1
|
Hull MA, Ow PL, Ruddock S, Brend T, Smith AF, Marshall H, Song M, Chan AT, Garrett WS, Yilmaz O, Drew DA, Collinson F, Cockbain AJ, Jones R, Loadman PM, Hall PS, Moriarty C, Cairns DA, Toogood GJ. Randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial of the effect of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on colorectal cancer recurrence and survival after surgery for resectable liver metastases: EPA for Metastasis Trial 2 (EMT2) study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e077427. [PMID: 38030258 PMCID: PMC10689403 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There remains an unmet need for safe and cost-effective adjunctive treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is safe, well-tolerated and has anti-inflammatory as well as antineoplastic properties. A phase 2 randomised trial of preoperative EPA free fatty acid 2 g daily in patients undergoing surgery for CRC liver metastasis showed no difference in the primary endpoint (histological tumour proliferation index) compared with placebo. However, the trial demonstrated possible benefit for the prespecified exploratory endpoint of postoperative disease-free survival. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that EPA treatment, started before liver resection surgery (and continued postoperatively), improves CRC outcomes in patients with CRC liver metastasis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The EPA for Metastasis Trial 2 trial is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial of 4 g EPA ethyl ester (icosapent ethyl (IPE; Vascepa)) daily in patients undergoing liver resection surgery for CRC liver metastasis with curative intent. Trial treatment continues for a minimum of 2 years and maximum of 4 years, with 6 monthly assessments, including quality of life outcomes, as well as annual clinical record review after the trial intervention. The primary endpoint is CRC progression-free survival. Key secondary endpoints are overall survival, as well as the safety and tolerability of IPE. A minimum 388 participants are estimated to provide 247 CRC progression events during minimum 2-year follow-up, allowing detection of an HR of 0.7 in favour of IPE, with a power of 80% at the 5% (two sided) level of significance, assuming drop-out of 15%. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical and health research authority approval was obtained in January 2018. All data will be collected by 2025. Full trial results will be published in 2026. Secondary analyses of health economic data, biomarker studies and other translational work will be published subsequently. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03428477.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hull
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Pei Loo Ow
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sharon Ruddock
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexandra F Smith
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Marshall
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mingyang Song
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Omer Yilmaz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fiona Collinson
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Robert Jones
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Peter S Hall
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - David A Cairns
- Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Giles J Toogood
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brüning-Richardson A, Shaw GC, Tams D, Brend T, Sanganee H, Barry ST, Hamm G, Goodwin RJA, Swales JG, King H, Steele L, Morton R, Widyadari A, Ward TA, Esteves F, Boissinot M, Mavria G, Droop A, Lawler SE, Short SC. Correction: Brüning-Richardson et al. GSK-3 Inhibition Is Cytotoxic in Glioma Stem Cells through Centrosome Destabilization and Enhances the Effect of Radiotherapy in Orthotopic Models. Cancers 2021, 13, 5939. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153789. [PMID: 35954505 PMCID: PMC9367507 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Brüning-Richardson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Correspondence: (A.B.-R.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Gary C. Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Daniel Tams
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Hitesh Sanganee
- Discovery Sciences BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Simon T. Barry
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Gregory Hamm
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - John G. Swales
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Henry King
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lynette Steele
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ruth Morton
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Anastasia Widyadari
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Thomas A. Ward
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Filomena Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Marjorie Boissinot
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Georgia Mavria
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Susan C. Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Correspondence: (A.B.-R.); (S.C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arunachalam E, Rogers W, Simpson GR, Möller-Levet C, Bolton G, Ismael M, Smith C, Keegen K, Bagwan I, Brend T, Short SC, Hong B, Otani Y, Kaur B, Annels N, Morgan R, Pandha H. HOX and PBX gene dysregulation as a therapeutic target in glioblastoma multiforme. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:400. [PMID: 35418059 PMCID: PMC9006463 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common high-grade malignant brain tumour in adults and arises from the glial cells in the brain. The prognosis of treated GBM remains very poor with 5-year survival rates of 5%, a figure which has not improved over the last few decades. Currently, there is a modest 14-month overall median survival in patients undergoing maximum safe resection plus adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. HOX gene dysregulation is now a widely recognised feature of many malignancies. METHODS In this study we have focused on HOX gene dysregulation in GBM as a potential therapeutic target in a disease with high unmet need. RESULTS We show significant dysregulation of these developmentally crucial genes and specifically that HOX genes A9, A10, C4 and D9 are strong candidates for biomarkers and treatment targets for GBM and GBM cancer stem cells. We evaluated a next generation therapeutic peptide, HTL-001, capable of targeting HOX gene over-expression in GBM by disrupting the interaction between HOX proteins and their co-factor, PBX. HTL-001 induced both caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis in GBM cell lines. CONCLUSION In vivo biodistribution studies confirmed that the peptide was able to cross the blood brain barrier. Systemic delivery of HTL-001 resulted in improved control of subcutaneous murine and human xenograft tumours and improved survival in a murine orthotopic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einthavy Arunachalam
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - William Rogers
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Guy R Simpson
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Carla Möller-Levet
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Gemma Bolton
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
- Surrey Technology Centre, HOX Therapeutics Ltd, Unit 2440 Occam Rd, Guildford, GU2 7YG, UK
| | - Mohammed Ismael
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
- Surrey Technology Centre, HOX Therapeutics Ltd, Unit 2440 Occam Rd, Guildford, GU2 7YG, UK
| | - Christopher Smith
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Karl Keegen
- Surrey Technology Centre, HOX Therapeutics Ltd, Unit 2440 Occam Rd, Guildford, GU2 7YG, UK
| | - Izhar Bagwan
- Department of Pathology, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Road, Guildford, GU2 7XX, Surrey, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Susan C Short
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Bangxing Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicola Annels
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Richard Morgan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, St Mary's Road, Ealing, London, W5 5RF, UK
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brüning-Richardson A, Shaw GC, Tams D, Brend T, Sanganee H, Barry ST, Hamm G, Goodwin RJA, Swales JG, King H, Steele L, Morton R, Widyadari A, Ward TA, Esteves F, Boissinot M, Mavria G, Droop A, Lawler SE, Short SC. GSK-3 Inhibition Is Cytotoxic in Glioma Stem Cells through Centrosome Destabilization and Enhances the Effect of Radiotherapy in Orthotopic Models. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5939. [PMID: 34885051 PMCID: PMC8657225 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous data on glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibition in cancer models support a cytotoxic effect with selectivity for tumor cells compared to normal tissue but the effect of these inhibitors in glioma has not been widely studied. Here, we investigate their potential as cytotoxics in glioma. METHODS We assessed the effect of pharmacologic GSK-3 inhibition on established (U87, U251) and patient-derived (GBM1, GBM4) glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines using cytotoxicity assays as well as undertaking a detailed investigation of the effect on cell cycle, mitosis, and centrosome biology. We also assessed drug uptake and efficacy of GSK-3 inhibition alone and in combination with radiation in xenograft models. RESULTS Using the selective GSK-3 inhibitor AZD2858, we demonstrated single agent cytotoxicity in two patient-derived glioma cell lines (GBM1, GBM4) and two established cell lines (U251 and U87) with IC50 in the low micromolar range promoting centrosome disruption, failed mitosis, and S-phase arrest. Glioma xenografts exposed to AZD2858 also showed growth delay compared to untreated controls. Combined treatment with radiation increased the cytotoxic effect of clinical radiation doses in vitro and in orthotopic glioma xenografts. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that GSK-3 inhibition promotes cell death in glioma through disrupting centrosome function and promoting mitotic failure and that AZD2858 is an effective adjuvant to radiation at clinical doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Brüning-Richardson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Gary C. Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Daniel Tams
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Hitesh Sanganee
- Discovery Sciences BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK;
| | - Simon T. Barry
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK;
| | - Gregory Hamm
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK; (G.H.); (R.J.A.G.); (J.G.S.)
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK; (G.H.); (R.J.A.G.); (J.G.S.)
| | - John G. Swales
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK; (G.H.); (R.J.A.G.); (J.G.S.)
| | - Henry King
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Lynette Steele
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Ruth Morton
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Anastasia Widyadari
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Thomas A. Ward
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Filomena Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Marjorie Boissinot
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Georgia Mavria
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Alastair Droop
- Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Susan C. Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (G.C.S.); (D.T.); (T.B.); (H.K.); (L.S.); (R.M.); (A.W.); (T.A.W.); (F.E.); (M.B.); (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Struve N, Binder ZA, Stead LF, Brend T, Bagley SJ, Faulkner C, Ott L, Müller-Goebel J, Weik AS, Hoffer K, Krug L, Rieckmann T, Bußmann L, Henze M, Morrissette JJD, Kurian KM, Schüller U, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, O Rourke DM, Short SC, Kriegs M. EGFRvIII upregulates DNA mismatch repair resulting in increased temozolomide sensitivity of MGMT promoter methylated glioblastoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:3041-3055. [PMID: 32066879 PMCID: PMC7142016 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oncogene epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is frequently expressed in glioblastomas (GBM) but its impact on therapy response is still under controversial debate. Here we wanted to test if EGFRvIII influences the sensitivity towards the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the survival of 336 GBM patients, demonstrating that under standard treatment, which includes TMZ, EGFRvIII expression is associated with prolonged survival, but only in patients with O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylated tumors. Using isogenic GBM cell lines with endogenous EGFRvIII expression we could demonstrate that EGFRvIII increases TMZ sensitivity and results in enhanced numbers of DNA double-strand breaks and a pronounced S/G2-phase arrest after TMZ treatment. We observed a higher expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in EGFRvIII+ cells and patient tumor samples, which was most pronounced for MSH2 and MSH6. EGFRvIII-specific knockdown reduced MMR protein expression thereby increasing TMZ resistance. Subsequent functional kinome profiling revealed an increased activation of p38- and ERK1/2-dependent signaling in EGFRvIII expressing cells, which regulates MMR protein expression downstream of EGFRvIII. In summary, our results demonstrate that the oncoprotein EGFRvIII sensitizes a fraction of GBM to current standard of care treatment through the upregulation of DNA MMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Struve
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Zev A Binder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen J Bagley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire Faulkner
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Leonie Ott
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Justus Müller-Goebel
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophie Weik
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hoffer
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Krug
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rieckmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lara Bußmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Henze
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer J D Morrissette
- Division of Precision and Computational Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Bristol Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Donald M O Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Struve N, Binder ZA, Stead LF, Brend T, Bagley SJ, Faulkner C, Ott L, Müller-Goebel J, Weik AS, Hoffer K, Rieckmann T, Christin Parplys A, Burmester J, Henze M, Morrissette JJD, Schüller U, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, Kurian KM, Short SC, Kriegs M. CBMT-16. EGFRvIII EXPRESSION CONFERS CHEMOSENSITIVITY BY INCREASING DNA MISMATCH REPAIR PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND REPLICATION STRESS. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
MGMT promoter methylation is the only accepted biomarker with prognostic role in GBM but its routine implementation is limited partly response to TMZ is heterogeneous, but also due to lack of effective alternative treatment options. Therefore, additional biomarkers are needed to enable better prediction of survival and to improve individualized treatment of GBM patients. A potential new biomarker is the epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII). This constitutively activated deletion variant is present in approximately one third of all IDH wildtype GBM, but its relevance to treatment response is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of endogenous EGFRvIII expression on chemosensitivity and the mechanisms underlying any differential treatment response. EGFRvIII expression was associated with prolonged median overall survival but only for GBM patients with MGMT promoter methylated tumors. In line with this, we observed increased TMZ sensitivity of EGFRvIII+ and MGMT promoter methylated cells, which translated into improved survival in xenograft experiments. The increased TMZ sensitivity was associated with an elevated DNA damage induction accompanied by an increased expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in EGFRvIII+ cell lines and EGFRvIII+ GBM patient samples. Subsequently, only a moderate reduction in MMR protein expression resulted in a dramatic TMZ resistance, suggesting that EGFRvIII expression specifically sensitized MGMT deficient cells to TMZ treatment by upregulating MMR. Furthermore, EGFRvIII expression in GBM cell lines was accompanied by increased DNA damage, replication fork slowing, stalling and enhanced origin firing, implying replication stress. Targeting of EGFRvIII-dependent replication stress by irinotecan led to hypersensitivity of EGFRvIII+ cells. Taken together this study illustrates that EGFRvIII-induced upregulation of MMR and replication stress increases chemosensitivity thereby highlighting the vulnerability of EGFRvIII+ GBM to available treatments. These important data may also guide the development of new and more effective personalized strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Struve
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zev A Binder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bagley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire Faulkner
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Ott
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Justus Müller-Goebel
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophie Weik
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hoffer
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rieckmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann Christin Parplys
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Burmester
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Henze
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer J D Morrissette
- Division of Precision and Computational Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Bristol Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum – University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bruning-Richardson A, Sanganee H, Barry S, Tams D, Brend T, King H, Morton R, Ward T, Steele L, Shaw G, Esteves F, Droop A, Lawler S, Short S. PL3.6 Targeting GSK-3 activity promotes mitotic catastrophe via centrosome destabilisation and enhances the effect of radiotherapy in glioma models. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz126.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Targeting kinases as regulators of cellular processes that drive cancer progression is a promising approach to improve patient outcome in GBM management. The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) plays a role in cancer progression and is known for its pro-proliferative activity in gliomas. The anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of the GSK-3 inhibitor AZD2858 were assessed in relevant in vitro and in vivo glioma models to confirm GSK-3 as a suitable target for improved single agent or combination treatments.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The immortalised cell line U251 and the patient derived cell lines GBM1 and GBM4 were used in in vitro studies including MTT, clonogenic survival, live cell imaging, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry to assess the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of AZD2858. Observed anti-proliferative effects were investigated by microarray technology for the identification of target genes with known roles in cell proliferation. Clinical relevance of targeting GSK-3 with the inhibitor either for single agent or combination treatment strategies was determined by subcutaneous and orthotopic in vivo modelling. Whole mount mass spectroscopy was used to confirm drug penetration in orthotopic tumour models.
RESULTS
AZD2858 was cytotoxic at low micromolar concentrations and at sub-micromolar concentrations (0.01 - 1.0 μM) induced mitotic defects in all cell lines examined. Prolonged mitosis, centrosome disruption/duplication and cytokinetic failure leading to cell death featured prominently among the cell lines concomitant with an observed S-phase arrest. No cytotoxic or anti-proliferative effect was observed in normal human astrocytes. Analysis of the RNA microarray screen of AZD2858 treated glioma cells revealed the dysregulation of mitosis-associated genes including ASPM and PRC1, encoding proteins with known roles in cytokinesis. The anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effect of AZD2858 was also confirmed in both subcutaneous and orthotopic in vivo models. In addition, combination treatment with AZD2858 enhanced clinically relevant radiation doses leading to reduced tumour volume and improved survival in orthotopic in vivo models.
CONCLUSION
GSK-3 inhibition with the small molecule inhibitor AZD2858 led to cell death in glioma stem cells preventing normal centrosome function and promoting mitotic failure. Normal human astrocytes were not affected by treatment with the inhibitor at submicromolar concentrations. Drug penetration was observed alongside an enhanced effect of clinical radiotherapy doses in vivo. The reported aberrant centrosomal duplication may be a direct consequence of failed cytokinesis suggesting a role of GSK-3 in regulation of mitosis in glioma. GSK-3 is a promising target for combination treatment with radiation in GBM management and plays a role in mitosis-associated events in glioma biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Barry
- Astra Zeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D Tams
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - T Brend
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - H King
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - R Morton
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - T Ward
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - L Steele
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - G Shaw
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - F Esteves
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - A Droop
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - S Lawler
- Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S Short
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chambers JS, Brend T, Rabbitts TH. Cancer cell killing by target antigen engagement with engineered complementary intracellular antibody single domains fused to pro-caspase3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8553. [PMID: 31189945 PMCID: PMC6561968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumour causing proteins, such as those expressed after chromosomal translocations or from point mutations, are intracellular and are not enzymes per se amenable to conventional drug targeting. We previously demonstrated an approach (Antibody-antigen Interaction Dependent Apoptosis (AIDA)) whereby a single anti-β-galactosidase intracellular single chain Fv antibody fragment, fused to inactive procaspase-3, induced auto-activation of caspase-3 after binding to the tetrameric β-galactosidase protein. We now demonstrate that co-expressing an anti-RAS heavy chain single VH domain, that binds to mutant RAS several thousand times more strongly than to wild type RAS, with a complementary light chain VL domain, caused programmed cell death (PCD) in mutant RAS expressing cells when each variable region is fused to procaspase-3. The effect requires binding of both anti-RAS variable region fragments and is RAS-specific, producing a tri-molecular complex that auto-activates the caspase pathway leading to cell death. AIDA can be generally applicable for any target protein inside cells by involving appropriate pairs of antigen-specific intracellular antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Chambers
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Terence H Rabbitts
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haynes HR, Scott HL, Killick-Cole CL, Shaw G, Brend T, Hares KM, Redondo J, Kemp KC, Ballesteros LS, Herman A, Cordero-Llana O, Singleton WG, Mills F, Batstone T, Bulstrode H, Kauppinen RA, Wurdak H, Uney JB, Short SC, Wilkins A, Kurian KM. shRNA-mediated PPARα knockdown in human glioma stem cells reduces in vitro proliferation and inhibits orthotopic xenograft tumour growth. J Pathol 2018; 247:422-434. [PMID: 30565681 PMCID: PMC6462812 DOI: 10.1002/path.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overall survival for patients with primary glioblastoma is very poor. Glioblastoma contains a subpopulation of glioma stem cells (GSC) that are responsible for tumour initiation, treatment resistance and recurrence. PPARα is a transcription factor involved in the control of lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. We have recently shown that PPARα gene and protein expression is increased in glioblastoma and has independent clinical prognostic significance in multivariate analyses. In this work, we report that PPARα is overexpressed in GSC compared to foetal neural stem cells. To investigate the role of PPARα in GSC, we knocked down its expression using lentiviral transduction with short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Transduced GSC were tagged with luciferase and stereotactically xenografted into the striatum of NOD-SCID mice. Bioluminescent and magnetic resonance imaging showed that knockdown (KD) of PPARα reduced the tumourigenicity of GSC in vivo. PPARα-expressing control GSC xenografts formed invasive histological phenocopies of human glioblastoma, whereas PPARα KD GSC xenografts failed to establish viable intracranial tumours. PPARα KD GSC showed significantly reduced proliferative capacity and clonogenic potential in vitro with an increase in cellular senescence. In addition, PPARα KD resulted in significant downregulation of the stem cell factors c-Myc, nestin and SOX2. This was accompanied by downregulation of the PPARα-target genes and key regulators of fatty acid oxygenation ACOX1 and CPT1A, with no compensatory increase in glycolytic flux. These data establish the aberrant overexpression of PPARα in GSC and demonstrate that this expression functions as an important regulator of tumourigenesis, linking self-renewal and the malignant phenotype in this aggressive cancer stem cell subpopulation. We conclude that targeting GSC PPARα expression may be a therapeutically beneficial strategy with translational potential as an adjuvant treatment. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Helen L Scott
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare L Killick-Cole
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gary Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kelly M Hares
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Juliana Redondo
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin C Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lorena S Ballesteros
- Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew Herman
- Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Oscar Cordero-Llana
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - William G Singleton
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Francesca Mills
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom Batstone
- Bioinformatics Facility, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Harry Bulstrode
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Risto A Kauppinen
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Stem Cells and Brain Tumour Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James B Uney
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Struve N, Brend T, Stead L, Binder ZA, Ott L, Muller-Goebel J, Hoffer K, Morrissette JJD, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, O’Rourke D, Short SC, Kriegs M. EXTH-52. EGFRvIII: A NEW PREDICTIVE BIOMARKER FOR TEMOZOLOMIDE RESPONSE IN MGMT PROMOTOR METHYLATED GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox168.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
11
|
Guillotin D, Austin P, Begum R, Freitas MO, Merve A, Brend T, Short S, Marino S, Martin SA. Drug-Repositioning Screens Identify Triamterene as a Selective Drug for the Treatment of DNA Mismatch Repair Deficient Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2880-2890. [PMID: 27913567 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway is required for the maintenance of genome stability. Unsurprisingly, mutations in MMR genes occur in a wide range of different cancers. Studies thus far have largely focused on specific tumor types or MMR mutations; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that a therapy targeting MMR deficiency in general would be clinically very beneficial.Experimental Design: Based on a drug-repositioning approach, we screened a large panel of cell lines with various MMR deficiencies from a range of different tumor types with a compound drug library of previously approved drugs. We have identified the potassium-sparing diuretic drug triamterene, as a novel sensitizing agent in MMR-deficient tumor cells, in vitro and in vivoResults: The selective tumor cell cytotoxicity of triamterene occurs through its antifolate activity and depends on the activity of the folate synthesis enzyme thymidylate synthase. Triamterene leads to a thymidylate synthase-dependent differential increase in reactive oxygen species in MMR-deficient cells, ultimately resulting in an increase in DNA double-strand breaks.Conclusions: Conclusively, our data reveal a new drug repurposing and novel therapeutic strategy that has potential for the treatment of MMR deficiency in a range of different tumor types and could significantly improve patient survival. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2880-90. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Guillotin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Philip Austin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Rumena Begum
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marta O Freitas
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ashirwad Merve
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Susan Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Struve N, Brend T, Ott L, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, Short SC, Kriegs M. P06.20 EGFRvIII: a predictive marker for Temozolomide response in O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase negative glioblastoma cells and tumor xenografts. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now188.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
13
|
Ruggero K, Al-Assar O, Chambers JS, Codrington R, Brend T, Rabbitts TH. LMO2 and IL2RG synergize in thymocytes to mimic the evolution of SCID-X1 gene therapy-associated T-cell leukaemia. Leukemia 2016; 30:1959-62. [PMID: 27256700 PMCID: PMC5227057 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Ruggero
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - O Al-Assar
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J S Chambers
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - R Codrington
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,ABeterno Technologies Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Brend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - T H Rabbitts
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brend T, King H, Payne H, Rogers W, Pandha H, Morgan R, Short S. PO49INHIBITING HOX PROTEIN FUNCTION IN GLIOMA STEM CELLS AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH IN GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov284.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
15
|
King H, Payne H, Brend T, Patel A, Wright A, Englu T, Stead L, Wurdak H, Short SC. Abstract 3303: Radioresistance in glioma stem cells driven by Rad51 dependent homologous recombination repair. Tumour Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
16
|
Brend T, Kelly Z, Ajaz M, Morgan R, Pandha H, Short SC. P01.04 * THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TARGETING HOX PROTEIN FUNCTION IN GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou174.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
17
|
Chambers JS, Tanaka T, Brend T, Ali H, Geisler NJ, Khazin L, Cigudosa JC, Dear TN, MacLennan K, Rabbitts TH. Sequential gene targeting to make chimeric tumor models with de novo chromosomal abnormalities. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1588-97. [PMID: 24419086 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of chromosomal translocations in leukemia/lymphoma and sarcomas presaged a widespread discovery in epithelial tumors. With the advent of new-generation whole-genome sequencing, many consistent chromosomal abnormalities have been described together with putative driver and passenger mutations. The multiple genetic changes required in mouse models to assess the interrelationship of abnormalities and other mutations are severe limitations. Here, we show that sequential gene targeting of embryonic stem cells can be used to yield progenitor cells to generate chimeric offspring carrying all the genetic changes needed for cell-specific cancer. Illustrating the technology, we show that MLL-ENL fusion is sufficient for lethal leukocytosis and proof of genome integrity comes from germline transmission of the sequentially targeted alleles. This accelerated technology leads to a reduction in mouse numbers (contributing significantly to the 3Rs), allows fluorescence tagging of cancer-initiating cells, and provides a flexible platform for interrogating the interaction of chromosomal abnormalities with mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Chambers
- Authors' Affiliations: MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Molecular Cytogenetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brend T, Payne H, King H, Morgan R, Ajaz M, Pandha H, Short S. PO-0946: Targeting HOX proteins to enhance radiotherapy in glioblastoma. Radiother Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)31064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
19
|
Trofka A, Schwendinger-Schreck J, Brend T, Pontius W, Emonet T, Holley SA. The Her7 node modulates the network topology of the zebrafish segmentation clock via sequestration of the Hes6 hub. Development 2012; 139:940-7. [PMID: 22278920 DOI: 10.1242/dev.073544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we define a network of Her/Hes dimers underlying transcriptional negative feedback within the zebrafish segmentation clock. Some of the dimers do not appear to be DNA-binding, whereas those dimers that do interact with DNA have distinct preferences for cis regulatory sequences. Dimerization is specific, with Hes6 serving as the hub of the network. Her1 binds DNA only as a homodimer but will also dimerize with Hes6. Her12 and Her15 bind DNA both as homodimers and as heterodimers with Hes6. Her7 dimerizes strongly with Hes6 and weakly with Her15. This network structure engenders specific network dynamics and imparts greater influence to the Her7 node. Computational analysis supports the hypothesis that Her7 disproportionately influences the availability of Hes6 to heterodimerize with other Her proteins. Genetic experiments suggest that this regulation is important for operation of the network. Her7 therefore has two functions within the zebrafish segmentation clock. Her7 acts directly within the delayed negative feedback as a DNA-binding heterodimer with Hes6. Her7 also has an emergent function, independent of DNA binding, in which it modulates network topology via sequestration of the network hub.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trofka
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brend T, Holley SA. Expression of the oscillating gene her1 is directly regulated by Hairy/Enhancer of Split, T-box, and Suppressor of Hairless proteins in the zebrafish segmentation clock. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2745-59. [PMID: 19795510 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are segmental units of the mesoderm in vertebrate embryos that give rise to the axial skeleton, muscle, and dermis. Somitogenesis occurs in a periodic manner and is governed by a segmentation clock that causes cells to undergo repeated oscillations of gene expression. Here, we present a detailed analysis of cis-regulatory elements that control oscillating expression of the zebrafish her1 gene in the anterior presomitic mesoderm. We identify binding sites for Her proteins and demonstrate that they are necessary for transcriptional repression. This result confirms that direct negative autoregulation of her gene expression constitutes part of the oscillator mechanism. We also characterize binding sites for fused somites/Tbx24 and Suppressor of Hairless proteins and show that they are required for activation of her1 expression. These data provide the foundation for a precise description of the regulatory grammar that defines oscillating gene expression in the zebrafish segmentation clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brend
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brend
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brend T, Holley SA. Balancing segmentation and laterality during vertebrate development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 20:472-8. [PMID: 19084074 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Somites are the mesodermal segments of vertebrate embryos that become the vertebral column, skeletal muscle and dermis. Somites arise within the paraxial mesoderm by the periodic, bilaterally symmetric process of somitogenesis. However, specification of left-right asymmetry occurs in close spatial and temporal proximity to somitogenesis and involves some of the same cell signaling pathways that govern segmentation. Here, we review recent evidence that identifies cross-talk between these processes and that demonstrates a role for retinoic acid in maintaining symmetrical somitogenesis by preventing impingement of left-right patterning signals upon the paraxial mesoderm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brend
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brend T, Gilthorpe J, Summerbell D, Rigby PWJ. Multiple levels of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation are required to define the domain of Hoxb4 expression. Development 2003; 130:2717-28. [PMID: 12736215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hox genes are key determinants of anteroposterior patterning of animal embryos, and spatially restricted expression of these genes is crucial to this function. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of Hoxb4 in the paraxial mesoderm of the mouse embryo is transcriptionally regulated in several distinct phases, and that multiple regulatory elements interact to maintain the complete expression domain throughout embryonic development. An enhancer located within the intron of the gene (region C) is sufficient for appropriate temporal activation of expression and the establishment of the correct anterior boundary in the paraxial mesoderm (somite 6/7). However, the Hoxb4 promoter is required to maintain this expression beyond 8.5 dpc. In addition, sequences within the 3' untranslated region (region B) are necessary specifically to maintain expression in somite 7 from 9.0 dpc onwards. Neither the promoter nor region B can direct somitic expression independently, indicating that the interaction of regulatory elements is crucial for the maintenance of the paraxial mesoderm domain of Hoxb4 expression. We further report that the domain of Hoxb4 expression is restricted by regulating transcript stability in the paraxial mesoderm and by selective translation and/or degradation of protein in the neural tube. Moreover, the absence of Hoxb4 3'-untranslated sequences from transgene transcripts leads to inappropriate expression of some Hoxb4 transgenes in posterior somites, indicating that there are sequences within region B that are important for both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brend
- Section of Gene Function and Regulation, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gilthorpe J, Vandromme M, Brend T, Gutman A, Summerbell D, Totty N, Rigby PWJ. Spatially specific expression of Hoxb4 is dependent on the ubiquitous transcription factor NFY. Development 2002; 129:3887-99. [PMID: 12135926 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.16.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how boundaries and domains of Hox gene expression are determined is critical to elucidating the means by which the embryo is patterned along the anteroposterior axis. We have performed a detailed analysis of the mouse Hoxb4 intron enhancer to identify upstream transcriptional regulators. In the context of an heterologous promoter, this enhancer can establish the appropriate anterior boundary of mesodermal expression but is unable to maintain it, showing that a specific interaction with its own promoter is important for maintenance. Enhancer function depends on a motif that contains overlapping binding sites for the transcription factors NFY and YY1. Specific mutations that either abolish or reduce NFY binding show that it is crucial for enhancer activity. The NFY/YY1 motif is reiterated in the Hoxb4 promoter and is known to be required for its activity. As these two factors are able to mediate opposing transcriptional effects by reorganizing the local chromatin environment, the relative levels of NFY and YY1 binding could represent a mechanism for balancing activation and repression of Hoxb4 through the same site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gilthorpe
- Division of Eukaryotic Molecular Genetics, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|