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Kuranaga Y, Yu B, Osuka S, Zhang H, Devi NS, Bae S, Van Meir EG. Targeting Integrin α3 Blocks β1 Maturation, Triggers Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Sensitizes Glioblastoma Cells to TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis. Cells 2024; 13:753. [PMID: 38727288 PMCID: PMC11083687 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating brain cancer for which new effective therapies are urgently needed. GBM, after an initial response to current treatment regimens, develops therapeutic resistance, leading to rapid patient demise. Cancer cells exhibit an inherent elevation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to uncontrolled growth and an unfavorable microenvironment, including hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Cancer cells utilize the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain ER homeostasis, and failure of this response promotes cell death. In this study, as integrins are upregulated in cancer, we have evaluated the therapeutic potential of individually targeting all αβ1 integrin subunits using RNA interference. We found that GBM cells are uniquely susceptible to silencing of integrin α3. Knockdown of α3-induced proapoptotic markers such as PARP cleavage and caspase 3 and 8 activation. Remarkably, we discovered a non-canonical function for α3 in mediating the maturation of integrin β1. In its absence, generation of full length β1 was reduced, immature β1 accumulated, and the cells underwent elevated ER stress with upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5) expression. Targeting α3 sensitized TRAIL-resistant GBM cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and led to growth inhibition. Our findings offer key new insights into integrin α3's role in GBM survival via the regulation of ER homeostasis and its value as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kuranaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.K.); (S.O.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Bing Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (N.S.D.)
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.K.); (S.O.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (N.S.D.)
| | - Narra S. Devi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (N.S.D.)
| | - Sejong Bae
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.K.); (S.O.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (N.S.D.)
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Malta TM, Sabedot TS, Morosini NS, Datta I, Garofano L, Vallentgoed W, Varn FS, Aldape K, D'Angelo F, Bakas S, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Gan HK, Hasanain M, Hau AC, Johnson KC, Cazacu S, deCarvalho AC, Khasraw M, Kocakavuk E, Kouwenhoven MC, Migliozzi S, Niclou SP, Niers JM, Ormond DR, Paek SH, Reifenberger G, Sillevis Smitt PA, Smits M, Stead LF, van den Bent MJ, Van Meir EG, Walenkamp A, Weiss T, Weller M, Westerman BA, Ylstra B, Wesseling P, Lasorella A, French PJ, Poisson LM, Verhaak RG, Iavarone A, Noushmehr H. The Epigenetic Evolution of Glioma Is Determined by the IDH1 Mutation Status and Treatment Regimen. Cancer Res 2024; 84:741-756. [PMID: 38117484 PMCID: PMC10911804 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Tumor adaptation or selection is thought to underlie therapy resistance in glioma. To investigate longitudinal epigenetic evolution of gliomas in response to therapeutic pressure, we performed an epigenomic analysis of 132 matched initial and recurrent tumors from patients with IDH-wildtype (IDHwt) and IDH-mutant (IDHmut) glioma. IDHwt gliomas showed a stable epigenome over time with relatively low levels of global methylation. The epigenome of IDHmut gliomas showed initial high levels of genome-wide DNA methylation that was progressively reduced to levels similar to those of IDHwt tumors. Integration of epigenomics, gene expression, and functional genomics identified HOXD13 as a master regulator of IDHmut astrocytoma evolution. Furthermore, relapse of IDHmut tumors was accompanied by histologic progression that was associated with survival, as validated in an independent cohort. Finally, the initial cell composition of the tumor microenvironment varied between IDHwt and IDHmut tumors and changed differentially following treatment, suggesting increased neoangiogenesis and T-cell infiltration upon treatment of IDHmut gliomas. This study provides one of the largest cohorts of paired longitudinal glioma samples with epigenomic, transcriptomic, and genomic profiling and suggests that treatment of IDHmut glioma is associated with epigenomic evolution toward an IDHwt-like phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE Standard treatments are related to loss of DNA methylation in IDHmut glioma, resulting in epigenetic activation of genes associated with tumor progression and alterations in the microenvironment that resemble treatment-naïve IDHwt glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathiane M. Malta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais S. Sabedot
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Indrani Datta
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Luciano Garofano
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Wies Vallentgoed
- Neurology Department, The Brain Tumour Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederick S. Varn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Fulvio D'Angelo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Spyridon Bakas
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Hui K. Gan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mohammad Hasanain
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Kevin C. Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Simona Cazacu
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ana C. deCarvalho
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Emre Kocakavuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center (WTZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) West, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathilde C.M. Kouwenhoven
- Department of Neurology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simona Migliozzi
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Johanna M. Niers
- Department of Neurology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Ryan Ormond
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Hypoxia Ischemia Disease Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter A. Sillevis Smitt
- Department of Neurology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- The Brain Tumour Centre, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lucy F. Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. van den Bent
- Department of Neurology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- The Brain Tumour Centre, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bart A. Westerman
- Department of Neurology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Childhood Cancer Pathology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Pim J. French
- Neurology Department, The Brain Tumour Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laila M. Poisson
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Roel G.W. Verhaak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
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Shiu FH, Wong JC, Bhattacharya D, Kuranaga Y, Parag RR, Alsharif HA, Bhatnagar S, Van Meir EG, Escayg A. Generation and initial characterization of mice lacking full-length BAI3 (ADGRB3) expression. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:353-363. [PMID: 37337931 PMCID: PMC10730119 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (ADGRB3/BAI3) belongs to the family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. It is most highly expressed in the brain where it plays a role in synaptogenesis and synapse maintenance. Genome-wide association studies have implicated ADGRB3 in disorders such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. Somatic mutations in ADGRB3 have also been identified in cancer. To better understand the in vivo physiological role of ADGRB3, we used CRISPR/Cas9 editing to generate a mouse line with a 7-base pair deletion in Adgrb3 exon 10. Western blot analysis confirmed that homozygous mutants (Adgrb3∆7/∆7 ) lack full-length ADGRB3 expression. The mutant mice were viable and reproduced in Mendelian ratios but demonstrated reduced brain and body weights and deficits in social interaction. Measurements of locomotor function, olfaction, anxiety levels and prepulse inhibition were comparable between heterozygous and homozygous mutants and wild-type littermates. Since ADGRB3 is also expressed in organs such as lung and pancreas, this new mouse model will facilitate elucidation of ADGRB3's role in non-central nervous system-related functions. Finally, since somatic mutations in ADGRB3 were identified in patients with several cancer types, these mice can be used to determine whether loss of ADGRB3 function contributes to tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Hung Shiu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuki Kuranaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rashed R. Parag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Haifa A. Alsharif
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Gerstung M, Jolly C, Leshchiner I, Dentro SC, Gonzalez S, Rosebrock D, Mitchell TJ, Rubanova Y, Anur P, Yu K, Tarabichi M, Deshwar A, Wintersinger J, Kleinheinz K, Vázquez-García I, Haase K, Jerman L, Sengupta S, Macintyre G, Malikic S, Donmez N, Livitz DG, Cmero M, Demeulemeester J, Schumacher S, Fan Y, Yao X, Lee J, Schlesner M, Boutros PC, Bowtell DD, Zhu H, Getz G, Imielinski M, Beroukhim R, Sahinalp SC, Ji Y, Peifer M, Markowetz F, Mustonen V, Yuan K, Wang W, Morris QD, Spellman PT, Wedge DC, Van Loo P, Tarabichi M, Wintersinger J, Deshwar AG, Yu K, Gonzalez S, Rubanova Y, Macintyre G, Adams DJ, Anur P, Beroukhim R, Boutros PC, Bowtell DD, Campbell PJ, Cao S, Christie EL, Cmero M, Cun Y, Dawson KJ, Demeulemeester J, Donmez N, Drews RM, Eils R, Fan Y, Fittall M, Garsed DW, Getz G, Ha G, Imielinski M, Jerman L, Ji Y, Kleinheinz K, Lee J, Lee-Six H, Livitz DG, Malikic S, Markowetz F, Martincorena I, Mitchell TJ, Mustonen V, Oesper L, Peifer M, Peto M, Raphael BJ, Rosebrock D, Sahinalp SC, Salcedo A, Schlesner M, Schumacher S, Sengupta S, Shi R, Shin SJ, Spiro O, Pitkänen E, Pivot X, Piñeiro-Yáñez E, Planko L, Plass C, Polak P, Pons T, Popescu I, Potapova O, Prasad A, Stein LD, Preston SR, Prinz M, Pritchard AL, Prokopec SD, Provenzano E, Puente XS, Puig S, Puiggròs M, Pulido-Tamayo S, Pupo GM, Vázquez-García I, Purdie CA, Quinn MC, Rabionet R, Rader JS, Radlwimmer B, Radovic P, Raeder B, Raine KM, Ramakrishna M, Ramakrishnan K, Vembu S, Ramalingam S, Raphael BJ, Rathmell WK, Rausch T, Reifenberger G, Reimand J, Reis-Filho J, Reuter V, Reyes-Salazar I, Reyna MA, Wheeler DA, Reynolds SM, Rheinbay E, Riazalhosseini Y, Richardson AL, Richter J, Ringel M, Ringnér M, Rino Y, Rippe K, Roach J, Yang TP, Roberts LR, Roberts ND, Roberts SA, Robertson AG, Robertson AJ, Rodriguez JB, Rodriguez-Martin B, Rodríguez-González FG, Roehrl MHA, Rohde M, Yao X, Rokutan H, Romieu G, Rooman I, Roques T, Rosebrock D, Rosenberg M, Rosenstiel PC, Rosenwald A, Rowe EW, Royo R, Yuan K, Rozen SG, Rubanova Y, Rubin MA, Rubio-Perez C, Rudneva VA, Rusev BC, Ruzzenente A, Rätsch G, Sabarinathan R, Sabelnykova VY, Zhu H, Sadeghi S, Sahinalp SC, Saini N, Saito-Adachi M, Saksena G, Salcedo A, Salgado R, Salichos L, Sallari R, Saller C, Wang W, Salvia R, Sam M, Samra JS, Sanchez-Vega F, Sander C, Sanders G, Sarin R, Sarrafi I, Sasaki-Oku A, Sauer T, Morris QD, Sauter G, Saw RPM, Scardoni M, Scarlett CJ, Scarpa A, Scelo G, Schadendorf D, Schein JE, Schilhabel MB, Schlesner M, Spellman PT, Schlomm T, Schmidt HK, Schramm SJ, Schreiber S, Schultz N, Schumacher SE, Schwarz RF, Scolyer RA, Scott D, Scully R, Wedge DC, Seethala R, Segre AV, Selander I, Semple CA, Senbabaoglu Y, Sengupta S, Sereni E, Serra S, Sgroi DC, Shackleton M, Van Loo P, Shah NC, Shahabi S, Shang CA, Shang P, Shapira O, Shelton T, Shen C, Shen H, Shepherd R, Shi R, Spellman PT, Shi Y, Shiah YJ, Shibata T, Shih J, Shimizu E, Shimizu K, Shin SJ, Shiraishi Y, Shmaya T, Shmulevich I, Wedge DC, Shorser SI, Short C, Shrestha R, Shringarpure SS, Shriver C, Shuai S, Sidiropoulos N, Siebert R, Sieuwerts AM, Sieverling L, Van Loo P, Signoretti S, Sikora KO, Simbolo M, Simon R, Simons JV, Simpson JT, Simpson PT, Singer S, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Sipahimalani P, Aaltonen LA, Skelly TJ, Smid M, Smith J, Smith-McCune K, Socci ND, Sofia HJ, Soloway MG, Song L, Sood AK, Sothi S, Abascal F, Sotiriou C, Soulette CM, Span PN, Spellman PT, Sperandio N, Spillane AJ, Spiro O, Spring J, Staaf J, Stadler PF, Abeshouse A, Staib P, Stark SG, Stebbings L, Stefánsson ÓA, Stegle O, Stein LD, Stenhouse A, Stewart C, Stilgenbauer S, Stobbe MD, Aburatani H, Stratton MR, Stretch JR, Struck AJ, Stuart JM, Stunnenberg HG, Su H, Su X, Sun RX, Sungalee S, Susak H, Adams DJ, Suzuki A, Sweep F, Szczepanowski M, Sültmann H, Yugawa T, Tam A, Tamborero D, Tan BKT, Tan D, Tan P, Agrawal N, Tanaka H, Taniguchi H, Tanskanen TJ, Tarabichi M, Tarnuzzer R, Tarpey P, Taschuk ML, Tatsuno K, Tavaré S, Taylor DF, Ahn KS, Taylor-Weiner A, Teague JW, Teh BT, Tembe V, Temes J, Thai K, Thayer SP, Thiessen N, Thomas G, Thomas S, Ahn SM, Thompson A, Thompson AM, Thompson JFF, Thompson RH, Thorne H, Thorne LB, Thorogood A, Tiao G, Tijanic N, Timms LE, Aikata H, Tirabosco R, Tojo M, Tommasi S, Toon CW, Toprak UH, Torrents D, Tortora G, Tost J, Totoki Y, Townend D, Akbani R, Traficante N, Treilleux I, Trotta JR, Trümper LHP, Tsao M, Tsunoda T, Tubio JMC, Tucker O, Turkington R, Turner DJ, Akdemir KC, Tutt A, Ueno M, Ueno NT, Umbricht C, Umer HM, Underwood TJ, Urban L, Urushidate T, Ushiku T, Uusküla-Reimand L, Al-Ahmadie H, Valencia A, Van Den Berg DJ, Van Laere S, Van Loo P, Van Meir EG, Van den Eynden GG, Van der Kwast T, Vasudev N, Vazquez M, Vedururu R, Al-Sedairy ST, Veluvolu U, Vembu S, Verbeke LPC, Vermeulen P, Verrill C, Viari A, Vicente D, Vicentini C, VijayRaghavan K, Viksna J, Al-Shahrour F, Vilain RE, Villasante I, Vincent-Salomon A, Visakorpi T, Voet D, Vyas P, Vázquez-García I, Waddell NM, Waddell N, Wadelius C, Alawi M, Wadi L, Wagener R, Wala JA, Wang J, Wang J, Wang L, Wang Q, Wang W, Wang Y, Wang Z, Albert M, Waring PM, Warnatz HJ, Warrell J, Warren AY, Waszak SM, Wedge DC, Weichenhan D, Weinberger P, Weinstein JN, Weischenfeldt J, Aldape K, Weisenberger DJ, Welch I, Wendl MC, Werner J, Whalley JP, Wheeler DA, Whitaker HC, Wigle D, Wilkerson MD, Williams A, Alexandrov LB, Wilmott JS, Wilson GW, Wilson JM, Wilson RK, Winterhoff B, Wintersinger JA, Wiznerowicz M, Wolf S, Wong BH, Wong T, Ally A, Wong W, Woo Y, Wood S, Wouters BG, Wright AJ, Wright DW, Wright MH, Wu CL, Wu DY, Wu G, Alsop K, Wu J, Wu K, Wu Y, Wu Z, Xi L, Xia T, Xiang Q, Xiao X, Xing R, Xiong H, Alvarez EG, Xu Q, Xu Y, Xue H, Yachida S, Yakneen S, Yamaguchi R, Yamaguchi TN, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto S, Yamaue H, Amary F, Yang F, Yang H, Yang JY, Yang L, Yang L, Yang S, Yang TP, Yang Y, Yao X, Yaspo ML, Amin SB, Yates L, Yau C, Ye C, Ye K, Yellapantula VD, Yoon CJ, Yoon SS, Yousif F, Yu J, Yu K, Aminou B, Yu W, Yu Y, Yuan K, Yuan Y, Yuen D, Yung CK, Zaikova O, Zamora J, Zapatka M, Zenklusen JC, Ammerpohl O, Zenz T, Zeps N, Zhang CZ, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang J, Anderson MJ, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Zheng L, Zheng X, Zhou W, Zhou Y, Zhu B, Ang Y, Zhu H, Zhu J, Zhu S, Zou L, Zou X, deFazio A, van As N, van Deurzen CHM, van de Vijver MJ, van’t Veer L, Antonello D, von Mering C, Anur P, Aparicio S, Appelbaum EL, Arai Y, Aretz A, Arihiro K, Ariizumi SI, Armenia J, Arnould L, Asa S, Assenov Y, Atwal G, Aukema S, Auman JT, Aure MRR, Awadalla P, Aymerich M, Bader GD, Baez-Ortega A, Bailey MH, Bailey PJ, Balasundaram M, Balu S, Bandopadhayay P, Banks RE, Barbi S, Barbour AP, Barenboim J, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Barr H, Barrera E, Bartlett J, Bartolome J, Bassi C, Bathe OF, Baumhoer D, Bavi P, Baylin SB, Bazant W, Beardsmore D, Beck TA, Behjati S, Behren A, Niu B, Bell C, Beltran S, Benz C, Berchuck A, Bergmann AK, Bergstrom EN, Berman BP, Berney DM, Bernhart SH, Beroukhim R, Berrios M, Bersani S, Bertl J, Betancourt M, Bhandari V, Bhosle SG, Biankin AV, Bieg M, Bigner D, Binder H, Birney E, Birrer M, Biswas NK, Bjerkehagen B, Bodenheimer T, Boice L, Bonizzato G, De Bono JS, Boot A, Bootwalla MS, Borg A, Borkhardt A, Boroevich KA, Borozan I, Borst C, Bosenberg M, Bosio M, Boultwood J, Bourque G, Boutros PC, Bova GS, Bowen DT, Bowlby R, Bowtell DDL, Boyault S, Boyce R, Boyd J, Brazma A, Brennan P, Brewer DS, Brinkman AB, Bristow RG, Broaddus RR, Brock JE, Brock M, Broeks A, Brooks AN, Brooks D, Brors B, Brunak S, Bruxner TJC, Bruzos AL, Buchanan A, Buchhalter I, Buchholz C, Bullman S, Burke H, Burkhardt B, Burns KH, Busanovich J, Bustamante CD, Butler AP, Butte AJ, Byrne NJ, Børresen-Dale AL, Caesar-Johnson SJ, Cafferkey A, Cahill D, Calabrese C, Caldas C, Calvo F, Camacho N, Campbell PJ, Campo E, Cantù C, Cao S, Carey TE, Carlevaro-Fita J, Carlsen R, Cataldo I, Cazzola M, Cebon J, Cerfolio R, Chadwick DE, Chakravarty D, Chalmers D, Chan CWY, Chan K, Chan-Seng-Yue M, Chandan VS, Chang DK, Chanock SJ, Chantrill LA, Chateigner A, Chatterjee N, Chayama K, Chen HW, Chen J, Chen K, Chen Y, Chen Z, Cherniack AD, Chien J, Chiew YE, Chin SF, Cho J, Cho S, Choi JK, Choi W, Chomienne C, Chong Z, Choo SP, Chou A, Christ AN, Christie EL, Chuah E, Cibulskis C, Cibulskis K, Cingarlini S, Clapham P, Claviez A, Cleary S, Cloonan N, Cmero M, Collins CC, Connor AA, Cooke SL, Cooper CS, Cope L, Corbo V, Cordes MG, Cordner SM, Cortés-Ciriano I, Covington K, Cowin PA, Craft B, Craft D, Creighton CJ, Cun Y, Curley E, Cutcutache I, Czajka K, Czerniak B, Dagg RA, Danilova L, Davi MV, Davidson NR, Davies H, Davis IJ, Davis-Dusenbery BN, Dawson KJ, De La Vega FM, De Paoli-Iseppi R, Defreitas T, Tos APD, Delaneau O, Demchok JA, Demeulemeester J, Demidov GM, Demircioğlu D, Dennis NM, Denroche RE, Dentro SC, Desai N, Deshpande V, Deshwar AG, Desmedt C, Deu-Pons J, Dhalla N, Dhani NC, Dhingra P, Dhir R, DiBiase A, Diamanti K, Ding L, Ding S, Dinh HQ, Dirix L, 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D, Lee D, Lee EA, Lee HJ, Lee JJK, Lee JY, Lee J, Lee MTM, Lee-Six H, Lehmann KV, Lehrach H, Lenze D, Leonard CR, Leongamornlert DA, Leshchiner I, Letourneau L, Letunic I, Levine DA, Lewis L, Ley T, Li C, Li CH, Li HI, Li J, Li L, Li S, Li S, Li X, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Liang H, Liang SB, Lichter P, Lin P, Lin Z, Linehan WM, Lingjærde OC, Liu D, Liu EM, Liu FFF, Liu F, Liu J, Liu X, Livingstone J, Livitz D, Livni N, Lochovsky L, Loeffler M, Long GV, Lopez-Guillermo A, Lou S, Louis DN, Lovat LB, Lu Y, Lu YJ, Lu Y, Luchini C, Lungu I, Luo X, Luxton HJ, Lynch AG, Lype L, López C, López-Otín C, Ma EZ, Ma Y, MacGrogan G, MacRae S, Macintyre G, Madsen T, Maejima K, Mafficini A, Maglinte DT, Maitra A, Majumder PP, Malcovati L, Malikic S, Malleo G, Mann GJ, Mantovani-Löffler L, Marchal K, Marchegiani G, Mardis ER, Margolin AA, Marin MG, Markowetz F, Markowski J, Marks J, Marques-Bonet T, Marra MA, Marsden L, Martens JWM, Martin S, Martin-Subero JI, Martincorena I, Martinez-Fundichely A, Maruvka YE, Mashl RJ, Massie CE, Matthew TJ, Matthews L, Mayer E, Mayes S, Mayo M, Mbabaali F, McCune K, McDermott U, McGillivray PD, McLellan MD, McPherson JD, McPherson JR, McPherson TA, Meier SR, Meng A, Meng S, Menzies A, Merrett ND, Merson S, Meyerson M, Meyerson W, Mieczkowski PA, Mihaiescu GL, Mijalkovic S, Mikkelsen T, Milella M, Mileshkin L, Miller CA, Miller DK, Miller JK, Mills GB, Milovanovic A, Minner S, Miotto M, Arnau GM, Mirabello L, Mitchell C, Mitchell TJ, Miyano S, Miyoshi N, Mizuno S, Molnár-Gábor F, Moore MJ, Moore RA, Morganella S, Morris QD, Morrison C, Mose LE, Moser CD, Muiños F, Mularoni L, Mungall AJ, Mungall K, Musgrove EA, Mustonen V, Mutch D, Muyas F, Muzny DM, Muñoz A, Myers J, Myklebost O, Möller P, Nagae G, Nagrial AM, Nahal-Bose HK, Nakagama H, Nakagawa H, Nakamura H, Nakamura T, Nakano K, Nandi T, Nangalia J, Nastic M, Navarro A, Navarro FCP, Neal DE, Nettekoven G, Newell F, Newhouse SJ, Newton Y, Ng AWT, Ng A, Nicholson J, Nicol D, Nie Y, Nielsen GP, Nielsen 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Author Correction: The evolutionary history of 2,658 cancers. Nature 2023; 614:E42. [PMID: 36697833 PMCID: PMC9931577 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Clemency Jolly
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ignaty Leshchiner
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Stefan C. Dentro
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Santiago Gonzalez
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Rosebrock
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Thomas J. Mitchell
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yulia Rubanova
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Pavana Anur
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Kaixian Yu
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Maxime Tarabichi
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Amit Deshwar
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Jeff Wintersinger
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Kortine Kleinheinz
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Vázquez-García
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kerstin Haase
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lara Jerman
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK ,grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Subhajit Sengupta
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Geoff Macintyre
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Salem Malikic
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia Canada ,grid.412541.70000 0001 0684 7796Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Nilgun Donmez
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia Canada ,grid.412541.70000 0001 0684 7796Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Dimitri G. Livitz
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Marek Cmero
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Schumacher
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Yu Fan
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Xiaotong Yao
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA ,grid.429884.b0000 0004 1791 0895New York Genome Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Juhee Lee
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul C. Boutros
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.419890.d0000 0004 0626 690XOntario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - David D. Bowtell
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gad Getz
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marcin Imielinski
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA ,grid.429884.b0000 0004 1791 0895New York Genome Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - S. Cenk Sahinalp
- grid.412541.70000 0001 0684 7796Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada ,grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XIndiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Yuan Ji
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Martin Peifer
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Markowetz
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ville Mustonen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ke Yuan
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wenyi Wang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Quaid D. Morris
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Paul T. Spellman
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - David C. Wedge
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.454382.c0000 0004 7871 7212Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. .,University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Calabrese C, Davidson NR, Demircioğlu D, Fonseca NA, He Y, Kahles A, Lehmann KV, Liu F, Shiraishi Y, Soulette CM, Urban L, Greger L, Li S, Liu D, Perry MD, Xiang Q, Zhang F, Zhang J, Bailey P, Erkek S, Hoadley KA, Hou Y, Huska MR, Kilpinen H, Korbel JO, Marin MG, Markowski J, Nandi T, Pan-Hammarström Q, Pedamallu CS, Siebert R, Stark SG, Su H, Tan P, Waszak SM, Yung C, Zhu S, Awadalla P, Creighton CJ, Meyerson M, Ouellette BFF, Wu K, Yang H, Brazma A, Brooks AN, Göke J, Rätsch G, Schwarz RF, Stegle O, Zhang Z, Wu K, Yang H, Fonseca NA, Kahles A, Lehmann KV, Urban L, Soulette CM, Shiraishi Y, Liu F, He Y, Demircioğlu D, Davidson NR, Calabrese C, Zhang J, Perry MD, Xiang Q, Greger L, Li S, Liu D, Stark SG, Zhang F, Amin SB, Bailey P, Chateigner A, Cortés-Ciriano I, Craft B, Erkek S, Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Goldman M, Hoadley KA, Hou Y, Huska MR, Khurana E, Kilpinen H, Korbel JO, Lamaze FC, Li C, Li X, Li X, Liu X, Marin MG, Markowski J, Nandi T, Nielsen MM, Ojesina AI, Pan-Hammarström Q, Park PJ, Pedamallu CS, Pedersen JS, Pederzoli P, Peifer M, Pennell NA, Perou CM, Perry MD, Petersen GM, Peto M, Petrelli N, Pedamallu CS, Petryszak R, Pfister SM, Phillips M, Pich O, Pickett HA, Pihl TD, Pillay N, Pinder S, Pinese M, Pinho AV, Pedersen JS, Pitkänen E, Pivot X, Piñeiro-Yáñez E, Planko L, Plass C, Polak P, Pons T, Popescu I, Potapova O, Prasad A, Siebert R, Preston SR, Prinz M, Pritchard AL, Prokopec SD, Provenzano E, Puente XS, Puig S, Puiggròs M, Pulido-Tamayo S, Pupo GM, Su H, Purdie CA, Quinn MC, Rabionet R, Rader JS, Radlwimmer B, Radovic P, Raeder B, Raine KM, Ramakrishna M, Ramakrishnan K, Tan P, Ramalingam S, Raphael BJ, Rathmell WK, Rausch T, Reifenberger G, Reimand J, Reis-Filho J, Reuter V, Reyes-Salazar I, Reyna MA, Teh BT, Reynolds SM, Rheinbay E, Riazalhosseini Y, Richardson AL, Richter J, Ringel M, Ringnér M, Rino Y, Rippe K, Roach J, Wang J, Roberts LR, Roberts ND, Roberts SA, Robertson AG, Robertson AJ, Rodriguez JB, Rodriguez-Martin B, Rodríguez-González FG, Roehrl MHA, Rohde M, Waszak SM, Rokutan H, Romieu G, Rooman I, Roques T, Rosebrock D, Rosenberg M, Rosenstiel PC, Rosenwald A, Rowe EW, Royo R, Xiong H, Rozen SG, Rubanova Y, Rubin MA, Rubio-Perez C, Rudneva VA, Rusev BC, Ruzzenente A, Rätsch G, Sabarinathan R, Sabelnykova VY, Yakneen S, Sadeghi S, Sahinalp SC, Saini N, Saito-Adachi M, Saksena G, Salcedo A, Salgado R, Salichos L, Sallari R, Saller C, Ye C, Salvia R, Sam M, Samra JS, Sanchez-Vega F, Sander C, Sanders G, Sarin R, Sarrafi I, Sasaki-Oku A, Sauer T, Yung C, Sauter G, Saw RPM, Scardoni M, Scarlett CJ, Scarpa A, Scelo G, Schadendorf D, Schein JE, Schilhabel MB, Schlesner M, Zhang X, Schlomm T, Schmidt HK, Schramm SJ, Schreiber S, Schultz N, Schumacher SE, Schwarz RF, Scolyer RA, Scott D, Scully R, Zheng L, Seethala R, Segre AV, Selander I, Semple CA, Senbabaoglu Y, Sengupta S, Sereni E, Serra S, Sgroi DC, Shackleton M, Zhu J, Shah NC, Shahabi S, Shang CA, Shang P, Shapira O, Shelton T, Shen C, Shen H, Shepherd R, Shi R, Zhu S, Shi Y, Shiah YJ, Shibata T, Shih J, Shimizu E, Shimizu K, Shin SJ, Shiraishi Y, Shmaya T, Shmulevich I, Awadalla P, Shorser SI, Short C, Shrestha R, Shringarpure SS, Shriver C, Shuai S, Sidiropoulos N, Siebert R, Sieuwerts AM, Sieverling L, Creighton CJ, Signoretti S, Sikora KO, Simbolo M, Simon R, Simons JV, Simpson JT, Simpson PT, Singer S, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Sipahimalani P, Meyerson M, Skelly TJ, Smid M, Smith J, Smith-McCune K, Socci ND, Sofia HJ, Soloway MG, Song L, Sood AK, Sothi S, Ouellette BFF, Sotiriou C, Soulette CM, Span PN, Spellman PT, Sperandio N, Spillane AJ, Spiro O, Spring J, Staaf J, Stadler PF, Wu K, Staib P, Stark SG, Stebbings L, Stefánsson ÓA, Stegle O, Stein LD, Stenhouse A, Stewart C, Stilgenbauer S, Stobbe MD, Yang H, Stratton MR, Stretch JR, Struck AJ, Stuart JM, Stunnenberg HG, Su H, Su X, Sun RX, Sungalee S, Susak H, Göke J, Suzuki A, Sweep F, Szczepanowski M, Sültmann H, Yugawa T, Tam A, Tamborero D, Tan BKT, Tan D, Tan P, Schwarz RF, Tanaka H, Taniguchi H, Tanskanen TJ, Tarabichi M, Tarnuzzer R, Tarpey P, Taschuk ML, Tatsuno K, Tavaré S, Taylor DF, Stegle O, Taylor-Weiner A, Teague JW, Teh BT, Tembe V, Temes J, Thai K, Thayer SP, Thiessen N, Thomas G, Thomas S, Zhang Z, Thompson A, Thompson AM, Thompson JFF, Thompson RH, Thorne H, Thorne LB, Thorogood A, Tiao G, Tijanic N, Timms LE, Brazma A, Tirabosco R, Tojo M, Tommasi S, Toon CW, Toprak UH, Torrents D, Tortora G, Tost J, Totoki Y, Townend D, Rätsch G, Traficante N, Treilleux I, Trotta JR, Trümper LHP, Tsao M, Tsunoda T, Tubio JMC, Tucker O, Turkington R, Turner DJ, Brooks AN, Tutt A, Ueno M, Ueno NT, Umbricht C, Umer HM, Underwood TJ, Urban L, Urushidate T, Ushiku T, Uusküla-Reimand L, Brazma A, Valencia A, Van Den Berg DJ, Van Laere S, Van Loo P, Van Meir EG, Van den Eynden GG, Van der Kwast T, Vasudev N, Vazquez M, Vedururu R, Brooks AN, Veluvolu U, Vembu S, Verbeke LPC, Vermeulen P, Verrill C, Viari A, Vicente D, Vicentini C, VijayRaghavan K, Viksna J, Göke J, Vilain RE, Villasante I, Vincent-Salomon A, Visakorpi T, Voet D, Vyas P, Vázquez-García I, Waddell NM, Waddell N, Wadelius C, Rätsch G, Wadi L, Wagener R, Wala JA, Wang J, Wang J, Wang L, Wang Q, Wang W, Wang Y, Wang Z, Schwarz RF, Waring PM, Warnatz HJ, Warrell J, Warren AY, Waszak SM, Wedge DC, Weichenhan D, Weinberger P, Weinstein JN, Weischenfeldt J, Stegle O, Weisenberger DJ, Welch I, Wendl MC, Werner J, Whalley JP, Wheeler DA, Whitaker HC, Wigle D, Wilkerson MD, Williams A, Zhang Z, Wilmott JS, Wilson GW, Wilson JM, Wilson RK, Winterhoff B, Wintersinger JA, Wiznerowicz M, Wolf S, Wong BH, Wong T, Aaltonen LA, Wong W, Woo Y, Wood S, Wouters BG, Wright AJ, Wright DW, Wright MH, Wu CL, Wu DY, Wu G, Abascal F, Wu J, Wu K, Wu Y, Wu Z, Xi L, Xia T, Xiang Q, Xiao X, Xing R, Xiong H, Abeshouse A, Xu Q, Xu Y, Xue H, Yachida S, Yakneen S, Yamaguchi R, Yamaguchi TN, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto S, Yamaue H, Aburatani H, Yang F, Yang H, Yang JY, Yang L, Yang L, Yang S, Yang TP, Yang Y, Yao X, Yaspo ML, Adams DJ, Yates L, Yau C, Ye C, Ye K, Yellapantula VD, Yoon CJ, Yoon SS, Yousif F, Yu J, Yu K, Agrawal N, Yu W, Yu Y, Yuan K, Yuan Y, Yuen D, Yung CK, Zaikova O, Zamora J, Zapatka M, Zenklusen JC, Ahn KS, Zenz T, Zeps N, Zhang CZ, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang J, Ahn SM, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Zheng L, Zheng X, Zhou W, Zhou Y, Zhu B, Aikata H, Zhu H, Zhu J, Zhu S, Zou L, Zou X, deFazio A, van As N, van Deurzen CHM, van de Vijver MJ, van’t Veer L, Akbani R, von Mering C, Akdemir KC, Al-Ahmadie H, Al-Sedairy ST, Al-Shahrour F, Alawi M, Albert M, Aldape K, Alexandrov LB, Ally A, Alsop K, Alvarez EG, Amary F, Amin SB, Aminou B, Ammerpohl O, Anderson MJ, Ang Y, Antonello D, Anur P, Aparicio S, Appelbaum EL, Arai Y, Aretz A, Arihiro K, Ariizumi SI, Armenia J, Arnould L, Asa S, Assenov Y, Atwal G, Aukema S, Auman JT, Aure MRR, Awadalla P, Aymerich M, Bader GD, Baez-Ortega A, Bailey MH, Bailey PJ, Balasundaram M, Balu S, Bandopadhayay P, Banks RE, Barbi S, Barbour AP, Barenboim J, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Barr H, Barrera E, Bartlett J, Bartolome J, Bassi C, Bathe OF, Baumhoer D, Bavi P, Baylin SB, Bazant W, Beardsmore D, Beck TA, Behjati S, Behren A, Niu B, Bell C, Beltran S, Benz C, Berchuck A, Bergmann AK, Bergstrom EN, Berman BP, Berney DM, Bernhart SH, Beroukhim R, Berrios M, Bersani S, Bertl J, Betancourt M, Bhandari V, Bhosle SG, Biankin AV, Bieg M, Bigner D, Binder H, Birney E, Birrer M, Biswas NK, Bjerkehagen B, Bodenheimer T, Boice L, Bonizzato G, De Bono JS, Boot A, Bootwalla MS, Borg A, Borkhardt A, Boroevich KA, Borozan I, Borst C, Bosenberg M, Bosio M, Boultwood J, Bourque G, Boutros PC, Bova GS, Bowen DT, Bowlby R, Bowtell DDL, Boyault S, Boyce R, Boyd J, Brazma A, Brennan P, Brewer DS, Brinkman AB, Bristow RG, Broaddus RR, Brock JE, Brock M, Broeks A, Brooks AN, Brooks D, Brors B, Brunak S, Bruxner TJC, Bruzos AL, Buchanan A, Buchhalter I, Buchholz C, Bullman S, Burke H, Burkhardt B, Burns KH, Busanovich J, Bustamante CD, Butler AP, Butte AJ, Byrne NJ, Børresen-Dale AL, Caesar-Johnson SJ, Cafferkey A, Cahill D, Calabrese C, Caldas C, Calvo F, Camacho N, Campbell PJ, Campo E, Cantù C, Cao S, Carey TE, Carlevaro-Fita J, Carlsen R, Cataldo I, Cazzola M, Cebon J, Cerfolio R, Chadwick DE, Chakravarty D, Chalmers D, Chan CWY, Chan K, Chan-Seng-Yue M, Chandan VS, Chang DK, Chanock SJ, Chantrill LA, Chateigner A, Chatterjee N, Chayama K, Chen HW, Chen J, Chen K, Chen Y, Chen Z, Cherniack AD, Chien J, Chiew YE, Chin SF, Cho J, Cho S, Choi JK, Choi W, Chomienne C, Chong Z, Choo SP, Chou A, Christ AN, Christie EL, Chuah E, Cibulskis C, Cibulskis K, Cingarlini S, Clapham P, Claviez A, Cleary S, Cloonan N, Cmero M, Collins CC, Connor AA, Cooke SL, Cooper CS, Cope L, Corbo V, Cordes MG, Cordner SM, Cortés-Ciriano I, Covington K, Cowin PA, Craft B, Craft D, Creighton CJ, Cun Y, Curley E, Cutcutache I, Czajka K, Czerniak B, Dagg RA, Danilova L, Davi MV, Davidson NR, Davies H, Davis IJ, Davis-Dusenbery BN, Dawson KJ, De La Vega FM, De Paoli-Iseppi R, Defreitas T, Tos APD, Delaneau O, Demchok JA, Demeulemeester J, Demidov GM, Demircioğlu D, Dennis NM, Denroche RE, Dentro SC, Desai N, Deshpande V, Deshwar AG, Desmedt C, Deu-Pons J, Dhalla N, Dhani NC, Dhingra P, Dhir R, DiBiase A, Diamanti K, Ding L, Ding S, Dinh HQ, Dirix L, Doddapaneni H, Donmez N, Dow MT, Drapkin R, Drechsel O, Drews RM, Serge S, Dudderidge T, Dueso-Barroso A, Dunford AJ, Dunn M, Dursi LJ, Duthie FR, Dutton-Regester K, Eagles J, Easton DF, Edmonds S, Edwards PA, Edwards SE, Eeles RA, Ehinger A, Eils J, Eils R, El-Naggar A, Eldridge M, Ellrott K, Erkek S, Escaramis G, Espiritu SMG, Estivill X, Etemadmoghadam D, Eyfjord JE, Faltas BM, Fan D, Fan Y, Faquin WC, Farcas C, Fassan M, Fatima A, Favero F, Fayzullaev N, Felau I, Fereday S, Ferguson ML, Ferretti V, Feuerbach L, Field MA, Fink JL, Finocchiaro G, Fisher C, Fittall MW, Fitzgerald A, Fitzgerald RC, Flanagan AM, Fleshner NE, Flicek P, Foekens JA, Fong KM, Fonseca NA, Foster CS, Fox NS, Fraser M, Frazer S, Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Friedman W, Frigola J, Fronick CC, Fujimoto A, Fujita M, Fukayama M, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Furuta M, Futreal PA, Füllgrabe A, Gabriel SB, Gallinger S, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Gao J, Gao S, Garraway L, Garred Ø, Garrison E, Garsed DW, Gehlenborg N, Gelpi JLL, George J, Gerhard DS, Gerhauser C, Gershenwald JE, Gerstein M, Gerstung M, Getz G, Ghori M, Ghossein R, Giama NH, Gibbs RA, Gibson B, Gill AJ, Gill P, Giri DD, Glodzik D, Gnanapragasam VJ, Goebler ME, Goldman MJ, Gomez C, Gonzalez S, Gonzalez-Perez A, Gordenin DA, Gossage J, Gotoh K, Govindan R, Grabau D, Graham JS, Grant RC, Green AR, Green E, Greger L, Grehan N, Grimaldi S, Grimmond SM, Grossman RL, Grundhoff A, Gundem G, Guo Q, Gupta M, Gupta S, Gut IG, Gut M, Göke J, Ha G, Haake A, Haan D, Haas S, Haase K, Haber JE, Habermann N, Hach F, Haider S, Hama N, Hamdy FC, Hamilton A, Hamilton MP, Han L, Hanna GB, Hansmann M, Haradhvala NJ, Harismendy O, Harliwong I, Harmanci AO, Harrington E, Hasegawa T, Haussler D, Hawkins S, Hayami S, Hayashi S, Hayes DN, Hayes SJ, Hayward NK, Hazell S, He Y, Heath AP, Heath SC, Hedley D, Hegde AM, Heiman DI, Heinold MC, Heins Z, Heisler LE, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, Helmy M, Heo SG, Hepperla AJ, Heredia-Genestar JM, Herrmann C, Hersey P, Hess JM, Hilmarsdottir H, Hinton J, Hirano S, Hiraoka N, Hoadley KA, Hobolth A, Hodzic E, Hoell JI, Hoffmann S, Hofmann O, Holbrook A, Holik AZ, Hollingsworth MA, Holmes O, Holt RA, Hong C, Hong EP, Hong JH, Hooijer GK, Hornshøj H, Hosoda F, Hou Y, Hovestadt V, Howat W, Hoyle AP, Hruban RH, Hu J, Hu T, Hua X, Huang KL, Huang M, Huang MN, Huang V, Huang Y, Huber W, Hudson TJ, Hummel M, Hung JA, Huntsman D, Hupp TR, Huse J, Huska MR, Hutter B, Hutter CM, Hübschmann D, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Imbusch CD, Imielinski M, Imoto S, Isaacs WB, Isaev K, Ishikawa S, Iskar M, Islam SMA, Ittmann M, Ivkovic S, Izarzugaza JMG, Jacquemier J, Jakrot V, Jamieson NB, Jang GH, Jang SJ, Jayaseelan JC, Jayasinghe R, Jefferys SR, Jegalian K, Jennings JL, Jeon SH, Jerman L, Ji Y, Jiao W, Johansson PA, Johns AL, Johns J, Johnson R, Johnson TA, Jolly C, Joly Y, Jonasson JG, Jones CD, Jones DR, Jones DTW, Jones N, Jones SJM, Jonkers J, Ju YS, Juhl H, Jung J, Juul M, Juul RI, Juul S, Jäger N, Kabbe R, Kahles A, Kahraman A, Kaiser VB, Kakavand H, Kalimuthu S, von Kalle C, Kang KJ, Karaszi K, Karlan B, Karlić R, Karsch D, Kasaian K, Kassahn KS, Katai H, Kato M, Katoh H, Kawakami Y, Kay JD, Kazakoff SH, Kazanov MD, Keays M, Kebebew E, Kefford RF, Kellis M, Kench JG, Kennedy CJ, Kerssemakers JNA, Khoo D, Khoo V, Khuntikeo N, Khurana E, Kilpinen H, Kim HK, Kim HL, Kim HY, Kim H, Kim J, Kim J, Kim JK, Kim Y, King TA, Klapper W, Kleinheinz K, Klimczak LJ, Knappskog S, Kneba M, Knoppers BM, Koh Y, Komorowski J, Komura D, Komura M, Kong G, Kool M, Korbel JO, Korchina V, Korshunov A, Koscher M, Koster R, Kote-Jarai Z, Koures A, Kovacevic M, Kremeyer B, Kretzmer H, Kreuz M, Krishnamurthy S, Kube D, Kumar K, Kumar P, Kumar S, Kumar Y, Kundra R, Kübler K, Küppers R, Lagergren J, Lai PH, Laird PW, Lakhani SR, Lalansingh CM, Lalonde E, Lamaze FC, Lambert A, Lander E, Landgraf P, Landoni L, Langerød A, Lanzós A, Larsimont D, Larsson E, Lathrop M, Lau LMS, Lawerenz C, Lawlor RT, Lawrence MS, Lazar AJ, Lazic AM, Le X, Lee D, Lee D, Lee EA, Lee HJ, Lee JJK, Lee JY, Lee J, Lee MTM, Lee-Six H, Lehmann KV, Lehrach H, Lenze D, Leonard CR, Leongamornlert DA, Leshchiner I, Letourneau L, Letunic I, Levine DA, Lewis L, Ley T, Li C, Li CH, Li HI, Li J, Li L, Li S, Li S, Li X, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Liang H, Liang SB, Lichter P, Lin P, Lin Z, Linehan WM, Lingjærde OC, Liu D, Liu EM, Liu FFF, Liu F, Liu J, Liu X, Livingstone J, Livitz D, Livni N, Lochovsky L, Loeffler M, Long GV, Lopez-Guillermo A, Lou S, Louis DN, Lovat LB, Lu Y, Lu YJ, Lu Y, Luchini C, Lungu I, Luo X, Luxton HJ, Lynch AG, Lype L, López C, López-Otín C, Ma EZ, Ma Y, MacGrogan G, MacRae S, Macintyre G, Madsen T, Maejima K, Mafficini A, Maglinte DT, Maitra A, Majumder PP, Malcovati L, Malikic S, Malleo G, Mann GJ, Mantovani-Löffler L, Marchal K, Marchegiani G, Mardis ER, Margolin AA, Marin MG, Markowetz F, Markowski J, Marks J, Marques-Bonet T, Marra MA, Marsden L, Martens JWM, Martin S, Martin-Subero JI, Martincorena I, Martinez-Fundichely A, Maruvka YE, Mashl RJ, Massie CE, Matthew TJ, Matthews L, Mayer E, Mayes S, Mayo M, Mbabaali F, McCune K, McDermott U, McGillivray PD, McLellan MD, McPherson JD, McPherson JR, McPherson TA, Meier SR, Meng A, Meng S, Menzies A, Merrett ND, Merson S, Meyerson M, Meyerson W, Mieczkowski PA, Mihaiescu GL, Mijalkovic S, Mikkelsen T, Milella M, Mileshkin L, Miller CA, Miller DK, Miller JK, Mills GB, Milovanovic A, Minner S, Miotto M, Arnau GM, Mirabello L, Mitchell C, Mitchell TJ, Miyano S, Miyoshi N, Mizuno S, Molnár-Gábor F, Moore MJ, Moore RA, Morganella S, Morris QD, Morrison C, Mose LE, Moser CD, Muiños F, Mularoni L, Mungall AJ, Mungall K, Musgrove EA, Mustonen V, Mutch D, Muyas F, Muzny DM, Muñoz A, Myers J, Myklebost O, Möller P, Nagae G, Nagrial AM, Nahal-Bose HK, Nakagama H, Nakagawa H, Nakamura H, Nakamura T, Nakano K, Nandi T, Nangalia J, Nastic M, Navarro A, Navarro FCP, Neal DE, Nettekoven G, Newell F, Newhouse SJ, Newton Y, Ng AWT, Ng A, Nicholson J, Nicol D, Nie Y, Nielsen GP, Nielsen MM, Nik-Zainal S, Noble MS, Nones K, Northcott PA, Notta F, O’Connor BD, O’Donnell P, O’Donovan M, O’Meara S, O’Neill BP, O’Neill JR, Ocana D, Ochoa A, Oesper L, Ogden C, Ohdan H, Ohi K, Ohno-Machado L, Oien KA, Ojesina AI, Ojima H, Okusaka T, Omberg L, Ong CK, Ossowski S, Ott G, Ouellette BFF, P’ng C, Paczkowska M, Paiella S, Pairojkul C, Pajic M, Pan-Hammarström Q, Papaemmanuil E, Papatheodorou I, Paramasivam N, Park JW, Park JW, Park K, Park K, Park PJ, Parker JS, Parsons SL, Pass H, Pasternack D, Pastore A, Patch AM, Pauporté I, Pea A, Pearson JV. Author Correction: Genomic basis for RNA alterations in cancer. Nature 2023; 614:E37. [PMID: 36697831 PMCID: PMC9931574 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Calabrese
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Natalie R. Davidson
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XWeill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA ,grid.419765.80000 0001 2223 3006SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Demircioğlu
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nuno A. Fonseca
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yao He
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - André Kahles
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.419765.80000 0001 2223 3006SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kjong-Van Lehmann
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.419765.80000 0001 2223 3006SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fenglin Liu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XThe University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Cameron M. Soulette
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Lara Urban
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Liliana Greger
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Siliang Li
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China ,grid.507779.b0000 0004 4910 5858China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongbing Liu
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China ,grid.507779.b0000 0004 4910 5858China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Marc D. Perry
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Qian Xiang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fan Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Bailey
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Serap Erkek
- grid.4709.a0000 0004 0495 846XEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katherine A. Hoadley
- grid.10698.360000000122483208The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Yong Hou
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China ,grid.507779.b0000 0004 4910 5858China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Matthew R. Huska
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Kilpinen
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201University College London, London, UK
| | - Jan O. Korbel
- grid.4709.a0000 0004 0495 846XEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximillian G. Marin
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Julia Markowski
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tannistha Nandi
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Reiner Siebert
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XUlm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan G. Stark
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.419765.80000 0001 2223 3006SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hong Su
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China ,grid.507779.b0000 0004 4910 5858China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Patrick Tan
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian M. Waszak
- grid.4709.a0000 0004 0495 846XEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Yung
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shida Zhu
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China ,grid.507779.b0000 0004 4910 5858China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Philip Awadalla
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Kui Wu
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China ,grid.507779.b0000 0004 4910 5858China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Alvis Brazma
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Angela N. Brooks
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jonathan Göke
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gunnar Rätsch
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Roland F. Schwarz
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK ,grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stegle
- grid.225360.00000 0000 9709 7726European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK ,grid.4709.a0000 0004 0495 846XEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zemin Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University, Beijing, China
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Hendrikse LD, Haldipur P, Saulnier O, Millman J, Sjoboen AH, Erickson AW, Ong W, Gordon V, Coudière-Morrison L, Mercier AL, Shokouhian M, Suárez RA, Ly M, Borlase S, Scott DS, Vladoiu MC, Farooq H, Sirbu O, Nakashima T, Nambu S, Funakoshi Y, Bahcheli A, Diaz-Mejia JJ, Golser J, Bach K, Phuong-Bao T, Skowron P, Wang EY, Kumar SA, Balin P, Visvanathan A, Lee JJY, Ayoub R, Chen X, Chen X, Mungall KL, Luu B, Bérubé P, Wang YC, Pfister SM, Kim SK, Delattre O, Bourdeaut F, Doz F, Masliah-Planchon J, Grajkowska WA, Loukides J, Dirks P, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, French PJ, Kros JM, Zitterbart K, Bailey SD, Eberhart CG, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Olson JM, Garami M, Hauser P, Phillips JJ, Ra YS, de Torres C, Mora J, Li KKW, Ng HK, Poon WS, Pollack IF, López-Aguilar E, Gillespie GY, Van Meter TE, Shofuda T, Vibhakar R, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Rubin JB, Kumabe T, Jung S, Lach B, Iolascon A, Ferrucci V, de Antonellis P, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Robinson S, Stearns DS, Van Meir EG, Porrati P, Finocchiaro G, Massimino M, Carlotti CG, Faria CC, Roussel MF, Boop F, Chan JA, Aldinger KA, Razavi F, Silvestri E, McLendon RE, Thompson EM, Ansari M, Garre ML, Chico F, Eguía P, Pérezpeña M, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Wu X, Daniels C, Rich JN, Jones SJM, Moore RA, Marra MA, Huang X, Reimand J, Sorensen PH, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA, Pugh TJ, Garzia L, Kleinman CL, Stein LD, Jabado N, Malkin D, Ayrault O, Golden JA, Ellison DW, Doble B, Ramaswamy V, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Suzuki H, Millen KJ, Taylor MD. Author Correction: Failure of human rhombic lip differentiation underlies medulloblastoma formation. Nature 2022; 612:E12. [PMID: 36446943 PMCID: PMC10729707 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Hendrikse
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Saulnier
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jake Millman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandria H Sjoboen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anders W Erickson
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Winnie Ong
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Audrey L Mercier
- PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Mohammad Shokouhian
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raúl A Suárez
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ly
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Borlase
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David S Scott
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria C Vladoiu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Sirbu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takuma Nakashima
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Nambu
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Funakoshi
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alec Bahcheli
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Javier Diaz-Mejia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Golser
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen Bach
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tram Phuong-Bao
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Y Wang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachin A Kumar
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Polina Balin
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhirami Visvanathan
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John J Y Lee
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramy Ayoub
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen L Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Bérubé
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yu C Wang
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olivier Delattre
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - James Loukides
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Fèvre-Montange
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Anne Jouvet
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Masaryk University School of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Swneke D Bailey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Departments of Pathology, Ophthalmology and Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amulya A N Rao
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklós Garami
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Young S Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Carmen de Torres
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kay K W Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wai S Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrique López-Aguilar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional century XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy E Van Meter
- Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealthy University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Reid C Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael K Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, South Korea
| | - Boleslaw Lach
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Anatomical Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualino de Antonellis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cinalli
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Duncan S Stearns
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paola Porrati
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlos G Carlotti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Frederick Boop
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ferechte Razavi
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Evelina Silvestri
- Surgical Pathology Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc Ansari
- Cansearch Research Platform for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Women, Child and Adolescent, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria L Garre
- U.O. Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Fernando Chico
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pilar Eguía
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Pérezpeña
- Instituto Nacional De Pediatría de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- INSERM U900, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, PSL Research University, MINES ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Xiaochong Wu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Daniels
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lincoln D Stein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Adaptive Oncology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brad Doble
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Hendrikse LD, Haldipur P, Saulnier O, Millman J, Sjoboen AH, Erickson AW, Ong W, Gordon V, Coudière-Morrison L, Mercier AL, Shokouhian M, Suárez RA, Ly M, Borlase S, Scott DS, Vladoiu MC, Farooq H, Sirbu O, Nakashima T, Nambu S, Funakoshi Y, Bahcheli A, Diaz-Mejia JJ, Golser J, Bach K, Phuong-Bao T, Skowron P, Wang EY, Kumar SA, Balin P, Visvanathan A, Lee JJY, Ayoub R, Chen X, Chen X, Mungall KL, Luu B, Bérubé P, Wang YC, Pfister SM, Kim SK, Delattre O, Bourdeaut F, Doz F, Masliah-Planchon J, Grajkowska WA, Loukides J, Dirks P, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, French PJ, Kros JM, Zitterbart K, Bailey SD, Eberhart CG, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Olson JM, Garami M, Hauser P, Phillips JJ, Ra YS, de Torres C, Mora J, Li KKW, Ng HK, Poon WS, Pollack IF, López-Aguilar E, Gillespie GY, Van Meter TE, Shofuda T, Vibhakar R, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Rubin JB, Kumabe T, Jung S, Lach B, Iolascon A, Ferrucci V, de Antonellis P, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Robinson S, Stearns DS, Van Meir EG, Porrati P, Finocchiaro G, Massimino M, Carlotti CG, Faria CC, Roussel MF, Boop F, Chan JA, Aldinger KA, Razavi F, Silvestri E, McLendon RE, Thompson EM, Ansari M, Garre ML, Chico F, Eguía P, Pérezpeña M, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Wu X, Daniels C, Rich JN, Jones SJM, Moore RA, Marra MA, Huang X, Reimand J, Sorensen PH, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA, Pugh TJ, Garzia L, Kleinman CL, Stein LD, Jabado N, Malkin D, Ayrault O, Golden JA, Ellison DW, Doble B, Ramaswamy V, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Suzuki H, Millen KJ, Taylor MD. Failure of human rhombic lip differentiation underlies medulloblastoma formation. Nature 2022; 609:1021-1028. [PMID: 36131014 PMCID: PMC10026724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises a group of heterogeneous paediatric embryonal neoplasms of the hindbrain with strong links to early development of the hindbrain1-4. Mutations that activate Sonic hedgehog signalling lead to Sonic hedgehog MB in the upper rhombic lip (RL) granule cell lineage5-8. By contrast, mutations that activate WNT signalling lead to WNT MB in the lower RL9,10. However, little is known about the more commonly occurring group 4 (G4) MB, which is thought to arise in the unipolar brush cell lineage3,4. Here we demonstrate that somatic mutations that cause G4 MB converge on the core binding factor alpha (CBFA) complex and mutually exclusive alterations that affect CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, PRDM6, UTX and OTX2. CBFA2T2 is expressed early in the progenitor cells of the cerebellar RL subventricular zone in Homo sapiens, and G4 MB transcriptionally resembles these progenitors but are stalled in developmental time. Knockdown of OTX2 in model systems relieves this differentiation blockade, which allows MB cells to spontaneously proceed along normal developmental differentiation trajectories. The specific nature of the split human RL, which is destined to generate most of the neurons in the human brain, and its high level of susceptible EOMES+KI67+ unipolar brush cell progenitor cells probably predisposes our species to the development of G4 MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Hendrikse
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Saulnier
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jake Millman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandria H Sjoboen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anders W Erickson
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Winnie Ong
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Audrey L Mercier
- PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Mohammad Shokouhian
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raúl A Suárez
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ly
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Borlase
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David S Scott
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria C Vladoiu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Sirbu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takuma Nakashima
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Nambu
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Funakoshi
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alec Bahcheli
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Javier Diaz-Mejia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Golser
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen Bach
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tram Phuong-Bao
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Y Wang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachin A Kumar
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Polina Balin
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhirami Visvanathan
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John J Y Lee
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramy Ayoub
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen L Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Bérubé
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yu C Wang
- McGill University Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Olivier Delattre
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adults Oncology), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - James Loukides
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Fèvre-Montange
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Anne Jouvet
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Masaryk University School of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Swneke D Bailey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Departments of Pathology, Ophthalmology and Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amulya A N Rao
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklós Garami
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Young S Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Carmen de Torres
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kay K W Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wai S Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrique López-Aguilar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional century XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy E Van Meter
- Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealthy University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Reid C Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael K Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, South Korea
| | - Boleslaw Lach
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Anatomical Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualino de Antonellis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cinalli
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Duncan S Stearns
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paola Porrati
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlos G Carlotti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Frederick Boop
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ferechte Razavi
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Evelina Silvestri
- Surgical Pathology Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc Ansari
- Cansearch Research Platform for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Women, Child and Adolescent, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria L Garre
- U.O. Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Fernando Chico
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pilar Eguía
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Pérezpeña
- Instituto Nacional De Pediatría de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- INSERM U900, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, PSL Research University, MINES ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Xiaochong Wu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Daniels
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lincoln D Stein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Adaptive Oncology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- PSL Research University, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brad Doble
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Varn FS, Johnson KC, Martinek J, Huse JT, Nasrallah MP, Wesseling P, Cooper LA, Malta TM, Wade TE, Sabedot TS, Brat DJ, Gould PV, Wöehrer A, Aldape K, Ismail A, Barthel FP, Kim H, Kocakavuk E, Ahmed N, White K, Sivajothi S, Datta I, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Bakas S, D'Angelo F, Gan HK, Garofano L, Khasraw M, Migliozzi S, Ormond DR, Paek SH, Van Meir EG, Walenkamp AM, Watts C, Weller M, Weiss T, Palucka K, Stead LF, Poisson LM, Noushmehr H, Iavarone A, Verhaak RG. Abstract 2168: Longitudinal analysis of diffuse glioma reveals cell state dynamics at recurrence associated with changes in genetics and the microenvironment. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diffuse glioma is characterized by a poor prognosis and a universal resistance to therapy, though the evolutionary processes behind this resistance remain unclear. The Glioma Longitudinal Analysis (GLASS) Consortium has previously demonstrated that therapy-induced selective pressures shape the genetic evolution of glioma in a stochastic manner. However, single-cell studies have revealed that malignant glioma cells are highly plastic and transition their cell state in response to diverse challenges, including changes in the microenvironment and the administration of standard-of-care therapy. To interrogate the factors driving therapy resistance in diffuse glioma, we collected and analyzed RNA- and/or DNA-sequencing data from temporally separated tumor pairs of over 300 adult patients with IDH-wild-type or IDH-mutant glioma. In a subset of these tumor pairs, we additionally performed multiplex immunofluorescence to capture the spatial relationship between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Recurrent tumors exhibited diverse changes that were attributable to changes in histological features, somatic alterations, and microenvironment interactions. IDH-wild-type tumors overall were more invasive at recurrence and exhibited increased expression of neuronal signaling programs that reflected a possible role for neuronal interactions in promoting glioma progression. In contrast, recurrent IDH-mutant tumors exhibited a significant increase in proliferative expression programs that correlated with discrete genetic changes. Hypermutation and acquired CDKN2A homozygous deletions associated with an increase in proliferating stem-like malignant cells at recurrence in both glioma subtypes, reflecting active tumor expansion. A transition to the mesenchymal phenotype was associated with the presence of a specific myeloid cell state defined by unique ligand-receptor interactions with malignant cells, providing opportunities to target this transition through therapy. Collectively, our results uncover recurrence-associated changes in genetics and the microenvironment that can be targeted to shape disease progression following initial diagnosis.
Citation Format: Frederick S. Varn, Kevin C. Johnson, Jan Martinek, Jason T. Huse, MacLean P. Nasrallah, Pieter Wesseling, Lee A. Cooper, Tathiane M. Malta, Taylor E. Wade, Thais S. Sabedot, Daniel J. Brat, Peter V. Gould, Adelheid Wöehrer, Kenneth Aldape, Azzam Ismail, Floris P. Barthel, Hoon Kim, Emre Kocakavuk, Nazia Ahmed, Kieron White, Santhosh Sivajothi, Indrani Datta, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan, Spyridon Bakas, Fulvio D'Angelo, Hui K. Gan, Luciano Garofano, Mustafa Khasraw, Simona Migliozzi, D. Ryan Ormond, Sun Ha Paek, Erwin G. Van Meir, Annemiek M. Walenkamp, Colin Watts, Michael Weller, Tobias Weiss, Karolina Palucka, Lucy F. Stead, Laila M. Poisson, Houtan Noushmehr, Antonio Iavarone, Roel G. Verhaak, The GLASS Consortium. Longitudinal analysis of diffuse glioma reveals cell state dynamics at recurrence associated with changes in genetics and the microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2168.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Martinek
- 1The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Jason T. Huse
- 2University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Pieter Wesseling
- 4Amsterdam University Medical Centers/VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lee A. Cooper
- 5Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Taylor E. Wade
- 1The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Thais S. Sabedot
- 7Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Daniel J. Brat
- 5Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Peter V. Gould
- 8Hôpital de l’Enfant-Jésus du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Hoon Kim
- 13Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Emre Kocakavuk
- 1The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Nazia Ahmed
- 11University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kieron White
- 14Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Indrani Datta
- 7Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan
- 15Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Hui K. Gan
- 17Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Sun Ha Paek
- 20Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- 21School of Medicine and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Colin Watts
- 23University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tobias Weiss
- 24University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Laila M. Poisson
- 7Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- 7Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Roel G. Verhaak
- 1The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
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9
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Varn FS, Johnson KC, Martinek J, Huse JT, Nasrallah MP, Wesseling P, Cooper LAD, Malta TM, Wade TE, Sabedot TS, Brat D, Gould PV, Wöehrer A, Aldape K, Ismail A, Sivajothi SK, Barthel FP, Kim H, Kocakavuk E, Ahmed N, White K, Datta I, Moon HE, Pollock S, Goldfarb C, Lee GH, Garofano L, Anderson KJ, Nehar-Belaid D, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Bakas S, Byrne AT, D'Angelo F, Gan HK, Khasraw M, Migliozzi S, Ormond DR, Paek SH, Van Meir EG, Walenkamp AME, Watts C, Weiss T, Weller M, Palucka K, Stead LF, Poisson LM, Noushmehr H, Iavarone A, Verhaak RGW. Glioma progression is shaped by genetic evolution and microenvironment interactions. Cell 2022; 185:2184-2199.e16. [PMID: 35649412 PMCID: PMC9189056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The factors driving therapy resistance in diffuse glioma remain poorly understood. To identify treatment-associated cellular and genetic changes, we analyzed RNA and/or DNA sequencing data from the temporally separated tumor pairs of 304 adult patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type and IDH-mutant glioma. Tumors recurred in distinct manners that were dependent on IDH mutation status and attributable to changes in histological feature composition, somatic alterations, and microenvironment interactions. Hypermutation and acquired CDKN2A deletions were associated with an increase in proliferating neoplastic cells at recurrence in both glioma subtypes, reflecting active tumor growth. IDH-wild-type tumors were more invasive at recurrence, and their neoplastic cells exhibited increased expression of neuronal signaling programs that reflected a possible role for neuronal interactions in promoting glioma progression. Mesenchymal transition was associated with the presence of a myeloid cell state defined by specific ligand-receptor interactions with neoplastic cells. Collectively, these recurrence-associated phenotypes represent potential targets to alter disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Varn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kevin C Johnson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jan Martinek
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - MacLean P Nasrallah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers/VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lee A D Cooper
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tathiane M Malta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taylor E Wade
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Thais S Sabedot
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter V Gould
- service d'anatomopathologie, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Adelheid Wöehrer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Azzam Ismail
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Floris P Barthel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Cancer and Cell Biology Division, the Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Department of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeong gi-do, South Korea
| | - Emre Kocakavuk
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Kieron White
- Precision Cancer Medicine Group, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hyo-Eun Moon
- Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Ga-Hyun Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Luciano Garofano
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Anderson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology & Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Spyridon Bakas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annette T Byrne
- Precision Cancer Medicine Group, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fulvio D'Angelo
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui K Gan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Simona Migliozzi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Ryan Ormond
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Watts
- Academic Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Laila M Poisson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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10
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Shiu FH, Wong JC, Yamamoto T, Lala T, Purcell RH, Owino S, Zhu D, Van Meir EG, Hall RA, Escayg A. Mice lacking full length Adgrb1 (Bai1) exhibit social deficits, increased seizure susceptibility, and altered brain development. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:113994. [PMID: 35114205 PMCID: PMC9817291 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor BAI1/ADGRB1 plays an important role in suppressing angiogenesis, mediating phagocytosis, and acting as a brain tumor suppressor. BAI1 is also a critical regulator of dendritic spine and excitatory synapse development and interacts with several autism-relevant proteins. However, little is known about the relationship between altered BAI1 function and clinically relevant phenotypes. Therefore, we studied the effect of reduced expression of full length Bai1 on behavior, seizure susceptibility, and brain morphology in Adgrb1 mutant mice. We compared homozygous (Adgrb1-/-), heterozygous (Adgrb1+/-), and wild-type (WT) littermates using a battery of tests to assess social behavior, anxiety, repetitive behavior, locomotor function, and seizure susceptibility. We found that Adgrb1-/- mice showed significant social behavior deficits and increased vulnerability to seizures. Adgrb1-/- mice also showed delayed growth and reduced brain weight. Furthermore, reduced neuron density and increased apoptosis during brain development were observed in the hippocampus of Adgrb1-/- mice, while levels of astrogliosis and microgliosis were comparable to WT littermates. These results show that reduced levels of full length Bai1 is associated with a broader range of clinically relevant phenotypes than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Hung Shiu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Trisha Lala
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan H Purcell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharon Owino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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11
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Osuka S, Zhu D, Zhang Z, Li C, Stackhouse CT, Sampetrean O, Olson JJ, Gillespie Y, Saya H, Willey CD, Van Meir EG. CBMS-7 IGF1/N-cadherin/Clusterin signaling axis mediates adaptive radioresistance of glioma stem cells. Neurooncol Adv 2021. [PMCID: PMC8648251 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab159.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is composed of a variety of tumor cell populations including those with stem cell properties, known as glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are innately less sensitive to radiation than the tumor bulk and are believed to drive GBM formation and recurrence following repeated irradiation. However, it is unclear how GSCs adapt to avoid the toxicity of repeated irradiation used in clinical practice. We established radioresistant human and mouse GSCs by exposing them to repeated rounds of irradiation in order to uncover critical mediators of adaptive radioresistance. Surviving subpopulations acquired strong radioresistance in vivo, which was accompanied by increased cell-cell adhesion, slower proliferation, an elevation of stemness properties and N-cadherin expression. Increasing N-cadherin expression rendered parental GSCs radioresistant, reduced their proliferation, and increased their stemness and intercellular adhesive properties. Conversely, radioresistant GSCs reduced their acquired phenotypes upon CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of N-cadherin. Mechanistically, elevated N-cadherin expression resulted in the accumulation of β-catenin at the cell surface, which decreased Wnt/ β-catenin proliferative signaling, reduced neural differentiation, and protected against apoptosis through Clusterin secretion. Restoration of wild type N-cadherin, but not mutant N-cad lacking β-catenin binding region, led to increased radioresistance in N-cadherin knockout GSCs, indicating the importance of the binding between N-cadherin and β-catenin. We also demonstrated that N-cadherin upregulation was induced by radiation-induced IGF1 secretion, and the radiation resistance phenotype can be reversed with picropodophyllin (PPP), a clinically applicable blood-brain-barrier permeable IGF1 receptor inhibitor, supporting clinical translation. Moreover, the elevation of N-cad and Clusterin are related to prognosis of GBM in the TCGA dataset. In conclusion, our data indicate that IGF1R inhibitor can block the N-cadherin-mediated resistance pathway. Our research provides a deeper understanding of adaptive radioresistance after repeated irradiation, and validates the IGF1/N-cadherin/β-catenin/Clusterin signaling axis as a novel target for radio-sensitization, which has direct therapeutic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chaoxi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey J Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher D Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Osuka S, Yang L, Zhu D, Hashimoto H, Van Meir EG. CSIG-25. BAI1/ADGRB1 REGULATES TGFβ1-INDUCED MESENCHYMAL SWITCH IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab196.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. MB tends to metastasize to the brain meninges and subarachnoid space and the spinal cord. Leptomeningeal metastasis is frequently found at initial diagnosis and leads to tumor relapse after standard treatment. Leptomeningeal metastasis remains a major challenge and is related with poor outcome. Acquiring a better knowledge of molecular defects underlying metastatic disease is essential for the development of effective therapies. Brain-specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 1 (BAI1/ADGRB1) is a transmembrane receptor of the adhesion GPCR family widely expressed in normal brain, but its expression is lost in the majority of medulloblastoma through epigenetic silencing. We reported that BAI1 protects p53 from Mdm2-mediated degradation and regulate tumor growth in medulloblastoma (Zhu D. et al, Cancer Cell, 2018). However, it is unclear whether BAI1 loss is important for tumor invasion and the mesenchymal phenotype in MB. Microarray analysis of the published MB dataset revealed that low BAI1 mRNA expression correlates with poor outcome and with expression of many key mesenchymal genes, including Fibronectin1, SLUG, and TWIST1. Restoration of BAI1 expression in human MB cells suppresses mesenchymal gene expression in culture, and dramatically decreases brain tumor invasion. Mechanistically, we found that the N-terminal thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR#1) of BAI1 inhibits the maturation process of TGFβ1, a key growth factor involved in EMT. BAI1 is silenced epigenetically in MB cells by methylated CpG-binding protein MBD2, and its expression can be reactivated by KCC-07, a blood-brain barrier permeable MBD2 inhibitor. We found that restoration of BAI1 expression by KCC-07 treatment dramatically reduced tumor cell invasion of MB cells. These experiments demonstrate that epigenetic silencing of BAI1 is important for activation of the MB invasive phenotype through TGFβ1 pathway activation. Epigenetic targeting of this process by KCC-07 can reduce MB invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Osuka
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Dan Zhu
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Coltin H, Sundaresan L, Smith KS, Skowron P, Massimi L, Eberhart CG, Schreck KC, Gupta N, Weiss WA, Tirapelli D, Carlotti C, Li KKW, Ryzhova M, Golanov A, Zheludkova O, Absalyamova O, Okonechnikov K, Stichel D, von Deimling A, Giannini C, Raskin S, Van Meir EG, Chan JA, Fults D, Chambless LB, Kim SK, Vasiljevic A, Faure-Conter C, Vibhakar R, Jung S, Leary S, Mora J, McLendon RE, Pollack IF, Hauser P, Grajkowska WA, Rubin JB, van Veelen MLC, French PJ, Kros JM, Liau LM, Pfister SM, Kool M, Kijima N, Taylor MD, Packer RJ, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Ramaswamy V. Subgroup and subtype-specific outcomes in adult medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:859-871. [PMID: 34409497 PMCID: PMC10723183 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a common pediatric malignant central nervous system tumour, represent a small proportion of brain tumours in adults. Previously it has been shown that in adults, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-activated tumours predominate, with Wingless-type (WNT) and Group 4 being less common, but molecular risk stratification remains a challenge. We performed an integrated analysis consisting of genome-wide methylation profiling, copy number profiling, somatic nucleotide variants and correlation of clinical variables across a cohort of 191 adult medulloblastoma cases identified through the Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium. We identified 30 WNT, 112 SHH, 6 Group 3, and 41 Group 4 tumours. Patients with SHH tumours were significantly older at diagnosis compared to other subgroups (p < 0.0001). Five-year progression-free survival (PFS) for WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 tumours was 64.4 (48.0-86.5), 61.9% (51.6-74.2), 80.0% (95% CI 51.6-100.0), and 44.9% (95% CI 28.6-70.7), respectively (p = 0.06). None of the clinical variables (age, sex, metastatic status, extent of resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) were associated with subgroup-specific PFS. Survival among patients with SHH tumours was significantly worse for cases with chromosome 3p loss (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1-7.6; p = 0.02), chromosome 10q loss (HR 4.6, 95% CI 2.3-9.4; p < 0.0001), chromosome 17p loss (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.8; p = 0.02), and PTCH1 mutations (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.2; p = 0.04). The prognostic significance of 3p loss and 10q loss persisted in multivariable regression models. For Group 4 tumours, chromosome 8 loss was strongly associated with improved survival, which was validated in a non-overlapping cohort (combined cohort HR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.7; p = 0.007). Unlike in pediatric medulloblastoma, whole chromosome 11 loss in Group 4 and chromosome 14q loss in SHH was not associated with improved survival, where MYCN, GLI2 and MYC amplification were rare. In sum, we report unique subgroup-specific cytogenetic features of adult medulloblastoma, which are distinct from those in younger patients, and correlate with survival disparities. Our findings suggest that clinical trials that incorporate new strategies tailored to high-risk adult medulloblastoma patients are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie Coltin
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshmikirupa Sundaresan
- Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle S Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS 325, Room D2058, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA
| | - Patryk Skowron
- Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Massimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Neuropathology and Ophthalmic Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karisa C Schreck
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Tirapelli
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Carlotti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kay K W Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Marina Ryzhova
- NN Burdenko Neurosurgical Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Golanov
- NN Burdenko Neurosurgical Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) and Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Damian Stichel
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology (B300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology (B300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Scott Raskin
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Fults
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lola B Chambless
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Centre de Pathologie et Neuropathologie Est, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- ONCOFLAM, Neuro-Oncologie Et Neuro-Inflammation Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cecile Faure-Conter
- Department of Pediatrics, Institut d'Hemato-Oncologie Pediatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Chonnam, South Korea
| | - Sarah Leary
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marie-Lise C van Veelen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumour Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumour Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) and Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) and Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noriyuki Kijima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger J Packer
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS 325, Room D2058, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA.
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology (B300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Snyder JM, Huang RY, Bai H, Rao VR, Cornes S, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Gutman D, Fasano R, Van Meir EG, Brat D, Eschbacher J, Quackenbush J, Wen PY, Lee JW. Analysis of morphological characteristics of IDH-mutant/wildtype brain tumors using whole-lesion phenotype analysis. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab088. [PMID: 34409295 PMCID: PMC8367280 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although IDH-mutant tumors aggregate to the frontotemporal regions, the clustering pattern of IDH-wildtype tumors is less clear. As voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) has several limitations for solid lesion mapping, a new technique, whole-lesion phenotype analysis (WLPA), is developed. We utilize WLPA to assess spatial clustering of tumors with IDH mutation from The Cancer Genome Atlas and The Cancer Imaging Archive. Methods The degree of tumor clustering segmented from T1 weighted images is measured to every other tumor by a function of lesion similarity to each other via the Hausdorff distance. Each tumor is ranked according to the degree to which its neighboring tumors show identical phenotypes, and through a permutation technique, significant tumors are determined. VLSM was applied through a previously described method. Results A total of 244 patients of mixed-grade gliomas (WHO II-IV) are analyzed, of which 150 were IDH-wildtype and 139 were glioblastomas. VLSM identifies frontal lobe regions that are more likely associated with the presence of IDH mutation but no regions where IDH-wildtype was more likely to be present. WLPA identifies both IDH-mutant and -wildtype tumors exhibit statistically significant spatial clustering. Conclusion WLPA may provide additional statistical power when compared with VLSM without making several potentially erroneous assumptions. WLPA identifies tumors most likely to exhibit particular phenotypes, rather than producing anatomical maps, and may be used in conjunction with VLSM to understand the relationship between tumor morphology and biologically relevant tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Snyder
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Raymond Y Huang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harrison Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Vikram R Rao
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susannah Cornes
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Gutman
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca Fasano
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daniel Brat
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - John Quackenbush
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Cancer Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Kim H, Kang Y, Li Y, Chen L, Lin L, Johnson ND, Zhu D, Robinson MH, McSwain L, Barwick BG, Yuan X, Liao X, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Shu Q, Chen J, Allen EG, Kenney AM, Castellino RC, Van Meir EG, Conneely KN, Vertino PM, Jin P, Li J. Ten-eleven translocation protein 1 modulates medulloblastoma progression. Genome Biol 2021; 22:125. [PMID: 33926529 PMCID: PMC8082834 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor that originates in the cerebellum and brainstem. Frequent somatic mutations and deregulated expression of epigenetic regulators in MB highlight the substantial role of epigenetic alterations. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a highly abundant cytosine modification in the developing cerebellum and is regulated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes. RESULTS We investigate the alterations of 5hmC and TET enzymes in MB and their significance to cerebellar cancer formation. We show total abundance of 5hmC is reduced in MB, but identify significant enrichment of MB-specific 5hmC marks at regulatory regions of genes implicated in stem-like properties and Nanog-binding motifs. While TET1 and TET2 levels are high in MBs, only knockout of Tet1 in the smoothened (SmoA1) mouse model attenuates uncontrolled proliferation, leading to a favorable prognosis. The pharmacological Tet1 inhibition reduces cell viability and platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS These results together suggest a potential key role of 5hmC and indicate an oncogenic nature for TET1 in MB tumorigenesis, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Kim
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yunhee Kang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas D Johnson
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - M Hope Robinson
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Leon McSwain
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xianrui Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xinbin Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anna M Kenney
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Karen N Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Paula M Vertino
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Osuka S, Zhu D, Zhang Z, Li C, Stackhouse CT, Sampetrean O, Olson JJ, Gillespie GY, Saya H, Willey CD, Van Meir EG. N-cadherin upregulation mediates adaptive radioresistance in glioblastoma. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136098. [PMID: 33720050 PMCID: PMC7954595 DOI: 10.1172/jci136098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is composed of heterogeneous tumor cell populations, including those with stem cell properties, termed glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are innately less radiation sensitive than the tumor bulk and are believed to drive GBM formation and recurrence after repeated irradiation. However, it is unclear how GSCs adapt to escape the toxicity of repeated irradiation used in clinical practice. To identify important mediators of adaptive radioresistance in GBM, we generated radioresistant human and mouse GSCs by exposing them to repeat cycles of irradiation. Surviving subpopulations acquired strong radioresistance in vivo, which was accompanied by a reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in cell-cell adhesion and N-cadherin expression. Increasing N-cadherin expression rendered parental GSCs radioresistant, reduced their proliferation, and increased their stemness and intercellular adhesive properties. Conversely, radioresistant GSCs lost their acquired phenotypes upon CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of N-cadherin. Mechanistically, elevated N-cadherin expression resulted in the accumulation of β-catenin at the cell surface, which suppressed Wnt/β-catenin proliferative signaling, reduced neural differentiation, and protected against apoptosis through Clusterin secretion. N-cadherin upregulation was induced by radiation-induced IGF1 secretion, and the radiation resistance phenotype could be reverted with picropodophyllin, a clinically applicable blood-brain-barrier permeable IGF1 receptor inhibitor, supporting clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chaoxi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christian T. Stackhouse
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey J. Olson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher D. Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Li C, Van Meir EG. The advent of precision epigenetics for medulloblastoma. Oncoscience 2020; 7:47-48. [PMID: 32923515 PMCID: PMC7458335 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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18
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Lee SH, Khwaja Rehman F, Tyler KC, Yu B, Zhang Z, Osuka S, Zerrouqi A, Kaluzova M, Hadjipanayis CG, Cummings RD, Olson JJ, Devi NS, Van Meir EG. A Chimeric Signal Peptide-Galectin-3 Conjugate Induces Glycosylation-Dependent Cancer Cell-Specific Apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2711-2724. [PMID: 31969339 PMCID: PMC7580863 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exploitation of altered glycosylation in cancer is a major goal for the design of new cancer therapy. Here, we designed a novel secreted chimeric signal peptide-Galectin-3 conjugate (sGal-3) and investigated its ability to induce cancer-specific cell death by targeting aberrantly N-glycosylated cell surface receptors on cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN sGal-3 was genetically engineered from Gal-3 by extending its N-terminus with a noncleavable signal peptide from tissue plasminogen activator. sGal-3 killing ability was tested on normal and tumor cells in vitro and its antitumor activity was evaluated in subcutaneous lung cancer and orthotopic malignant glioma models. The mechanism of killing was investigated through assays detecting sGal-3 interaction with specific glycans on the surface of tumor cells and the elicited downstream proapoptotic signaling. RESULTS We found sGal-3 preferentially binds to β1 integrin on the surface of tumor cells due to aberrant N-glycosylation resulting from cancer-associated upregulation of several glycosyltransferases. This interaction induces potent cancer-specific death by triggering an oncoglycan-β1/calpain/caspase-9 proapoptotic signaling cascade. sGal-3 could reduce the growth of subcutaneous lung cancers and malignant gliomas in brain, leading to increased animal survival. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that sGal-3 kills aberrantly glycosylated tumor cells and antagonizes tumor growth through a novel integrin β1-dependent cell-extrinsic apoptotic pathway. These findings provide proof-of-principle that aberrant N-oncoglycans represent valid cancer targets and support further translation of the chimeric sGal-3 peptide conjugate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Hyong Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kari C Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Milota Kaluzova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Richard D Cummings
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey J Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Narra S Devi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
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Aaltonen LA, Abascal F, Abeshouse A, Aburatani H, Adams DJ, Agrawal N, Ahn KS, Ahn SM, Aikata H, Akbani R, Akdemir KC, Al-Ahmadie H, Al-Sedairy ST, Al-Shahrour F, Alawi M, Albert M, Aldape K, Alexandrov LB, Ally A, Alsop K, Alvarez EG, Amary F, Amin SB, Aminou B, Ammerpohl O, Anderson MJ, Ang Y, Antonello D, Anur P, Aparicio S, Appelbaum EL, Arai Y, Aretz A, Arihiro K, Ariizumi SI, Armenia J, Arnould L, Asa S, Assenov Y, Atwal G, Aukema S, Auman JT, Aure MRR, Awadalla P, Aymerich M, Bader GD, Baez-Ortega A, Bailey MH, Bailey PJ, Balasundaram M, Balu S, Bandopadhayay P, Banks RE, Barbi S, Barbour AP, Barenboim J, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Barr H, Barrera E, Bartlett J, Bartolome J, Bassi C, Bathe OF, Baumhoer D, Bavi P, Baylin SB, Bazant W, Beardsmore D, Beck TA, Behjati S, Behren A, Niu B, Bell C, Beltran S, Benz C, Berchuck A, Bergmann AK, Bergstrom EN, Berman BP, Berney DM, Bernhart SH, Beroukhim R, Berrios M, Bersani S, Bertl J, Betancourt M, Bhandari V, Bhosle SG, Biankin AV, Bieg M, Bigner D, Binder H, Birney E, Birrer M, Biswas NK, Bjerkehagen B, Bodenheimer T, Boice L, Bonizzato G, De Bono JS, Boot A, Bootwalla MS, Borg A, Borkhardt A, Boroevich KA, Borozan I, Borst C, Bosenberg M, Bosio M, Boultwood J, Bourque G, Boutros PC, Bova GS, Bowen DT, Bowlby R, Bowtell DDL, Boyault S, Boyce R, Boyd J, Brazma A, Brennan P, Brewer DS, Brinkman AB, Bristow RG, Broaddus RR, Brock JE, Brock M, Broeks A, Brooks AN, Brooks D, Brors B, Brunak S, Bruxner TJC, Bruzos AL, Buchanan A, Buchhalter I, Buchholz C, Bullman S, Burke H, Burkhardt B, Burns KH, Busanovich J, Bustamante CD, Butler AP, Butte AJ, Byrne NJ, Børresen-Dale AL, Caesar-Johnson SJ, Cafferkey A, Cahill D, Calabrese C, Caldas C, Calvo F, Camacho N, Campbell PJ, Campo E, Cantù C, Cao S, Carey TE, Carlevaro-Fita J, Carlsen R, Cataldo I, Cazzola M, Cebon J, Cerfolio R, Chadwick DE, Chakravarty D, Chalmers D, Chan CWY, Chan K, Chan-Seng-Yue M, Chandan VS, Chang DK, Chanock SJ, Chantrill LA, Chateigner A, Chatterjee N, Chayama K, Chen HW, Chen J, Chen K, Chen Y, Chen Z, Cherniack AD, Chien J, Chiew YE, Chin SF, Cho J, Cho S, Choi JK, Choi W, Chomienne C, Chong Z, Choo SP, Chou A, Christ AN, Christie EL, Chuah E, Cibulskis C, Cibulskis K, Cingarlini S, Clapham P, Claviez A, Cleary S, Cloonan N, Cmero M, Collins CC, Connor AA, Cooke SL, Cooper CS, Cope L, Corbo V, Cordes MG, Cordner SM, Cortés-Ciriano I, Covington K, Cowin PA, Craft B, Craft D, Creighton CJ, Cun Y, Curley E, Cutcutache I, Czajka K, Czerniak B, Dagg RA, Danilova L, Davi MV, Davidson NR, Davies H, Davis IJ, Davis-Dusenbery BN, Dawson KJ, De La Vega FM, De Paoli-Iseppi R, Defreitas T, Tos APD, Delaneau O, Demchok JA, Demeulemeester J, Demidov GM, Demircioğlu D, Dennis NM, Denroche RE, Dentro SC, Desai N, Deshpande V, Deshwar AG, Desmedt C, Deu-Pons J, Dhalla N, Dhani NC, Dhingra P, Dhir R, DiBiase A, Diamanti K, Ding L, Ding S, Dinh HQ, Dirix L, Doddapaneni H, Donmez N, Dow MT, Drapkin R, Drechsel O, Drews RM, Serge S, Dudderidge T, Dueso-Barroso A, Dunford AJ, Dunn M, Dursi LJ, Duthie FR, Dutton-Regester K, Eagles J, Easton DF, Edmonds S, Edwards PA, Edwards SE, Eeles RA, Ehinger A, Eils J, Eils R, El-Naggar A, Eldridge M, Ellrott K, Erkek S, Escaramis G, Espiritu SMG, Estivill X, Etemadmoghadam D, Eyfjord JE, Faltas BM, Fan D, Fan Y, Faquin WC, Farcas C, Fassan M, Fatima A, Favero F, Fayzullaev N, Felau I, Fereday S, Ferguson ML, Ferretti V, Feuerbach L, Field MA, Fink JL, Finocchiaro G, Fisher C, Fittall MW, Fitzgerald A, Fitzgerald RC, Flanagan AM, Fleshner NE, Flicek P, Foekens JA, Fong KM, Fonseca NA, Foster CS, Fox NS, Fraser M, Frazer S, Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Friedman W, Frigola J, Fronick CC, Fujimoto A, Fujita M, Fukayama M, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Furuta M, Futreal PA, Füllgrabe A, Gabriel SB, Gallinger S, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Gao J, Gao S, Garraway L, Garred Ø, Garrison E, Garsed DW, Gehlenborg N, Gelpi JLL, George J, Gerhard DS, Gerhauser C, Gershenwald JE, Gerstein M, Gerstung M, Getz G, Ghori M, Ghossein R, Giama NH, Gibbs RA, Gibson B, Gill AJ, Gill P, Giri DD, Glodzik D, Gnanapragasam VJ, Goebler ME, Goldman MJ, Gomez C, Gonzalez S, Gonzalez-Perez A, Gordenin DA, Gossage J, Gotoh K, Govindan R, Grabau D, Graham JS, Grant RC, Green AR, Green E, Greger L, Grehan N, Grimaldi S, Grimmond SM, Grossman RL, Grundhoff A, Gundem G, Guo Q, Gupta M, Gupta S, Gut IG, Gut M, Göke J, Ha G, Haake A, Haan D, Haas S, Haase K, Haber JE, Habermann N, Hach F, Haider S, Hama N, Hamdy FC, Hamilton A, Hamilton MP, Han L, Hanna GB, Hansmann M, Haradhvala NJ, Harismendy O, Harliwong I, Harmanci AO, Harrington E, Hasegawa T, Haussler D, Hawkins S, Hayami S, Hayashi S, Hayes DN, Hayes SJ, Hayward NK, Hazell S, He Y, Heath AP, Heath SC, Hedley D, Hegde AM, Heiman DI, Heinold MC, Heins Z, Heisler LE, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, Helmy M, Heo SG, Hepperla AJ, Heredia-Genestar JM, Herrmann C, Hersey P, Hess JM, Hilmarsdottir H, Hinton J, Hirano S, Hiraoka N, Hoadley KA, Hobolth A, Hodzic E, Hoell JI, Hoffmann S, Hofmann O, Holbrook A, Holik AZ, Hollingsworth MA, Holmes O, Holt RA, Hong C, Hong EP, Hong JH, Hooijer GK, Hornshøj H, Hosoda F, Hou Y, Hovestadt V, Howat W, Hoyle AP, Hruban RH, Hu J, Hu T, Hua X, Huang KL, Huang M, Huang MN, Huang V, Huang Y, Huber W, Hudson TJ, Hummel M, Hung JA, Huntsman D, Hupp TR, Huse J, Huska MR, Hutter B, Hutter CM, Hübschmann D, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Imbusch CD, Imielinski M, Imoto S, Isaacs WB, Isaev K, Ishikawa S, Iskar M, Islam SMA, Ittmann M, Ivkovic S, Izarzugaza JMG, Jacquemier J, Jakrot V, Jamieson NB, Jang GH, Jang SJ, Jayaseelan JC, Jayasinghe R, Jefferys SR, Jegalian K, Jennings JL, Jeon SH, Jerman L, Ji Y, Jiao W, Johansson PA, Johns AL, Johns J, Johnson R, Johnson TA, Jolly C, Joly Y, Jonasson JG, Jones CD, Jones DR, Jones DTW, Jones N, Jones SJM, Jonkers J, Ju YS, Juhl H, Jung J, Juul M, Juul RI, Juul S, Jäger N, Kabbe R, Kahles A, Kahraman A, Kaiser VB, Kakavand H, Kalimuthu S, von Kalle C, Kang KJ, Karaszi K, Karlan B, Karlić R, Karsch D, Kasaian K, Kassahn KS, Katai H, Kato M, Katoh H, Kawakami Y, Kay JD, Kazakoff SH, Kazanov MD, Keays M, Kebebew E, Kefford RF, Kellis M, Kench JG, Kennedy CJ, Kerssemakers JNA, Khoo D, Khoo V, Khuntikeo N, Khurana E, Kilpinen H, Kim HK, Kim HL, Kim HY, Kim H, Kim J, Kim J, Kim JK, Kim Y, King TA, Klapper W, Kleinheinz K, Klimczak LJ, Knappskog S, Kneba M, Knoppers BM, Koh Y, Komorowski J, Komura D, Komura M, Kong G, Kool M, Korbel JO, Korchina V, Korshunov A, Koscher M, Koster R, Kote-Jarai Z, Koures A, Kovacevic M, Kremeyer B, Kretzmer H, Kreuz M, Krishnamurthy S, Kube D, Kumar K, Kumar P, Kumar S, Kumar Y, Kundra R, Kübler K, Küppers R, Lagergren J, Lai PH, Laird PW, Lakhani SR, Lalansingh CM, Lalonde E, Lamaze FC, Lambert A, Lander E, Landgraf P, Landoni L, Langerød A, Lanzós A, Larsimont D, Larsson E, Lathrop M, Lau LMS, Lawerenz C, Lawlor RT, Lawrence MS, Lazar AJ, Lazic AM, Le X, Lee D, Lee D, Lee EA, Lee HJ, Lee JJK, Lee JY, Lee J, Lee MTM, Lee-Six H, Lehmann KV, Lehrach H, Lenze D, Leonard CR, Leongamornlert DA, Leshchiner I, Letourneau L, Letunic I, Levine DA, Lewis L, Ley T, Li C, Li CH, Li HI, Li J, Li L, Li S, Li S, Li X, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Liang H, Liang SB, Lichter P, Lin P, Lin Z, Linehan WM, Lingjærde OC, Liu D, Liu EM, Liu FFF, Liu F, Liu J, Liu X, Livingstone J, Livitz D, Livni N, Lochovsky L, Loeffler M, Long GV, Lopez-Guillermo A, Lou S, Louis DN, Lovat LB, Lu Y, Lu YJ, Lu Y, Luchini C, Lungu I, Luo X, Luxton HJ, Lynch AG, Lype L, López C, López-Otín C, Ma EZ, Ma Y, MacGrogan G, MacRae S, Macintyre G, Madsen T, Maejima K, Mafficini A, Maglinte DT, Maitra A, Majumder PP, Malcovati L, Malikic S, Malleo G, Mann GJ, Mantovani-Löffler L, Marchal K, Marchegiani G, Mardis ER, Margolin AA, Marin MG, Markowetz F, Markowski J, Marks J, Marques-Bonet T, Marra MA, Marsden L, Martens JWM, Martin S, Martin-Subero JI, Martincorena I, Martinez-Fundichely A, Maruvka YE, Mashl RJ, Massie CE, Matthew TJ, Matthews L, Mayer E, Mayes S, Mayo M, Mbabaali F, McCune K, McDermott U, McGillivray PD, McLellan MD, McPherson JD, McPherson JR, McPherson TA, Meier SR, Meng A, Meng S, Menzies A, Merrett ND, Merson S, Meyerson M, Meyerson W, Mieczkowski PA, Mihaiescu GL, Mijalkovic S, Mikkelsen T, Milella M, Mileshkin L, Miller CA, Miller DK, Miller JK, Mills GB, Milovanovic A, Minner S, Miotto M, Arnau GM, Mirabello L, Mitchell C, Mitchell TJ, Miyano S, Miyoshi N, Mizuno S, Molnár-Gábor F, Moore MJ, Moore RA, Morganella S, Morris QD, Morrison C, Mose LE, Moser CD, Muiños F, Mularoni L, Mungall AJ, Mungall K, Musgrove EA, Mustonen V, Mutch D, Muyas F, Muzny DM, Muñoz A, Myers J, Myklebost O, Möller P, Nagae G, Nagrial AM, Nahal-Bose HK, Nakagama H, Nakagawa H, Nakamura H, Nakamura T, Nakano K, Nandi T, Nangalia J, Nastic M, Navarro A, Navarro FCP, Neal DE, Nettekoven G, Newell F, Newhouse SJ, Newton Y, Ng AWT, Ng A, Nicholson J, Nicol D, Nie Y, Nielsen GP, Nielsen MM, Nik-Zainal S, Noble MS, Nones K, Northcott PA, Notta F, O’Connor BD, O’Donnell P, O’Donovan M, O’Meara S, O’Neill BP, O’Neill JR, Ocana D, Ochoa A, Oesper L, Ogden C, Ohdan H, Ohi K, Ohno-Machado L, Oien KA, Ojesina AI, Ojima H, Okusaka T, Omberg L, Ong CK, Ossowski S, Ott G, Ouellette BFF, P’ng C, Paczkowska M, Paiella S, Pairojkul C, Pajic M, Pan-Hammarström Q, Papaemmanuil E, Papatheodorou I, Paramasivam N, Park JW, Park JW, Park K, Park K, Park PJ, Parker JS, Parsons SL, Pass H, Pasternack D, Pastore A, Patch AM, Pauporté I, Pea A, Pearson JV, Pedamallu CS, Pedersen JS, Pederzoli P, Peifer M, Pennell NA, Perou CM, Perry MD, Petersen GM, Peto M, Petrelli N, Petryszak R, Pfister SM, Phillips M, Pich O, Pickett HA, Pihl TD, Pillay N, Pinder S, Pinese M, Pinho AV, Pitkänen E, Pivot X, Piñeiro-Yáñez E, Planko L, Plass C, Polak P, Pons T, Popescu I, Potapova O, Prasad A, Preston SR, Prinz M, Pritchard AL, Prokopec SD, Provenzano E, Puente XS, Puig S, Puiggròs M, Pulido-Tamayo S, Pupo GM, Purdie CA, Quinn MC, Rabionet R, Rader JS, Radlwimmer B, Radovic P, Raeder B, Raine KM, Ramakrishna M, Ramakrishnan K, Ramalingam S, Raphael BJ, Rathmell WK, Rausch T, Reifenberger G, Reimand J, Reis-Filho J, Reuter V, Reyes-Salazar I, Reyna MA, Reynolds SM, Rheinbay E, Riazalhosseini Y, Richardson AL, Richter J, Ringel M, Ringnér M, Rino Y, Rippe K, Roach J, Roberts LR, Roberts ND, Roberts SA, Robertson AG, Robertson AJ, Rodriguez JB, Rodriguez-Martin B, Rodríguez-González FG, Roehrl MHA, Rohde M, Rokutan H, Romieu G, Rooman I, Roques T, Rosebrock D, Rosenberg M, Rosenstiel PC, Rosenwald A, Rowe EW, Royo R, Rozen SG, Rubanova Y, Rubin MA, Rubio-Perez C, Rudneva VA, Rusev BC, Ruzzenente A, Rätsch G, Sabarinathan R, Sabelnykova VY, Sadeghi S, Sahinalp SC, Saini N, Saito-Adachi M, Saksena G, Salcedo A, Salgado R, Salichos L, Sallari R, Saller C, Salvia R, Sam M, Samra JS, Sanchez-Vega F, Sander C, Sanders G, Sarin R, Sarrafi I, Sasaki-Oku A, Sauer T, Sauter G, Saw RPM, Scardoni M, Scarlett CJ, Scarpa A, Scelo G, Schadendorf D, Schein JE, Schilhabel MB, Schlesner M, Schlomm T, Schmidt HK, Schramm SJ, Schreiber S, Schultz N, Schumacher SE, Schwarz RF, Scolyer RA, Scott D, Scully R, Seethala R, Segre AV, Selander I, Semple CA, Senbabaoglu Y, Sengupta S, Sereni E, Serra S, Sgroi DC, Shackleton M, Shah NC, Shahabi S, Shang CA, Shang P, Shapira O, Shelton T, Shen C, Shen H, Shepherd R, Shi R, Shi Y, Shiah YJ, Shibata T, Shih J, Shimizu E, Shimizu K, Shin SJ, Shiraishi Y, Shmaya T, Shmulevich I, Shorser SI, Short C, Shrestha R, Shringarpure SS, Shriver C, Shuai S, Sidiropoulos N, Siebert R, Sieuwerts AM, Sieverling L, Signoretti S, Sikora KO, Simbolo M, Simon R, Simons JV, Simpson JT, Simpson PT, Singer S, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Sipahimalani P, Skelly TJ, Smid M, Smith J, Smith-McCune K, Socci ND, Sofia HJ, Soloway MG, Song L, Sood AK, Sothi S, Sotiriou C, Soulette CM, Span PN, Spellman PT, Sperandio N, Spillane AJ, Spiro O, Spring J, Staaf J, Stadler PF, Staib P, Stark SG, Stebbings L, Stefánsson ÓA, Stegle O, Stein LD, Stenhouse A, Stewart C, Stilgenbauer S, Stobbe MD, Stratton MR, Stretch JR, Struck AJ, Stuart JM, Stunnenberg HG, Su H, Su X, Sun RX, Sungalee S, Susak H, Suzuki A, Sweep F, Szczepanowski M, Sültmann H, Yugawa T, Tam A, Tamborero D, Tan BKT, Tan D, Tan P, Tanaka H, Taniguchi H, Tanskanen TJ, Tarabichi M, Tarnuzzer R, Tarpey P, Taschuk ML, Tatsuno K, Tavaré S, Taylor DF, Taylor-Weiner A, Teague JW, Teh BT, Tembe V, Temes J, Thai K, Thayer SP, Thiessen N, Thomas G, Thomas S, Thompson A, Thompson AM, Thompson JFF, Thompson RH, Thorne H, Thorne LB, Thorogood A, Tiao G, Tijanic N, Timms LE, Tirabosco R, Tojo M, Tommasi S, Toon CW, Toprak UH, Torrents D, Tortora G, Tost J, Totoki Y, Townend D, Traficante N, Treilleux I, Trotta JR, Trümper LHP, Tsao M, Tsunoda T, Tubio JMC, Tucker O, Turkington R, Turner DJ, Tutt A, Ueno M, Ueno NT, Umbricht C, Umer HM, Underwood TJ, Urban L, Urushidate T, Ushiku T, Uusküla-Reimand L, Valencia A, Van Den Berg DJ, Van Laere S, Van Loo P, Van Meir EG, Van den Eynden GG, Van der Kwast T, Vasudev N, Vazquez M, Vedururu R, Veluvolu U, Vembu S, Verbeke LPC, Vermeulen P, Verrill C, Viari A, Vicente D, Vicentini C, VijayRaghavan K, Viksna J, Vilain RE, Villasante I, Vincent-Salomon A, Visakorpi T, Voet D, Vyas P, Vázquez-García I, Waddell NM, Waddell N, Wadelius C, Wadi L, Wagener R, Wala JA, Wang J, Wang J, Wang L, Wang Q, Wang W, Wang Y, Wang Z, Waring PM, Warnatz HJ, Warrell J, Warren AY, Waszak SM, Wedge DC, Weichenhan D, Weinberger P, Weinstein JN, Weischenfeldt J, Weisenberger DJ, Welch I, Wendl MC, Werner J, Whalley JP, Wheeler DA, Whitaker HC, Wigle D, Wilkerson MD, Williams A, Wilmott JS, Wilson GW, Wilson JM, Wilson RK, Winterhoff B, Wintersinger JA, Wiznerowicz M, Wolf S, Wong BH, Wong T, Wong W, Woo Y, Wood S, Wouters BG, Wright AJ, Wright DW, Wright MH, Wu CL, Wu DY, Wu G, Wu J, Wu K, Wu Y, Wu Z, Xi L, Xia T, Xiang Q, Xiao X, Xing R, Xiong H, Xu Q, Xu Y, Xue H, Yachida S, Yakneen S, Yamaguchi R, Yamaguchi TN, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto S, Yamaue H, Yang F, Yang H, Yang JY, Yang L, Yang L, Yang S, Yang TP, Yang Y, Yao X, Yaspo ML, Yates L, Yau C, Ye C, Ye K, Yellapantula VD, Yoon CJ, Yoon SS, Yousif F, Yu J, Yu K, Yu W, Yu Y, Yuan K, Yuan Y, Yuen D, Yung CK, Zaikova O, Zamora J, Zapatka M, Zenklusen JC, Zenz T, Zeps N, Zhang CZ, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Zheng L, Zheng X, Zhou W, Zhou Y, Zhu B, Zhu H, Zhu J, Zhu S, Zou L, Zou X, deFazio A, van As N, van Deurzen CHM, van de Vijver MJ, van’t Veer L, von Mering C. Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes. Nature 2020; 578:82-93. [PMID: 32025007 PMCID: PMC7025898 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1435] [Impact Index Per Article: 358.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale1-3. Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter4; identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation5,6; analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution7; describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity8,9; and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes8,10-18.
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20
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Zhang H, Zhu D, Zhang Z, Kaluz S, Yu B, Devi NS, Olson JJ, Van Meir EG. EZH2 targeting reduces medulloblastoma growth through epigenetic reactivation of the BAI1/p53 tumor suppressor pathway. Oncogene 2020; 39:1041-1048. [PMID: 31582835 PMCID: PMC7780546 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor for which new therapies are urgently needed. We demonstrate that treatment with EPZ-6438 (Tazemetostat), an enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor approved for clinical trials, blocks MB cell growth in vitro and in vivo, and prolongs survival in orthotopic xenograft models. We show that the therapeutic effect is dependent on epigenetic reactivation of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor B1 (BAI1/ADGRB1), a tumor suppressor that controls p53 stability by blocking Mdm2. Histone 3 trimethylated on lysine 27 (H3K27me3), a marker of silent chromatin conformation is present at the ADGRB1 promoter, and inhibition of EZH2, the catalytic component of the Polycomb Repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that methylates H3K27, switches the gene into an active chromatin status and reactivates BAI1 expression. Mechanistically, targeting EZH2 promotes transition from H3K27me3 to H3K27ac at the promoter, recruits the C/EBPβ (CREB-binding protein) and CBP transcription factors and activates ADGRB1 gene transcription. Taken together, our results identify key molecular players that regulate ADGRB1 gene expression in MB, demonstrate that reactivation of BAI1 expression underlies EPZ-6438 antitumorigenic action, and provide preclinical proof-of-principle evidence for targeting EZH2 in patients with MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital and School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stefan Kaluz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Narra S. Devi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Olson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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21
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Barthel FP, Johnson KC, Varn FS, Moskalik AD, Tanner G, Kocakavuk E, Anderson KJ, Abiola O, Aldape K, Alfaro KD, Alpar D, Amin SB, Ashley DM, Bandopadhayay P, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Beroukhim R, Bock C, Brastianos PK, Brat DJ, Brodbelt AR, Bruns AF, Bulsara KR, Chakrabarty A, Chakravarti A, Chuang JH, Claus EB, Cochran EJ, Connelly J, Costello JF, Finocchiaro G, Fletcher MN, French PJ, Gan HK, Gilbert MR, Gould PV, Grimmer MR, Iavarone A, Ismail A, Jenkinson MD, Khasraw M, Kim H, Kouwenhoven MCM, LaViolette PS, Li M, Lichter P, Ligon KL, Lowman AK, Malta TM, Mazor T, McDonald KL, Molinaro AM, Nam DH, Nayyar N, Ng HK, Ngan CY, Niclou SP, Niers JM, Noushmehr H, Noorbakhsh J, Ormond DR, Park CK, Poisson LM, Rabadan R, Radlwimmer B, Rao G, Reifenberger G, Sa JK, Schuster M, Shaw BL, Short SC, Smitt PAS, Sloan AE, Smits M, Suzuki H, Tabatabai G, Van Meir EG, Watts C, Weller M, Wesseling P, Westerman BA, Widhalm G, Woehrer A, Yung WKA, Zadeh G, Huse JT, De Groot JF, Stead LF, Verhaak RGW. Longitudinal molecular trajectories of diffuse glioma in adults. Nature 2019; 576:112-120. [PMID: 31748746 PMCID: PMC6897368 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary processes that drive universal therapeutic resistance in adult patients with diffuse glioma remain unclear1,2. Here we analysed temporally separated DNA-sequencing data and matched clinical annotation from 222 adult patients with glioma. By analysing mutations and copy numbers across the three major subtypes of diffuse glioma, we found that driver genes detected at the initial stage of disease were retained at recurrence, whereas there was little evidence of recurrence-specific gene alterations. Treatment with alkylating agents resulted in a hypermutator phenotype at different rates across the glioma subtypes, and hypermutation was not associated with differences in overall survival. Acquired aneuploidy was frequently detected in recurrent gliomas and was characterized by IDH mutation but without co-deletion of chromosome arms 1p/19q, and further converged with acquired alterations in the cell cycle and poor outcomes. The clonal architecture of each tumour remained similar over time, but the presence of subclonal selection was associated with decreased survival. Finally, there were no differences in the levels of immunoediting between initial and recurrent gliomas. Collectively, our results suggest that the strongest selective pressures occur during early glioma development and that current therapies shape this evolution in a largely stochastic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris P Barthel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin C Johnson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Frederick S Varn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Georgette Tanner
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Emre Kocakavuk
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- DKFZ Division of Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin J Anderson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Olajide Abiola
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristin D Alfaro
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donat Alpar
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - David M Ashley
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew R Brodbelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Liverpool & Walton Centre NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alexander F Bruns
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ketan R Bulsara
- Division of Neurosurgery, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Aruna Chakrabarty
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Chuang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Claus
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Cochran
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer Connelly
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael N Fletcher
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, German Cancer Research Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hui K Gan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter V Gould
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew R Grimmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azzam Ismail
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael D Jenkinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Liverpool & Walton Centre NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology (COGNO) NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hoon Kim
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mathilde C M Kouwenhoven
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter S LaViolette
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Meihong Li
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, German Cancer Research Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison K Lowman
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Tathiane M Malta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tali Mazor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kerrie L McDonald
- Cure Brain Cancer Biomarkers and Translational Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Naema Nayyar
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ho Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chew Yee Ngan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Simone P Niclou
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Johanna M Niers
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Javad Noorbakhsh
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - D Ryan Ormond
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Laila M Poisson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bernhard Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, German Cancer Research Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jason K Sa
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brian L Shaw
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter A Sillevis Smitt
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Seidman Cancer Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Interdiscplinary Division of Neuro-Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, DKTK Partner Site Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer Genome Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason T Huse
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John F De Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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22
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Morgan RK, Anderson GR, Araç D, Aust G, Balenga N, Boucard A, Bridges JP, Engel FB, Formstone CJ, Glitsch MD, Gray RS, Hall RA, Hsiao CC, Kim HY, Knierim AB, Kusuluri DK, Leon K, Liebscher I, Piao X, Prömel S, Scholz N, Srivastava S, Thor D, Tolias KF, Ushkaryov YA, Vallon M, Van Meir EG, Vanhollebeke B, Wolfrum U, Wright KM, Monk KR, Mogha A. The expanding functional roles and signaling mechanisms of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:5-25. [PMID: 31168816 PMCID: PMC7891679 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the second largest family of GPCRs (33 members in humans). Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are defined by a large extracellular N-terminal region that is linked to a C-terminal seven transmembrane (7TM) domain via a GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain containing a GPCR proteolytic site (GPS). Most aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPS motif, but the cleaved fragments stay closely associated, with the N-terminal fragment (NTF) bound to the 7TM of the C-terminal fragment (CTF). The NTFs of most aGPCRs contain domains known to be involved in cell-cell adhesion, while the CTFs are involved in classical G protein signaling, as well as other intracellular signaling. In this workshop report, we review the most recent findings on the biology, signaling mechanisms, and physiological functions of aGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory K. Morgan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Garret R. Anderson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Program in Molecular and Structural Biology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antony Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, México
| | - James P. Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Perinatal Institute, Section of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline J. Formstone
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Guys Campus, Kings College London, London, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Maike D. Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Randy A. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Alexander B. Knierim
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Deva Krupakar Kusuluri
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Newborn Brain Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Mario Vallon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kevin M. Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kelly R. Monk
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Amit Mogha
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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23
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Suzuki H, Kumar SA, Shuai S, Diaz-Navarro A, Gutierrez-Fernandez A, De Antonellis P, Cavalli FMG, Juraschka K, Farooq H, Shibahara I, Vladoiu MC, Zhang J, Abeysundara N, Przelicki D, Skowron P, Gauer N, Luu B, Daniels C, Wu X, Forget A, Momin A, Wang J, Dong W, Kim SK, Grajkowska WA, Jouvet A, Fèvre-Montange M, Garrè ML, Nageswara Rao AA, Giannini C, Kros JM, French PJ, Jabado N, Ng HK, Poon WS, Eberhart CG, Pollack IF, Olson JM, Weiss WA, Kumabe T, López-Aguilar E, Lach B, Massimino M, Van Meir EG, Rubin JB, Vibhakar R, Chambless LB, Kijima N, Klekner A, Bognár L, Chan JA, Faria CC, Ragoussis J, Pfister SM, Goldenberg A, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Bailey SD, Garzia L, Morrissy AS, Marra MA, Huang X, Malkin D, Ayrault O, Ramaswamy V, Puente XS, Calarco JA, Stein L, Taylor MD. Recurrent noncoding U1 snRNA mutations drive cryptic splicing in SHH medulloblastoma. Nature 2019; 574:707-711. [PMID: 31664194 PMCID: PMC7141958 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in cancer are largely confined to protein coding genes, and are rare in most pediatric cancers1–3. We report highly recurrent hotspot mutations of U1 spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) in ~50% of Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastomas (Shh-MB), which were not present across other medulloblastoma subgroups. This U1-snRNA hotspot mutation (r.3a>g), was identified in <0.1% of 2,442 cancers across 36 other tumor types. Largely absent from infant Shh-MB, the mutation occurs in 97% of adults (Shhδ), and 25% of adolescents (Shhα). The U1-snRNA mutation occurs in the 5′ splice site binding region, and snRNA mutant tumors have significantly disrupted RNA splicing with an excess of 5′ cryptic splicing events. Mutant U1-snRNA mediated alternative splicing inactivates tumor suppressor genes (PTCH1), and activates oncogenes (GLI2, CCND2), represents a novel target for therapy, and constitutes a highly recurrent and tissue-specific mutation of a non-protein coding gene in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Suzuki
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachin A Kumar
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shimin Shuai
- Informatics and Biocomputing, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ander Diaz-Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gutierrez-Fernandez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pasqualino De Antonellis
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Juraschka
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ichiyo Shibahara
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria C Vladoiu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiao Zhang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Namal Abeysundara
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Przelicki
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Gauer
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Daniels
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaochong Wu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoine Forget
- CNRS UMR, INSERM, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Ali Momin
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weifan Dong
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Anne Jouvet
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Michelle Fèvre-Montange
- CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Opthalmology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Enrique López-Aguilar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional Century XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Boleslaw Lach
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Anatomical Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lola B Chambless
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Noriyuki Kijima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Almos Klekner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Bognár
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Swneke D Bailey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- CNRS UMR, INSERM, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xose S Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - John A Calarco
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lincoln Stein
- Informatics and Biocomputing, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kaluz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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25
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Bhattacharya D, Zhu D, Osuka S, Devi SN, Meir EGV. Abstract 3477: ADGRB3 is epigenetically silenced in WNT-medulloblastoma and inhibits WNT signaling. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in children and are classified into four molecular subgroups. While some subtypes of MB show a favorable prognosis with treatment, still one third of patients succumb to this disease and the children who survive after therapy suffer from long-term neurocognitive and endocrine side effects of the conventional treatments. ADGRB3 (formerly called BAI3) is a member of the ADGRB1-3 subfamily of adhesion GPCR transmembrane proteins, which are highly expressed in the brain specially in cerebellum and hippocampal neurons. Our recent analysis of RNA-seq data from a published panel of medulloblastoma tumor samples and RT-PCR experiments with MB tumor samples showed that ADGRB3 mRNA expression was selectively repressed in WNT-MB tumor tissue compared to other three molecular subgroups and normal human cerebellar tissue. Using bisulfite sequencing and MS-PCR we have detected hypermethylation of the ADGRB3 promoter region exclusively in WNT-MB subgroup of MB tissues but not in the other three molecular subgroups and normal human cerebellar tissue. ChIP assays revealed enrichment of repressive methyl CpG binding protein MBD2 and the trimethylated histone H3K9me3 in the ADGRB3 promoter region of UW288-1 cells. Collectively, these indicates epigenetic silencing of ADGRB3 in WNT-MB via promoter hypermethylation and repressive histone modifications. We found that knockdown of ATP dependent chromatin remodeler protein Brg1 in MB cells can silence ADGRB3 expression through epigenetic reprogramming at the gene promoter. Lentiviral reconstitution of ADGRB3 in silent MB cells (UW288-1, PFSK-1) inhibited growth of these cells in culture and inhibited WNT signaling targets. ADGRB3 reconstituted UW288-1 MB cells when xenografted yielded significantly reduced tumor in immunocompromised mice compared to the parental cells. Pharmacological reactivation of ADGRB3 expression in silent WNT MB cells using our recently established MBD2 antagonist and an EZH2 inhibitor significantly reduced cell growth in vitro and inhibits some specific WNT signaling targets. We further identified a novel mechanism underlying ADGRB3 mediated regulation of WNT signaling by performing co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Altogether, our findings define an epigenetic mechanism for ADGRB3 silencing in WNT-MB and demonstrates a mechanism through which ADGRB3 restrains activation of WNT signaling involved in cerebellar transformation. Our findings highlight the potential of epigenetic reactivation of ADGRB3 as a less toxic therapeutic intervention for the children suffering from WNT-MB.
Citation Format: Debanjan Bhattacharya, Dan Zhu, Satoru Osuka, Saroja Narra Devi, Erwin G. Van Meir. ADGRB3 is epigenetically silenced in WNT-medulloblastoma and inhibits WNT signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3477.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Zhu
- 1Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Satoru Osuka
- 1Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- 2Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA
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26
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Osuka S, Yang L, Zhu D, Hashimoto H, Devi NS, Meir EGV. Abstract 1996: Epigenetic reactivation of BAI1/ADGRB1 suppresses tumor invasion by preventing TGFβ1-induced mesenchymal switch in glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of malignant brain tumor in adults. GBM cells are highly invasive and diffusely infiltrate throughout the brain, which strongly restricts multimodal therapies. Acquiring a better knowledge of molecular defects underlying GBM invasion is essential for the development of effective therapies.
Brain-specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 1 (BAI1/ADGRB1) is a transmembrane receptor of the adhesion GPCR family widely expressed in normal brain, but its expression is lost in the majority of glioblastoma through epigenetic silencing and restoration of its expression can inhibit glioma growth (Zhu D. et al, Cancer Res, 2012). Recently, we reported that BAI1 protects p53 from Mdm2-mediated degradation and regulate tumor growth in medulloblastoma (Zhu D. et al, Cancer Cell, 2018). However, it is unclear whether BAI1 loss is important for tumor invasion and the mesenchymal phenotype in GBM.
Microarray analysis of the GBM TCGA dataset revealed that low BAI1 mRNA expression correlates with poor outcome and with expression of many key mesenchymal genes, including Fibronectin1, SLUG, and TWIST1. Restoration of BAI1 expression in human GBM cells suppresses mesenchymal gene expression in culture, and dramatically decreases brain tumor invasion in mice xenografts. Mechanistically, we found that the N-terminal thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR#1) of BAI1 inhibits the maturation process of TGFβ1, a key growth factor involved in EMT. BAI1 is silenced epigenetically in GBM cells by methylated CpG-binding protein MBD2, and its expression can be reactivated by KCC-07, a blood-brain barrier permeable MBD2 inhibitor. We found that restoration of BAI1 expression by KCC-07 treatment dramatically reduced tumor cell invasion in orthotopic xenografts model of GBM cells.
These experiments demonstrate that epigenetic silencing of BAI1 is important for activation of the GBM invasive phenotype through TGFβ1 pathway activation. Epigenetic targeting of this process by KCC-07 can reduce GBM invasion and improve patient survival.
Citation Format: Satoru Osuka, Liquan Yang, Dan Zhu, Hideharu Hashimoto, Narra S. Devi, Erwin G. Van Meir. Epigenetic reactivation of BAI1/ADGRB1 suppresses tumor invasion by preventing TGFβ1-induced mesenchymal switch in glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Osuka
- 1School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Liquan Yang
- 1School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dan Zhu
- 1School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Narra S. Devi
- 1School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- 1School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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27
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Kaluz S, Zhang Q, Yang H, Osuka S, Mun J, Devi NS, Goodman M, Grossniklaus HE, Meir EGV. Abstract 1296: Arylsulfonamide KCN1 suppresses primary and metastatic growth of uveal melanoma through anti-angiogenic and anti-invasion mechanisms. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most prevalent primary intraocular malignancy in adults with a survival time less than 1 year for patients that develop metastases (about 50%). HIF-1 plays a critical role in UM adaptation to the hypoxic microenvironment, treatment failure, and metastasis. In this study, we evaluated biodistribution and anti-cancer efficacy of arylsulfonamide KCN1, a lead compound in a novel class of small-molecule inhibitors of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) pathway in UM models. PET with 11C-labeled KCN1 showed that KCN1 preferentially localizes to the eye and liver, the organ where UM preferentially metastasizes. In survival studies, UM cells were injected into the suprachoroidal space of the right murine eye using a transscleral technique and the eye was enucleated 7-9 days post-inoculation. Starting on Day 1, KCN1 or vehicle only (cremophor EL/ethanol 1:1, diluted with sterile PBS 1:5) were administered daily i.p., 5 x week, until animals reached the endpoint. Main organs were collected and evaluated for metastatic load. We found that KCN1 potently inhibited the growth of primary eye tumors, VEGF expression, angiogenesis in the primary tumor, the number and size of hepatic metastases, and extended mice survival. KCN1 inhibited invasion of UM cells in in vitromodels, such as scratch-wound and Boyden chamber migration assays. To identify possible mediators of hypoxia-HIF-induced metastatic processes inhibited by KCN1 in UM, we tested a series of 20 candidates by qRT-PCR. Among the most consistently HIF-induced/KCN1-inhibited genes were prolyl-4-hydroxylases P4HA1 and 2 that modulate physical properties of the tumor microenvironment by post-translationally modifying collagen. Expression of P4HA1 and 2 is significantly higher in UM patients with metastatic disease and high level of expression correlates with poor prognosis. In summary, our studies suggest KCN1 exerts anti UM activity by inhibiting the primary tumor growth, reducing vascular density in the primary tumor, and the number and size of the hepatic metastases; KCN1 has therefore therapeutic potential for treatment of UM and further clinical development.
Citation Format: Stefan Kaluz, Qing Zhang, Hua Yang, Satoru Osuka, Jiyoung Mun, Narra S. Devi, Mark Goodman, Hans E. Grossniklaus, Erwin G. Van Meir. Arylsulfonamide KCN1 suppresses primary and metastatic growth of uveal melanoma through anti-angiogenic and anti-invasion mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1296.
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28
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Bhattacharya D, Van Meir EG. A simple genotyping method to detect small CRISPR-Cas9 induced indels by agarose gel electrophoresis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4437. [PMID: 30872606 PMCID: PMC6418129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR gene editing creates indels in targeted genes that are detected by genotyping. Separating PCR products generated from wild-type versus mutant alleles with small indels based on size is beyond the resolution capacity of regular agarose gel electrophoresis. To overcome this limitation, we developed a simple genotyping method that exploits the differential electrophoretic mobility of homoduplex versus heteroduplex DNA hybrids in high concentration agarose gels. First, the CRISPR target region is PCR amplified and homo- and hetero-duplexed amplicons formed during the last annealing cycle are separated by 4–6% agarose gel electrophoresis. WT/mutant heteroduplexes migrate more slowly and are distinguished from WT or mutant homoduplexes. Heterozygous alleles are immediately identified as they produce two distinct bands, while homozygous wild-type or mutant alleles yield a single band. To discriminate the latter, equal amounts of PCR products of homozygous samples are mixed with wild-type control samples, subjected to one denaturation/renaturation cycle and products are electrophoresed again. Samples from homozygous mutant alleles now produce two bands, while those from wild-type alleles yield single bands. This method is simple, fast and inexpensive and can identify indels >2 bp. in size in founder pups and genotype offspring in established transgenic mice colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Dong L, You S, Zhang Q, Osuka S, Devi NS, Kaluz S, Ferguson JH, Yang H, Chen G, Wang B, Grossniklaus HE, Van Meir EG. Arylsulfonamide 64B Inhibits Hypoxia/HIF-Induced Expression of c-Met and CXCR4 and Reduces Primary Tumor Growth and Metastasis of Uveal Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2206-2218. [PMID: 30563937 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most prevalent and lethal intraocular malignancy in adults. Here, we examined the importance of hypoxia in UM growth and tested the antitumor effects of arylsulfonamide 64B, an inhibitor of the hypoxia-induced factor (HIF) pathway in animal models of UM and investigated the related mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN UM cells were implanted in the uvea of mice eyes and mice systemically treated with 64B. Drug effect on primary eye tumor growth, circulating tumor cells, metastasis formation in liver, and survival were examined. 64B effects on UM cell growth, invasion and hypoxia-induced expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met) were measured. Luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, and cellular thermal shift assays were used to determine how 64B interferes with the HIF transcriptional complex. RESULTS Systemic administration of 64B had potent antitumor effects against UM in several orthotopic mouse models, suppressing UM growth in the eye (∼70% reduction) and spontaneous liver metastasis (∼50% reduction), and extending mice survival (P < 0.001) while being well tolerated. 64B inhibited hypoxia-induced expression of CXCR4 and c-Met, 2 key drivers of tumor invasion and metastasis. 64B disrupted the HIF-1 complex by interfering with HIF-1α binding to p300/CBP co-factors, thus reducing p300 recruitment to the MET and CXCR4 gene promoters. 64B could thermostabilize p300, supporting direct 64B binding to p300. CONCLUSIONS Our preclinical efficacy studies support the further optimization of the 64B chemical scaffold toward a clinical candidate for the treatment of UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shuo You
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Narra S Devi
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefan Kaluz
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hans E Grossniklaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. .,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Zhu D, Osuka S, Zhang Z, Reichert Z, Kanemura Y, Nishikawa R, G. Nelson W, J. Olson J, Van Meir EG. PDTM-27. EPIGENETIC LOSS OF BAI1 EXPRESSION IN CEREBELLAR GRANULE NEURON PRECURSORS INACTIVATES THE p53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND FACILITATES MEDULLOBLASTOMA FORMATION IN THE CEREBELLUM. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy148.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Neurosurgery and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Neurosurgery and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Neurosurgery and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Olson
- Neurosurgery and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Neurosurgery and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bhattacharya D, Zhu D, Devi N, Meir EGV. Abstract B17: ADGRB3 is a novel tumor suppressor epigenetically silenced in WNT medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca17-b17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in children and arises from neural progenitor cells in the developing cerebellum. Although some subtypes of MB show a favorable prognosis with treatment, still one third of patients succumb to this disease and the children who survive suffer from long-term side effects of the aggressive treatments. ADGRB3 (formerly called BAI3) is a member of the ADGRB1-3 subfamily of adhesion GPCR transmembrane proteins, which are highly expressed in the brain specially in cerebellum and hippocampal neurons. The ADGRB3 gene was recently found to undergo somatic mutations in several cancers, but nothing is known about the functional role of ADGRB3 in medulloblastoma. Our recent findings based on analysis of a published microarray dataset and RT-PCR experiments showed that ADGRB3 mRNA expression was selectively repressed in WNT-MB tumor tissue compared to other three molecular subgroups and normal human cerebellar tissue. Using bisulfite sequencing we have detected hypermethylation of the ADGRB3 promoter exclusively in WNT-MB subgroup of human MB tissue but not in the other three molecular subgroups and normal human cerebellar tissue. These results clearly indicate that ADGRB3 is epigenetically silenced in WNT-MB via promoter hypermethylation. In vitro experiments showed that restoration of ADGRB3 expression in ADGRB3-silenced MB cell lines slows cell growth and inhibits WNT signaling targets. We further analyzed whether methyl CpG binding proteins and histone modifications modulate transcriptional repression of ADGRB3 in WNT-MB. ChIP assays revealed enrichment of repressive MBD2 protein in the ADGRB3 promoter region. siRNA mediated knockdown of ADGRB3 in ADGRB3-silent MB cell line (UW288-1) was found to reactivate ADGRB3 expression. We found that in vitro treatment with KCC-07, a recently discovered MBD2 inhibitor, reactivates ADGRB3 mRNA expression in ADGRB3-silent but not expressing MB cells. We are currently investigating whether ADGRB3 can negatively regulate the WNT/beta-catenin pathway or acts via an independent pathway that synergizes with it to facilitate transformation. Altogether, our findings define an epigenetic mechanism for ADGRB3 silencing in WNT-MB and indicate a novel role of ADGRB3 as a potent suppressor of oncogenic cerebellar transformation. Our findings also highlight the potential of epigenetic reactivation of ADGRB3 as a less toxic therapeutic intervention for the children suffering from WNT-MB.
Citation Format: Debanjan Bhattacharya, Dan Zhu, Narra Devi, Erwin G. Van Meir. ADGRB3 is a novel tumor suppressor epigenetically silenced in WNT medulloblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Pediatric Cancer Research: From Basic Science to the Clinic; 2017 Dec 3-6; Atlanta, Georgia. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Zhu
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Narra Devi
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Davare MA, Henderson JJ, Agarwal A, Wagner JP, Iyer SR, Shah N, Woltjer R, Somwar R, Gilheeney SW, DeCarvalo A, Mikkelson T, Van Meir EG, Ladanyi M, Druker BJ. Rare but Recurrent ROS1 Fusions Resulting From Chromosome 6q22 Microdeletions are Targetable Oncogenes in Glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6471-6482. [PMID: 30171048 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas, a genetically heterogeneous group of primary central nervous system tumors, continue to pose a significant clinical challenge. Discovery of chromosomal rearrangements involving kinase genes has enabled precision therapy, and improved outcomes in several malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Positing that similar benefit could be accomplished for patients with brain cancer, we evaluated The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) glioblastoma dataset. Functional validation of the oncogenic potential and inhibitory sensitivity of discovered ROS1 fusions was performed using three independent cell-based model systems, and an in vivo murine xenograft study. RESULTS In silico analysis revealed previously unreported intrachromosomal 6q22 microdeletions that generate ROS1-fusions from TCGA glioblastoma dataset. ROS1 fusions in primary glioma and ependymoma were independently corroborated from MSK-IMPACT and Foundation Medicine clinical datasets. GOPC-ROS1 is a recurrent ROS1 fusion in primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. CEP85L-ROS1 and GOPC-ROS1 are transforming oncogenes in cells of astrocytic lineage, and amenable to pharmacologic inhibition with several ROS1 inhibitors even when occurring concurrently with other cancer hotspot aberrations frequently associated with glioblastoma. Oral monotherapy with a brain-permeable ROS1 inhibitor, lorlatinib, significantly prolonged survival in an intracranially xenografted tumor model generated from a ROS1 fusion-positive glioblastoma cell line. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that CNS tumors should be specifically interrogated for these rare intrachromosomal 6q22 microdeletion events that generate actionable ROS1 fusions. ROS1 fusions in primary brain cancer may be amenable for clinical intervention with kinase inhibitors, and this holds the potential of novel treatment paradigms in these treatment-refractory cancer types, particularly in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Davare
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Jacob J Henderson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jacob P Wagner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sudarshan R Iyer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Nameeta Shah
- The Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle Washington
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology, Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen W Gilheeney
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ana DeCarvalo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tom Mikkelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, Oregon
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Zhu D, Osuka S, Zhang Z, Reichert ZR, Yang L, Kanemura Y, Jiang Y, You S, Zhang H, Devi NS, Bhattacharya D, Takano S, Gillespie GY, Macdonald T, Tan C, Nishikawa R, Nelson WG, Olson JJ, Van Meir EG. BAI1 Suppresses Medulloblastoma Formation by Protecting p53 from Mdm2-Mediated Degradation. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:1004-1016.e5. [PMID: 29894688 PMCID: PMC6002773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (ADGRs) encompass 33 human transmembrane proteins with long N termini involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. We show the ADGRB1 gene, which encodes Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), is epigenetically silenced in medulloblastomas (MBs) through a methyl-CpG binding protein MBD2-dependent mechanism. Knockout of Adgrb1 in mice augments proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors, and leads to accelerated tumor growth in the Ptch1+/- transgenic MB mouse model. BAI1 prevents Mdm2-mediated p53 polyubiquitination, and its loss substantially reduces p53 levels. Reactivation of BAI1/p53 signaling axis by a brain-permeable MBD2 pathway inhibitor suppresses MB growth in vivo. Altogether, our data define BAI1's physiological role in tumorigenesis and directly couple an ADGR to cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Liquan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0006, Japan
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shuo You
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Narra S Devi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shingo Takano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tobey Macdonald
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road N.E, C5078, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Department of Neuro-Oncology/Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - William G Nelson
- Johns Hopkins University, 401 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Olson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road N.E, C5078, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road N.E, C5078, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Ferguson JH, De Los Santos Z, Devi SN, Kaluz S, Van Meir EG, Zingales SK, Wang B. Design and synthesis of benzopyran-based inhibitors of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 pathway with improved water solubility. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:992-1001. [PMID: 28766956 PMCID: PMC6009948 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1347784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While progress has been made in treating cancer, cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents are still the most widely used drugs and are associated with severe side-effects. Drugs that target unique molecular signalling pathways are needed for treating cancer with low or no intrinsic toxicity to normal cells. Our goal is to target hypoxic tumours and specifically the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway for the development of new cancer therapies. To this end, we have previously developed benzopyran-based HIF-1 inhibitors such as arylsulfonamide KCN1. However, KCN1 and its earlier analogs have poor water solubility, which hamper their applications. Herein, we describe a series of KCN1 analogs that incorporate a morpholine moiety at various positions. We found that replacing the benzopyran group of KCN1 with a phenyl group with a morpholinomethyl moiety at the para positions had minimal effect on potency and improved the water solubility of two new compounds by more than 10-fold compared to KCN1, the lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saroja N. Devi
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan Kaluz
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah K. Zingales
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ng TFF, Dill JA, Camus AC, Delwart E, Van Meir EG. Two new species of betatorqueviruses identified in a human melanoma that metastasized to the brain. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105800-105808. [PMID: 29285293 PMCID: PMC5739680 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of viral infections in the etiology of brain cancer remains uncertain. Prior studies mostly focused on transcriptome or viral DNA integrated in tumor cells. To investigate for the presence of viral particles, we performed metagenomics sequencing on viral capsid-protected nucleic acids from 12 primary and 8 metastatic human brain tumors. One brain tumor metastasized from a skin melanoma harbored two new human anellovirus species, Torque teno mini virus Emory1 (TTMV Emory1) and Emory2 (TTMV Emory2), while the remaining 19 samples did not reveal any exogenous viral sequences. Their genomes share 63-67% identity with other TTMVs, and phylogenetic clustering supports their classification within the Betatorquevirus genus. This is the first identification of betatorqueviruses in brain tumors. The viral DNA was in its expected non-integrated circular form, and it is unclear if the viruses contributed to tumor formation. Whether the viruses originated from blood, or the primary skin tumor could not be ascertained. Overall, our results demonstrate the usefulness of viral metagenomics to detect previously unknown exogenous virus in human brain tumors. They further suggest that active viral infections are rare events in brain tumors, but support a follow-up larger scale study to quantify their frequency in different brain tumor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Current/Present address: DVD, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dill
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Dai X, Kaluz S, Jiang Y, Shi L, Mckinley D, Wang Y, Wang B, Van Meir EG, Tan C. A novel small-molecule arylsulfonamide causes energetic stress and suppresses breast and lung tumor growth and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99245-99260. [PMID: 29245898 PMCID: PMC5725089 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic cells display reprogrammed metabolism due to the heightened energetic demands and the need for biomass synthesis of a growing tumor. Targeting metabolic vulnerabilities is thus an important goal for cancer therapy. Here, we describe a novel small-molecule arylsulfonamide (N-cyclobutyl-N-((2,2-dimethyl-2H-pyrano[3,2-b]pyridin-6-yl)methyl)-3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide) that exerts potent cytotoxicity and energetic stress on tumor cells while largely sparing non-cancerous human cells. In tumor cells, it stimulates glycolysis and accelerates glucose consumption. Consequently, intracellular ATP levels plummet, triggering activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and diminishing the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling. In orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer and subcutaneous lung cancer mouse models, this arylsulfonamide robustly suppresses primary tumor growth, inhibits the formation of distant metastases to the lung, and extends mouse survival while being very well tolerated. These therapeutic effects are further potentiated by co-administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glucose analog and glycolysis inhibitor. Collectively, our findings provide preclinical proof of concept for the further development of this arylsulfonamide in combination with 2-DG towards cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Stefan Kaluz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - DeAngelo Mckinley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yingzhe Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Osuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology &Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Rd. N.E., C5078, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology &Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Rd. N.E., C5078, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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38
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Cavalli FMG, Remke M, Rampasek L, Peacock J, Shih DJH, Luu B, Garzia L, Torchia J, Nor C, Morrissy AS, Agnihotri S, Thompson YY, Kuzan-Fischer CM, Farooq H, Isaev K, Daniels C, Cho BK, Kim SK, Wang KC, Lee JY, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Vasiljevic A, Faure-Conter C, Jouvet A, Giannini C, Nageswara Rao AA, Li KKW, Ng HK, Eberhart CG, Pollack IF, Hamilton RL, Gillespie GY, Olson JM, Leary S, Weiss WA, Lach B, Chambless LB, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Vibhakar R, Hauser P, van Veelen MLC, Kros JM, French PJ, Ra YS, Kumabe T, López-Aguilar E, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Finocchiaro G, Massimino M, Van Meir EG, Osuka S, Shofuda T, Klekner A, Zollo M, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, Jabado N, Albrecht S, Mora J, Van Meter TE, Jung S, Moore AS, Hallahan AR, Chan JA, Tirapelli DPC, Carlotti CG, Fouladi M, Pimentel J, Faria CC, Saad AG, Massimi L, Liau LM, Wheeler H, Nakamura H, Elbabaa SK, Perezpeña-Diazconti M, Chico Ponce de León F, Robinson S, Zapotocky M, Lassaletta A, Huang A, Hawkins CE, Tabori U, Bouffet E, Bartels U, Dirks PB, Rutka JT, Bader GD, Reimand J, Goldenberg A, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD. Intertumoral Heterogeneity within Medulloblastoma Subgroups. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:737-754.e6. [PMID: 28609654 PMCID: PMC6163053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While molecular subgrouping has revolutionized medulloblastoma classification, the extent of heterogeneity within subgroups is unknown. Similarity network fusion (SNF) applied to genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression data across 763 primary samples identifies very homogeneous clusters of patients, supporting the presence of medulloblastoma subtypes. After integration of somatic copy-number alterations, and clinical features specific to each cluster, we identify 12 different subtypes of medulloblastoma. Integrative analysis using SNF further delineates group 3 from group 4 medulloblastoma, which is not as readily apparent through analyses of individual data types. Two clear subtypes of infants with Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma with disparate outcomes and biology are identified. Medulloblastoma subtypes identified through integrative clustering have important implications for stratification of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence M G Cavalli
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Ladislav Rampasek
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - John Peacock
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - David J H Shih
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jonathon Torchia
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Carolina Nor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- UPCI Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Yuan Yao Thompson
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Claudia M Kuzan-Fischer
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Keren Isaev
- Informatics Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Craig Daniels
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Byung-Kyu Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 30322, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 30322, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Chang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 30322, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 30322, South Korea
| | - Wieslawa A Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Marta Perek-Polnik
- Department of Oncology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Centre de Pathologie et Neuropathologie Est, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron 69677, France; ONCOFLAM - Neuro-Oncologie et Neuro-Inflammation Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France
| | | | - Anne Jouvet
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Bron 69677, France
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Kay Ka Wai Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Departments of Pathology, Ophthalmology and Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98145-5005, USA
| | - Sarah Leary
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98145-5005, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Surgery and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Boleslaw Lach
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Lola B Chambless
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Reid C Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael K Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Marie-Lise C van Veelen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - Young Shin Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Enrique López-Aguilar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional Century XXI, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Maura Massimino
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka 540-0006, Japan
| | - Almos Klekner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples, Naples 80145, Italy
| | - Jeffrey R Leonard
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Steffen Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Pathology, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona 08950, Spain
| | - Timothy E Van Meter
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0646, USA
| | - Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun 519-763, Chonnam South Korea
| | - Andrew S Moore
- Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia; Oncology Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Andrew R Hallahan
- Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia; Oncology Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Daniela P C Tirapelli
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Carlotti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - José Pimentel
- Divison of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon 1649-035, Portugal
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon 1649-035, Portugal
| | - Ali G Saad
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Luca Massimi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Rome 00198, Italy
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Helen Wheeler
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Samer K Elbabaa
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rainbow & Babies Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michal Zapotocky
- Division of Haematology / Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- Division of Haematology / Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Division of Haematology / Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Uri Tabori
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Division of Haematology / Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Division of Haematology / Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ute Bartels
- Division of Haematology / Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada; McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Informatics Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Division of Haematology / Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Patients die from recurrent tumors that have become resistant to therapy. New strategies are needed to design future therapies that target resistant cells. Recent genomic studies have unveiled the complexity of tumor heterogeneity in glioblastoma and provide new insights into the genomic landscape of tumor cells that survive and initiate tumor recurrence. Resistant cells also co-opt developmental pathways and display stem-like properties; hence we propose to name them recurrence-initiating stem-like cancer (RISC) cells. Genetic alterations and genomic reprogramming underlie the innate and adaptive resistance of RISC cells, and both need to be targeted to prevent glioblastoma recurrence.
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Kim YJ, Kaluz S, Mehta A, Weinert E, Rivera S, Van Meir EG. Purifying Properly Folded Cysteine-rich, Zinc Finger Containing Recombinant Proteins for Structural Drug Targeting Studies: the CH1 Domain of p300 as a Case Example. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2537. [PMID: 28966947 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) complexes with the coactivator p300, activating the hypoxia response pathway and allowing tumors to grow. The CH1 and CAD domains of each respective protein form the interface between p300 and HIF. Small molecule compounds are in development that target and inhibit HIF/p300 complex formation, with the goal of reducing tumor growth. High resolution NMR spectroscopy is necessary to study ligand interaction with p300-CH1, and purifying high quantities of properly folded p300-CH1 is needed for pursuing structural and biophysical studies. p300-CH1 has 3 zinc fingers and 9 cysteine residues, posing challenges associated with reagent compatibility and protein oxidation. A protocol has been developed to overcome such issues by incorporating zinc during expression and streamlining the purification time, resulting in a high yield of optimally folded protein (120 mg per 4 L expression media) that is suitable for structural NMR studies. The structural integrity of the final recombinant p300-CH1 has been verified to be optimal using onedimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism. This protocol is applicable for the purification of other zinc finger containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Stefan Kaluz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Anil Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Emily Weinert
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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Bolyard C, Meisen WH, Banasavadi-Siddegowda Y, Hardcastle J, Yoo JY, Wohleb ES, Wojton J, Yu JG, Dubin S, Khosla M, Xu B, Smith J, Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Pow-Anpongkul P, Pichiorri F, Zhang J, Old M, Zhu D, Van Meir EG, Godbout JP, Caligiuri MA, Yu J, Kaur B. BAI1 Orchestrates Macrophage Inflammatory Response to HSV Infection-Implications for Oncolytic Viral Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1809-1819. [PMID: 27852701 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Brain angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI1) facilitates phagocytosis and bacterial pathogen clearance by macrophages; however, its role in viral infections is unknown. Here, we examined the role of BAI1, and its N-terminal cleavage fragment (Vstat120) in antiviral macrophage responses to oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV).Experimental Design: Changes in infiltration and activation of monocytic and microglial cells after treatment of glioma-bearing mice brains with a control (rHSVQ1) or Vstat120-expressing (RAMBO) oHSV was analyzed using flow cytometry. Co-culture of infected glioma cells with macrophages or microglia was used to examine antiviral signaling. Cytokine array gene expression and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) helped evaluate changes in macrophage signaling in response to viral infection. TNFα-blocking antibodies and macrophages derived from Bai1-/- mice were used.Results: RAMBO treatment of mice reduced recruitment and activation of macrophages/microglia in mice with brain tumors, and showed increased virus replication compared with rHSVQ1. Cytokine gene expression array revealed that RAMBO significantly altered the macrophage inflammatory response to infected glioma cells via altered secretion of TNFα. Furthermore, we showed that BAI1 mediated macrophage TNFα induction in response to oHSV therapy. Intracranial inoculation of wild-type/RAMBO virus in Bai1-/- or wild-type non-tumor-bearing mice revealed the safety of this approach.Conclusions: We have uncovered a new role for BAI1 in facilitating macrophage anti-viral responses. We show that arming oHSV with antiangiogenic Vstat120 also shields them from inflammatory macrophage antiviral response, without reducing safety. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1809-19. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Bolyard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - W Hans Meisen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yeshavanth Banasavadi-Siddegowda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jayson Hardcastle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey Wojton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jun-Ge Yu
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samuel Dubin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maninder Khosla
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bo Xu
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan Smith
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Alvarez-Breckenridge
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pete Pow-Anpongkul
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jianying Zhang
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew Old
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dan Zhu
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jianhua Yu
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio. .,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Kalinina J, Ahn J, Devi NS, Wang L, Li Y, Olson JJ, Glantz M, Smith T, Kim EL, Giese A, Jensen RL, Chen CC, Carter BS, Mao H, He M, Van Meir EG. Selective Detection of the D-enantiomer of 2-Hydroxyglutarate in the CSF of Glioma Patients with Mutated Isocitrate Dehydrogenase. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6256-6265. [PMID: 27340277 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevation in D-2-Hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) has recently emerged as a mandatory byproduct of mutated Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) genes 1 and 2 in glioma patients. The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the feasibility of detection of elevated levels of D-2HG in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of glioma patients that carry point substitutions in the IDH gene. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a mass spectrometry (MS)-based platform to detect and quantify the D- and L-forms of 2HG in the CSF of glioma patients. Three independent cohorts of patients were analyzed, comprising a total of 176 samples derived from 84 patients. The levels of D- and L-2HG were used to stratify patients into IDH wild-type or IDH-mutated groups using an empirically obtained threshold of 0.69 μmol/L. RESULTS Using this platform, a greater than 17-fold mean increase in D-2HG was observed in the CSF of patients with IDH mutant versus wild-type gliomas. The means for the D-2HG levels in CSF were 0.427 μmol/L in wild-type and 7.439 μmol/L in mutant groups. The C statistic for the receiver operator curve was 0.938, with 84% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 89% accuracy to detect D-2HG. The levels of D- and L-2HG in CSF from wild-type patients varied by location of CSF draw (cisternal > ventricular > lumbar). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the CSF of patients harboring IDH mutant gliomas contain increased levels of D-2HG, which can be reliably detected with a MS-based platform. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6256-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliya Kalinina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jun Ahn
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Narra S Devi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey J Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Thomas Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ella L Kim
- University of Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alf Giese
- University of Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Randy L Jensen
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Clark C Chen
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bob S Carter
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Miao He
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. .,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Ramaswamy V, Hielscher T, Mack SC, Lassaletta A, Lin T, Pajtler KW, Jones DTW, Luu B, Cavalli FMG, Aldape K, Remke M, Mynarek M, Rutkowski S, Gururangan S, McLendon RE, Lipp ES, Dunham C, Hukin J, Eisenstat DD, Fulton D, van Landeghem FKH, Santi M, van Veelen MLC, Van Meir EG, Osuka S, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Tirapelli DPC, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN, Carlotti CG, Lee JY, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Faria CC, Nunes S, Mora J, Hamilton RL, Hauser P, Jabado N, Petrecca K, Jung S, Massimi L, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Bognár L, Klekner A, Hortobágyi T, Leary S, Ermoian RP, Olson JM, Leonard JR, Gardner C, Grajkowska WA, Chambless LB, Cain J, Eberhart CG, Ahsan S, Massimino M, Giangaspero F, Buttarelli FR, Packer RJ, Emery L, Yong WH, Soto H, Liau LM, Everson R, Grossbach A, Shalaby T, Grotzer M, Karajannis MA, Zagzag D, Wheeler H, von Hoff K, Alonso MM, Tuñon T, Schüller U, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Chan JA, Guzman M, Elbabaa SK, Colman H, Dhall G, Fisher PG, Fouladi M, Gajjar A, Goldman S, Hwang E, Kool M, Ladha H, Vera-Bolanos E, Wani K, Lieberman F, Mikkelsen T, Omuro AM, Pollack IF, Prados M, Robins HI, Soffietti R, Wu J, Metellus P, Tabori U, Bartels U, Bouffet E, Hawkins CE, Rutka JT, Dirks P, Pfister SM, Merchant TE, Gilbert MR, Armstrong TS, Korshunov A, Ellison DW, Taylor MD. Therapeutic Impact of Cytoreductive Surgery and Irradiation of Posterior Fossa Ependymoma in the Molecular Era: A Retrospective Multicohort Analysis. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:2468-77. [PMID: 27269943 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.65.7825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Posterior fossa ependymoma comprises two distinct molecular variants termed EPN_PFA and EPN_PFB that have a distinct biology and natural history. The therapeutic value of cytoreductive surgery and radiation therapy for posterior fossa ependymoma after accounting for molecular subgroup is not known. METHODS Four independent nonoverlapping retrospective cohorts of posterior fossa ependymomas (n = 820) were profiled using genome-wide methylation arrays. Risk stratification models were designed based on known clinical and newly described molecular biomarkers identified by multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS Molecular subgroup is a powerful independent predictor of outcome even when accounting for age or treatment regimen. Incompletely resected EPN_PFA ependymomas have a dismal prognosis, with a 5-year progression-free survival ranging from 26.1% to 56.8% across all four cohorts. Although first-line (adjuvant) radiation is clearly beneficial for completely resected EPN_PFA, a substantial proportion of patients with EPN_PFB can be cured with surgery alone, and patients with relapsed EPN_PFB can often be treated successfully with delayed external-beam irradiation. CONCLUSION The most impactful biomarker for posterior fossa ependymoma is molecular subgroup affiliation, independent of other demographic or treatment variables. However, both EPN_PFA and EPN_PFB still benefit from increased extent of resection, with the survival rates being particularly poor for subtotally resected EPN_PFA, even with adjuvant radiation therapy. Patients with EPN_PFB who undergo gross total resection are at lower risk for relapse and should be considered for inclusion in a randomized clinical trial of observation alone with radiation reserved for those who experience recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Ramaswamy
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Tong Lin
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - David T W Jones
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Betty Luu
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Marc Remke
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Martin Mynarek
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Sridharan Gururangan
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Eric S Lipp
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Christopher Dunham
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Juliette Hukin
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - David D Eisenstat
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Dorcas Fulton
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Frank K H van Landeghem
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Mariarita Santi
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Marie-Lise C van Veelen
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Xing Fan
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Karin M Muraszko
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Daniela P C Tirapelli
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Carlos G Carlotti
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Amulya A Nageswara Rao
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Sofia Nunes
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Jaume Mora
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Peter Hauser
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Nada Jabado
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Shin Jung
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Luca Massimi
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Giuseppe Cinalli
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - László Bognár
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Almos Klekner
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Sarah Leary
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Ralph P Ermoian
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - James M Olson
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Jeffrey R Leonard
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Corrine Gardner
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Wieslawa A Grajkowska
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Lola B Chambless
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Jason Cain
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Sama Ahsan
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Maura Massimino
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Francesca R Buttarelli
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Roger J Packer
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Lyndsey Emery
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - William H Yong
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Horacio Soto
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Linda M Liau
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Richard Everson
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Andrew Grossbach
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Tarek Shalaby
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Michael Grotzer
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - David Zagzag
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Helen Wheeler
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Katja von Hoff
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Teresa Tuñon
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Miguel Guzman
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Samer K Elbabaa
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Howard Colman
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Girish Dhall
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Paul G Fisher
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Stewart Goldman
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Eugene Hwang
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Marcel Kool
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Harshad Ladha
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Elizabeth Vera-Bolanos
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Khalida Wani
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Frank Lieberman
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Antonio M Omuro
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Michael Prados
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - H Ian Robins
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Jing Wu
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Phillipe Metellus
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Uri Tabori
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Ute Bartels
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - James T Rutka
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Peter Dirks
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Thomas E Merchant
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Terri S Armstrong
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - David W Ellison
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Vijay Ramaswamy, Stephen C. Mack, Alvaro Lassaletta, Betty Luu, Florence M.G. Cavalli, Uri Tabori, Ute Bartels, Eric Bouffet, Cynthia E. Hawkins, James T. Rutka, Peter Dirks, and Michael D. Taylor, The Hospital for Sick Children; Vijay Ramaswamy, Kenneth Aldape, James T. Rutka, and Michael D. Taylor, University of Toronto; Kenneth Aldape, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Christopher Dunham and Juliette Hukin, British Columbia Children's Hospital; Juliette Hukin, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; David D. Eisenstat, Dorcas Fulton, and Frank K.H. van Landeghem, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Jennifer A. Chan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Nada Jabado and Kevin Petrecca, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Thomas Hielscher, Kristian W. Pajtler, David T.W. Jones, Marcel Kool, Stefan M. Pfister, and Andrey Korshunov, German Cancer Research Center; Stefan M. Pfister, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Marc Remke, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Martin Mynarek, Stefan Rutkowski, and Katja von Hoff, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Ulrich Schüller, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Stephen C. Mack, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Maryam Fouladi, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Tong Lin, Amar Gajjar, Thomas E. Merchant, and David W. Ellison, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis; Lola B. Chambless, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E. McLendon, and Eric S. Lipp, Duke University, Durham; Jing Wu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Mariarita Santi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Lyndsey Emery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ronald L. Hamilton and Ian F. Pollack, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Frank Lieberman, University of Pittsburgh Medical Cen
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Thompson EM, Hielscher T, Bouffet E, Remke M, Luu B, Gururangan S, McLendon RE, Bigner DD, Lipp ES, Perreault S, Cho YJ, Grant G, Kim SK, Lee JY, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Li KKW, Ng HK, Yao Y, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Low DCY, Seow WT, Chang KTE, Mora J, Pollack IF, Hamilton RL, Leary S, Moore AS, Ingram WJ, Hallahan AR, Jouvet A, Fèvre-Montange M, Vasiljevic A, Faure-Conter C, Shofuda T, Kagawa N, Hashimoto N, Jabado N, Weil AG, Gayden T, Wataya T, Shalaby T, Grotzer M, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Kren L, Hortobágyi T, Klekner A, László B, Pócza T, Hauser P, Schüller U, Jung S, Jang WY, French PJ, Kros JM, van Veelen MLC, Massimi L, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, Vibhakar R, Chambless LB, Cooper MK, Thompson RC, Faria CC, Carvalho A, Nunes S, Pimentel J, Fan X, Muraszko KM, López-Aguilar E, Lyden D, Garzia L, Shih DJH, Kijima N, Schneider C, Adamski J, Northcott PA, Kool M, Jones DTW, Chan JA, Nikolic A, Garre ML, Van Meir EG, Osuka S, Olson JJ, Jahangiri A, Castro BA, Gupta N, Weiss WA, Moxon-Emre I, Mabbott DJ, Lassaletta A, Hawkins CE, Tabori U, Drake J, Kulkarni A, Dirks P, Rutka JT, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Packer RJ, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD. Prognostic value of medulloblastoma extent of resection after accounting for molecular subgroup: a retrospective integrated clinical and molecular analysis. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:484-495. [PMID: 26976201 PMCID: PMC4907853 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Incomplete surgical resection of medulloblastoma is controversially considered a marker of high-risk disease; driving aggressive surgical resections, “second-look” surgeries, and/or intensified chemoradiotherapy. All prior publications evaluating the clinical importance of extent of resection (EOR) failed to account for molecular subgroup. We analysed the prognostic value of EOR across 787 medulloblastoma samples in a subgroup-specific manner. Methods We retrospectively identified patients from Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium (MAGIC) centres with a histological diagnosis of medulloblastoma and complete extent of resection and survival data. Specimens were collected from 35 international institutions. Medulloblastoma subgroup affiliation was determined using nanoString gene expression profiling on frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Extent of resection (EOR) based on post-operative imaging was classified as gross total (GTR), near total (NTR, <1·5cm2), or subtotal (STR, ≥ 1·5cm2). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) multivariable analyses including subgroup, age, metastatic status, geographical location of therapy (North America/Australia vs world), and adjuvant therapy regimen were performed. The primary endpoint was the impact of surgical EOR by molecular subgroup and other clinical variables on OS and PFS. Findings 787 medulloblastoma patients (86 WNT, 242 SHH, 163 Group 3, and 296 Group 4) were included in a multivariable Cox model of PFS and OS. The marked benefit of EOR in the overall cohort was greatly attenuated after including molecular subgroup in the multivariable analysis. There was an observed PFS benefit of GTR over STR (hazard ration [HR] 1·45, 95% CI; 1·07–1·96, p=0·02) but there was no observed PFS or OS benefit of GTR over NTR (HR 1·05, 0·71–1·53, p=0·82 and HR 1·14, 0·75–1·72, p=0.55). There was no statistically significant survival benefit to greater EOR for patients with WNT, SHH, or Group 3 patients (HR 1·03, 0·67–1·58, p=0·9 for STR vs. GTR). There was a PFS benefit for GTR over STR in patients with Group 4 medulloblastoma (HR1·97, 1·22–3·17, p=0·01), particularly those with metastatic disease (HR 2·22, 1–4·93, p=0·05). A nomogram based on this multivariable cox proportional hazards model shows the comparably smaller impact of EOR on relative risk for PFS and OS than subgroup affiliation, metastatic status, radiation dose, and adjuvant chemotherapy. Interpretation The prognostic benefit of EOR for patients with medulloblastoma is attenuated after accounting for molecular subgroup affiliation. Although maximal safe surgical resection should remain the standard of care, surgical removal of small residual portions of medulloblastoma is not recommended when the likelihood of neurological morbidity is high as there is no definitive benefit to GTR over NTR. Our results suggest a re-evaluation of the long-term implications of intensified craniospinal irradiation (36 Gy) in children with small residual portions of medulloblastoma. Funding Funding Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute, Terry Fox Research Institute, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation, Garron Family Chair in Childhood Cancer Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Thompson
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Betty Luu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Darell D Bigner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric S Lipp
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kay Ka Wai Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hua Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Toshihiro Kumabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Marta Perek-Polnik
- Department of Oncology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David C Y Low
- Neurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Tew Seow
- Neurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth T E Chang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Leary
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew S Moore
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Oncology Service, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wendy J Ingram
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew R Hallahan
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Oncology Service, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Jouvet
- Centre de Pathologie EST, Groupement Hospitalier EST, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michelle Fèvre-Montange
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Centre de Pathologie et Neuropathologie Est, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; ONCOFLAM, Neuro-Oncologie et Neuro-Inflammation Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tenzin Gayden
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Takafumi Wataya
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tarek Shalaby
- Departments of Oncology and Neuro-Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grotzer
- Departments of Oncology and Neuro-Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leos Kren
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Almos Klekner
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bognár László
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tímea Pócza
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Hauser
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Chonnam South Korea
| | - Woo-Youl Jang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Chonnam South Korea
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Luca Massimi
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Jeffrey R Leonard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lola B Chambless
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael K Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Reid C Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Claudia C Faria
- Division of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alice Carvalho
- Departamento de Oncologia Pediátrica, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nunes
- Unidade de Neuro-Oncologia Pediátrica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Pimentel
- Divison of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karin M Muraszko
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Enrique López-Aguilar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional Century XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Livia Garzia
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David J H Shih
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Noriyuki Kijima
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Schneider
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Adamski
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ana Nikolic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arman Jahangiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandyn A Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iska Moxon-Emre
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald J Mabbott
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Uri Tabori
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Drake
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abhaya Kulkarni
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger J Packer
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Alterations in the homeostasis of several adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) have been observed in cancer. The main cellular functions regulated by aGPCRs are cell adhesion, migration, polarity, and guidance, which are all highly relevant to tumor cell biology. Expression of aGPCRs can be induced, increased, decreased, or silenced in the tumor or in stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts and endothelial and/or immune cells. For example, ADGRE5 (CD97) and ADGRG1 (GPR56) show increased expression in many cancers, and initial functional studies suggest that both are relevant for tumor cell migration and invasion. aGPCRs can also impact the regulation of angiogenesis by releasing soluble fragments following the cleavage of their extracellular domain (ECD) at the conserved GPCR-proteolytic site (GPS) or other more distal cleavage sites as typical for the ADGRB (BAI) family. Interrogation of in silico cancer databases suggests alterations in other aGPCR members and provides the impetus for further exploration of their potential role in cancer. Integration of knowledge on the expression, regulation, and function of aGPCRs in tumorigenesis is currently spurring the first preclinical studies to examine the potential of aGPCR or the related pathways as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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Wojton J, Meisen WH, Jacob NK, Thorne AH, Hardcastle J, Denton N, Chu Z, Dmitrieva N, Marsh R, Van Meir EG, Kwon CH, Chakravarti A, Qi X, Kaur B. SapC-DOPS-induced lysosomal cell death synergizes with TMZ in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9703-9. [PMID: 25210852 PMCID: PMC4259431 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SapC-DOPS is a novel nanotherapeutic that has been shown to target and induce cell death in a variety of cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). GBM is a primary brain tumor known to frequently demonstrate resistance to apoptosis-inducing therapeutics. Here we explore the mode of action for SapC-DOPS in GBM, a treatment being developed by Bexion Pharmaceuticals for clinical testing in patients. SapC-DOPS treatment was observed to induce lysosomal dysfunction of GBM cells characterized by decreased glycosylation of LAMP1 and altered proteolytic processing of cathepsin D independent of apoptosis and autophagic cell death. We observed that SapC-DOPS induced lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) as shown by LysoTracker Red and Acridine Orange staining along with an increase of sphingosine, a known inducer of LMP. Additionally, SapC-DOPS displayed strong synergistic interactions with the apoptosis-inducing agent TMZ. Collectively our data suggest that SapC-DOPS induces lysosomal cell death in GBM cells, providing a new approach for treating tumors resistant to traditional apoptosis-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wojton
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Walter Hans Meisen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Naduparambil K Jacob
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Amy Haseley Thorne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jayson Hardcastle
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Nicholas Denton
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nina Dmitrieva
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Rachel Marsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer, Winship Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chang-Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH. Solid-Tumor Program at the James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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47
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Brat DJ, Verhaak RGW, Aldape KD, Yung WKA, Salama SR, Cooper LAD, Rheinbay E, Miller CR, Vitucci M, Morozova O, Robertson AG, Noushmehr H, Laird PW, Cherniack AD, Akbani R, Huse JT, Ciriello G, Poisson LM, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Berger MS, Brennan C, Colen RR, Colman H, Flanders AE, Giannini C, Grifford M, Iavarone A, Jain R, Joseph I, Kim J, Kasaian K, Mikkelsen T, Murray BA, O'Neill BP, Pachter L, Parsons DW, Sougnez C, Sulman EP, Vandenberg SR, Van Meir EG, von Deimling A, Zhang H, Crain D, Lau K, Mallery D, Morris S, Paulauskis J, Penny R, Shelton T, Sherman M, Yena P, Black A, Bowen J, Dicostanzo K, Gastier-Foster J, Leraas KM, Lichtenberg TM, Pierson CR, Ramirez NC, Taylor C, Weaver S, Wise L, Zmuda E, Davidsen T, Demchok JA, Eley G, Ferguson ML, Hutter CM, Mills Shaw KR, Ozenberger BA, Sheth M, Sofia HJ, Tarnuzzer R, Wang Z, Yang L, Zenklusen JC, Ayala B, Baboud J, Chudamani S, Jensen MA, Liu J, Pihl T, Raman R, Wan Y, Wu Y, Ally A, Auman JT, Balasundaram M, Balu S, Baylin SB, Beroukhim R, Bootwalla MS, Bowlby R, Bristow CA, Brooks D, Butterfield Y, Carlsen R, Carter S, Chin L, Chu A, Chuah E, Cibulskis K, Clarke A, Coetzee SG, Dhalla N, Fennell T, Fisher S, Gabriel S, Getz G, Gibbs R, Guin R, Hadjipanayis A, Hayes DN, Hinoue T, Hoadley K, Holt RA, Hoyle AP, Jefferys SR, Jones S, Jones CD, Kucherlapati R, Lai PH, Lander E, Lee S, Lichtenstein L, Ma Y, Maglinte DT, Mahadeshwar HS, Marra MA, Mayo M, Meng S, Meyerson ML, Mieczkowski PA, Moore RA, Mose LE, Mungall AJ, Pantazi A, Parfenov M, Park PJ, Parker JS, Perou CM, Protopopov A, Ren X, Roach J, Sabedot TS, Schein J, Schumacher SE, Seidman JG, Seth S, Shen H, Simons JV, Sipahimalani P, Soloway MG, Song X, Sun H, Tabak B, Tam A, Tan D, Tang J, Thiessen N, Triche T, Van Den Berg DJ, Veluvolu U, Waring S, Weisenberger DJ, Wilkerson MD, Wong T, Wu J, Xi L, Xu AW, Yang L, Zack TI, Zhang J, Aksoy BA, Arachchi H, Benz C, Bernard B, Carlin D, Cho J, DiCara D, Frazer S, Fuller GN, Gao J, Gehlenborg N, Haussler D, Heiman DI, Iype L, Jacobsen A, Ju Z, Katzman S, Kim H, Knijnenburg T, Kreisberg RB, Lawrence MS, Lee W, Leinonen K, Lin P, Ling S, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Lu Y, Mills G, Ng S, Noble MS, Paull E, Rao A, Reynolds S, Saksena G, Sanborn Z, Sander C, Schultz N, Senbabaoglu Y, Shen R, Shmulevich I, Sinha R, Stuart J, Sumer SO, Sun Y, Tasman N, Taylor BS, Voet D, Weinhold N, Weinstein JN, Yang D, Yoshihara K, Zheng S, Zhang W, Zou L, Abel T, Sadeghi S, Cohen ML, Eschbacher J, Hattab EM, Raghunathan A, Schniederjan MJ, Aziz D, Barnett G, Barrett W, Bigner DD, Boice L, Brewer C, Calatozzolo C, Campos B, Carlotti CG, Chan TA, Cuppini L, Curley E, Cuzzubbo S, Devine K, DiMeco F, Duell R, Elder JB, Fehrenbach A, Finocchiaro G, Friedman W, Fulop J, Gardner J, Hermes B, Herold-Mende C, Jungk C, Kendler A, Lehman NL, Lipp E, Liu O, Mandt R, McGraw M, Mclendon R, McPherson C, Neder L, Nguyen P, Noss A, Nunziata R, Ostrom QT, Palmer C, Perin A, Pollo B, Potapov A, Potapova O, Rathmell WK, Rotin D, Scarpace L, Schilero C, Senecal K, Shimmel K, Shurkhay V, Sifri S, Singh R, Sloan AE, Smolenski K, Staugaitis SM, Steele R, Thorne L, Tirapelli DPC, Unterberg A, Vallurupalli M, Wang Y, Warnick R, Williams F, Wolinsky Y, Bell S, Rosenberg M, Stewart C, Huang F, Grimsby JL, Radenbaugh AJ, Zhang J. Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:2481-98. [PMID: 26061751 PMCID: PMC4530011 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1402121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2125] [Impact Index Per Article: 236.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse low-grade and intermediate-grade gliomas (which together make up the lower-grade gliomas, World Health Organization grades II and III) have highly variable clinical behavior that is not adequately predicted on the basis of histologic class. Some are indolent; others quickly progress to glioblastoma. The uncertainty is compounded by interobserver variability in histologic diagnosis. Mutations in IDH, TP53, and ATRX and codeletion of chromosome arms 1p and 19q (1p/19q codeletion) have been implicated as clinically relevant markers of lower-grade gliomas. METHODS We performed genomewide analyses of 293 lower-grade gliomas from adults, incorporating exome sequence, DNA copy number, DNA methylation, messenger RNA expression, microRNA expression, and targeted protein expression. These data were integrated and tested for correlation with clinical outcomes. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering of mutations and data from RNA, DNA-copy-number, and DNA-methylation platforms uncovered concordant classification of three robust, nonoverlapping, prognostically significant subtypes of lower-grade glioma that were captured more accurately by IDH, 1p/19q, and TP53 status than by histologic class. Patients who had lower-grade gliomas with an IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion had the most favorable clinical outcomes. Their gliomas harbored mutations in CIC, FUBP1, NOTCH1, and the TERT promoter. Nearly all lower-grade gliomas with IDH mutations and no 1p/19q codeletion had mutations in TP53 (94%) and ATRX inactivation (86%). The large majority of lower-grade gliomas without an IDH mutation had genomic aberrations and clinical behavior strikingly similar to those found in primary glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS The integration of genomewide data from multiple platforms delineated three molecular classes of lower-grade gliomas that were more concordant with IDH, 1p/19q, and TP53 status than with histologic class. Lower-grade gliomas with an IDH mutation either had 1p/19q codeletion or carried a TP53 mutation. Most lower-grade gliomas without an IDH mutation were molecularly and clinically similar to glioblastoma. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).
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Zhu D, Li C, Swanson AM, Villalba RM, Guo J, Zhang Z, Matheny S, Murakami T, Stephenson JR, Daniel S, Fukata M, Hall RA, Olson JJ, Neigh GN, Smith Y, Rainnie DG, Van Meir EG. BAI1 regulates spatial learning and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1497-508. [PMID: 25751059 DOI: 10.1172/jci74603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to modulate the strength of neuronal connections; however, the molecular factors that regulate this feature are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrated that mice lacking brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) have severe deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory that are accompanied by enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP), impaired long-term depression (LTD), and a thinning of the postsynaptic density (PSD) at hippocampal synapses. We showed that compared with WT animals, mice lacking Bai1 exhibit reduced protein levels of the canonical PSD component PSD-95 in the brain, which stems from protein destabilization. We determined that BAI1 prevents PSD-95 polyubiquitination and degradation through an interaction with murine double minute 2 (MDM2), the E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates PSD-95 stability. Restoration of PSD-95 expression in hippocampal neurons in BAI1-deficient mice by viral gene therapy was sufficient to compensate for Bai1 loss and rescued deficits in synaptic plasticity. Together, our results reveal that interaction of BAI1 with MDM2 in the brain modulates PSD-95 levels and thereby regulates synaptic plasticity. Moreover, these results suggest that targeting this pathway has therapeutic potential for a variety of neurological disorders.
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49
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Kim H, Zheng S, Amini SS, Virk SM, Mikkelsen T, Brat DJ, Grimsby J, Sougnez C, Muller F, Hu J, Sloan AE, Cohen ML, Van Meir EG, Scarpace L, Laird PW, Weinstein JN, Lander ES, Gabriel S, Getz G, Meyerson M, Chin L, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Verhaak RGW. Whole-genome and multisector exome sequencing of primary and post-treatment glioblastoma reveals patterns of tumor evolution. Genome Res 2015; 25:316-27. [PMID: 25650244 PMCID: PMC4352879 DOI: 10.1101/gr.180612.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a prototypical heterogeneous brain tumor refractory to conventional therapy. A small residual population of cells escapes surgery and chemoradiation, resulting in a typically fatal tumor recurrence ∼7 mo after diagnosis. Understanding the molecular architecture of this residual population is critical for the development of successful therapies. We used whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing of multiple sectors from primary and paired recurrent GBM tumors to reconstruct the genomic profile of residual, therapy resistant tumor initiating cells. We found that genetic alteration of the p53 pathway is a primary molecular event predictive of a high number of subclonal mutations in glioblastoma. The genomic road leading to recurrence is highly idiosyncratic but can be broadly classified into linear recurrences that share extensive genetic similarity with the primary tumor and can be directly traced to one of its specific sectors, and divergent recurrences that share few genetic alterations with the primary tumor and originate from cells that branched off early during tumorigenesis. Our study provides mechanistic insights into how genetic alterations in primary tumors impact the ensuing evolution of tumor cells and the emergence of subclonal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Seyed S Amini
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Selene M Virk
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jonna Grimsby
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Carrie Sougnez
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Florian Muller
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA; Brain Tumor and Neuro-oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Mark L Cohen
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA; Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute and School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Lisa Scarpace
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Peter W Laird
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - John N Weinstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
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Zhukova N, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Martin DC, Castelo-Branco P, Zhang CH, Fraser M, Tse K, Poon R, Shih DJH, Baskin B, Ray PN, Bouffet E, Dirks P, von Bueren AO, Pfaff E, Korshunov A, Jones DTW, Northcott PA, Kool M, Pugh TJ, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ, Pietsch T, Gessi M, Rutkowski S, Bognár L, Cho BK, Eberhart CG, Conter CF, Fouladi M, French PJ, Grajkowska WA, Gupta N, Hauser P, Jabado N, Vasiljevic A, Jung S, Kim SK, Klekner A, Kumabe T, Lach B, Leonard JR, Liau LM, Massimi L, Pollack IF, Ra YS, Rubin JB, Van Meir EG, Wang KC, Weiss WA, Zitterbart K, Bristow RG, Alman B, Hawkins CE, Malkin D, Clifford SC, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Tabori U. WNT activation by lithium abrogates TP53 mutation associated radiation resistance in medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:174. [PMID: 25539912 PMCID: PMC4297452 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 mutations confer subgroup specific poor survival for children with medulloblastoma. We hypothesized that WNT activation which is associated with improved survival for such children abrogates TP53 related radioresistance and can be used to sensitize TP53 mutant tumors for radiation. We examined the subgroup-specific role of TP53 mutations in a cohort of 314 patients treated with radiation. TP53 wild-type or mutant human medulloblastoma cell-lines and normal neural stem cells were used to test radioresistance of TP53 mutations and the radiosensitizing effect of WNT activation on tumors and the developing brain. Children with WNT/TP53 mutant medulloblastoma had higher 5-year survival than those with SHH/TP53 mutant tumours (100% and 36.6% ± 8.7%, respectively (p < 0.001)). Introduction of TP53 mutation into medulloblastoma cells induced radioresistance (survival fractions at 2Gy (SF2) of 89% ± 2% vs. 57.4% ± 1.8% (p < 0.01)). In contrast, β-catenin mutation sensitized TP53 mutant cells to radiation (p < 0.05). Lithium, an activator of the WNT pathway, sensitized TP53 mutant medulloblastoma to radiation (SF2 of 43.5% ± 1.5% in lithium treated cells vs. 56.6 ± 3% (p < 0.01)) accompanied by increased number of γH2AX foci. Normal neural stem cells were protected from lithium induced radiation damage (SF2 of 33% ± 8% for lithium treated cells vs. 27% ± 3% for untreated controls (p = 0.05). Poor survival of patients with TP53 mutant medulloblastoma may be related to radiation resistance. Since constitutive activation of the WNT pathway by lithium sensitizes TP53 mutant medulloblastoma cells and protect normal neural stem cells from radiation, this oral drug may represent an attractive novel therapy for high-risk medulloblastomas.
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