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Guerrero-Jiménez G, Santos-Medrano G, Robles-Vargas D, Rubio-Franchini I, Silva-Briano M, Rico-Martínez R. Resilience of rotifers and cladocerans communities in four reservoirs with eutrophication pollution and lead concentrations in Aguascalientes, Mexico. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141577. [PMID: 38430937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Pollution in aquatic ecosystems has been increasing drastically worldwide changing their water quality. Therefore, species must be adapted to these new scenarios. In Aguascalientes City, four representative urban reservoirs contain lead in the water column and extremely high concentrations of sediments. Therefore, an analysis was conducted to evaluate the resilience of zooplankton species to lead exposure in each reservoir using dormant and organisms. Results demonstrated a decrease range from 57.5 to 22.5% in overall diapausing egg hatching rate, while survivorship rate also decreased from 98 to 54% when organisms were exposed to the water of the four reservoirs and increasing lead concentrations. When Pb exposure increased, results showed a global negative effect on both hatching rate (decreasing from 58 to 30% at 0.09 mg L-1) and survivorship levels (decreasing from 100% to 0.07% at 0.09 mg L-1). We provide Species Sensitivity Distribution for both water reservoir dilutions and lead concentration to analyze diapausing eggs hatching and survivorship of offspring in the presence of same polluted conditions or lead of the autochthonous species found in reservoirs. Furthermore, specific analysis with two populations of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa showed clear dissimilar hatching patterns that suggested a different adaptive mechanism. Niagara population shows a hatching rate of approximately 25% in the first two days of reservoir water exposure, while UAA population drastically increased hatching rate to 75% on exposure at day seven. We provide the first record of bioaccumulation in ephippia of M. macrocopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Guerrero-Jiménez
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Biología, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - Gustavo Santos-Medrano
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Robles-Vargas
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - Isidoro Rubio-Franchini
- Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del ISSEA. Departamento de Control Ambiental, Laboratorio de Instrumentación I, Margil de Jesús 1501, Fraccionamiento Arboledas, C.P. 20020, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - Marcelo Silva-Briano
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Biología, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Rico-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Avenida Universidad 940, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
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Yao X, Saikawa E, Warner S, D’Souza PE, Ryan PB, Barr DB. Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil in the Westside of Atlanta, GA. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000752. [PMID: 37637997 PMCID: PMC10450253 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation has been explored as a cost-effective method to remediate soil Pb contamination. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Vigna unguiculata, Brassica pekinensis, Gomphrena globose, and Helianthus annuus for removing and immobilizing Pb in soil collected from the Westside Lead Superfund site in Atlanta. Plants were cultivated in sampled soil with a Pb concentration of 515 ± 10 mg/kg for 60 days. Soils growing H. annuus were additionally treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (0.1 g/kg) or compost (20% soil blend) to assess their capabilities for enhancing phytoremediation. Mean post-phytoremediation Pb concentrations in the four plant species were 23.5, 25.7, 50.0, and 58.1 mg/kg dry weight (DW), respectively, and were substantially higher than 1.55 mg/kg DW in respective plant species grown in control soils with no Pb contamination. The highest Pb concentration, translocation factor, and biomass were found in V. unguiculate among four species without soil amendments. H. annuus treated with EDTA and compost resulted in a significant increase in the total Pb uptake and larger biomass compared to non-treated plants, respectively. Although this study found that V. unguiculata was the best candidate for Pb accumulation and immobilization among four species, soil remediation was limited to 54 mg/kg in a growing season. We find that it is critically important to perform phytostabilization in a secure manner, since Pb bioavailability of edible plant parts implies the potential risk associated with their unintentional consumption. Efficiently and effectively remediating Pb-contaminated soils in a low-cost manner needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Yao
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - E. Saikawa
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - S. Warner
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. E. D’Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. B. Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - D. B. Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072179. [PMID: 32218253 PMCID: PMC7177270 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) toxicity has been a subject of interest for environmental scientists due to its toxic effect on plants, animals, and humans. An increase in several Pb related industrial activities and use of Pb containing products such as agrochemicals, oil and paint, mining, etc. can lead to Pb contamination in the environment and thereby, can enter the food chain. Being one of the most toxic heavy metals, Pb ingestion via the food chain has proven to be a potential health hazard for plants and humans. The current review aims to summarize the research updates on Pb toxicity and its effects on plants, soil, and human health. Relevant literature from the past 20 years encompassing comprehensive details on Pb toxicity has been considered with key issues such as i) Pb bioavailability in soil, ii) Pb biomagnification, and iii) Pb- remediation, which has been addressed in detail through physical, chemical, and biological lenses. In the review, among different Pb-remediation approaches, we have highlighted certain advanced approaches such as microbial assisted phytoremediation which could possibly minimize the Pb load from the resources in a sustainable manner and would be a viable option to ensure a safe food production system.
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Adams W, Blust R, Dwyer R, Mount D, Nordheim E, Rodriguez PH, Spry D. Bioavailability Assessment of Metals in Freshwater Environments: A Historical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:48-59. [PMID: 31880839 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many metals (aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead, zinc) are widely studied environmental contaminants because of their ubiquity, potential toxicity to aquatic life, and tendency for toxicity to vary widely as a function of water chemistry. The interactions between metal and water chemistry influence metal "bioavailability," an index of the rate and extent to which the metal reaches the site of toxic action. The implications of metal bioavailability for ecological risk assessment are large, with as much as a 100-fold variability across a range of water chemistries in surface waters. Beginning as early as the 1930s, considerable research effort was expended toward documenting and understanding metal bioavailability as a function of total and dissolved metal, water hardness, natural organic matter, pH, and other water characteristics. The understanding of these factors and improvements in both analytical and computational chemistry led to the development of modeling approaches intended to describe and predict the relationship between water chemistry and metal toxicity, including the free ion activity model, the gill surface interaction model, the biotic ligand model, and additional derivatives and regression models that arose from similar knowledge. The arc of these scientific advances can also be traced through the evolution of the US Environmental Protection Agency's ambient water quality criteria over the last 50 yr, from guidance in the "Green Book" (1968) to metal-specific criteria produced in the last decade. Through time, water quality criteria in many jurisdictions have incorporated increasingly sophisticated means of addressing metal bioavailability. The present review discusses the history of scientific understanding of metal bioavailability and the development and application of models to incorporate this knowledge into regulatory practice. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;39:48-59. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Dwyer
- Robert Dwyer, International Copper Association, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Mount
- Mid-Continent Ecology Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Doug Spry
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
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Brix KV, DeForest DK, Tear L, Peijnenburg W, Peters A, Traudt E, Erickson R. Development of Empirical Bioavailability Models for Metals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:85-100. [PMID: 31880833 PMCID: PMC8011552 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been renewed interest in the development and use of empirical models to predict metal bioavailability and derive protective values for aquatic life. However, there is considerable variability in the conceptual and statistical approaches with which these models have been developed. In the present study, we review case studies of empirical bioavailability model development, evaluating and making recommendations on key issues, including species selection, identifying toxicity-modifying factors (TMFs) and the appropriate environmental range of these factors, use of existing toxicity data sets and experimental design for developing new data sets, statistical considerations in deriving species-specific and pooled bioavailability models, and normalization of species sensitivity distributions using these models. We recommend that TMFs be identified from a combination of available chemical speciation and toxicity data and statistical evaluations of their relationships to toxicity. Experimental designs for new toxicity data must be sufficiently robust to detect nonlinear responses to TMFs and should encompass a large fraction (e.g., 90%) of the TMF range. Model development should involve a rigorous use of both visual plotting and statistical techniques to evaluate data fit. When data allow, we recommend using a simple linear model structure and developing pooled models rather than retaining multiple taxa-specific models. We conclude that empirical bioavailability models often have similar predictive capabilities compared to mechanistic models and can provide a relatively simple, transparent tool for predicting the effects of TMFs on metal bioavailability to achieve desired environmental management goals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;39:85-100. © 2019 SETAC.
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Zulfiqar U, Farooq M, Hussain S, Maqsood M, Hussain M, Ishfaq M, Ahmad M, Anjum MZ. Lead toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109557. [PMID: 31545179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is the second most toxic heavy metal after arsenic (As), which has no role in biological systems. Pb toxicity causes a range of damages to plants from germination to yield formation; however, its toxicity is both time and concentration dependent. Its exposure at higher rates disturbs the plant water and nutritional relations and causes oxidative damages to plants. Reduced rate of seed germination and plant growth under stress is mainly due to Pb interference with enzymatic activities, membrane damage and stomatal closure because of induction of absicic acid and negative correlation of Pb with potassium in plants. Pb induced structural changes in photosynthetic apparatus and reduced biosynthesis of chlorophyll pigments cause retardation of carbon metabolism. In this review, the noxious effects of Pb on germination, stand establishment, growth, water relations, nutrient uptake and assimilation, ultra-structural and oxidative damages, carbon metabolism and enzymatic activities in plants are reported. The Pb dynamics in soil rhizosphere and role of remediation strategies i.e. physical, chemical and biological to decontaminate the Pb polluted soils has also been described. Among them, biological strategies, including phytoremediation, microbe-assisted remediation and remediation by organic amendments, are cost effective and environmentally sound remedies for cleaning Pb contaminated soils. Use of organic manures and some agricultural practices have the potential to harvest better crops yield of good quality form Pb contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan; Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al-Khoud 123, Oman; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia.
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Maqsood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mubshar Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Agriculture Discipline, College of Science Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Anjum
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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Snell TW, Johnston RK, Matthews AB, Park N, Berry S, Brashear J. Using Proales similis (Rotifera) for toxicity assessment in marine waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:634-644. [PMID: 30801956 PMCID: PMC6593453 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to develop more animal species for assessing toxicity in marine environments. Cyst-based toxicity tests using invertebrates are especially fast, technically simple, cost-effective, and sensitive to a variety of toxicants. Over the past 30 years, a variety of toxicity endpoints have been measured using the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis hatched from cysts, including mortality, reproduction, ingestion, swimming, enzyme activity, and gene expression. A consensus has developed that the most ecologically relevant toxicity measurements should be made using more than one species. Furthermore, it has been noted that the rotifer species toxicant sensitivity distribution is much broader than which endpoint is measured. This implies that toxicity should be measured with the simplest, fastest, least expensive test available on as many species as feasible. If a battery of test species is to be used to estimate toxicity, diapause egg-based toxicity tests that do not require culturing of test animals will be key. In this paper, we describe how diapause eggs of a new marine rotifer, Proales similis, can be produced, stored and hatched under controlled conditions to produce animals for toxicity tests. Methods are described for quantifying the toxicity of copper, mercury and cadmium based on mortality, ingestion, reproduction, and diapause egg hatching endpoints. We found that reproduction and ingestion endpoints were generally more sensitive to the metals than mortality or diapause egg hatching. When the copper sensitivity of P. similis was compared to Brachionus manjavacas and B. plicatilis using an ingestion test, similar EC50s were observed. In contrast, the B. rotundiformis ingestion EC50 for copper was about 4× more sensitive. Although diapause egg hatching was not the most sensitive endpoint, it is the most ecologically relevant for assessing sediment toxicity. Our discovery of diapausing eggs in the P. similis life cycle has created a conundrum. We have not observed males or sex in P. similis populations, which is a direct contradiction to the orthodox view of the monogonont rotifer life cycle. Work is needed to clarify how diapause egg production is accomplished by P. similis and whether sexual reproduction is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Snell
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Rachel K. Johnston
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Amelia B. Matthews
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Nancy Park
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Savannah Berry
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Jillian Brashear
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
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Ranjbar ZR, Khatamifar M, Fatemi SJ. Chelation therapy: Assessing the impact of deferasirox size on lead(II) release from biological systems. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-180260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Rashidi Ranjbar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Marzieh Khatamifar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamilaldine Fatemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kerman branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
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Hug Peter D, Sardy S, Diaz Rodriguez J, Castella E, Slaveykova VI. Modeling whole body trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrate communities: A trait-based approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:419-428. [PMID: 29100179 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal risk assessment and environmental quality standard definition require realistic models that quantify metal exposure and accumulation by biota. In the present study we propose a novel trait-based approach to predict whole body concentrations of metals in aquatic invertebrates from concentrations measured in different environmental compartments. Field data from a large riverine floodplain was used to calibrate and test the model. The prediction performance of the trait-based model was unbiased and uncertainty was below the twofold of measured concentrations for the four studied metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb). The relative contribution of feeding, respiration and locomotion patterns as well as metal concentrations in three environmental compartments provided insights into the importance of different uptake pathways. The relation with the sediment (i.e., to what degree taxa live in or directly on the sediment) was shown to be the most important trait to predict metal accumulation. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential use of bioecological traits for the modeling of whole body metal concentrations of entire aquatic invertebrate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Hug Peter
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE), University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Sardy
- Section of Mathematics, University of Geneva, rue du Lièvre 2-4, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jairo Diaz Rodriguez
- Section of Mathematics, University of Geneva, rue du Lièvre 2-4, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Castella
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE), University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vera I Slaveykova
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE), University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Brix KV, DeForest DK, Tear L, Grosell M, Adams WJ. Use of Multiple Linear Regression Models for Setting Water Quality Criteria for Copper: A Complementary Approach to the Biotic Ligand Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5182-5192. [PMID: 28409924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biotic Ligand Models (BLMs) for metals are widely applied in ecological risk assessments and in the development of regulatory water quality guidelines in Europe, and in 2007 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended BLM-based water quality criteria (WQC) for Cu in freshwater. However, to-date, few states have adopted BLM-based Cu criteria into their water quality standards on a state-wide basis, which appears to be due to the perception that the BLM is too complicated or requires too many input variables. Using the mechanistic BLM framework to first identify key water chemistry parameters that influence Cu bioavailability, namely dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, and hardness, we developed Cu criteria using the same basic methodology used by the USEPA to derive hardness-based criteria but with the addition of DOC and pH. As an initial proof of concept, we developed stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) models for species that have been tested over wide ranges of DOC, pH, and hardness conditions. These models predicted acute Cu toxicity values that were within a factor of ±2 in 77% to 97% of tests (5 species had adequate data) and chronic Cu toxicity values that were within a factor of ±2 in 92% of tests (1 species had adequate data). This level of accuracy is comparable to the BLM. Following USEPA guidelines for WQC development, the species data were then combined to develop a linear model with pooled slopes for each independent parameter (i.e., DOC, pH, and hardness) and species-specific intercepts using Analysis of Covariance. The pooled MLR and BLM models predicted species-specific toxicity with similar precision; adjusted R2 and R2 values ranged from 0.56 to 0.86 and 0.66-0.85, respectively. Graphical exploration of relationships between predicted and observed toxicity, residuals and observed toxicity, and residuals and concentrations of key input parameters revealed many similarities and a few key distinctions between the performances of the two models. The pooled MLR model was then applied to the species sensitivity distribution to derive acute and chronic criteria equations similar in form to the USEPA's current hardness-based criteria equations but with DOC, pH, and hardness as the independent variables. Overall, the MLR is less responsive to DOC than the BLM across a range of hardness and pH conditions but more responsive to hardness than the BLM. Additionally, at low and intermediate hardness, the MLR model is less responsive than the BLM to pH, but the two models respond comparably at high hardness. The net effect of these different response profiles is that under many typical water quality conditions, MLR- and BLM-based criteria are quite comparable. Indeed, conditions where the two models differ most (high pH/low hardness and low pH/high hardness) are relatively rare in natural aquatic systems. We suggest that this MLR-based approach, which includes the mechanistic foundation of the BLM but is also consistent with widely accepted hardness-dependent WQC in terms of development and form, may facilitate adoption of updated state-wide Cu criteria that more accurately account for the parameters influencing Cu bioavailability than current hardness-based criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Brix
- EcoTox, 2263 SW 37th Avenue, #816, Miami, Florida 33145, United States
- University of Miami, RSMAS 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - David K DeForest
- Windward Environmental, 200 West Mercer Street, Suite 401, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Lucinda Tear
- Windward Environmental, 200 West Mercer Street, Suite 401, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- University of Miami, RSMAS 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - William J Adams
- Red Cap Consulting, 7760 North Boulder Drive Lake Point, Utah 84074, United States
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Van Sprang PA, Nys C, Blust RJP, Chowdhury J, Gustafsson JP, Janssen CJ, De Schamphelaere KAC. The derivation of effects threshold concentrations of lead for European freshwater ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1310-1320. [PMID: 26590360 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to derive ecologically relevant effect threshold concentrations of (dissolved) Pb for selected European Union (EU) freshwater rivers, using the 2008 EU Voluntary Risk Assessment Report as a starting point and more advanced methodologies than those used in the Voluntary Risk Assessment Report. This included 1) implementing more robust quality criteria for selecting chronic toxicity data; 2) the conversion of total to dissolved Pb concentrations using a combination of an empirical equation relating inorganic Pb solubility and geochemical speciation modeling to account for effects of dissolved organic matter; 3) the use of bioavailability models for chronic toxicity for species belonging to 3 different trophic levels; and 4) the use of robust methods for large data set handling (such as species sensitivity distribution [SSD] analysis). The authors used published bioavailability models for an algal species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and a daphnid (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and developed a new model for the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The research has shown that these models are also useful for, and reasonably accurate in, predicting chronic toxicity to other species, including a snail, a rotifer, midge larvae, and an aquatic plant (read-across). A comprehensive chronic toxicity data set for Pb was compiled, comprising 159 individual high-quality toxicity data for 25 different species. By applying the total dissolved conversion and the bioavailability models, normalized toxicity values were obtained, which were then entered into a SSD analysis. Based on the parametric best-fitting SSDs, the authors calculated that ecological threshold concentrations of Pb protecting 95% of freshwater species for 7 selected European freshwater scenarios were between 6.3 μg dissolved Pb/L and 31.1 μg dissolved Pb/L.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Nys
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ronny J P Blust
- Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasim Chowdhury
- International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO), Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jon P Gustafsson
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Colin J Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karel A C De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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12
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De Schamphelaere KAC, Nys C, Janssen CR. Toxicity of lead (Pb) to freshwater green algae: development and validation of a bioavailability model and inter-species sensitivity comparison. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:348-359. [PMID: 25089923 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Scientifically sound risk assessment and derivation of environmental quality standards for lead (Pb) in the freshwater environment are hampered by insufficient data on chronic toxicity and bioavailability to unicellular green algae. Here, we first performed comparative chronic (72-h) toxicity tests with three algal species in medium at pH 6, containing 4 mg fulvic acid (FA)/L and containing organic phosphorous (P), i.e. glycerol-2-phosphate, instead of PO4(3-) to prevent lead-phosphate mineral precipitation. Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was 4-fold more sensitive to Pb than Chlorella kesslerii, with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in the middle. The influence of medium physico-chemistry was therefore investigated in detail with P. subcapitata. In synthetic test media, higher concentrations of fulvic acid or lower pH protected against toxicity of (filtered) Pb to P. subcapitata, while effects of increased Ca or Mg on Pb toxicity were less clear. When toxicity was expressed on a free Pb(2+) ion activity basis, a log-linear, 260-fold increase of toxicity was observed between pH 6.0 and 7.6. Effects of fulvic acid were calculated to be much more limited (1.9-fold) and were probably even non-existent (depending on the affinity constant for Pb binding to fulvic acid that was used for calculating speciation). A relatively simple bioavailability model, consisting of a log-linear pH effect on Pb(2+) ion toxicity linked to the geochemical speciation model Visual Minteq (with the default NICA-Donnan description of metal and proton binding to fulvic acid), provided relatively accurate toxicity predictions. While toxicity of (filtered) Pb varied 13.7-fold across 14 different test media (including four Pb-spiked natural waters) with widely varying physico-chemistry (72h-EC50s between 26.6 and 364 μg/L), this bioavailability model displayed mean and maximum prediction errors of only 1.4 and 2.2-fold, respectively, thus indicating the potential usefulness of this bioavailability model to reduce uncertainty in site-specific risk assessment. A model-based comparison with other species indicated that the sensitivity difference between P. subcapitata and two of the most chronically Pb-sensitive aquatic invertebrates (the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia and the snail Lymnaea stagnalis) is strongly pH dependent, with P. subcapitata becoming the most sensitive of the three at pH > 7.4. This indicates that inter-species differences in Pb bioavailability relationships should be accounted for in risk assessment and in the derivation of water quality criteria or environmental quality standards for Pb. The chronic toxicity data with three algae species and the bioavailability model presented here will help to provide a stronger scientific basis for evaluating ecological effects of Pb in the freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A C De Schamphelaere
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University (UGent), Jozef Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - C Nys
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University (UGent), Jozef Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - C R Janssen
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University (UGent), Jozef Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Esbaugh AJ, Mager EM, Brix KV, Santore R, Grosell M. Implications of pH manipulation methods for metal toxicity: not all acidic environments are created equal. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 130-131:27-30. [PMID: 23340331 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of many metals is impacted by environmental pH, through both competition and complexation by hydroxide and carbonate ions. To establish safe environmental regulation it is important to properly define the relationship between pH and metal toxicity, a process that involves manipulating the pH of test water in the lab. The current study compares the effects of the three most common pH manipulation methods (carbon dioxide, acid-base addition, and chemical buffers) on acute Pb toxicity of a model fish species, Pimephales promelas. Acidification of test water revealed that the Pb and Pb(2+) LC50 values were impacted by the pH manipulation method, with the following order of effects: HCl<CO2<MOPS. Conversely no differences in toxicity were observed when test pH was alkalinized using MOPS or NaOH. The different impacts of pH manipulation methods on Pb toxicity are likely due to different physiological stresses resulting from the respective methods; the physiological implications of each method are discussed. The results suggest that when studying the impacts of pH on metal toxicity it is important to properly replicate the ambient conditions of interest as artificial buffering using CO2 environments or organic buffers significantly affects the physiology of the test organisms above and beyond what is expected from pH alone. Thus, using CO2 and organic buffers overestimates the impact of acid pH on Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Esbaugh
- Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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14
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Brix KV, Esbaugh AJ, Munley KM, Grosell M. Investigations into the mechanism of lead toxicity to the freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 106-107:147-156. [PMID: 22172541 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is the most sensitive aquatic organism tested to date for Pb with an estimated EC20 for juvenile snail growth of 3 μg l⁻¹. A previous study supported the hypothesis that this hypersensitivity to Pb was due to an extremely high Ca²⁺ uptake rate needed to support shell formation. The current study sought to build upon this working hypothesis and develop a mechanistic predictive model for inhibition of snail growth as a function of Pb exposure. Initial experiments confirmed previous predictions that juvenile snails have net Ca²⁺ uptake rates of 7000-8000 nmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, approximately 100-fold higher than observed in a typical freshwater fish. However, an initial time course study revealed that the onset of growth inhibition occurs at least 4d prior to inhibition of net Ca²⁺ flux in Pb-exposed snails indicating the latter is not the primary mechanism of action. Qualitative observations during this experiment indicated snail feeding was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. A subsequent experiment demonstrated that when food is withheld from snails for even 24 h, net Ca²⁺ uptake is significantly (∼50%) reduced. A second time course study demonstrated quantitatively that snail feeding is inhibited by Pb exposure by up to 98% at relatively high Pb concentrations (57 μg l⁻¹) but no inhibition was observed at ≤ 10 μg l⁻¹ Pb indicating feeding inhibition is not causing observed growth effects at concentrations approximating the EC20 of 3 μg l⁻¹ Pb. A final experiment testing whether Pb-induced growth effects are related to inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity in the snail mantle also failed to demonstrate an effect. We conclude that while both feeding and net Ca²⁺ uptake in snails are affected by Pb exposure, they appear to be secondary effects. The primary mechanism of action explaining L. stagnalis hypersensitivity to Pb remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Brix
- RSMAS, Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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