1
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Ferguson KM, Blin C, Alfazema N, Gangoso E, Pollard SM, Marques-Torrejon MA. Lrig1 regulates the balance between proliferation and quiescence in glioblastoma stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:983097. [PMID: 36420140 PMCID: PMC9677454 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.983097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) face a dismal prognosis. GBMs are driven by glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that display a neural stem cell (NSC)-like phenotype. These glioblastoma stem cells are often in a quiescent state that evades current therapies, namely debulking surgery and chemo/radiotherapy. Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) proteins have been implicated as regulators of growth factor signalling across many tissue stem cells. Lrig1 is highly expressed in gliomas and importantly, polymorphisms have been identified that are risk alleles for patients with GBM, which suggests some functional role in gliomagenesis. We previously reported that Lrig1 is a gatekeeper of quiescence exit in adult mouse neural stem cells, suppressing epidermal growth factor receptor signalling prior to cell cycle re-entry. Here, we perform gain- and loss-of-function studies to understand the function of Lrig1 in glioblastoma stem cells. Using a novel mouse glioblastoma stem cell model, we show that genetic ablation of Lrig1 in cultured GBM stem cells results in higher proliferation and loss of quiescence. In vivo, mice transplanted with glioblastoma stem cells lacking Lrig1 display lower survival compared to Lrig1 WT glioblastoma stem cells, with tumours displaying increased proportions of proliferative cells and reduced quiescent subpopulations. In contrast, Lrig1 overexpression in mouse glioblastoma stem cells results in enhanced quiescence and reduced proliferation, with impaired tumour formation upon orthotopic transplantation. Mechanistically, we find that Lrig1-null cells have a deficiency in BMP signalling responses that may underlie their lack of responsiveness to quiescence cues in vivo. These findings highlight important roles for Lrig1 in controlling responsiveness to both epidermal growth factor receptor and BMPR signalling, and hence the proportions of quiescent and proliferative subpopulations in GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M. Ferguson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Blin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neza Alfazema
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Gangoso
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M. Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Predepartment Unit of Medicine. Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
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2
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Effect on Human Glioblastoma Cell Transmigration and Migration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070708. [PMID: 34357080 PMCID: PMC8307702 DOI: 10.3390/life11070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, World Health Organization—grade IV, is the most malignant glioma type and it is still an incurable tumor due to the high level of heterogeneity and uncontrolled metastatic nature. In addition to the tumorigenicity-suppressing activity, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) has recently been found for its invasion-promoting role in glioblastoma. However, the detailed and precise mechanism in this issue should have more elucidation. Thus, in this study, we determined the BMP7 effect on glioblastoma transmigration and migration regulations and the underlying mechanisms. Human LN18/LN229 glioblastoma cells were used in this study. Our results showed a higher BMP7/pSmad5 level in human malignant glioma tissues compared to healthy brain tissues. In addition, it was demonstrated that endogenous and exogenous BMP7 stimulation could increase the transmigration and migration capabilities of human LN18/LN229 glioblastoma cells. Moreover, this event is regulated by Smad5 and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) signaling. Furthermore, unexpected data are that the Smad1 gene knockdown could lead to the cell death of human LN18 glioblastoma cells. Overall, the present study finds that the invasion-promoting activity of BMP7 might be an autocrine stimulation of glioblastoma and this effect could be regulated by Smad5-p75NTR signaling.
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3
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Porcù E, Maule F, Boso D, Rampazzo E, Barbieri V, Zuccolotto G, Rosato A, Frasson C, Viola G, Della Puppa A, Basso G, Persano L. BMP9 counteracts the tumorigenic and pro-angiogenic potential of glioblastoma. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1808-1822. [PMID: 29977042 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly vascularized and aggressive brain tumor, with a strong ability to disseminate and invade the surrounding parenchyma. In addition, a subpopulation of GBM stem cells has been reported to possess the ability to transdifferentiate into tumor-derived endothelial cells (TDECs), supporting the resistance to anti-angiogenic treatments of newly formed blood vessels. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 (BMP9) is critically involved in the processes of cancer cell differentiation, invasion and metastasis, representing a potential tool in order to impair the intrinsic GBM aggressiveness. Here we demonstrate that BMP9 is able to trigger the activation of SMADs in patient-derived GBM cells, and to strongly inhibit proliferation and invasion by reducing the activation of PI3K/AKT/MAPK and RhoA/Cofilin pathways, respectively. Intriguingly, BMP9 treatment is sufficient to induce a strong differentiation of GBM stem-like cells and to significantly counteract the already reported process of GBM cell transdifferentiation into TDECs not only in in vitro mimicked TDEC models, but also in vivo in orthotopic xenografts in mice. Additionally, we describe a strong BMP9-mediated inhibition of the whole angiogenic process engaged during GBM tumor formation. Based on these results, we believe that BMP9, by acting at multiple levels against GBM cell aggressiveness, can be considered a promising candidate, to be further developed, for the future therapeutic management of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porcù
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Maule
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Boso
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rampazzo
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vito Barbieri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaia Zuccolotto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Frasson
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Basso
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Persano
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy.
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4
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Liu S, Yin F, Zhao M, Zhou C, Ren J, Huang Q, Zhao Z, Mitra R, Fan W, Fan M. The homing and inhibiting effects of hNSCs-BMP4 on human glioma stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17920-31. [PMID: 26908439 PMCID: PMC4951260 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas patients have a poor survival rate, partially due to the inability in delivering therapeutic agents to the tumors, especially to the metastasis of human glioma stem cells (hGSCs). To explore whether the human neural stem cells (hNSCs) with an over-expression of BMP4 (hNSCs-BMP4) can trace and inhibit hGSCs, in this study, we examined the migration of hNSCs to hGSCs using transwell assay in vitro and performed the fluorescent tracer experiment in vivo. We examined the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration of hGSCs after co-culturing with hNSCs-BMP4 in vitro and tested the tropism and antitumor effects of hNSCs-BMP4 in the established brain xenograft models of hGSCs. We found that hNSCs-BMP4 could secrete BMP4 and trace hGSCs both in vitro and in vivo. When compared to the normal human astrocytes (NHAs) and hNSCs, hNSCs-BMP4 could significantly inhibit the invasive growth of hGSCs, promote their differentiation and apoptosis by activating Smad1/5/8 signaling, and prolong the survival time of the tumor-bearing nude mice. Collectively, this study suggested that hNSCs-BMP4 may help in developing therapeutic approaches for the treatment of human malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chunhui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Junlin Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiming Huang
- Department of Brain Protection & Plasticity Research, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ramkrishna Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Wenhong Fan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Brain Protection & Plasticity Research, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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5
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Xu YY, Gao P, Sun Y, Duan YR. Development of targeted therapies in treatment of glioblastoma. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:223-37. [PMID: 26487967 PMCID: PMC4607828 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a type of tumor that is highly lethal despite maximal therapy. Standard therapeutic approaches provide modest improvement in progression-free and overall survival, necessitating the investigation of novel therapies. Oncologic therapy has recently experienced a rapid evolution toward "targeted therapy", with drugs directed against specific targets which play essential roles in the proliferation, survival, and invasiveness of GBM cells, including numerous molecules involved in signal transduction pathways. Inhibitors of these molecules have already entered or are undergoing clinical trials. However, significant challenges in their development remain because several preclinical and clinical studies present conflicting results. In this article, we will provide an up-to-date review of the current targeted therapies in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - You-Rong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
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6
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Hover LD, Abel TW, Owens P. Genomic Analysis of the BMP Family in Glioblastomas. TRANSLATIONAL ONCOGENOMICS 2015; 7:1-9. [PMID: 25987829 PMCID: PMC4406393 DOI: 10.4137/tog.s22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV glioma with a median survival of 15 months. Recently,
bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling has been shown to promote survival in xenograft murine
models. To gain a better understanding of the role of BMP signaling in human GBMs, we examined the
genomic alterations of 90 genes associated with BMP signaling in GBM patient samples. We completed
this analysis using publically available datasets compiled through The Cancer Genome Atlas and the
Glioma Molecular Diagnostic Initiative. Here we show how mRNA expression is altered in GBM samples
and how that is associated with patient survival, highlighting both known and novel associations
between BMP signaling and GBM biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Hover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ty W Abel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Philip Owens
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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7
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Waghmare I, Roebke A, Minata M, Kango-Singh M, Nakano I. Intercellular cooperation and competition in brain cancers: lessons from Drosophila and human studies. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1262-8. [PMID: 25232184 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain cancer with an extremely poor prognosis. GBM tumors contain heterogeneous cellular components, including a small subpopulation of tumor cells termed glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are characterized as chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-resistant cells with prominent tumorigenic ability. Studies in Drosophila cancer models demonstrated that interclonal cooperation and signaling from apoptotic clones provokes aggressive growth of neighboring tumorigenic clones, via compensatory proliferation or apoptosis induced proliferation. Mechanistically, these aggressive tumors depend on activation of Jun-N-terminal kinase (upstream of c-JUN), and Drosophila Wnt (Wg) in the apoptotic clones. Consistent with these nonmammalian studies, data from several mammalian studies have shown that c-JUN and Wnt are hyperactivated in aggressive tumors (including GBM). However, it remains elusive whether compensatory proliferation is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in cancers. In the present report, we summarize recent studies in Drosophila models and mammalian models (e.g., xenografts of human cancer cells into small animals) to elucidate the intercellular interactions between the apoptosis-prone cancer cells (e.g., non-GSCs) and the hyperproliferative cancer cells (e.g., GSCs). These evolving investigations will yield insights about molecular signaling interactions in the context of post-therapeutic phenotypic changes in human cancers. Furthermore, these studies are likely to revise our understanding of the genetic changes and post-therapeutic cell-cell interactions, which is a vital area of cancer biology with wide applications to many cancer types in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrayani Waghmare
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), Department of Biology, and
| | - Austin Roebke
- PreMedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), Department of Biology, and PreMedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA;
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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8
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Abstract
High-grade gliomas remain incurable and lethal. Through the availability of the stem-like cells responsible for glioblastoma (GB) formation, expansion, resilience and recurrence, the discovery of glioma cancer stem cells (GCSCs) is revolutionizing this field. GCSCs provide an unprecedented opportunity to reproduce and study GB pathophysiology more accurately. This critically emphasizes our ability to unambiguously identify, isolate and investigate cells that do qualify as GCSCs, to use them as a potential model that is truly predictive of GBs and of their regulation and response to therapeutic agents. We review this concept against the background of key findings on somatic, neural and solid tumour stem cells (SCs), also taking into account the emerging phenomenon of phenotypic SC plasticity. We suggest that basic approaches in these areas can be imported into the GCSC field, so that the same functional method used to identify normal somatic SCs becomes the most appropriate to define GCSCs. This, combined with knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of normal adult neurogenesis, promises to improve the identification of GCSCs and of selective markers, as well as the development of innovative, more specific and efficacious antiglioma strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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9
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Zhang Z, Lin CCJ. Taking advantage of neural development to treat glioblastoma. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2859-66. [PMID: 24964151 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is by far the most common and most malignant primary adult brain tumor (World Health Organization grade IV), containing a fraction of stem-like cells that are highly tumorigenic and multipotent. Recent research has revealed that GBM stem-like cells play important roles in GBM pathogenesis. GBM is thought to arise from genetic anomalies in glial development. Over the past decade, a wide range of studies have shown that several signaling pathways involved in neural development, including basic helix-loop-helix, Wnt-β-catenin, bone morphogenetic proteins-Smads, epidermal growth factor-epidermal growth factor receptor, and Notch, play important roles in GBM pathogenesis. In this review, we highlight the significance of these pathways in the context of developing treatments for GBM. Extrapolating knowledge and concepts from neural development will have significant implications for designing better strategies with which to treat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, China; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Haynes HR, Camelo-Piragua S, Kurian KM. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in adult and pediatric gliomas: toward personalized treatment. Front Oncol 2014; 4:47. [PMID: 24716189 PMCID: PMC3970023 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that both adult and pediatric glial tumor entities represent collections of neoplastic lesions, each with individual pathological molecular events and treatment responses. In this review, we discuss the current prognostic biomarkers validated for clinical use or with future clinical validity for gliomas. Accurate prognostication is crucial for managing patients as treatments may be associated with high morbidity and the benefits of high risk interventions must be judged by the treating clinicians. We also review biomarkers with predictive validity, which may become clinically relevant with the development of targeted therapies for adult and pediatric gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Department of Neuropathology, Frenchay Hospital , Bristol , UK
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11
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Reguera-Nuñez E, Roca C, Hardy E, de la Fuente M, Csaba N, Garcia-Fuentes M. Implantable controlled release devices for BMP-7 delivery and suppression of glioblastoma initiating cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2859-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Joshi K, Banasavadi-Siddegowda Y, Mo X, Kim SH, Mao P, Kig C, Nardini D, Sobol RW, Chow LML, Kornblum HI, Waclaw R, Beullens M, Nakano I. MELK-dependent FOXM1 phosphorylation is essential for proliferation of glioma stem cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31:1051-63. [PMID: 23404835 PMCID: PMC3744761 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a life-threatening brain tumor. Accumulating evidence suggests that eradication of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) in GBM is essential to achieve cure. The transcription factor FOXM1 has recently gained attention as a master regulator of mitotic progression of cancer cells in various organs. Here, we demonstrate that FOXM1 forms a protein complex with the mitotic kinase MELK in GSCs, leading to phosphorylation and activation of FOXM1 in a MELK kinase-dependent manner. This MELK-dependent activation of FOXM1 results in a subsequent increase in mitotic regulatory genes in GSCs. MELK-driven FOXM1 activation is regulated by the binding and subsequent trans-phosphorylation of FOXM1 by another kinase PLK1. Using mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs), we found that transgenic expression of FOXM1 enhances, while siRNA-mediated gene silencing diminishes neurosphere formation, suggesting that FOXM1 is required for NPC growth. During tumorigenesis, FOXM1 expression sequentially increases as cells progress from NPCs, to pretumorigenic progenitors and GSCs. The antibiotic Siomycin A disrupts MELK-mediated FOXM1 signaling with a greater sensitivity in GSC compared to neural stem cell. Treatment with the first-line chemotherapy agent for GBM, Temozolomide, paradoxically enriches for both FOXM1 (+) and MELK (+) cells in GBM cells, and addition of Siomycin A to Temozolomide treatment in mice harboring GSC-derived intracranial tumors enhances the effects of the latter. Collectively, our data indicate that FOXM1 signaling through its direct interaction with MELK regulates key mitotic genes in GSCs in a PLK1-dependent manner and thus, this protein complex is a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Joshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ping Mao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cenk Kig
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineKULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diana Nardini
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lionel ML Chow
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Harley I Kornblum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ronald Waclaw
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Monique Beullens
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineKULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio, USA
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13
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Qin K, Tian G, Li P, Chen Q, Zhang R, Ke YQ, Xiao ZC, Jiang XD. Anti-glioma response of autologous T cells stimulated by autologous dendritic cells electrofused with CD133+ or CD133- glioma cells. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 242:9-15. [PMID: 22123613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glioma, the most common tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), currently results in a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The expression of CD133, a stem-like cell marker expressed in the glioma cells, is believed to lead to tumorigenesis in the human brain. Thus, it is necessary to find a proper method to specifically kill the CD133(+) glioma cells. Dendritic cell (DC)/tumor hybrids are proven to be able to induce an effective immune response, leading to killing of glioma cells in vitro. We isolated CD133(+) cells from a population of primary glioma cells, and cultured autologous DCs and T cells at the same time. Next, we electrofused the DCs with the CD133(+) glioma cells and with CD133- ones, in order to explore a new strategy for glioma therapy. We then exposed the T cells to five separate groups of cells: DC/CD133(+) hybrids, DC/CD133(-) hybrids, DCs alone, unsorted glioma cells alone and mixed DCs-glioma cells. A cytotoxicity assay showed that T cells stimulated by either type of hybrid were able to kill cultured autologous glioma cells significantly more effectively than those stimulated by the other three cell types (P<0.05). The amounts of IFN-γ secreted by T cells stimulated by the two types of fused cells were obviously increased compared to those stimulated by the other three cell types (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were noted between the effects of the two hybrids, neither in the cytotoxicity assay nor in the IFN-γ release assay (P>0.05). Therefore, both DC/CD133(+) and DC/CD133(-) hybrids can cause significant T cell immune responses in vitro. There were no significant differences between the immune responses caused by the two types of hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qin
- Neurosurgery Institute, Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration of Guangdong, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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14
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Jijiwa M, Demir H, Gupta S, Leung C, Joshi K, Orozco N, Huang T, Yildiz VO, Shibahara I, de Jesus JA, Yong WH, Mischel PS, Fernandez S, Kornblum HI, Nakano I. CD44v6 regulates growth of brain tumor stem cells partially through the AKT-mediated pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24217. [PMID: 21915300 PMCID: PMC3167830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of stem cell-like brain tumor cells (brain tumor stem-like cells; BTSC) has gained substantial attention by scientists and physicians. However, the mechanism of tumor initiation and proliferation is still poorly understood. CD44 is a cell surface protein linked to tumorigenesis in various cancers. In particular, one of its variant isoforms, CD44v6, is associated with several cancer types. To date its expression and function in BTSC is yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate the presence and function of the variant form 6 of CD44 (CD44v6) in BTSC of a subset of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Patients with CD44high GBM exhibited significantly poorer prognoses. Among various variant forms, CD44v6 was the only isoform that was detected in BTSC and its knockdown inhibited in vitro growth of BTSC from CD44high GBM but not from CD44low GBM. In contrast, this siRNA-mediated growth inhibition was not apparent in the matched GBM sample that does not possess stem-like properties. Stimulation with a CD44v6 ligand, osteopontin (OPN), increased expression of phosphorylated AKT in CD44high GBM, but not in CD44low GBM. Lastly, in a mouse spontaneous intracranial tumor model, CD44v6 was abundantly expressed by tumor precursors, in contrast to no detectable CD44v6 expression in normal neural precursors. Furthermore, overexpression of mouse CD44v6 or OPN, but not its dominant negative form, resulted in enhanced growth of the mouse tumor stem-like cells in vitro. Collectively, these data indicate that a subset of GBM expresses high CD44 in BTSC, and its growth may depend on CD44v6/AKTpathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Jijiwa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Habibe Demir
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Snehalata Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Crystal Leung
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kaushal Joshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Orozco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Huang
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vedat O. Yildiz
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ichiyo Shibahara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. de Jesus
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William H. Yong
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Harley I. Kornblum
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kurian KM. The impact of neural stem cell biology on CNS carcinogenesis and tumor types. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:685271. [PMID: 21660278 PMCID: PMC3108550 DOI: 10.4061/2011/685271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of gliomas is on the increase, according to epidemiological data. This increase is a conundrum because the brain is in a privileged protected site behind the blood-brain barrier, and therefore partially buffered from environmental factors. In addition the brain also has a very low proliferative potential compared with other parts of the body. Recent advances in neural stem cell biology have impacted on our understanding of CNS carcinogenesis and tumor types. This article considers the cancer stem cell theory with regard to CNS cancers, whether CNS tumors arise from human neural stem cells and whether glioma stem cells can be reprogrammed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kurian
- Department of Neuropathology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
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16
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Yao XH, Ping YF, Bian XW. Contribution of cancer stem cells to tumor vasculogenic mimicry. Protein Cell 2011; 2:266-72. [PMID: 21533771 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a newly-defined pattern of tumor blood supply, provides a special passage without endothelial cells and is conspicuously different from angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The biological features of the tumor cells that form VM remain unknown. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be tumor-initiating cells, capable of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, which resemble normal stem cells in phenotype and function. Recently CSCs have been shown to contribute to VM formation as well as angiogenesis. These findings challenge the previous understanding of the cellular basis of VM formation. In this review, we present evidence for participation of CSCs in VM formation. We also discuss the potential mechanisms and possible interaction of CSCs with various elements in tumor microenvironment niche. Based on the importance of VM in tumor progression, it constitutes a novel therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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17
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Wei Y, Zhou F, Ge Y, Chen H, Cui C, Li Q, Liu D, Yang Z, Wu G, Sun S, Gu J, Jiang J. Beta1,4-galactosyltransferase V regulates self-renewal of glioma-initiating cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:602-7. [PMID: 20417617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glioma results from unregulated expansion of a self-renewing glioma-initiating cell population. The regulatory pathways which are essential for sustaining the self-renewal of glioma-initiating cells remain largely unknown. Cell surface N-linked oligosaccharides play functional roles in determining cell fate and are associated with glioma malignancy. Previously, we have reported that beta1,4-galactosyltransferase V (beta1,4GalT V) effectively galactosylates the GlcNAcbeta1-->6Man arm of the highly branched N-glycans and positively regulates glioma cell growth. Here, we show that decreasing the expression of beta1,4GalT V by RNA interference in glioma cells attenuated the formation of polylactosamine and inhibited the ability of tumor formation in vivo. Down-regulation of beta1,4GalT V depleted CD133-positive cells in glioma xenograft, and inhibited the self-renewal capacity and the tumorigenic potential of glioma-initiating cells. These data reveal a critical role of beta1,4GalT V in the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of glioma-initiating cells, and indicate that manipulating beta1,4GalT V expression may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjuates Research, Ministry of Public Health & Gene Research Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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18
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Rochira JA, Cowling RA, Himmelfarb JS, Adams TL, Verdi JM. Mapping of NRAGE domains reveals clues to cell viability in BMP signaling. Apoptosis 2010; 15:63-70. [PMID: 19937275 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic signaling (BMP) is a key pathway during neurogenesis and depends on many downstream intermediators to carry out its signaling. One such signaling pathway utilizes neurotrophin receptor-interacting MAGE protein (NRAGE), a member of the melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) family, to upregulate p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38(MAPK)) in response to cellular stress and activate caspases which are critical in leading cells to death. NRAGE consists of two conserved MAGE homology domains separated by a unique hexapeptide repeat domain. Although we have previously implicated NRAGE in inducing apoptosis in neural progenitors and P19 cells, a model system for neural progenitors, its domains have yet to be explored in determining which one may be responsible for setting up the signaling for apoptosis. Here, we overexpressed a series of deletion mutations in P19 cells to show that only those with at least half of the repeat domain, activated p38(MAPK) and underwent apoptosis offering intriguing incite into NRAGE's contribution in BMP apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rochira
- IGERT Functional Genomics PhD Program, University of Maine, 267A Engineering Science and Research Building/Barrows Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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19
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Hadjipanayis CG, Van Meir EG. Tumor initiating cells in malignant gliomas: biology and implications for therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:363-74. [PMID: 19189072 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A rare subpopulation of cells within malignant gliomas, which shares canonical properties with neural stem cells (NSCs), may be integral to glial tumor development and perpetuation. These cells, also known as tumor initiating cells (TICs), have the ability to self-renew, develop into any cell in the overall tumor population (multipotency), and proliferate. A defining property of TICs is their ability to initiate new tumors in immunocompromised mice with high efficiency. Mounting evidence suggests that TICs originate from the transformation of NSCs and their progenitors. New findings show that TICs may be more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation than the bulk of tumor cells, thereby permitting recurrent tumor formation and accounting for the failure of conventional therapies. The development of new therapeutic strategies selectively targeting TICs while sparing NSCs may provide for more effective treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas G Hadjipanayis
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 33022, USA.
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20
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Wang L, Rahn JJ, Lun X, Sun B, Kelly JJP, Weiss S, Robbins SM, Forsyth PA, Senger DL. Gamma-secretase represents a therapeutic target for the treatment of invasive glioma mediated by the p75 neurotrophin receptor. PLoS Biol 2009; 6:e289. [PMID: 19067488 PMCID: PMC2586378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional signaling protein p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a central regulator and major contributor to the highly invasive nature of malignant gliomas. Here, we show that neurotrophin-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of p75NTR is required for p75NTR-mediated glioma invasion, and identify a previously unnamed process for targeted glioma therapy. Expression of cleavage-resistant chimeras of p75NTR or treatment of animals bearing p75NTR-positive intracranial tumors with clinically applicable γ-secretase inhibitors resulted in dramatically decreased glioma invasion and prolonged survival. Importantly, proteolytic processing of p75NTR was observed in p75NTR-positive patient tumor specimens and brain tumor initiating cells. This work highlights the importance of p75NTR as a therapeutic target, suggesting that γ-secretase inhibitors may have direct clinical application for the treatment of malignant glioma. Despite technical advances, clinical prognosis of patients with malignant glioma, with an average survival of less than one year, has not changed. The highly invasive nature of these tumors, together with the recently identified brain tumor-initiating cells, provide disease reservoirs that render these tumors incurable by conventional therapies. Here, we present the first evidence to our knowledge that regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR is a critical regulator of glioma invasion. Inhibition of this process by clinically relevant γ-secretase inhibitors dramatically impairs the highly invasive nature of genetically distinct glioblastomas and brain tumor-initiating cells and prolongs survival. These data highlight regulated intramembrane proteolysis as a therapeutic target of malignant glioma and implicate the application of γ-secretase inhibitors in the treatment of these devastating tumors. Gamma-secretase inhibitors in clinical trials for patients with Alzheimer disease can be used to block the highly invasive behavior of malignant glioma and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiMei Wang
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumor Center and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Rahn
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumor Center and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - XueQing Lun
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumor Center and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Beichen Sun
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumor Center and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - John J. P Kelly
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Samuel Weiss
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stephen M Robbins
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumor Center and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Peter A Forsyth
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumor Center and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (PAF); (DLS)
| | - Donna L Senger
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumor Center and Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (PAF); (DLS)
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21
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Progress on potential strategies to target brain tumor stem cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 29:141-55. [PMID: 18781384 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The identification of brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) leads to promising progress on brain tumor treatment. For some brain tumors, BTSCs are the driving force of tumor growth and the culprits that make tumor revive and resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, it is specifically significant to eliminate BTSCs for treatment of brain tumors. There are considerable similarities between BTSCs and normal neural stem cells (NSCs), and diverse aspects of BTSCs have been studied to find potential targets that can be manipulated to specifically eradicate BTSCs without damaging normal NSCs, including their surface makers, surrounding niche, and aberrant signaling pathways. Many strategies have been designed to kill BTSCs, and some of them have reached, or are approaching, effective therapeutic results. Here, we will focus on advantages in the issue of BTSCs and emphasize on potential therapeutic strategies targeting BTSCs.
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