1
|
Alam F, How Saw Keng M, Haynes HR, Tsvetkov F, Tourky M, Payne R. An atypical presentation of gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a case report. J Surg Case Rep 2022; 2022:rjac471. [PMID: 36324765 PMCID: PMC9618307 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjac471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) occur more commonly in the stomach and make up ~80% of the GI mesenchymal neoplasms. They are very rare in young adults and in males. The diagnosis is confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically. Once diagnosed, survival rates are dependent on various factors. The main treatment is resection, but targeted therapy can be used pre or post-operatively. This case is of a 35-year-old female with no significant medical history presenting to her general practitioner with lethargy, malaise and mild weight loss. Initially, she was investigated for a haematological malignancy, but upon further investigations, her computed tomography (CT) scan showed an abdominal mass, which was resected and found to be a high-grade perforated gastrointestinal stromal tumour in her proximal ileum. This is a good example of an atypical presentation of GIST and emphasizes the importance of thorough workup and prompt surgical intervention in achieving a satisfactory outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahreyar Alam
- Correspondence address. Department of General Surgery, Great Western Hospital NHS Trust, Marlborough Road, Swindon SN36BB, UK. Tel: 01793604020-6206; E-mail:
| | | | - Harry R Haynes
- Department of General Surgery, Great Western Hospital NHS Trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Filip Tsvetkov
- Department of General Surgery, Great Western Hospital NHS Trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Mohamed Tourky
- Department of General Surgery, Great Western Hospital NHS Trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Richard Payne
- Department of General Surgery, Great Western Hospital NHS Trust, Swindon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El Bairi K, Haynes HR, Blackley E, Fineberg S, Shear J, Turner S, de Freitas JR, Sur D, Amendola LC, Gharib M, Kallala A, Arun I, Azmoudeh-Ardalan F, Fujimoto L, Sua LF, Liu SW, Lien HC, Kirtani P, Balancin M, El Attar H, Guleria P, Yang W, Shash E, Chen IC, Bautista V, Do Prado Moura JF, Rapoport BL, Castaneda C, Spengler E, Acosta-Haab G, Frahm I, Sanchez J, Castillo M, Bouchmaa N, Md Zin RR, Shui R, Onyuma T, Yang W, Husain Z, Willard-Gallo K, Coosemans A, Perez EA, Provenzano E, Ericsson PG, Richardet E, Mehrotra R, Sarancone S, Ehinger A, Rimm DL, Bartlett JMS, Viale G, Denkert C, Hida AI, Sotiriou C, Loibl S, Hewitt SM, Badve S, Symmans WF, Kim RS, Pruneri G, Goel S, Francis PA, Inurrigarro G, Yamaguchi R, Garcia-Rivello H, Horlings H, Afqir S, Salgado R, Adams S, Kok M, Dieci MV, Michiels S, Demaria S, Loi S. The tale of TILs in breast cancer: A report from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:150. [PMID: 34853355 PMCID: PMC8636568 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in modern oncology has significantly improved survival in several cancer settings. A subgroup of women with breast cancer (BC) has immunogenic infiltration of lymphocytes with expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). These patients may potentially benefit from ICI targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 signaling axis. The use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as predictive and prognostic biomarkers has been under intense examination. Emerging data suggest that TILs are associated with response to both cytotoxic treatments and immunotherapy, particularly for patients with triple-negative BC. In this review from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group, we discuss (a) the biological understanding of TILs, (b) their analytical and clinical validity and efforts toward the clinical utility in BC, and (c) the current status of PD-L1 and TIL testing across different continents, including experiences from low-to-middle-income countries, incorporating also the view of a patient advocate. This information will help set the stage for future approaches to optimize the understanding and clinical utilization of TIL analysis in patients with BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Ist University, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Harry R Haynes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Great Western Hospital, Swindon, UK
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth Blackley
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shear
- Chief Information Officer, WISS & Company, LLP and President J. Shear Consulting, LLC-Ardsley, Ardsley, NY, USA
| | | | - Juliana Ribeiro de Freitas
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Medical School of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sur
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine "I. Hatieganu", Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Masoumeh Gharib
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Indu Arun
- Department of Histopathology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Farid Azmoudeh-Ardalan
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luciana Fujimoto
- Pathology and Legal Medicine, Amazon Federal University, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luz F Sua
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fundacion Valle del Lili, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Huang-Chun Lien
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pawan Kirtani
- Department of Histopathology, Manipal Hospitals Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Marcelo Balancin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Prerna Guleria
- Army Hospital Research and Referral, Delhi Cantt, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Emad Shash
- Breast Cancer Comprehensive Center, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Veronica Bautista
- Department of Pathology, Breast Cancer Center FUCAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Bernardo L Rapoport
- The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, corner Doctor Savage Road and Bophelo Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Carlos Castaneda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, 15038, Peru
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Eunice Spengler
- Departmento de Patologia, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Acosta-Haab
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Oncología Maria Curie, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabel Frahm
- Department of Pathology, Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joselyn Sanchez
- Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, 15038, Peru
| | - Miluska Castillo
- Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, 15038, Peru
| | - Najat Bouchmaa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 43 150, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Reena R Md Zin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ruohong Shui
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Coosemans
- Laboratory of Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edith A Perez
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Elena Provenzano
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Gonzalez Ericsson
- Breast Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eduardo Richardet
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Instituto Oncológico Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- India Cancer Research Consortium-ICMR, Department of Health Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandra Sarancone
- Department of Pathology, Laboratorio QUANTUM, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anna Ehinger
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John M S Bartlett
- Diagnostic Development, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg and Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Akira I Hida
- Department of Pathology, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - William Fraser Symmans
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rim S Kim
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Department of Pathology, RCCS Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Tumori and University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Shom Goel
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Prudence A Francis
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Medical Oncology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Rin Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hernan Garcia-Rivello
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hugo Horlings
- Division of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Said Afqir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Ist University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marleen Kok
- Divisions of Medical Oncology, Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Michiels
- Service de Biostatistique et d'Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, Oncostat U1018, Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, labeled Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haynes HR, Mohan V, Mozayani B, Gallagher P. Fatal acute hepatic failure secondary to thrombotic portal venopathy after commencing abemaciclib and fulvestrant treatment for advanced breast carcinoma: a unique autopsy finding. Breast J 2021; 27:612-614. [PMID: 33987967 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present an autopsy case of hepatic thrombotic portal venopathy resulting in decompensated liver failure and death which occurred rapidly after commencing abemaciclib and fulvestrant chemotherapy for advanced invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. This is the first reported case of such a finding. We suggest that further cases displaying this previously unpublished pattern are collated in order that we may begin to investigate the underlying etiological mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Great Western Hospital, Swindon, UK.,Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vivek Mohan
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Behrang Mozayani
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Stovgaard ES, Sua LF, Reisenbichler E, Kos Z, Carter JM, Michiels S, Le Quesne J, Nielsen TO, Laenkholm AV, Fox SB, Adam J, Bartlett JM, Rimm DL, Quinn C, Peeters D, Dieci MV, Vincent-Salomon A, Cree I, Hida AI, Balko JM, Haynes HR, Frahm I, Acosta-Haab G, Balancin M, Bellolio E, Yang W, Kirtani P, Sugie T, Ehinger A, Castaneda CA, Kok M, McArthur H, Siziopikou K, Badve S, Fineberg S, Gown A, Viale G, Schnitt SJ, Pruneri G, Penault-Llorca F, Hewitt S, Thompson EA, Allison KH, Symmans WF, Bellizzi AM, Brogi E, Moore DA, Larsimont D, Dillon DA, Lazar A, Lien H, Goetz MP, Broeckx G, El Bairi K, Harbeck N, Cimino-Mathews A, Sotiriou C, Adams S, Liu SW, Loibl S, Chen IC, Lakhani SR, Juco JW, Denkert C, Blackley EF, Demaria S, Leon-Ferre R, Gluz O, Zardavas D, Emancipator K, Ely S, Loi S, Salgado R, Sanders M. The path to a better biomarker: application of a risk management framework for the implementation of PD-L1 and TILs as immuno-oncology biomarkers in breast cancer clinical trials and daily practice. J Pathol 2020; 250:667-684. [PMID: 32129476 DOI: 10.1002/path.5406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 are now the standard of care in oncology across several hematologic and solid tumor types, including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Patients with metastatic or locally advanced TNBC with PD-L1 expression on immune cells occupying ≥1% of tumor area demonstrated survival benefit with the addition of atezolizumab to nab-paclitaxel. However, concerns regarding variability between immunohistochemical PD-L1 assay performance and inter-reader reproducibility have been raised. High tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have also been associated with response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in patients with breast cancer (BC). TILs can be easily assessed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides and have shown reliable inter-reader reproducibility. As an established prognostic factor in early stage TNBC, TILs are soon anticipated to be reported in daily practice in many pathology laboratories worldwide. Because TILs and PD-L1 are parts of an immunological spectrum in BC, we propose the systematic implementation of combined PD-L1 and TIL analyses as a more comprehensive immuno-oncological biomarker for patient selection for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition-based therapy in patients with BC. Although practical and regulatory considerations differ by jurisdiction, the pathology community has the responsibility to patients to implement assays that lead to optimal patient selection. We propose herewith a risk-management framework that may help mitigate the risks of suboptimal patient selection for immuno-therapeutic approaches in clinical trials and daily practice based on combined TILs/PD-L1 assessment in BC. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth S Stovgaard
- Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Luz F Sua
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fundación Valle del Lili, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Zuzana Kos
- Department of Pathology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jodi M Carter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stefan Michiels
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Service, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - John Le Quesne
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Julien Adam
- Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Grand Paris, France
| | - John Ms Bartlett
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cecily Quinn
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dieter Peeters
- HistoGeneX NV, Antwerp, Belgium
- AZ Sint-Maarten Hospital, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Maria V Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Ian Cree
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Akira I Hida
- Department of Pathology, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Justin M Balko
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harry R Haynes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Isabel Frahm
- Department of Pathology, Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Acosta-Haab
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Oncología Maria Curie, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Balancin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enrique Bellolio
- Department of Pathology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Pawan Kirtani
- Department of Histopathology, Manipal Hospitals Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Tomoharu Sugie
- Breast Surgery, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Anna Ehinger
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlos A Castaneda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Marleen Kok
- Divisions of Medical Oncology, Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather McArthur
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalliopi Siziopikou
- Department of Pathology, Breast Pathology Section, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Allen Gown
- PhenoPath Laboratories, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stuart J Schnitt
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Fondazione Instituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Frederique Penault-Llorca
- Department of Biology and Pathology, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont Ferrand, France
- UMR INSERM 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - William F Symmans
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew M Bellizzi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Edi Brogi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Moore
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, and Department of Cellular Pathology, UCLH, London, UK
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deborah A Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Lazar
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huangchun Lien
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Glenn Broeckx
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Khalid El Bairi
- Cancer Biomarkers Working Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed Ist University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department of OB&GYN and CCC (LMU), University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ashley Cimino-Mathews
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical School, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - I-Chun Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, and Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Juco
- Translational Medicine, Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg and Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth F Blackley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Oleg Gluz
- Johanniter GmbH - Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bethesda Mönchengladbach, West German Study Group, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | | | | | - Scott Ely
- Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sherene Loi
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Melinda Sanders
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bovill Rose T, Haynes HR, Sutton RJ, Meehan CJ, Rose DSC. Diathermy-assisted axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast carcinoma risks understaging the axilla in over a quarter of cases. Breast J 2019; 26:1081-1084. [PMID: 31680335 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry R Haynes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, RUH Bath, Bath, UK.,Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haynes HR, Rose DSC. Synchronous small lymphocytic lymphoma and metastatic breast carcinoma in axillary lymph nodes: Preservation of follicular architecture only in the portions of affected lymph nodes involved by metastatic carcinoma. Breast J 2019; 26:245-246. [PMID: 31538688 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of metastatic ductal carcinoma of breast with the incidental discovery of small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) in regional axillary nodes. The co-occurence of metastatic carcinoma and low-grade lymphoma in lymph nodes is rare but well recognized. However, in this case, in the lymph nodes in which sizeable metastatic carcinoma deposits were present, the follicular structures between the sinusoidal carcinomatous infiltrates were preserved, whereas the uninvolved portions of the nodes were overrun by SLL. This is the first description of this phenomenon. We suggest that further cases displaying this previously unpublished pattern are collated in order that we may begin to investigate the underlying etiological mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal United Hospitals, Bath, UK.,Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Simon C Rose
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal United Hospitals, Bath, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Haynes HR, Scott HL, Killick-Cole CL, Shaw G, Brend T, Hares KM, Redondo J, Kemp KC, Ballesteros LS, Herman A, Cordero-Llana O, Singleton WG, Mills F, Batstone T, Bulstrode H, Kauppinen RA, Wurdak H, Uney JB, Short SC, Wilkins A, Kurian KM. shRNA-mediated PPARα knockdown in human glioma stem cells reduces in vitro proliferation and inhibits orthotopic xenograft tumour growth. J Pathol 2018; 247:422-434. [PMID: 30565681 PMCID: PMC6462812 DOI: 10.1002/path.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overall survival for patients with primary glioblastoma is very poor. Glioblastoma contains a subpopulation of glioma stem cells (GSC) that are responsible for tumour initiation, treatment resistance and recurrence. PPARα is a transcription factor involved in the control of lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. We have recently shown that PPARα gene and protein expression is increased in glioblastoma and has independent clinical prognostic significance in multivariate analyses. In this work, we report that PPARα is overexpressed in GSC compared to foetal neural stem cells. To investigate the role of PPARα in GSC, we knocked down its expression using lentiviral transduction with short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Transduced GSC were tagged with luciferase and stereotactically xenografted into the striatum of NOD-SCID mice. Bioluminescent and magnetic resonance imaging showed that knockdown (KD) of PPARα reduced the tumourigenicity of GSC in vivo. PPARα-expressing control GSC xenografts formed invasive histological phenocopies of human glioblastoma, whereas PPARα KD GSC xenografts failed to establish viable intracranial tumours. PPARα KD GSC showed significantly reduced proliferative capacity and clonogenic potential in vitro with an increase in cellular senescence. In addition, PPARα KD resulted in significant downregulation of the stem cell factors c-Myc, nestin and SOX2. This was accompanied by downregulation of the PPARα-target genes and key regulators of fatty acid oxygenation ACOX1 and CPT1A, with no compensatory increase in glycolytic flux. These data establish the aberrant overexpression of PPARα in GSC and demonstrate that this expression functions as an important regulator of tumourigenesis, linking self-renewal and the malignant phenotype in this aggressive cancer stem cell subpopulation. We conclude that targeting GSC PPARα expression may be a therapeutically beneficial strategy with translational potential as an adjuvant treatment. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Helen L Scott
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare L Killick-Cole
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gary Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kelly M Hares
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Juliana Redondo
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin C Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lorena S Ballesteros
- Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew Herman
- Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Oscar Cordero-Llana
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - William G Singleton
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Francesca Mills
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom Batstone
- Bioinformatics Facility, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Harry Bulstrode
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Risto A Kauppinen
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Stem Cells and Brain Tumour Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James B Uney
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kemp KC, Hares K, Redondo J, Cook AJ, Haynes HR, Burton BR, Pook MA, Rice CM, Scolding NJ, Wilkins A. Bone marrow transplantation stimulates neural repair in Friedreich's ataxia mice. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:779-793. [PMID: 29534309 PMCID: PMC5947591 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Friedreich's ataxia is an incurable inherited neurological disease caused by frataxin deficiency. Here, we report the neuroreparative effects of myeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a humanized murine model of the disease. METHODS Mice received a transplant of fluorescently tagged sex-mismatched bone marrow cells expressing wild-type frataxin and were assessed at monthly intervals using a range of behavioral motor performance tests. At 6 months post-transplant, mice were euthanized for protein and histological analysis. In an attempt to augment numbers of bone marrow-derived cells integrating within the nervous system and improve therapeutic efficacy, a subgroup of transplanted mice also received monthly subcutaneous infusions of the cytokines granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor. RESULTS Transplantation caused improvements in several indicators of motor coordination and locomotor activity. Elevations in frataxin levels and antioxidant defenses were detected. Abrogation of disease pathology throughout the nervous system was apparent, together with extensive integration of bone marrow-derived cells in areas of nervous tissue injury that contributed genetic material to mature neurons, satellite-like cells, and myelinating Schwann cells by processes including cell fusion. Elevations in circulating bone marrow-derived cell numbers were detected after cytokine administration and were associated with increased frequencies of Purkinje cell fusion and bone marrow-derived dorsal root ganglion satellite-like cells. Further improvements in motor coordination and activity were evident. INTERPRETATION Our data provide proof of concept of gene replacement therapy, via allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, that reverses neurological features of Friedreich's ataxia with the potential for rapid clinical translation. Ann Neurol 2018;83:779-793.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Kelly Hares
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliana Redondo
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Amelia J. Cook
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Harry R. Haynes
- Department of Cellular PathologyNorth Bristol National Health Service TrustBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Bronwen R. Burton
- Infection and Immunity, School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Pook
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Rice
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Scolding
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haynes HR, Killick-Cole CL, Hares KM, Redondo J, Kemp KC, Moutasim KA, Faulkner C, Wilkins A, Kurian KM. Evaluation of the quality of RNA extracted from archival FFPE glioblastoma and epilepsy surgical samples for gene expression assays. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:695-701. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AimsHistopathological tissue samples are being increasingly used as sources of nucleic acids in molecular pathology translational research. This study investigated the suitability of glioblastoma and control central nervous system (CNS) formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue-derived RNA for gene expression analyses.MethodsTotal RNA was extracted from control (temporal lobe resection tissue) and glioblastoma FFPE tissue samples. RNA purity (260/280 ratios) was determined and RNA integrity number (RIN) analysis was performed. RNA was subsequently used for RT-qPCR for two reference genes,18SandGAPDH.ResultsReference gene expression was equivalent between control and glioblastoma tissue when using RNA extracted from FFPE tissue, which has key implications for biological normalisation for CNS gene expression studies. There was a significant difference between the mean RIN values of control and glioblastoma FFPE tissue. There was no significant correlation between 260/280 or RIN values versus total RNA yield. The age of the tissue blocks did not influence RNA yield, fragmentation or purity. There was no significant correlation between RIN or 260/280 ratios and mean qPCR cycle threshold for either reference gene.ConclusionsThis study showed that routinely available CNS FFPE tissue is suitable for RNA extraction and downstream gene expression studies, even after 60 months of storage. Substantial RNA fragmentation associated with glioblastoma and control FFPE tissue blocks did not preclude downstream RT-qPCR gene expression analyses. Cross validation with both archival and prospectively collated FFPE specimens is required to further demonstrate that CNS tissue blocks can be used in novel translational molecular biomarker studies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong NACS, Amary F, Butler R, Byers R, Gonzalez D, Haynes HR, Ilyas M, Salto-Tellez M, Taniere P. HER2 testing of gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a commentary and guidance document from the Association of Clinical Pathologists Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics Committee. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:388-394. [PMID: 29439009 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of biologics targeted to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein is the latest addition to the armamentarium used to fight advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. The decision to treat with the biologic trastuzumab is completely dependent on HER2 testing of tumour tissue. In 2017, the College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology and the American Society of Clinical Oncology jointly published guidelines for HER2 testing and clinical decision making in gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The Association of Clinical Pathologists Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics Committee has issued the following document as a commentary of these guidelines and, in parallel, to provide guidance on HER2 testing in National Health Service pathology departments within the UK. This guidance covers issues related to case selection, preanalytical aspects, analysis and interpretation of such HER2 testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Amary
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Rachel Butler
- All Wales Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard Byers
- Department of Histopathology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - David Gonzalez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Harry R Haynes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University of Bristol and Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Mohammad Ilyas
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells and Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Northern Ireland - Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Philippe Taniere
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Haynes HR, Gallagher PJ, Cordaro A, Likeman M, Love S. A case of chronic asymptomatic central pontine myelinolysis with histological evidence of remyelination. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2017; 14:106-108. [PMID: 29177819 PMCID: PMC5830465 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-017-9933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological demyelinating disease of the pons. Although usually associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia, CPM may occur despite normonatremia, is often associated with chronic alcoholism and may be asymptomatic. Histological confirmation of asymptomatic CPM is rare. We describe an unusual post-mortem case of extensive but asymptomatic CPM in a chronic alcoholic patient with normonatremia. The affected part of the pons contained thinly myelinated axons with appearances supporting remyelination. We suggest that remyelination may account for the subclinical nature of this patient's CPM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Marcus Likeman
- Department of Neuroradiology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Department of Neuropathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haynes HR, White P, Hares KM, Redondo J, Kemp KC, Singleton WGB, Killick-Cole CL, Stevens JR, Garadi K, Guglani S, Wilkins A, Kurian KM. The transcription factor PPARα is overexpressed and is associated with a favourable prognosis in IDH-wildtype primary glioblastoma. Histopathology 2017; 70:1030-1043. [PMID: 27926792 DOI: 10.1111/his.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS PPARα agonists are in current clinical use as hypolipidaemic agents and show significant antineoplastic effects in human glioblastoma models. To date however, the expression of PPARα in large-scale glioblastoma datasets has not been examined. We aimed to investigate the expression of the transcription factor PPARα in primary glioblastoma, the relationship between PPARα expression and patients' clinicopathological features and other molecular markers associated with gliomagenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS With protein immunoblotting techniques and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, PPARα was found to be significantly overexpressed in glioblastoma compared with control brain tissue (P = 0.032 and P = 0.005). PPARA gene expression was found to be enriched in the classical glioblastoma subtype within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Although not associated with overall survival when assessed by immunohistochemistry, cross-validation with the TCGA dataset and multivariate analyses identified PPARA gene expression as an independent prognostic marker for overall survival (P = 0.042). Finally, hierarchical clustering revealed novel, significant associations between high PPARA expression and a putative set of glioblastoma molecular mediators including EMX2, AQP4, and NTRK2. CONCLUSIONS PPARα is overexpressed in primary glioblastoma and high PPARA expression functions as an independent prognostic marker in the glioblastoma TCGA dataset. Further studies are required to explore genetic associations with high PPARA expression and to analyse the predictive role of PPARα expression in glioblastoma models in response to PPARα agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul White
- Applied Statistics Group, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Kelly M Hares
- MS and Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Juliana Redondo
- MS and Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin C Kemp
- MS and Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - William G B Singleton
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare L Killick-Cole
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Krishnakumar Garadi
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospital Bristol Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Sam Guglani
- Gloucestershire Oncology Centre, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- MS and Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singleton WG, Collins AM, Bienemann AS, Killick-Cole CL, Haynes HR, Asby DJ, Butts CP, Wyatt MJ, Barua NU, Gill SS. Convection enhanced delivery of panobinostat (LBH589)-loaded pluronic nano-micelles prolongs survival in the F98 rat glioma model. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1385-1399. [PMID: 28260886 PMCID: PMC5327904 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s125300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat is a potential therapy for malignant glioma, but it is water insoluble and does not cross the blood–brain barrier when administered systemically. In this article, we describe the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a novel water-soluble nano-micellar formulation of panobinostat designed for administration by convection enhanced delivery (CED). Materials and methods The in vitro efficacy of panobinostat-loaded nano-micelles against rat F98, human U87-MG and M059K glioma cells and against patient-derived glioma stem cells was measured using a cell viability assay. Nano-micelle distribution in rat brain was analyzed following acute CED using rhodamine-labeled nano-micelles, and toxicity was assayed using immunofluorescent microscopy and synaptophysin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared the survival of the bioluminescent syngenic F98/Fischer344 rat glioblastoma model treated by acute CED of panobinostat-loaded nano-micelles with that of untreated and vehicle-only-treated controls. Results Nano-micellar panobinostat is cytotoxic to rat and human glioma cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner following short-time exposure to drug. Fluorescent rhodamine-labelled nano-micelles distribute with a volume of infusion/volume of distribution (Vi/Vd) ratio of four and five respectively after administration by CED. Administration was not associated with any toxicity when compared to controls. CED of panobinostat-loaded nano-micelles was associated with significantly improved survival when compared to controls (n=8 per group; log-rank test, P<0.001). One hundred percent of treated animals survived the 60-day experimental period and had tumour response on post-mortem histological examination. Conclusion CED of nano-micellar panobinostat represents a potential novel therapeutic option for malignant glioma and warrants translation into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W G Singleton
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol; Department of Neurosurgery, North Bristol NHS Trust
| | - A M Collins
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory
| | - A S Bienemann
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol
| | - C L Killick-Cole
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol
| | - H R Haynes
- Brain Tumour Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences
| | - D J Asby
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol
| | - C P Butts
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M J Wyatt
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol
| | - N U Barua
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol; Department of Neurosurgery, North Bristol NHS Trust
| | - S S Gill
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol; Department of Neurosurgery, North Bristol NHS Trust
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kemp KC, Cerminara N, Hares K, Redondo J, Cook AJ, Haynes HR, Burton BR, Pook M, Apps R, Scolding NJ, Wilkins A. Cytokine therapy-mediated neuroprotection in a Friedreich's ataxia mouse model. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:212-226. [PMID: 28009062 PMCID: PMC5324580 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Friedreich's ataxia is a devastating neurological disease currently lacking any proven treatment. We studied the neuroprotective effects of the cytokines, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) in a humanized murine model of Friedreich's ataxia. METHODS Mice received monthly subcutaneous infusions of cytokines while also being assessed at monthly time points using an extensive range of behavioral motor performance tests. After 6 months of treatment, neurophysiological evaluation of both sensory and motor nerve conduction was performed. Subsequently, mice were sacrificed for messenger RNA, protein, and histological analysis of the dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and cerebellum. RESULTS Cytokine administration resulted in significant reversal of biochemical, neuropathological, neurophysiological, and behavioural deficits associated with Friedreich's ataxia. Both G-CSF and SCF had pronounced effects on frataxin levels (the primary molecular defect in the pathogenesis of the disease) and a regulators of frataxin expression. Sustained improvements in motor coordination and locomotor activity were observed, even after onset of neurological symptoms. Treatment also restored the duration of sensory nerve compound potentials. Improvements in peripheral nerve conduction positively correlated with cytokine-induced increases in frataxin expression, providing a link between increases in frataxin and neurophysiological function. Abrogation of disease-related pathology was also evident, with reductions in inflammation/gliosis and increased neural stem cell numbers in areas of tissue injury. INTERPRETATION These experiments show that cytokines already clinically used in other conditions offer the prospect of a novel, rapidly translatable, disease-modifying, and neuroprotective treatment for Friedreich's ataxia. Ann Neurol 2017;81:212-226.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Nadia Cerminara
- Sensory and Motor Systems Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Kelly Hares
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliana Redondo
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Amelia J. Cook
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Harry R. Haynes
- Brain Tumour Research Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Bronwen R. Burton
- Infection and Immunity, School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Pook
- Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Biosciences, Dept. of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life SciencesBrunel University LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Apps
- Sensory and Motor Systems Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Scolding
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haynes HR, Melegh Z, Vanjani S, Cieka M, Beavers S, Rooney N, Purdue B. Sudden unexpected death from an undiagnosed histiocytic sarcoma in an adolescent female. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:486-490. [PMID: 27465385 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A previously well 15-year-old female who was awaiting medical investigations for a proptosed right eye collapsed and died suddenly while walking. Postmortem examination revealed diffuse distortion and infiltration of multiple organs by a suspected neoplastic process. Histology confirmed the invasion of multiple organs by atypical cells and myocardial infiltration was the likely cause of death. An extensive panel of immunohistochemistry established the diagnosis of a histiocytic sarcoma. Sudden unexpected death due to a clinically undiagnosed neoplasia in childhood and adolescence is uncommon. This is the first report of a histiocytic sarcoma causing sudden unexpected death and highlights the importance of considering undiagnosed hematological malignancies when examining a case of sudden death at postmortem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Haynes
- Level 1 Neuroscience, Learning and Research Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK. .,Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
| | - Z Melegh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - S Vanjani
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - M Cieka
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - S Beavers
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - N Rooney
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - B Purdue
- Independent Forensic Pathologist, Dorset, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Singleton WG, Bienemann AS, Killick-Cole CL, Collins AM, Haynes HR, Boulter LJ, Wyatt MJ, Asby DJ, Barua NU, Lowis SP, Gill SS. PCM-17INTRATUMOURAL CONVECTION ENHANCED DELIVERY OF LBH589 (PANOBINOSTAT) LOADED PLURONIC-P407 NANO-MICELLES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED SURVIVAL AND ANTI-TUMOUR RESPONSE IN THE ORTHOTOPIC F98/FISCHER 344 RAT GLIOMA MODEL. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now080.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
17
|
Adamczyk LA, Williams H, Frankow A, Ellis HP, Haynes HR, Perks C, Holly JMP, Kurian KM. Current Understanding of Circulating Tumor Cells - Potential Value in Malignancies of the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2015; 6:174. [PMID: 26322014 PMCID: PMC4530310 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood via so-called "liquid biopsies" carries enormous clinical potential in malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS) because of the potential to follow disease evolution with a blood test, without the need for repeat neurosurgical procedures with their inherent risk of patient morbidity. To date, studies in non-CNS malignancies, particularly in breast cancer, show increasing reproducibility of detection methods for these rare tumor cells in the circulation. However, no method has yet received full recommendation to use in clinical practice, in part because of lack of a sufficient evidence base regarding clinical utility. In CNS malignancies, one of the main challenges is finding a suitable biomarker for identification of these cells, because automated systems, such as the widely used Cell Search system, are reliant on markers, such as the epithelial cell adhesion molecule, which are not present in CNS tumors. This review examines methods for CTC enrichment and detection, and reviews the progress in non-CNS tumors and the potential for using this technique in human brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz A Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| | - Hannah Williams
- Brain Tumor Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| | - Aleksandra Frankow
- IGF and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Hayley Patricia Ellis
- Brain Tumor Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| | - Harry R Haynes
- Brain Tumor Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| | - Claire Perks
- IGF and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Jeff M P Holly
- IGF and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumor Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Faulkner C, Palmer A, Williams H, Wragg C, Haynes HR, White P, DeSouza RM, Williams M, Hopkins K, Kurian KM. EGFR and EGFRvIII analysis in glioblastoma as therapeutic biomarkers. Br J Neurosurg 2014; 29:23-29. [PMID: 25141189 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2014.950631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION EGFR and EGFRvIII analysis is of current interest because of new EGFRvIII vaccine trials opened in the UK. EGFR activation promotes cellular proliferation via activation of MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways. EGFRvIII is the most common variant resulting from an in-frame deletion of 801bp, leading to constitutively active EGFR. METHOD 51 glioblastoma samples from a cohort of 50 patients were tested for EGFR amplification by FISH and immunohistochemistry and EGFRvIII expression by reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry. EGFR and EGFRvIII expression was compared with Overall Survival in the cohort. RESULTS Overall 22/51 samples (43%) were positive for EGFR, 16/51 (31%) were positive for EGFRvIII and 13/51 (25%) were positive for both. 9/51 cases (18%) were positive for EGFR alone, and 3/51 (6%) were positive for EGFRvIII alone. Of the EGFR positive cases, 22/51 (43%) were positive by FISH, 24/51 (47%) were positive by IHC and 2/51 (4%) were discrepant between methods (positive by IHC but non-amplified by FISH). Of the EGFRvIII positive cases, 16/51 (31%) were positive by RT-PCR, 17/51 (33%) were positive by IHC and 1/51 (2%) sample was discrepant (positive by IHC but not by RT-PCR). Neither EGFRvIII or EGFR are predictive of overall survival in this cohort. CONCLUSION In our cohort, 25/51 (49%) of GBM showed EGFR alterations, including 16/51 (31%) with EGFRvIII. There was high concordance between IHC and FISH (96%) and IHC and RT-PCR (98%) as diagnostic methods. Neither EGFR or EGFRvIII is predictive of overall survival in this cohort. These results are key for selecting patients for novel individualised anti-EGFR therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Faulkner
- a Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| | - Abigail Palmer
- a Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| | - Hannah Williams
- b Department of Neuropathology , Brain Tumour Research Group, Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Christopher Wragg
- a Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| | - Harry R Haynes
- b Department of Neuropathology , Brain Tumour Research Group, Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Paul White
- d Department of Biostatistics , University of West of England , Bristol , UK
| | - Ruth-Mary DeSouza
- c Department of Neurosurgery , King's College Hospital , London , UK
| | - Maggie Williams
- a Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust , Bristol , UK
| | - Kirsten Hopkins
- d Department of Biostatistics , University of West of England , Bristol , UK.,e Department of Neuro-oncology , Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre , Bristol , UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- b Department of Neuropathology , Brain Tumour Research Group, Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust Bristol , Bristol , UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Haynes HR, Camelo-Piragua S, Kurian KM. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in adult and pediatric gliomas: toward personalized treatment. Front Oncol 2014; 4:47. [PMID: 24716189 PMCID: PMC3970023 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that both adult and pediatric glial tumor entities represent collections of neoplastic lesions, each with individual pathological molecular events and treatment responses. In this review, we discuss the current prognostic biomarkers validated for clinical use or with future clinical validity for gliomas. Accurate prognostication is crucial for managing patients as treatments may be associated with high morbidity and the benefits of high risk interventions must be judged by the treating clinicians. We also review biomarkers with predictive validity, which may become clinically relevant with the development of targeted therapies for adult and pediatric gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Department of Neuropathology, Frenchay Hospital , Bristol , UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shaw A, Iyer V, Rooney N, Wragg R, Waits P, Roberts E, Haynes HR, Kurian KM. Diagnosis of primary cerebral lymphomas: possible value of PCR testing in equivocal cases requiring rebiopsy. Br J Neurosurg 2013; 28:214-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2013.817531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
21
|
Haynes HR, Visca A, Renowden S, Malcolm G. Thrombus formation in a dilated torcula following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 2013; 27:535-6. [PMID: 23451941 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2013.771141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A case of thrombus formation occurring within a dilation of the dural venous sinuses following aneurysmal sub-arachnoid haemorrhage is presented. Acute neurological deterioration accompanied propagation of the thrombus. The patient was anticoagulated on day 5 post-SAH with no haemorrhagic complications and made a full recovery. The optimum time to commence anticoagulation is not clear and is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Haynes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital , Bristol , UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a high rate of IDH1/2 mutations in low grade gliomas and in high grade gliomas deriving from them. IDH analysis of gliomas is a novel method of classification and an independent prognostic marker. We compared antibody and sequencing methods for the detection of IDH mutations. METHOD 88 samples from 74 patients were identified. For immunohistochemistry: sections were stained with anti-IDH1R132H antibody. For sequencing: DNA was extracted from fresh, frozen tissue. RESULTS 28% (20/71) of cases were positive for the R132H IDH1 mutation by antibody. An IDH1 mutation was detected by molecular genetics in 37% (21/57) of cases and no IDH2 mutations were detected. 24% (5/21) had rare IDH1 mutations not detected by immunohistochemistry. Where sufficient tissue was available, immunohistochemistry and DNA analysis were fully concordant for the p.Arg132His mutation. Both Grade II gliomas and anaplastic astrocytomas showed a statistically different distribution of IDH1 mutation load compared to GBMs (p < 0.0001; p = 0.0021 respectively). CONCLUSION A rationalised combined approach involving R132H antibody testing and sequencing of negative cases would be ideal for the detection of IDH1 mutations--antibody testing is cheaper than sequencing but sequencing demonstrates rare IDH1 mutations not detected by immunohistochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Kurian
- Neuropathology and Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital , Bristol , UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Kupchan SM, Shizuri Y, Sumner WC, Haynes HR, Leighton AP, Sickles BR. Isolation and structural elucidation of new potent antileukemic diterpenoid esters from Gnidia species. J Org Chem 1976; 41:3850-3. [PMID: 993891 DOI: 10.1021/jo00886a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
25
|
Kupchan SM, Shizuri Y, Murae T, Swenny JG, Haynes HR, Shen MS, Barrick JC, Bryan AF, vander Helm D, Wu KK. Letter: Gnidimacrin and gnidimacrin 20-palmitate, novel macrocyclic antileukemic diterpenoid esters from Gnidia subcordata1,2. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:5719-20. [PMID: 956575 DOI: 10.1021/ja00434a063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|