School of Paramedical Sciences,Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eghbal
- Drug Applied Research Center & Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Tbariz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Abdoli
- Drug Applied Research Center & Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Tbariz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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41
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Pukin AV, Brouwer AJ, Koomen L, Quarles van Ufford HC, Kemmink J, de Mol NJ, Pieters RJ. Thiourea-based spacers in potent divalent inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence lectin LecA. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10923-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A thiourea spacer adopts an extended conformation and forms the basis of a potent bivalent ligand for Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin LecA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksei V. Pukin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Arwin J. Brouwer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Koomen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - H. C. Quarles van Ufford
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kemmink
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Nico J. de Mol
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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42
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Aslabban MM, Adigun RA, DeBenedetti W, Mbiya W, Mhike M, Morakinyo K, Otoikhian A, Ruwona T, Simoyi RH. Detailed mechanistic studies into the reactivities of thiourea and substituted thiourea oxoacids: decompositions and hydrolyses of dioxides in basic media. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11145-54. [PMID: 25208241 DOI: 10.1021/jp5038156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dioxides of methylthiourea (methylaminoiminomethanesulfinic acid, MAIMSA) and dimethylthiourea (dimethylaminoiminomethanesulfinic acid, DMAIMSA) were synthesized and, together with thiourea dioxide (aminoiminomethanesulfinic acid, AIMSA), were studied with respect to their decompositions and hydrolyses in basic aqueous media. All three were stable in acidic media and existed as zwitterions with the positive charge spread out on the 4-electron 3-center N-C-N skeleton and the negative charge delocalized over the two oxygen atoms. All three are characterized by long and weak C-S bonds that are easily cleaved in polar solvents through a nucleophilic attack on the positively disposed carbon center, followed by cleavage of the C-S bond. The sulfur moiety leaving groups are highly unstable, reducing, and rapidly oxidized to S(IV) as hydrogen sulfite in the presence of oxidant. In aerobic conditions, molecular oxygen is a sufficient and efficient oxidant that can oxidize, at diffusion-controlled limits, the highly reducing sulfur species in one-electron steps, thus opening up a cascade of possibly genotoxic reactive oxygen species, commencing with the superoxide anion radical. Radical formation in these decompositions was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. In strongly basic media, decomposition of the dioxides to yield sulfoxylate (SO2(2-), HSO2(-)) is irreversible and, in anaerobic environments, will disproportionate to yield more stable sulfur species from HS(-) to SO4(2-). Decomposition products were dependent on concentrations of molecular oxygen. Solutions open to the atmosphere, with availability to excess oxygen, gave the urea analogue of the thiourea and sulfate, while in limited oxygen conditions hydrogen sulfite and other mixed oxidation states sulfur oxoanions are obtained. DMAIMSA has the longest C-S bond at 0.188 nm and was the most reactive. MAIMSA, with the shortest at 0.186 nm, was the least reactive. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry data managed to detect all of the formerly postulated intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merfat M Aslabban
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
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43
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Kloss F, Chiriac AI, Hertweck C. Mapping of the Modular Closthioamide Architecture Reveals Crucial Motifs of Polythioamide Antibiotics. Chemistry 2014; 20:15451-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Henderson MC, Siddens LK, Krueger SK, Stevens JF, Kedzie K, Fang WK, Heidelbaugh T, Nguyen P, Chow K, Garst M, Gil D, Williams DE. Flavin-containing monooxygenase S-oxygenation of a series of thioureas and thiones. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:91-9. [PMID: 24727368 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is active towards many drugs with a heteroatom having the properties of a soft nucleophile. Thiocarbamides and thiones are S-oxygenated to the sulfenic acid which can either react with glutathione and initiate a redox-cycle or be oxygenated a second time to the unstable sulfinic acid. In this study, we utilized LC-MS/MS to demonstrate that the oxygenation by hFMO of the thioureas under test terminated at the sulfenic acid. With thiones, hFMO catalyzed the second reaction and the sulfinic acid rapidly lost sulfite to form the corresponding imidazole. Thioureas are often pulmonary toxicants in mammals and, as previously reported by our laboratory, are excellent substrates for hFMO2. This isoform is expressed at high levels in the lung of most mammals, including non-human primates. Genotyping to date indicates that individuals of African (up to 49%) or Hispanic (2-7%) ancestry have at least one allele for functional hFMO2 in lung, but not Caucasians nor Asians. In this study the major metabolite formed by hFMO2 with thioureas from Allergan, Inc. was the sulfenic acid that reacted with glutathione. The majority of thiones were poor substrates for hFMO3, the major form in adult human liver. However, hFMO1, the major isoform expressed in infant and neonatal liver and adult kidney and intestine, readily S-oxygenated thiones under test, with Kms ranging from 7 to 160 μM and turnover numbers of 30-40 min(-1). The product formed was identified by LC-MS/MS as the imidazole. The activities of the mouse and human FMO1 and FMO3 orthologs were in good agreement with the exception of some thiones for which activity was much greater with hFMO1 than mFMO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Henderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
| | - Sharon K Krueger
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
| | - J Fred Stevens
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
| | - Karen Kedzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Wenkui K Fang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Todd Heidelbaugh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Phong Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Ken Chow
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Michael Garst
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - Daniel Gil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA; Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA.
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Siddens LK, Krueger SK, Henderson MC, Williams DE. Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) as a source of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:141-7. [PMID: 24561181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) oxygenates drugs/xenobiotics containing a soft nucleophile through a C4a hydroperoxy-FAD intermediate. Human FMOs 1, 2 and 3, expressed in Sf9 insect microsomes, released 30-50% of O₂ consumed as H₂O₂ upon addition of NADPH. Addition of substrate had little effect on H₂O₂ production. Two common FMO2 (the major isoform in the lung) genetic polymorphisms, S195L and N413K, were examined for generation of H₂O₂. FMO2 S195L exhibited higher "leakage", producing much greater amounts of H₂O₂, than ancestral FMO2 (FMO2.1) or the N413K variant. S195L was distinct in that H₂O₂ generation was much higher in the absence of substrate. Addition of superoxide dismutase did not impact H₂O₂ release. Catalase did not reduce levels of H₂O₂ with either FMO2.1 or FMO3 but inhibited H₂O₂ generated by FMO2 allelic variants N413K and S195L. These data are consistent with FMO molecular models. S195L resides in the GxGxSG/A NADP(+) binding motif, in which serine is highly conserved (76/89 known FMOs). We hypothesize that FMO, especially allelic variants such as FMO2 S195L, may enhance the toxicity of xenobiotics such as thioureas/thiocarbamides both by generation of sulfenic and sulfinic acid metabolites and enhanced release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon K Krueger
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | | | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA; The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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The path of anti-tuberculosis drugs: from blood to lesions to mycobacterial cells. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:159-67. [PMID: 24487820 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For the successful treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, drugs need to penetrate complex lung lesions and permeate the mycobacterial cell wall in order to reach their intracellular targets. However, most currently used anti-tuberculosis drugs were introduced into clinical use without considering the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that influence drug distribution, and this has contributed to the long duration and limited success of current therapies. In this Progress article, I describe new methods to quantify and image drug distribution in infected lung tissue and in mycobacterial cells, and I explore how this technology could be used to design optimized multidrug regimens.
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Jackson M, McNeil MR, Brennan PJ. Progress in targeting cell envelope biogenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2014; 8:855-75. [PMID: 23841633 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the newly discovered compounds showing promise for the treatment of TB, notably multidrug-resistant TB, inhibit aspects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope metabolism. This review reflects on the evolution of the knowledge that many of the front-line and emerging products inhibit aspects of cell envelope metabolism and in the process are bactericidal not only against actively replicating M. tuberculosis, but contrary to earlier impressions, are effective against latent forms of the disease. While mycolic acid and arabinogalactan synthesis are still primary targets of existing and new drugs, peptidoglycan synthesis, transport mechanisms and the synthesis of the decaprenyl-phosphate carrier lipid all show considerable promise as targets for new products, older drugs and new combinations. The advantages of whole cell- versus target-based screening in the perpetual search for new targets and products to counter multidrug-resistant TB are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA.
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Varun BV, Sood A, Prabhu KR. A metal-free and a solvent-free synthesis of thio-amides and amides: an efficient Friedel–Crafts arylation of isothiocyanates and isocyanates. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12944j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, metal-free and solvent-free (very low loading of solvent in few cases) reaction conditions for synthesizing thioamides and amides using a Bronsted super acid such as triflic acid has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankush Sood
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560 012, India
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A new application of rhodanine as a green sulfur transferring agent for a clean functional group interconversion of amide to thioamide using reusable MCM-41 mesoporous silica. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ex vivo conversion of prodrug prothionamide to its metabolite prothionamide sulfoxide with different extraction techniques and their estimation in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:185-200. [PMID: 23330561 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present work reports an ex vivo conversion study of prothionamide to its active metabolite prothionamide sulfoxide in human plasma during sample preparation by three conventional extraction techniques. RESULTS The chromatography was done on a Hypersil™ Gold C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 3.0 µm) column using 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) as the mobile phase. Quantitation of the analytes was done by MS/MS in the positive ionization mode. The method was validated over a wide concentration range of 30 to 6000 ng/ml for prothionamide and 50 to 10,000 ng/ml for prothionamide sulfoxide. The recovery for both the analytes was greater than 89%. Stability was extensively validated under different storage conditions. CONCLUSION The extraction protocol was optimized using acetonitrile as protein precipitant for their simultaneous determination in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. The method was applied to a bioequivalence study of 250 mg prothionamide tablet formulation in 14 healthy Indian subjects.
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