1
|
Tahir R, Samra, Afzal F, Liang J, Yang S. Novel protective aspects of dietary polyphenols against pesticidal toxicity and its prospective application in rice-fish mode: A Review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109418. [PMID: 38301811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The rice fish system represents an innovative and sustainable approach to integrated farming, combining rice cultivation with fish rearing in the same ecosystem. However, one of the major challenges in this system is the pesticidal pollution resulting from various sources, which poses risks to fish health and overall ecosystem balance. In recent years, dietary polyphenols have emerged as promising bioactive compounds with potential chemo-preventive and therapeutic properties. These polyphenols, derived from various plant sources, have shown great potential in reducing the toxicity of pesticides and improving the health of fish within the rice fish system. This review aims to explore the novel aspects of using dietary polyphenols to mitigate pesticidal toxicity and enhance fish health in the rice fish system. It provides comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of action of dietary polyphenols and their beneficial effects on fish health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification properties. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential application methods of dietary polyphenols, such as direct supplementation in fish diets or through incorporation into the rice fields. By understanding the interplay between dietary polyphenols and pesticides in the rice fish system, researchers can develop innovative and sustainable strategies to promote fish health, minimize pesticide impacts, and ensure the long-term viability of this integrated farming approach. The information presented in this review will be valuable for scientists, aqua-culturists, and policymakers aiming to implement eco-friendly and health-enhancing practices in the rice fish system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tahir
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Samra
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fozia Afzal
- Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ji Liang
- School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Medkova D, Hollerova A, Riesova B, Blahova J, Hodkovicova N, Marsalek P, Doubkova V, Weiserova Z, Mares J, Faldyna M, Tichy F, Svobodova Z, Lakdawala P. Pesticides and Parabens Contaminating Aquatic Environment: Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicity towards Early-Life Stages of Freshwater Fish and Amphibians. TOXICS 2023; 11:333. [PMID: 37112561 PMCID: PMC10141211 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and personal care products are two very important groups of contaminants posing a threat to the aquatic environment and the organisms living in it.. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the effects of widely used pesticides and parabens on aquatic non-target biota such as fish (using model organisms Danio rerio and Cyprinus carpio) and amphibians (using model organism Xenopus laevis) using a wide range of endpoints. The first part of the experiment was focused on the embryonal toxicity of three widely used pesticides (metazachlor, prochloraz, and 4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxy acetic acid) and three parabens (methylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben) with D. rerio, C. carpio, and X. laevis embryos. An emphasis was placed on using mostly sub-lethal concentrations that are partially relevant to the environmental concentrations of the substances studied. In the second part of the study, an embryo-larval toxicity test with C. carpio was carried out with prochloraz using concentrations 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L. The results of both parts of the study show that even the low, environmentally relevant concentrations of the chemicals tested are often able to affect the expression of genes that play either a prominent role in detoxification and sex hormone production or indicate cell stress or, in case of prochloraz, to induce genotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Medkova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agrisciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Hollerova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Riesova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marsalek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Doubkova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Weiserova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agrisciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Tichy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Lakdawala
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fludioxonil, a phenylpyrrol pesticide, induces Cytoskeleton disruption, DNA damage and apoptosis via oxidative stress on rat glioma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
4
|
Jorge-Escudero G, Pérez Polanco M, Lagerlöf JE, Pérez CA, Míguez D. Commercial Fungicide Toxic Effects on Terrestrial Non-Target Species Might Be Underestimated When Based Solely on Active Ingredient Toxicity and Standard Earthworm Tests. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10090488. [PMID: 36136453 PMCID: PMC9502452 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ecosystem services provided by earthworms are lost when land management reduces their populations, hence, the importance of thorough assessments of management effects on this group. The present study aimed to: (1) review the possible influence of other ingredients within the formulations of two commercial fungicides; (2) assess the sublethal effects of these commercial fungicides on Eisenia fetida; and (3) assess the acute lethal effects of one commercial fungicide on both Glossoscolex rione and E. fetida. Examining all components of the studied commercial formulations revealed that alongside the toxic active ingredients are other ingredients that are equally as or more toxic than the former and may even be in higher concentrations. The inhibition concentration of 10% of E. fetida’s progeny (IC10) was estimated at 133 mg kg−1 for PROSARO® and 1544 mg kg−1 for SWING PLUS®. Both fungicides showed an effect of hormesis on the progeny. In this first toxicity study with G. rione, it was found that this species is more sensitive to PROSARO® than E. fetida, with preliminary 14 day-lethal concentrations of 285 mg kg−1 for the former and >1000 mg kg−1 for the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Jorge-Escudero
- Departamento de Sistemas Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Pérez Polanco
- Departamento de Sistemas Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 780, Montevideo 12900, Uruguay
| | - Jan Erland Lagerlöf
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos Alberto Pérez
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, EEMAC, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Diana Míguez
- Latitud-LATU Foundation, Technological Laboratory of Uruguay (LATU), Montevideo 11500, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Macirella R, Curcio V, Ahmed AIM, Pellegrino D, Brunelli E. Effect of short-term exposure to low concentration of tebuconazole: morphological, histometric and functional modifications in Danio rerio liver. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2043469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - V. Curcio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - A. I. M. Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - D. Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - E. Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mosiichuk N, Husak V, Storey KB, Lushchak V. Acute Exposure to the Penconazole-Containing Fungicide Topas Induces Metabolic Stress in Goldfish. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2441-2449. [PMID: 34793142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triazole fungicides are widely used in agriculture that leads to pollution of freshwater ecosystems. The mechanisms of toxicity to fish by the triazole fungicide Topas that contains penconazole (1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) have not been studied. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of goldfish exposure for 96 h to the fungicide Topas at concentrations of 1.5, 15, or 25 mg/L on the plasma and liver biochemical parameters and blood hematological profile. Goldfish exposure to Topas decreased alanine and aspartate transaminase activity and increased lactate dehydrogenase activity in the liver. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase activities were elevated in fungicide-treated fish. Topas exposure also enhanced plasma glucose and triacylglycerol concentrations. In the liver, fungicide treatment decreased levels of glucose but elevated triacylglycerols, glycogen, and protein. The results indicate that acute exposure of goldfish to Topas induced strong metabolic perturbations and disruptions of metabolic parameters, suggesting that these could be used to assess sublethal or acute toxic effects of pesticides on aquatic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiia Mosiichuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Viktor Husak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Volodymyr Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bernabò I, Guardia A, Macirella R, Sesti S, Tripepi S, Brunelli E. Tissues injury and pathological changes in Hyla intermedia juveniles after chronic larval exposure to tebuconazole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111367. [PMID: 32971454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TBZ), an azole pesticide, is one of the most frequently detected fungicides in surface water. Despite its harmful effects, mainly related to endocrine disturbance, the consequences of TBZ exposure in amphibians remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the adverse and delayed effects of TBZ chronic exposure on a native anuran species, often inhabiting cultivated areas, the Italian tree frog (Hyla intermedia). To disclose the multiple mechanisms of action through which TBZ exerts its toxicity we exposed tadpoles over the whole larval period to two sublethal TBZ concentrations (5 and 50 μg/L), and we evaluated histological alterations in three target organs highly susceptible to xenobiotics: liver, kidney, and gonads. We also assessed morphometric and gravimetric parameters: snout-vent length (SVL), body mass (BM), liver somatic index (LSI), and gonad-mesonephros complex index (GMCI) and determined sex ratio, gonadal development, and differentiation. Our results show that TBZ induces irreversible effects on multiple target organs in H. intermedia, exerting its harmful effects through several pathological pathways, including a massive inflammatory response. Moreover, TBZ markedly affects sexual differentiation also by inducing the appearance of sexually undetermined individuals and a general delay of germ cell maturation. Given the paucity of data on the effects of TBZ in amphibians, our results will contribute to a better understanding of the environmental risk posed by this fungicide to the most endangered group of vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bernabò
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Antonello Guardia
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Settimio Sesti
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sandro Tripepi
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
El-Shershaby AEFM, Lashein FEDM, Seleem AA, Ahmed AA. Developmental neurotoxicity after penconazole exposure at embryo pre- and post-implantation in mice. J Histotechnol 2020; 43:135-146. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2020.1747214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amin A. Seleem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bai J, Sun X, Ma X. Interaction of tebuconazole with bovine serum albumin: determination of the binding mechanism and binding site by spectroscopic methods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:509-516. [PMID: 32037956 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1725358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the interaction between tebuconazole and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a physiological buffer (pH = 7.4) using the fluorescence quenching method to obtain the apparent binding constants (K) and number of binding sites (n) in the interaction between tebuconazole and BSA. The results revealed that tebuconazole can quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA through a static quenching procedure. It also shows that the thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) are negative, indicating that the interaction of tebuconazole with BSA is mainly driven by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. The process of binding was a spontaneous process in which Gibbs free energy change was negative. The distance of r between the donor (BSA) and acceptor (tebuconazole) was calculated to be 0.68 nm based on Forster's non-radiative energy transfer theory. Analysis of synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra demonstrates that tebuconazole can induce conformational changes of BSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- College of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuekai Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Ma
- College of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Çelik A, Güler G, Aktaş C, Yalin S. Genotoxic action of Luna Experience-SC 400 fungicide on rat bone marrow. Biomarkers 2019; 24:720-725. [PMID: 31464141 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1658804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Fungicides describe all chemicals used to control fungi that infect plants. Luna Experience SC-400 is a new line of fungicide that consist of Fluopyram and Tebuconazole. Objective: In this study, We investigated the genotoxicty and cytotoxicty of Luna Experience-SC 400 using comet assay, micronucleus test and polychromatic erythrocytes number in rat bone marrow. The present study is the first report indicating the effects of genotoxic and cytotoxic of Luna experience SC-400 on rat bone marrow cells. Material and Methods: We used three different doses (5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg) of Luna Experience SC 400 at 48 h intervals during 30 days by gavage in rats.Genotoxicity was evaluated using comet assay and micronucleus test and cytotoxicity was measured the PCE/NCE rate in rat bone marrow. Results: Based on these experimental results, we report that Luna Experience-SC 400 fungicide presents genotoxic and cytotoxic potential on rat bone marrow. There is a significant difference between negative control group and all the doses of Luna Experience-SC 400 (p < 0.05) for comet assay and micronucleus. Even moderate and high doses of fungicides seem to have reached the values of almost positive control group for Genetic Damage Index (GDI) and Damaged Cell Percentage (DCP). In this study, we also investigated the PCE/NCE rate. Fungicide caused a decrease in the level of significant in the PCE/NCE ratio (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our in vivo study suggests that the gavage exposure to Luna experience SC 400 used in the present investigation may be genotoxic and cytotoxic in rat bone marrow in view of these findings. Because this findings is first report represented in the pesticide biology, it is important to carry out more investigations using various cytogenetic tests under different experimental conditions to definitively resolve the the possible genotoxic and cytotoxic risk associated with new generation pesticides-fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Çelik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Gizem Güler
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Cuma Aktaş
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Serap Yalin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hamdi H, Abid-Essefi S, Eyer J. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of epoxiconazole on F98 glioma cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:314-323. [PMID: 31078888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epoxiconazole (EPX) is a very effective fungicide of the triazole family. Given its wide spectrum of use, the increased application of this pesticide may represent a serious risk on human health. Previous studies have found that EPX is cytotoxic to cells, although the exact mechanism remains elusive. In particular, the effect on the nervous system is poorly elucidated. Here we evaluated the implication of oxidative stress in the neurotoxicity and studied its apoptotic mechanism of action. We demonstrated that the treatment by EPX reduces the viability of cells in a dose dependent manner with an IC50 of 50 μM. It also provokes the reduction of cell proliferation. EPX could trigger arrest in G1/S phase of cell cycle with low doses, however with IC50, it induced an accumulation of F98 cells in G2/M phase. Moreover, EPX induced cytoskeleton disruption as evidenced by immunocytochemical analysis. It provoked also DNA fragmentation in a concentration dependent manner. The EPX induced apoptosis, which was observed by morphological changes and by positive Annexin V FITC-PI staining concurrent with a depolarization of mitochondria. Furthermore, the cell mortality provoked by EPX was significantly reduced by pretreatment with Z-VAD-FMK, a caspase inhibitor. Moreover, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) strongly restores cell viability that has been inhibited by EPX. The results of these findings highlight the implication of ROS generation in the neurotoxicity induced by EPX, indicating that the production of ROS is the main cause of the induction of apoptosis probably via the mitochondrial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Hamdi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5019, Tunisia
| | - Joel Eyer
- Laboratoire Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles (MINT), Inserm 1066, CNRS 6021, Institut de Biologie de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, 49033, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Clasen B, Loro VL, Murussi CR, Tiecher TL, Moraes B, Zanella R. Bioaccumulation and oxidative stress caused by pesticides in Cyprinus carpio reared in a rice-fish system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:737-743. [PMID: 29358144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, many irrigated rice producers have adopted the rice-fish farming systems, in which fish are reared in the same environment as rice is grown. These animals can biologically control many pests that disturb the crop, as well as increase the income of producers when they are reared in the same area as rice. However, a large variety of pesticides is often used for pest control in conventional irrigated rice crops, and fish are exposed to different pesticide concentrations and active ingredients. Thus, the aim of the current study is to assess the potential risks of these pesticides to freshwater fish (Cyprinus carpio) cultured in integrated rice-fish farming systems. We assessed five pesticides widely used in rice culture. This is the first report on the bioaccumulation of the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam and clorantraniliprole and of the fungicide tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin associated with oxidative stress and with enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters in edible fish samples reared in integrated in rice-fish farming systems. After 100 days of exposure, lambda-cyhalothrin and tebuconazole bioaccumulated in carp muscles. Acethylcholinesterase activity in the brain was lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Overall, the biochemical analyses showed increased responses in the experimental groups in comparison to the controls. Lipid peroxidation levels increased in the liver, gills and muscles. Protein oxidation increased in the liver and muscles. Catalase activity increased in the liver, and glutathione S-transferase increased in the liver, gills and muscles. Results demonstrate that these pesticides have severe adverse consequences in fish and indicate their potential risk to human health due to their bioaccumulation in farmed fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Clasen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Sul, 98.600-000 Três Passos, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vania L Loro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97.105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila R Murussi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97.105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Luis Tiecher
- Federal Institute Farroupilha, Campus Alegrete, 97.555-000 Alegrete, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97.105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- LARP - Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Altenhofen S, Nabinger DD, Wiprich MT, Pereira TCB, Bogo MR, Bonan CD. Tebuconazole alters morphological, behavioral and neurochemical parameters in larvae and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:483-490. [PMID: 28431386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of tebuconazole on morphology and exploratory larvae behavior and adult locomotion. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of this fungicide on AChE activity and gene expression in zebrafish larvae and in the adult zebrafish brain. Tebuconazole (4 mg/L) increased the ocular distance in larvae and reduced the distance travelled, absolute turn angle, line crossing and time outside area in exposed larvae. Moreover, adult zebrafish that were exposed to this fungicide (4 and 6 mg/L) showed a decrease in distance travelled and mean speed when compared to the control group. However, tebuconazole did not alter the number of line crossings or time spent in the upper zone. Tebuconazole inhibited AChE activity at concentrations of 4 mg/L for larvae and 4 and 6 mg/L in the adult zebrafish brain. However, this fungicide did not alter AChE gene expression in the adult zebrafish brain but increased AChE mRNA transcript levels in larvae. These findings demonstrated that tebuconazole could modulate the cholinergic system by altering AChE activity and that this change may be associated with the reduced locomotion of these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Altenhofen
- PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Dreher Nabinger
- PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Talita Wiprich
- PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Talita Carneiro Brandão Pereira
- PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burkina V, Zamaratskaia G, Oliveira R, Fedorova G, Grabicova K, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Steinbach C, Domingues I, Golovko O, Sakalli S, Grabic R, Randak T, Zlabek V. Sub-lethal effects and bioconcentration of the human pharmaceutical clotrimazole in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:10-22. [PMID: 27268790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize biomarker responses, haematological profiles, structural changes and uptake in juvenile rainbow trout exposed to clotrimazole (CLO) at three concentrations (0.01 - [lowest environmentally relevant concentration], 1.0 [highest environmentally relevant concentration] and 10 μg L(-1)) in a semi-static system over a period of 42 days. Antioxidant defence enzymes, which responded to CLO exposure, changed the oxidative stress status of cells, but no differences were observed in lipid peroxidation. Clotrimazole triggered a biphasic response of CYP3A-like activity in liver microsomes, which may indicate a detoxification process in the liver. Histopathological alterations were most pronounced in kidneys and testes in the group exposed to 10 μg L(-1). Structural changes in the kidney included tubulonephrosis and hyaline droplet degeneration in the tubular epithelial cells. The relative proportions of germ cells in testes were changed: The number of spermatozoa was reduced, and the spermatogonia and spermatocytes were increased. The highest CLO concentration was detected in fish liver (3710 ng per gram wet tissue) and kidney (4280 ng per gram wet tissue). Depuration half-life was estimated to be 72, 159, and 682 h in liver, muscle, and kidney, respectively. Taken together, these results provide valuable toxicological data on the effects of CLO on aquatic non-target organisms, which could be useful for further understanding of the potential risks in the real aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Rhaul Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Laenggassstrasse 122, Bern 3001, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Sidika Sakalli
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Randak
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bernabò I, Guardia A, Macirella R, Sesti S, Crescente A, Brunelli E. Effects of long-term exposure to two fungicides, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole, on survival and life history traits of Italian tree frog (Hyla intermedia). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 172:56-66. [PMID: 26771902 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the hazards associated with the extensive use of fungicides have become an issue of great concern but, at present, the effects of these substances on amphibians remain poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of two commonly used fungicides, tebuconazole and pyrimethanil, on Italian Tree Frog (Hyla intermedia), a species frequently found in agricultural areas. Tadpoles were exposed to fungicides from developmental Gosner stage 25 (GS 25) to completion of metamorphosis (GS 46) and the whole exposure period lasted 78 days. For both tested fungicides we used two concentrations (5 and 50μg/L) that are comparable to those detected in surface waters, near agricultural fields. A variety of sublethal effects-on growth, development, behavior, and physiology-may be used for evaluating alterations induced by pollutants in amphibians. We estimated whether pyrimethanil and tebuconazole exposure impacted on H. intermedia life history traits. For this purpose, survival, growth, development, initiation of metamorphosis, success and size at metamorphosis, time to metamorphosis, and frequency of morphological abnormalities were evaluated. We showed, for all considered endpoints, that the exposure to tebuconazole exerts more harmful effects on H. intermedia than does exposure to pyrimethanil. Before the onset of metamorphic climax we showed, for both fungicides, that the low concentrations (5μg/L) induced significantly greater effects than the higher ones (50μg/L) on survival and deformity incidence. During the metamorphic climax, a complete reversal of this nonlinear trend takes place, and the percentage of animals initiating metamorphosis was reduced in fungicide-exposed groups in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, a strong correlation emerged between fungicide exposure and the incidence of morphological abnormalities such as tail malformations, scoliosis, edema, mouth and limb deformities. Exposure to tested fungicides also caused a reduction in developmental rates just prior to the onset of metamorphic climax, which translated to a significant delay in timing of metamorphosis. We detected a drastic decrease in the success at metamorphosis in all exposed groups, compared to control group (86.25%). In fact, the percentage of survived larvae to GS 46, in the high and low concentrations, respectively, was only 22.5% and 36.25% in tebuconazole-exposed groups and 43.75% (50μg/L) and 56.25% (5μg/L) in pyrimethanil-exposed groups. Our findings underscore the hazardous properties of these two fungicides for non-target species in the context of ecotoxicological risk assessment. No published studies have addressed the long-term effects of tebuconazole and pyrimethanil on amphibians. To date, this is one of only a few studies documenting the effects of fungicide exposure over the whole larval development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bernabò
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | - Antonello Guardia
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | - Settimio Sesti
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | - Antonio Crescente
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende (Cosenza), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu N, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Chen Z, Tao Y, Pan X, Chen X, Zheng Y. Stereoselective Determination of Tebuconazole in Water and Zebrafish by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6297-6303. [PMID: 26125486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for the enantioselective determination of tebuconazole enantiomers in water and zebrafish has been established using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-MS/MS. The effects of the chiral stationary phases, mobile phase, auto back pressure regulator (ABPR) pressure, column temperature, flow rate of the mobile phase, and compensation pump solvent were evaluated. Finally, the optimal SFC-MS/MS working conditions were determined to include a CO2/MeOH mobile phase (87:13, v/v), 2.0 mL/min flow rate, 2200 psi ABPR, and 30 °C column temperature using a Chiralpak IA-3 chiral column under electrospray ionization positive mode. The modified QuEChERS method was applied to water and zebrafish samples. The mean recoveries for the tebuconazole enantiomers were 79.8-108.4% with RSDs ≤ 7.0% in both matrices. The LOQs ranged from 0.24 to 1.20 μg/kg. The developed analytical method was further validated by application to the analysis of authentic samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- †Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenglong Chen
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tao
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - XiXi Chen
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- §Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Šiviková K, Dianovský J, Holečková B, Galdíková M, Kolesárová V. Assessment of cytogenetic damage in bovine peripheral lymphocytes exposed to in vitro tebuconazole-based fungicide. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:555-562. [PMID: 23632246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tebuconazole-based fungicide was tested in vitro for its potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on cultured bovine peripheral lymphocytes. Following 24h and 48 h of incubation, several cytogenetic endpoints were investigated such as: Chromosome Aberrations (CAs); Sister Chromatid Exchanges (SCEs); Micronuclei (MN); Mitotic Index (MI); Proliferation Index (PI); and Cytokinesis Block Proliferation Index (CBPI). The cultured lymphocytes were exposed to the fungicide formulation at concentrations of 3, 6, 15, 30 and 60 μg mL(-1). Statistical significant increases were seen in the CA assays at concentrations ranging from 6 to 30 μg mL(-1) for 24h. The higher doses caused a decrease or total inhibition of chromosome damages in comparison to the last active dose, or the control values. The Fluorescence in situ Hybridisation (FISH) technique was also used for the study of stable/unstable structural chromosomal aberrations and numerical aberrations of aneuploidy/polyploidy at the concentrations of 6 and 15 μg mL(-1). Under conditions of our study, no reciprocal translocations were detected. The more frequent types of aberrations were trisomies and monosomies; both have been identified in association with either bovine chromosome 5 or 7. No statistical significant value was seen in the induced MN; but, the clear, evident reduction of the CBPI was observed. Significant elevations of SCE were observed after the applications of the fungicide formulation at doses from 15 to 60 μg mL(-1) in each donor for 24h. The highest concentrations also caused a statistical significant decrease in the PI. The treatment for 48 h failed to exhibit any genotoxic activity of the fungicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šiviková
- Institute of Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Holečková B, Šiviková K, Dianovský J, Galdíková M. Effect of triazole pesticide formulation on bovine culture cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:1080-1088. [PMID: 24007485 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.824224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To date, most data about the possible genotoxic effect of triazole pesticides are focused on laboratory animals resulting in limited information on further non-target organisms such as cattle. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of triazole (tebuconazole/prothioconazole) fungicide formulation on the induction of chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and DNA fragmentation in bovine cultured lymphocytes. Our results showed that the fungicide formulation did not induce significant number of CAs in bovine cells after 24 h treatment. Nevertheless, the dose-dependent reduction of mitotic division was observed, with the strongest effect at 30.0 μg mL(-1) in both donors (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Prolonged 48 h exposure caused the increased level of breaks in treated cultures (3.0-15.0 μg mL(-1); P < 0.05) and significant decrease in mitotic index (MI). The tested fungicide failed to produce any statistical changes in the SCE frequency neither after 24 h nor 48 h treatment. However, the significant decline of the proliferation index (PI) was observed after 24 h indicating the fungicide influence on cell cycle kinetics. Prolonged 48 h exposure caused cytotoxicity reflecting in lower PI value relative to control mainly at the highest fungicide concentrations (30.0 μg mL(-1), P < 0.001). Using painting probes for bovine chromosomes 1, 5 and 7 (BTA1, BTA5 and BTA7) only low levels of aneuploidies were detected. Significant increase of polyploidy cells (P < 0.05) was induced by a 3.0 μg mL(-1) dose of the fungicide after 48 h. DNA fragmentation assay didn't reveal the presence of DNA nucleosome ladder in cell cultures at any time (24 h and 48 h) and fungicide concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Holečková
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|