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Johnson TS, MacDonald TJ, Pacholczyk R, Aguilera D, Al-Basheer A, Bajaj M, Bandopadhayay P, Berrong Z, Bouffet E, Castellino RC, Dorris K, Eaton BR, Esiashvili N, Fangusaro JR, Foreman N, Fridlyand D, Giller C, Heger IM, Huang C, Kadom N, Kennedy EP, Manoharan N, Martin W, McDonough C, Parker RS, Ramaswamy V, Ring E, Rojiani A, Sadek RF, Satpathy S, Schniederjan M, Smith A, Smith C, Thomas BE, Vaizer R, Yeo KK, Bhasin MK, Munn DH. Indoximod-based chemo-immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors: A first-in-children phase I trial. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:348-361. [PMID: 37715730 PMCID: PMC10836763 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death in children. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a targetable metabolic checkpoint that, in preclinical models, inhibits anti-tumor immunity following chemotherapy. METHODS We conducted a phase I trial (NCT02502708) of the oral IDO-pathway inhibitor indoximod in children with recurrent brain tumors or newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). Separate dose-finding arms were performed for indoximod in combination with oral temozolomide (200 mg/m2/day x 5 days in 28-day cycles), or with palliative conformal radiation. Blood samples were collected at baseline and monthly for single-cell RNA-sequencing with paired single-cell T cell receptor sequencing. RESULTS Eighty-one patients were treated with indoximod-based combination therapy. Median follow-up was 52 months (range 39-77 months). Maximum tolerated dose was not reached, and the pediatric dose of indoximod was determined as 19.2 mg/kg/dose, twice daily. Median overall survival was 13.3 months (n = 68, range 0.2-62.7) for all patients with recurrent disease and 14.4 months (n = 13, range 4.7-29.7) for DIPG. The subset of n = 26 patients who showed evidence of objective response (even a partial or mixed response) had over 3-fold longer median OS (25.2 months, range 5.4-61.9, p = 0.006) compared to n = 37 nonresponders (7.3 months, range 0.2-62.7). Four patients remain free of active disease longer than 36 months. Single-cell sequencing confirmed emergence of new circulating CD8 T cell clonotypes with late effector phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Indoximod was well tolerated and could be safely combined with chemotherapy and radiation. Encouraging preliminary evidence of efficacy supports advancing to Phase II/III trials for pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Johnson
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafal Pacholczyk
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dolly Aguilera
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ahmad Al-Basheer
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manish Bajaj
- Department of Radiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Zuzana Berrong
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathleen Dorris
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bree R Eaton
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natia Esiashvili
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason R Fangusaro
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Diana Fridlyand
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cole Giller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ian M Heger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chenbin Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadja Kadom
- Department of Radiology and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eugene P Kennedy
- Lumos Pharma, Inc. (formerly NewLink Genetics Corporation), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Neevika Manoharan
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Martin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colleen McDonough
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca S Parker
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Ring
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amyn Rojiani
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ramses F Sadek
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarthak Satpathy
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew Schniederjan
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Smith
- Lumos Pharma, Inc. (formerly NewLink Genetics Corporation), Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Beena E Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rachel Vaizer
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kee Kiat Yeo
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manoj K Bhasin
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David H Munn
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Cohen KJ, Munjapara V, Aguilera D, Castellino RC, Stapleton SL, Landi D, Ashley DM, Rodriguez FJ, Hawkins C, Yang E, London W, Chi S, Bandopadhayay P. A Pilot Study Omitting Radiation in the Treatment of Children with Newly Diagnosed Wnt-Activated Medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:5031-5037. [PMID: 37498309 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of wingless (WNT)-activated medulloblastoma (WNT+MB) with surgery, irradiation (XRT), and chemotherapy results in excellent outcomes. We studied the efficacy of therapy de-intensification by omitting XRT entirely in children with WNT+MB. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumors were molecularly screened to confirm the diagnosis of WNT+MB. Eligible children were treated within 31 days following surgery with nine cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy per ACNS0331. No XRT was planned. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of relapse, progression, or death in the absence of XRT within the first two years after study enrollment. Four events in the first 10 evaluable patients would result in early study closure. RESULTS Fourteen children were prescreened, and nine met the protocol definition of WNT+MB. Six of the nine eligible patients consented to protocol therapy, and five completed planned protocol therapy. The first two children enrolled relapsed shortly after therapy completion with local and leptomeningeal recurrences. The study was closed early due to safety concerns. Both children are surviving after XRT and additional chemotherapy. A third child relapsed at completion of therapy but died of progressive disease 35 months from diagnosis. Two children finished treatment but immediately received post-treatment XRT to guard against early relapse. The final child's treatment was aborted in favor of a high-dose therapy/stem cell rescue approach. Although OS at 5 years is 83%, no child received only planned protocol therapy, with all receiving eventual XRT and/or alternative therapy. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy is required to effectively treat children with WNT-altered medulloblastoma. See related commentary by Gottardo and Gajjar, p. 4996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Cohen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vasu Munjapara
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dolly Aguilera
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stacie L Stapleton
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Daniel Landi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke University Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David M Ashley
- Department of Surgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke University Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edward Yang
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy London
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Chi
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Chien F, Schniederjan M, Castellino RC, Janss A, Esiashvili N, Eaton B, Indelicato D, Mazewski C. RARE-31. Radiation induced malignancy associated with pediatric craniopharyngioma: a single institution experience. Neuro Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac079.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Therapy for pediatric craniopharyngioma, a rare suprasellar tumor, includes surgical resection with consideration for intracranial radiation. Radiation is associated with increased risk of secondary malignancies. Between 2000 and 2021, 81 pediatric patients with craniopharyngioma were treated at our institution; 3 of 54 (5.6%) who received radiation therapy(RT) developed secondary malignancy within the treatment field. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: In all 3 cases, initial imaging demonstrated cystic/solid suprasellar mass and underwent resection; pathology revealed calcifications and wet keratin consistent with craniopharyngioma. None had known cancer predispositions. The first patient (male), presented at 4-years-old with headaches. He underwent subtotal resection (STR) with cyst fenestration(w/CF) and received 55.8Gy photon 3D-Conformal RT. Six-years later, the tumor progressed (edge of RT field). Patient underwent a second STRw/CF and fractionated RT(50.4Gy). Both pathologies were consistent with(c/w) papillary craniopharyngioma. Eight-years from first RT, progression occurred again within the RTfield; pathology revealed an (adeno)squamous carcinoma. The second patient, a 5-year-old female, presented with vision loss, underwent partial resection and received 54Gy focal proton therapy for adamantinonatous craniopharyngioma. Almost 5-years later, an unresectable right basal ganglia/globus pallidus mass was noted in the 30-54Gy field. Pathology was c/w anaplastic astrocytoma(AA). The third, a 9-year-old female was treated with 54Gy photon radiation and 7 years later had evidence of increasing mass. Pathology revealed high-grade-diffuse-glioma(HGDG). Molecular analysis of AA/HGDG both revealed PDGFRA amplification and CDKN2A/B homozygous loss. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Malignant CNS tumors are reported following radiotherapy for a variety of primary CNS lesions. While radiation is a valuable therapy in achieving long-term disease control of pediatric craniopharyngiomas, it is important to understand the risk of developing secondary malignant neoplasms. Our report adds to the body of literature describing secondary malignancies post radiation therapy for the treatment of pediatric craniopharyngioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Chien
- Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Matthew Schniederjan
- Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - R C Castellino
- Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Anna Janss
- Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Natia Esiashvili
- Emory University, Department of Radiation Oncology , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Bree Eaton
- Emory University, Department of Radiation Oncology , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Daniel Indelicato
- University of Florida, Department of Radiation Oncology , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Claire Mazewski
- Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, GA , USA
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4
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S. Johnson T, Pacholczyk R, Aguilera D, Al-Basheer A, Bajaj M, Berrong Z, Castellino RC, Eaton BR, Esiashvili N, Foreman N, Heger IM, Kennedy EP, Martin W, Ring E, Sadek RF, Smith A, Smith C, Vaizer R, MacDonald TJ, Munn DH. IMMU-04. FIRST-IN-CHILDREN PHASE 1B STUDY USING THE IDO PATHWAY INHIBITOR INDOXIMOD IN COMBINATION WITH RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CHILDREN WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED DIPG (NCT02502708, NLG2105). Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab090.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a uniformly fatal brain tumor with no available cure. Indoximod blocks the IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) pathway, thereby reversing IDO-mediated immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment.
Methods
Patients aged 3 to 21 years with treatment-naive DIPG were eligible for this phase 1b dose-confirmation study of indoximod. The treatment regimen comprised continuous oral indoximod (38.4 mg/kg/day divided twice daily) with conformal photon radiation (54 Gy in 30 fractions), followed by cycles of indoximod with temozolomide (200 mg/m2/day, days 1–5 in 28-day cycles).
Results
Thirteen patients (median age 9 years, range 5 to 20 years) with DIPG were treated. Median OS was 14.5 months (follow-up ranged 4.8 to 29.3 months), 12-month OS was 61.5% (8/13), and 18-month OS was 30.8% (4/13), with 1 patient remaining in follow-up at the data cutoff. This compared favorably to expected median OS of approximately 10.8 months, 12-month OS of 45.3%, and 18-month OS of 16.2% taken from published historical data from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium. Two patients showed near-complete responses lasting until relapsing after 7.6 months and 13.3 months of study therapy, respectively. Many patients had increased circulating non-classical monocytes (nc-Monos, CD16+, CD14neg, CD33+, HLA-DR+) within the first 3 treatment cycles, and elevation of this early pharmacodynamic marker was predictive of subsequent OS. Patients with nc-Monos >10% (n=7) had median OS of 19 months, whereas patients with nc-Monos below 10% (n=5) had median OS of 7 months (p=0.0047). No patients stopped therapy for toxicity. The most common indoximod-attributed adverse events were thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and fatigue.
Conclusions
Adding indoximod immunotherapy to conventional radiation and chemotherapy for front-line treatment of pediatric patients with DIPG was well-tolerated. Improved outcomes were observed in patients having evidence of pharmacodynamic response. A follow-on phase 2 study is in progress (NCT04049669).
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S. Johnson
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Dolly Aguilera
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmad Al-Basheer
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Manish Bajaj
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zuzana Berrong
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bree R Eaton
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natia Esiashvili
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ian M Heger
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Program, Medical City Children’s Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eugene P Kennedy
- Lumos Pharma (formerly NewLink Genetics Corporation), Ames, IA, USA
| | - William Martin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eric Ring
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ramses F Sadek
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chris Smith
- Lumos Pharma (formerly NewLink Genetics Corporation), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel Vaizer
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David H Munn
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Kim H, Kang Y, Li Y, Chen L, Lin L, Johnson ND, Zhu D, Robinson MH, McSwain L, Barwick BG, Yuan X, Liao X, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Shu Q, Chen J, Allen EG, Kenney AM, Castellino RC, Van Meir EG, Conneely KN, Vertino PM, Jin P, Li J. Ten-eleven translocation protein 1 modulates medulloblastoma progression. Genome Biol 2021; 22:125. [PMID: 33926529 PMCID: PMC8082834 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor that originates in the cerebellum and brainstem. Frequent somatic mutations and deregulated expression of epigenetic regulators in MB highlight the substantial role of epigenetic alterations. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a highly abundant cytosine modification in the developing cerebellum and is regulated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes. RESULTS We investigate the alterations of 5hmC and TET enzymes in MB and their significance to cerebellar cancer formation. We show total abundance of 5hmC is reduced in MB, but identify significant enrichment of MB-specific 5hmC marks at regulatory regions of genes implicated in stem-like properties and Nanog-binding motifs. While TET1 and TET2 levels are high in MBs, only knockout of Tet1 in the smoothened (SmoA1) mouse model attenuates uncontrolled proliferation, leading to a favorable prognosis. The pharmacological Tet1 inhibition reduces cell viability and platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS These results together suggest a potential key role of 5hmC and indicate an oncogenic nature for TET1 in MB tumorigenesis, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Kim
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yunhee Kang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas D Johnson
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - M Hope Robinson
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Leon McSwain
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xianrui Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xinbin Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology and Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anna M Kenney
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Karen N Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Paula M Vertino
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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6
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Peake BF, Eze SM, Yang L, Castellino RC, Nahta R. Correction: Growth differentiation factor 15 mediates epithelial mesenchymal transition and invasion of breast cancers through IGF-1R-FoxM1 signaling. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4074-4075. [PMID: 33216843 PMCID: PMC7646831 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette F Peake
- Molecular & Systems Pharmacology PhD Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Siobhan M Eze
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rita Nahta
- Molecular & Systems Pharmacology PhD Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Kadom N, Castellino RC, Wolf DS. Reply. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:E32. [PMID: 31072977 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kadom
- Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics
| | - R C Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics and Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta, Georgia
| | - D S Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia
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8
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Spyris CD, Castellino RC, Schniederjan MJ, Kadom N. High-Grade Gliomas in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Literature Review and Illustrative Cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 40:366-369. [PMID: 30573459 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 are rare and may therefore not be considered in the differential of brain lesions. Here, we describe 5 children with neurofibromatosis type 1; four of them developed various types of high-grade gliomas. The fifth patient had imaging features concerning for a high-grade lesion, but tissue diagnosis showed a low-grade glioma. The cases and literature summary provided here are to raise awareness for the occurrence of high-grade gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and the limited ability of imaging features alone to predict a high-grade malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Spyris
- From the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (C.D.S., N.K.)
| | - R C Castellino
- Pediatrics (R.C.C.).,Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center (R.C.C.), Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M J Schniederjan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.J.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - N Kadom
- From the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (C.D.S., N.K.) .,Department of Radiology (N.K.), Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Egleston Campus, Atlanta, Georgia
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9
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Akamandisa MP, Nie K, Wen J, Nahta R, Hambardzumyan D, Castellino RC. Abstract B05: Mechanisms of PPM1D-mediated tumorigenesis in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca17-b05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), the most common pediatric brainstem tumor, is associated with a dismal prognosis with almost no survivors within two years of diagnosis. It is unamenable to surgical resection, is not responsive to conventional chemotherapy, and responds only temporarily to radiation therapy (XRT). Recent publications identified carboxy (C)-terminal truncating mutations of PPM1D, which encodes the protein WIP1, in up to 25% of DIPGs. WIP1 is a serine/threonine protein phosphatase that plays an important role in DNA damage response (DDR). Prior publications show that most, but not all, PPM1D C-terminal mutants function in a dominant negative fashion to promote tumor growth in cancer models. We hypothesized that PPM1D mutation promotes DIPG growth, and WIP1 inhibition suppresses tumor proliferation. We further hypothesized that, due to its key role in DDR, WIP1 inhibition enhances the antitumor effects of XRT. Using Sanger sequencing, we identified de novo mutation of PPM1D in the C-terminus of multiple patient-derived DIPG cell lines. We also stably introduced clinically relevant PPM1D mutations, which we identified in DIPGs resected from patients, into a PPM1D wild-type DIPG cell line, DIPG VI, as well as into DIPG cells derived from a DIPG mouse model. Using trypan blue exclusion, bioluminescence, and immunofluorescence detection of markers of proliferation and cell death, in the presence or absence of PPM1D knockdown or pharmacologic WIP1 inhibition, and/or following XRT exposure, we measured proliferation of DIPG VI, DIPG VI L513X, a cell line with stable expression of a mutant PPM1D, and DIPG7, a cell line with a de novo PPM1D mutation. We also assayed proliferation in organotypic brain slice cultures derived from symptomatic immunocompromised mice orthotopically xenografted with DIPG cells and of DIPG cells embedded within the brainstem of organotypic brain slices derived from immunocompetent mice. Finally, we orthotopically xenografted DIPG cells into the early post-natal (P0-2) brainstem of immunodeficient mice, treated mice with vehicle or with a small-molecule WIP1 inhibitor, and measured effects on survival, as well as proliferation in tumor cells post-necropsy. Under cell culture conditions, expression of PPM1D mutants promoted tumor cell proliferation in wild-type PPM1D murine and human DIPG cells. Conversely, PPM1D knockdown significantly suppressed DIPG cell proliferation, especially in PPM1D mutated DIPG cells. Similarly, treatment with a small-molecule WIP1 inhibitor suppressed the growth of PPM1D-mutated, but not PPM1D wild-type DIPG cells, in neurosphere cultures, on immunocompetent organotypic brain slices, and on organotypic brain slices derived from symptomatic, orthotopic, xenografted mice. WIP1 inhibition had similar effects on growth inhibition to XRT alone and augmented the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of XRT in vitro. Mice bearing an orthotopic xenograft of PPM1D-mutated human DIPG cells, DIPG7, died of disease earlier than mice xenografted with PPM1D wild-type human DIPG cells, DIPG VI. Treatment of mice bearing orthotopically, xenografted DIPG7 cells with a WIP1 inhibitor via a continuous 14-day infusion into the lateral ventricles resulted in a significant reduction in proliferation of tumor cells. In summary, our results show that C-terminal mutated PPM1D is oncogenic in DIPG, promoting proliferation and reduced survival in vivo. WIP1 inhibition suppresses growth and increases the radiosensitivity of PPM1D-mutated DIPG. These results suggest that WIP1 is a druggable target alone and in combination with XRT in DIPG. Further studies will examine the PPM1D-mediated mechanisms of tumorigenesis and treatment responsiveness in DIPG in order to develop clinically viable treatment paradigms that target PPM1D-mutated tumors.
Citation Format: Mwangala P. Akamandisa, Kai Nie, Jing Wen, Rita Nahta, Dolores Hambardzumyan, Robert C. Castellino. Mechanisms of PPM1D-mediated tumorigenesis in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Pediatric Cancer Research: From Basic Science to the Clinic; 2017 Dec 3-6; Atlanta, Georgia. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B05.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Nie
- 1Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA,
| | - Jing Wen
- 1Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA,
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10
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Wen J, Lee J, Malhotra A, Nahta R, Arnold AR, Buss MC, Brown BD, Maier C, Kenney AM, Remke M, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD, Castellino RC. WIP1 modulates responsiveness to Sonic Hedgehog signaling in neuronal precursor cells and medulloblastoma. Oncogene 2016; 35:5552-5564. [PMID: 27086929 PMCID: PMC5069081 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-level amplification of the protein phosphatase PPM1D (WIP1) is present in a subset of medulloblastomas (MBs) that have an expression profile consistent with active Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling. We found that WIP1 overexpression increased expression of Shh target genes and cell proliferation in response to Shh stimulation in NIH3T3 and cerebellar granule neuron precursor cells in a p53-independent manner. Thus, we developed a mouse in which WIP1 is expressed in the developing brain under control of the Neurod2 promoter (ND2:WIP1). The external granule layer (EGL) in early postnatal ND2:WIP1 mice exhibited increased proliferation and expression of Shh downstream targets. MB incidence increased and survival decreased when ND2:WIP1 mice were crossed with an Shh-activated MB mouse model. Conversely, Wip1 knockout significantly suppressed MB formation in two independent mouse models of Shh-activated MB. Furthermore, Wip1 knockdown or treatment with a WIP1 inhibitor suppressed the effects of Shh stimulation and potentiated the growth inhibitory effects of SHH pathway-inhibiting drugs in Shh-activated MB cells in vitro. This suggests an important cross-talk between SHH and WIP1 pathways that accelerates tumorigenesis and supports WIP1 inhibition as a potential treatment strategy for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anshu Malhotra
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rita Nahta
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Amanda R. Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Meghan C. Buss
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Briana D. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Caroline Maier
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anna M. Kenney
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marc Remke
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert C. Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwangala P Akamandisa
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rita Nahta
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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12
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Goodson WH, Lowe L, Carpenter DO, Gilbertson M, Manaf Ali A, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Lasfar A, Carnero A, Azqueta A, Amedei A, Charles AK, Collins AR, Ward A, Salzberg AC, Colacci A, Olsen AK, Berg A, Barclay BJ, Zhou BP, Blanco-Aparicio C, Baglole CJ, Dong C, Mondello C, Hsu CW, Naus CC, Yedjou C, Curran CS, Laird DW, Koch DC, Carlin DJ, Felsher DW, Roy D, Brown DG, Ratovitski E, Ryan EP, Corsini E, Rojas E, Moon EY, Laconi E, Marongiu F, Al-Mulla F, Chiaradonna F, Darroudi F, Martin FL, Van Schooten FJ, Goldberg GS, Wagemaker G, Nangami GN, Calaf GM, Williams G, Wolf GT, Koppen G, Brunborg G, Lyerly HK, Krishnan H, Ab Hamid H, Yasaei H, Sone H, Kondoh H, Salem HK, Hsu HY, Park HH, Koturbash I, Miousse IR, Scovassi AI, Klaunig JE, Vondráček J, Raju J, Roman J, Wise JP, Whitfield JR, Woodrick J, Christopher JA, Ochieng J, Martinez-Leal JF, Weisz J, Kravchenko J, Sun J, Prudhomme KR, Narayanan KB, Cohen-Solal KA, Moorwood K, Gonzalez L, Soucek L, Jian L, D'Abronzo LS, Lin LT, Li L, Gulliver L, McCawley LJ, Memeo L, Vermeulen L, Leyns L, Zhang L, Valverde M, Khatami M, Romano MF, Chapellier M, Williams MA, Wade M, Manjili MH, Lleonart ME, Xia M, Gonzalez MJ, Karamouzis MV, Kirsch-Volders M, Vaccari M, Kuemmerle NB, Singh N, Cruickshanks N, Kleinstreuer N, van Larebeke N, Ahmed N, Ogunkua O, Krishnakumar PK, Vadgama P, Marignani PA, Ghosh PM, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Thompson PA, Dent P, Heneberg P, Darbre P, Sing Leung P, Nangia-Makker P, Cheng QS, Robey RB, Al-Temaimi R, Roy R, Andrade-Vieira R, Sinha RK, Mehta R, Vento R, Di Fiore R, Ponce-Cusi R, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Nahta R, Castellino RC, Palorini R, Abd Hamid R, Langie SAS, Eltom SE, Brooks SA, Ryeom S, Wise SS, Bay SN, Harris SA, Papagerakis S, Romano S, Pavanello S, Eriksson S, Forte S, Casey SC, Luanpitpong S, Lee TJ, Otsuki T, Chen T, Massfelder T, Sanderson T, Guarnieri T, Hultman T, Dormoy V, Odero-Marah V, Sabbisetti V, Maguer-Satta V, Rathmell WK, Engström W, Decker WK, Bisson WH, Rojanasakul Y, Luqmani Y, Chen Z, Hu Z. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S254-96. [PMID: 26106142 PMCID: PMC4480130 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dose exposures to common environmental chemicals that are deemed safe individually may be combining to instigate carcinogenesis, thereby contributing to the incidence of cancer. This risk may be overlooked by current regulatory practices and needs to be vigorously investigated. Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety ‘Mode of Action’ framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 2100 Webster Street #401, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA, Getting to Know Cancer, Room 229A, 36 Arthur Street, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK, Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Pl., Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA, Getting to Know Cancer, Guelph N1G 1E4, Canada, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Tembila Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Univ. de Sevilla., Avda Manuel Siurot sn. 41013 Sevilla, Spain, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Hopkins Building, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway, Planet Biotechnologies Inc., St Albert, Alberta T8N 5K4, Canada, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNI
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Room 229A, 36 Arthur Street, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Pl., Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | | | - Abdul Manaf Ali
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Tembila Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Univ. de Sevilla., Avda Manuel Siurot sn. 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amelia K Charles
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Hopkins Building, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK
| | | | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Barry J Barclay
- Planet Biotechnologies Inc., St Albert, Alberta T8N 5K4, Canada
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, CNIO, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Colleen S Curran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Daniel C Koch
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Danielle J Carlin
- Superfund Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Department of Medicine, Oncology and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Edward Ratovitski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery/Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Human Safety and Environmental Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha 24449, State of Qatar
| | - Francis L Martin
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Gerard Wagemaker
- Hacettepe University, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Ankara 06640, Turkey
| | - Gladys N Nangami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, Chile
| | - Graeme Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Hasiah Ab Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hemad Yasaei
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences and the Health and Environment Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hideko Sone
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibraki 3058506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Department of Urology, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 11559, Egypt
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 712-749, South Korea
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - James E Klaunig
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104, USA
| | - Jonathan R Whitfield
- Mouse Models of Cancer Therapies Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Joseph A Christopher
- Cancer Research UK. Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | | | - Judith Weisz
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Julia Kravchenko
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kalan R Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Kim Moorwood
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Laetitia Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Soucek
- Mouse Models of Cancer Therapies Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Le Jian
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China
| | - Linda Gulliver
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Lisa J McCawley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Via Penninazzo 7, Viagrande (CT) 95029, Italy
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Leyns
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Retired), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marion Chapellier
- Centre De Recherche En Cancerologie, De Lyon, Lyon, U1052-UMR5286, France
| | - Marc A Williams
- United States Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio-Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010-5403, USA
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matilde E Lleonart
- Institut De Recerca Hospital Vall D'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Michael J Gonzalez
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Biomedical Research, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nancy B Kuemmerle
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 003, India
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nik van Larebeke
- Analytische, Milieu en Geochemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel B1050, Belgium
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Olugbemiga Ogunkua
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - P K Krishnakumar
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 3126, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Vadgama
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Patricia A Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, The State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, CZ-100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Philippa Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6UB, England
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China
| | | | - Qiang Shawn Cheng
- Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - R Brooks Robey
- White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rabeah Al-Temaimi
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya 13110, Kuwait
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ranjeet K Sinha
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rekha Mehta
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy , Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | | | - Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien 1090, Austria
| | - Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Roberta Palorini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Roslida Abd Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sakina E Eltom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Samira A Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sandra Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra S Wise
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104, USA
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Population Health and Prevention, Research, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2L7, Canada, Departments of Epidemiology and Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7011, VHC, Almas Allé 4, SE-756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefano Forte
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Via Penninazzo 7, Viagrande (CT) 95029, Italy
| | - Stephanie C Casey
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, South Korea
| | - Takemi Otsuki
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 'Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer', University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Sanderson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Tiziana Guarnieri
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti, 9, 40126 Bologna, Italy, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale Medaglie d' Oro, 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Tove Hultman
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 'Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer', University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Department of Biology/Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Venkata Sabbisetti
- Harvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Veronique Maguer-Satta
- United States Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio-Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD 21010-5403, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wilhelm Engström
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Yunus Luqmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait and
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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Nahta R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Andrade-Vieira R, Bay SN, Brown DG, Calaf GM, Castellino RC, Cohen-Solal KA, Colacci A, Cruickshanks N, Dent P, Di Fiore R, Forte S, Goldberg GS, Hamid RA, Krishnan H, Laird DW, Lasfar A, Marignani PA, Memeo L, Mondello C, Naus CC, Ponce-Cusi R, Raju J, Roy D, Roy R, Ryan EP, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Vento R, Vondráček J, Wade M, Woodrick J, Bisson WH. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S2-18. [PMID: 26106139 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontari
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 60503, USA
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard Ponce-Cusi
- Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Dept., kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 16163, Italy and
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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14
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Sanabria-Figueroa E, Donnelly SM, Foy KC, Buss MC, Castellino RC, Paplomata E, Taliaferro-Smith L, Kaumaya PTP, Nahta R. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling increases the invasive potential of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer cells via Src-focal adhesion kinase and forkhead box protein M1. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:150-61. [PMID: 25391374 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-targeted antibody trastuzumab is a major clinical concern in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Increased expression or signaling from the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been reported to be associated with trastuzumab resistance. However, the specific molecular and biologic mechanisms through which IGF-1R promotes resistance or disease progression remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that the major biologic effect promoted by IGF-1R was invasion, which was mediated by both Src-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling and Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1). Cotargeting IGF-1R and HER2 using either IGF-1R antibodies or IGF-1R short hairpin RNA in combination with trastuzumab resulted in significant but modest growth inhibition. Reduced invasion was the most significant biologic effect achieved by cotargeting IGF-1R and HER2 in trastuzumab-resistant cells. Constitutively active Src blocked the anti-invasive effect of IGF-1R/HER2 cotargeted therapy. Furthermore, knockdown of FoxM1 blocked IGF-1-mediated invasion, and dual targeting of IGF-1R and HER2 reduced expression of FoxM1. Re-expression of FoxM1 restored the invasive potential of IGF-1R knockdown cells treated with trastuzumab. Overall, our results strongly indicate that therapeutic combinations that cotarget IGF-1R and HER2 may reduce the invasive potential of cancer cells that are resistant to trastuzumab through mechanisms that depend in part on Src and FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sanabria-Figueroa
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Siobhan M Donnelly
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Kevin C Foy
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Meghan C Buss
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Elisavet Paplomata
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Latonia Taliaferro-Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Pravin T P Kaumaya
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
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15
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent malignant brain tumor in children. Patients with MB who are classified as having high-risk disease or those with recurrent disease respond poorly to current therapies and have an increased risk of MB-related mortality. Preclinical studies and molecular profiling of MB tumors have revealed upregulation or activation of several key signaling pathways such as the sonic hedgehog and WNT pathways. Although the exact mechanisms underlying MB tumorigenesis remain poorly understood, inhibiting these key pathways with molecularly targeted therapies represents an important approach to improving MB outcomes. Several molecularly targeted therapies are already under clinical investigation in MB patients. We discuss current preclinical and clinical data, as well as data from clinical trials of targeted therapies that are either ongoing or in development for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobey J MacDonald
- Corresponding author: Robert C. Castellino, MD, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Research Building, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Room E394, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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16
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Gayle SS, Castellino RC, Buss MC, Nahta R. MEK inhibition increases lapatinib sensitivity via modulation of FOXM1. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:2486-99. [PMID: 23531216 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320190008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The standard targeted therapy for HER2-overexpressing breast cancer is the HER2 monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab. Although effective, many patients eventually develop trastuzumab resistance. The dual EGFR/HER2 small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib is approved for use in trastuzumab-refractory metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. However, lapatinib resistance is a problem as most patients with trastuzumab-refractory disease do not benefit from lapatinib. Understanding the mechanisms underlying lapatinib resistance may ultimately facilitate development of new therapeutic strategies for HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Our current results indicate that MEK inhibition increases lapatinib-mediated cytotoxicity in resistant HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. We genetically and pharmacologically blocked MEK/ERK signaling and evaluated lapatinib response by trypan blue exclusion, anchorage-independent growth assays, flow cytometric cell cycle and apoptosis analysis, and in tumor xenografts. Combined MEK inhibition and lapatinib treatment reduced phosphorylated ERK more than single agent treatment. In addition, Western blots, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the combination of MEK inhibitor plus lapatinib reduced nuclear expression of the MEK/ERK downstream proto-oncogene FOXM1. Genetic knockdown of MEK was tested for the ability to increase lapatinib-mediated cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in JIMT-1 and MDA361 cells. Finally, xenograft studies demonstrated that combined pharmacological inhibition of MEK plus lapatinib suppressed tumor growth and reduced expression of FOXM1 in HER2-overexpressing breast cancers that are resistant to trastuzumab and lapatinib. Our results suggest that FoxM1 contributes to lapatinib resistance downstream of MEK signaling, and supports further study of pharmacological MEK inhibition to improve response to lapatinib in HER2-overexpressing trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Gayle
- Molecular & Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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17
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumor. The protein phosphatase and oncogene WIP1 is over-expressed or amplified in a significant number of primary human medulloblastomas and cell lines. In the present study, we examine an important mechanism by which WIP1 promotes medulloblastoma growth using in vitro and in vivo models. Human cell lines and intracerebellar xenografted animal models were used to study the role of WIP1 and the major TP53 regulator, HDM2, in medulloblastoma growth. Stable expression of WIP1 enhances growth of TP53 wild-type medulloblastoma cells, compared with cells with stable expression of an empty-vector or mutant WIP1. In an animal model, WIP1 enhances proliferation and reduces the survival of immunodeficient mice bearing intracerebellar xenografted human medulloblastoma cells. Cells with increased WIP1 expression also exhibit increased expression of HDM2. HDM2 knockdown or treatment with the HDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3a, the active enantomer of Nutlin-3, specifically inhibits the growth of medulloblastoma cells with increased WIP1 expression. Nutlin-3a does not affect growth of medulloblastoma cells with stable expression of an empty vector or of mutant WIP1. Knockdown of WIP1 or treatment with the WIP1 inhibitor CCT007093 results in increased phosphorylation of known WIP1 targets, reduced HDM2 expression, and reduced growth specifically in WIP1 wild-type and high-expressing medulloblastoma cells. Combined WIP1 and HDM2 inhibition is more effective than WIP1 inhibition alone in blocking growth of WIP1 high-expressing medulloblastoma cells. Our preclinical study supports a role for therapies that target WIP1 and HDM2 in the treatment of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Buss
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Abouantoun TJ, Castellino RC, MacDonald TJ. Sunitinib induces PTEN expression and inhibits PDGFR signaling and migration of medulloblastoma cells. J Neurooncol 2010; 101:215-26. [PMID: 20524040 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that inhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) blocks the survival and migration of medulloblastoma cells. Identification of in vitro PDGFR-targeting pharmacologic agents that are suitable for preclinical testing in medulloblastoma models in vivo will be critical for efficiently translating these agents to clinical investigation in children with medulloblastoma. In this study, we investigated whether the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, effectively inhibits PDGFR signaling required for medulloblastoma cell migration. Daoy and D556 human medulloblastoma cells pre-treated for 1 h with 0.2 μM sunitinib demonstrated induction of PTEN expression and significant inhibition of PDGFR signaling activity and transactivation of EGFR, in a RAS-independent manner, in response to PDGF-BB stimulation. Sunitinib pre-treatment markedly reduced medulloblastoma cell migration in response to both PDGF-BB and 10% serum at 4 and 24 h after treatment. Pre-treatment with sunitinib for 1 h also resulted in detachment and decreased viability of D556, but not Daoy, cells and only after 48 h following treatment. However, sunitinib did not induce apoptosis in either cell line at any time point, indicating that the anti-migratory effects of sunitinib were not due to impeding cell survival. Sunitinib similarly inhibited PDGFR signaling and migration of primary murine Smo/Smo medulloblastoma cells, suggesting that the Smo/Smo mouse is an appropriate model for preclinical testing of sunitinib. These results indicate that sunitinib may be an important pharmacologic agent for the treatment of invasive medulloblastoma, particularly given evidence of its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier to target tumor cells, and thus warrants further in vivo testing for confirmation of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara J Abouantoun
- Children's Research Institute, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center and The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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19
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Castellino RC, Barwick BG, Schniederjan M, Buss MC, Becher O, Hambardzumyan D, Macdonald TJ, Brat DJ, Durden DL. Heterozygosity for Pten promotes tumorigenesis in a mouse model of medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10849. [PMID: 20520772 PMCID: PMC2877103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent publications have described an important role for cross talk between PI-3 kinase and sonic hedgehog signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of medulloblastoma. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We crossed mice with constitutive activation of Smoothened, SmoA1, with Pten deficient mice. Both constitutive and conditional Pten deficiency doubled the incidence of mice with symptoms of medulloblastoma and resulted in decreased survival. Analysis revealed a clear separation of gene signatures, with up-regulation of genes in the PI-3 kinase signaling pathway, including downstream activation of angiogenesis in SmoA1+/-; Pten +/- medulloblastomas. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed reduced or absent Pten, Akt activation, and increased angiogenesis in Pten deficient tumors. Down-regulated genes included genes in the sonic hedgehog pathway and tumor suppressor genes. SmoA1+/-; Pten +/+ medulloblastomas appeared classic in histology with increased proliferation and diffuse staining for apoptosis. In contrast, Pten deficient tumors exhibited extensive nodularity with neuronal differentiation separated by focal areas of intense staining for proliferation and virtually absent apoptosis. Examination of human medulloblastomas revealed low to absent PTEN expression in over half of the tumors. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed worse overall survival in patients whose tumor exhibited low to absent PTEN expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This suggests that PTEN expression is a marker of favorable prognosis and mouse models with activation of PI-3 kinase pathways may be important tools for preclinical evaluation of promising agents for the treatment of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is tightly regulated by opposing mechanisms in mammalian cells and is controlled by the angiogenic switch. Other review articles have described a central role for the PTEN/PI-3 kinase/AKT signaling node in the coordinate control of cell division, tumor growth, apoptosis, invasion and cellular metabolism [1, 2]. In this review, we focus on literature that supports the PTEN/PI-3 kinase/AKT signaling node as a major control point for the angiogenic switch in both the on and off positions. We also discuss the rationale for designing small molecule drugs that target the PTEN/PI-3 kinase/AKT signaling node for therapeutic intervention. Our hypothesis is that, instead of inhibiting one cell surface receptor, such as VEGFR2 with bevacizumab (Avastin), thereby leaving a significant number of receptors free to pulse angiogenic signals, a more effective strategy may be to regulate signaling through an intercept node where redundant cell surface receptor signals converge to transmit important signaling events within the cell. This therapeutic configuration brings coordinate control over multiple cell surface receptors in concert with a physiologic response which may combine arrest of cell cycle progression with growth inhibition and the induction of genes involved in specialized functions such as movement, which are all required for the complex process of angiogenesis to occur in a temporal-spatial paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Services, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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21
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Castellino RC, De Bortoli M, Lu X, Moon SH, Nguyen TA, Shepard MA, Rao PH, Donehower LA, Kim JYH. Medulloblastomas overexpress the p53-inactivating oncogene WIP1/PPM1D. J Neurooncol 2007; 86:245-56. [PMID: 17932621 PMCID: PMC2174521 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Despite numerous advances, clinical challenges range from recurrent and progressive disease to long-term toxicities in survivors. The lack of more effective, less toxic therapies results from our limited understanding of medulloblastoma growth. Although TP53 is the most commonly altered gene in cancers, it is rarely mutated in medulloblastoma. Accumulating evidence, however, indicates that TP53 pathways are disrupted in medulloblastoma. Wild-typep53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1 or PPM1D) encodes a negative regulator of p53. WIP1 amplification (17q22-q23) and its overexpression have been reported in diverse cancer types. We examined primary medulloblastoma specimens and cell lines, and detected WIP1 copy gain and amplification prevalent among but not exclusively in the tumors with 17q gain and isochromosome 17q (i17q), which are among the most common cytogenetic lesions in medulloblastoma. WIP1 RNA levels were significantly higher in the tumors with 17q gain or i17q. Immunoblots confirmed significant WIP1 protein in primary tumors, generally higher in those with 17q gain or i17q. Under basal growth conditions and in response to the chemotherapeutic agent, etoposide, WIP1 antagonized p53-mediated apoptosis in medulloblastoma cell lines. These results indicate that medulloblastoma express significant levels of WIP1 that modulate genotoxic responsiveness by negatively regulating p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Castellino
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, MC 3-3320, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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De Bortoli M, Castellino RC, Skapura DG, Shen JJ, Su JM, Russell HV, Hicks MJ, Man TK, Kim JYH. Patched haploinsufficient mouse rhabdomyosarcoma overexpress secreted phosphoprotein 1 and matrix metalloproteinases. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:1308-17. [PMID: 17467979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Improving the management of rhabdomyosarcoma requires a better understanding of growth regulation. Patched haploinsufficient (Ptch+/-) mice spontaneously develop soft tissue sarcomas that resemble human rhabdomyosarcomas. Using microarray profiling and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we identified candidate genes differentially expressed in Ptch+/- mouse rhabdomyosarcoma relative to mature muscle. Overexpressed genes include Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1, Osteopontin), and Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and -14 (Mmp2 and Mmp14). Spp1 is an integrin-binding phosphoglycoprotein upregulated in carcinomas, and Mmps regulate tumour invasion. Immunochemical analyses of murine and human rhabdomyosarcoma specimens confirmed increased expression of Spp1, Mmp2, Mmp14, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) p65 and its phosphorylated active isoform. Neutralising Spp1 antibody decreased Mmp14 RNA in murine rhabdomyosarcoma cultures, indicating a positive regulatory role for extracellular Spp1. Plasma from rhabdomyosarcoma patients display elevated levels of SPP1. These results implicate Spp1, NF-kappaB, and Mmp activation as a putative signalling pathway involved in rhabdomyosarcoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano De Bortoli
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, MC 3-3320 Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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De Bortoli M, Castellino RC, Lu XY, Deyo J, Sturla LM, Adesina AM, Perlaky L, Pomeroy SL, Lau CC, Man TK, Rao PH, Kim JYH. Medulloblastoma outcome is adversely associated with overexpression of EEF1D, RPL30, and RPS20 on the long arm of chromosome 8. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:223. [PMID: 16968546 PMCID: PMC1578584 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Improvements in clinical outcome require a better understanding of the genetic alterations to identify clinically significant biological factors and to stratify patients accordingly. In the present study, we applied cytogenetic characterization to guide the identification of biologically significant genes from gene expression microarray profiles of medulloblastoma. Methods We analyzed 71 primary medulloblastomas for chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNAs) using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Among 64 tumors that we previously analyzed by gene expression microarrays, 27 were included in our CGH series. We analyzed clinical outcome with respect to CNAs and microarray results. We filtered microarray data using specific CNAs to detect differentially expressed candidate genes associated with survival. Results The most frequent lesions detected in our series involved chromosome 17; loss of 16q, 10q, or 8p; and gain of 7q or 2p. Recurrent amplifications at 2p23-p24, 2q14, 7q34, and 12p13 were also observed. Gain of 8q is associated with worse overall survival (p = 0.0141), which is not entirely attributable to MYC amplification or overexpression. By applying CGH results to gene expression analysis of medulloblastoma, we identified three 8q-mapped genes that are associated with overall survival in the larger group of 64 patients (p < 0.05): eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1D (EEF1D), ribosomal protein L30 (RPL30), and ribosomal protein S20 (RPS20). Conclusion The complementary use of CGH and expression profiles can facilitate the identification of clinically significant candidate genes involved in medulloblastoma growth. We demonstrate that gain of 8q and expression levels of three 8q-mapped candidate genes (EEF1D, RPL30, RPS20) are associated with adverse outcome in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano De Bortoli
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin-Yan Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Deyo
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Baton Rouge Affiliate, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lisa Marie Sturla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Laszlo Perlaky
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ching C Lau
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tsz-Kwong Man
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pulivarthi H Rao
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John YH Kim
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Sturla LM, Cowan CW, Guenther L, Castellino RC, Kim JYH, Pomeroy SL. A novel role for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 and myocyte enhancer factor 2 in medulloblastoma cell death. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5683-9. [PMID: 15994942 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the neurotrophin-3 receptor, tyrosine kinase C (TrkC), is associated with favorable prognosis in medulloblastoma patients. This may be due to increased tumor apoptosis induced by TrkC activation. Neurotrophin-3/TrkC-induced apoptosis is inhibited by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) pharmacologic antagonists SB203580 and PD98059. In addition to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, PD98059 also inhibits the more recently identified neurotrophin-responsive MAPK, ERK5 (big MAPK 1). In the present study, we investigate the contribution of ERK5 and its target myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) to neurotrophin-3/TrkC-induced medulloblastoma cell death. Neurotrophin-3 not only enhanced ERK5 phosphorylation but also significantly enhanced the transcriptional activity of MEF2, a specific target of ERK5. Overexpression of both ERK5 and MEF2 induced a statistically significant increase in cell death of neurotrophin-3-responsive and nonresponsive medulloblastoma cell lines (Daoy-trkC and Daoy) and primary cultures of patched heterozygous mouse medulloblastomas. Only those cells expressing MAP/ERK kinase 5 (MEK5) plus ERK5 or MEF2 constructs underwent apoptosis, indicating that overexpression of either is sufficient to induce medulloblastoma cell death. Expression of a dominant-negative MEF2 or small interfering RNA for the ERK5 activator, MEK5, significantly inhibited neurotrophin-3-induced cell death. The dominant-negative MEF2 construct also blocked MEK5/ERK5-induced cell death, supporting a role for MEF2 downstream of ERK5. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed direct interaction of phosphorylated ERK5 with MEF2 in response to neurotrophin-3. Our investigation of the mechanism of neurotrophin-3/TrkC-induced apoptosis has identified a novel role for both MEK5/ERK5 and MEF2 in cell death, suggesting that these molecules can be exploited to induce apoptosis in both TrkC-expressing and non-expressing medulloblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Sturla
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Castellino RC, Elion GB, Keir ST, Houghton PJ, Johnson SP, Bigner DD, Friedman HS. Schedule-dependent activity of irinotecan plus BCNU against malignant glioma xenografts. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2001; 45:345-9. [PMID: 10755324 DOI: 10.1007/s002800050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To further evaluate the activity of irinotecan (CPT-11) plus 1,3-bis-(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in the treatment of central nervous system tumor-derived xenografts in athymic nude mice. METHODS We report studies evaluating the schedule-dependence of this regimen in the treatment of the malignant glioma xenograft D-54 MG. RESULTS The combination of BCNU and CPT-11 showed the highest enhancement index (2.0-3.3) when BCNU was given on day 1 and CPT-11 was given on days 1-5 and 8-12. Delay of CPT-11 administration to day 3 or day 5 substantially decreased activity with enhancement indices of 1.6-1.8 and 0.6-1.0, respectively. Delay of BCNU administration to day 8 also reduced the CPT-11 activity with enhancement indices of 1.2-1.4. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the presence of a BCNU-induced adduct or possibly crosslink prior to administration of CPT-11 is critical for enhanced activity. Although the mechanism of this enhancement is not currently known, a phase I trial of CPT-11 plus BCNU for adults with recurrent malignant glioma based on these results is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Castellino
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Rasmusson RL, Wang S, Castellino RC, Morales MJ, Strauss HC. The beta subunit, Kv beta 1.2, acts as a rapid open channel blocker of NH2-terminal deleted Kv1.4 alpha-subunits. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 430:29-37. [PMID: 9330716 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5959-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A recently discovered class of ancillary subunits has been shown to modify the inactivation properties of alpha-subunits belonging to the Kv1 family of potassium channels. One of these subunits, Kv beta 1.2, modifies intrinsic alpha-subunit C-type inactivation. N-type inactivation and open channel block have been proposed to increase the rate of development of C-type inactivation. We demonstrate here that Kv beta 1.2 has kinetic properties which are consistent with rapid open channel block.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rasmusson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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27
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Rasmusson RL, Morales MJ, Castellino RC, Zhang Y, Campbell DL, Strauss HC. C-type inactivation controls recovery in a fast inactivating cardiac K+ channel (Kv1.4) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol 1995; 489 ( Pt 3):709-21. [PMID: 8788936 PMCID: PMC1156841 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp021085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. A fast inactivating transient K+ current (FK1) cloned from ferret ventricle and expressed in Xenopus oocytes was studied using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Removal of the NH2-terminal domain of FK1 (FK1 delta 2-146) removed fast inactivation consistent with previous findings in Kv1.4 channels. The NH2-terminal deletion mutation revealed a slow inactivation process, which matches the criteria for C-type inactivation described for Shaker B channels. 2. Inactivation of FK1 delta 2-146 at depolarized potentials was well described by a single exponential process with a voltage-insensitive time constant. In the range -90 to +20 mV, steady-state C-type inactivation was well described by a Boltzmann relationship that compares closely with inactivation measured in the presence of the NH2-terminus. These results suggest that C-type inactivation is coupled to activation. 3. The coupling of C-type inactivation to activation was assessed by mutation of the fourth positively charged residue (arginine 454) in the S4 voltage sensor to glutamine (R454Q). This mutation produced a hyperpolarizing shift in the inactivation relationship of both FK1 and FK1 delta 2-146 without altering the rate of inactivation of either clone. 4. The rates of recovery from inactivation are nearly identical in FK1 and FK1 delta 2-146. 5. To assess the mechanisms underlying recovery from inactivation the effects of elevated [K+]o and selective mutations in the extracellular pore and the S4 voltage sensor were compared in FK1 and FK1 delta 2-146. The similarity in recovery rates in response to these perturbations suggests that recovery from C-type inactivation governs the overall rate of recovery of inactivated channels for both FK1 and FK1 delta 2-146. 6. Analysis of the rate of recovery of FK1 channels for inactivating pulses of different durations (70-2000 ms) indicates that recovery rate is insensitive to the duration of the inactivating pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rasmusson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Castellino RC, Morales MJ, Strauss HC, Rasmusson RL. Time- and voltage-dependent modulation of a Kv1.4 channel by a beta-subunit (Kv beta 3) cloned from ferret ventricle. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:H385-91. [PMID: 7631872 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.1.h385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, voltage-gated K+ channels can be made of complexes containing alpha-subunits similar to the Shaker K+ channel and smaller cytoplasmic beta-subunits. Recent studies have suggested that these ancillary beta-subunits can modulate K+ channel gating properties. We studied the effects of a K+ channel beta-subunit, Kv beta 3, coexpressed with a Kv1.4 alpha-subunit, FK1, on the time and voltage dependence of channel activation, inactivation, recovery from inactivation, and deactivation, using an oocyte expression system. Kv beta 3 was found to accelerate both the fast and the slow component of Kv1.4 inactivation. Kv beta 3 also altered the relative contributions of the two components of inactivation by increasing the contribution of the slow component to the inactivation process. Kv beta 3 slowed recovery from inactivation for Kv1.4, but not for a Kv1.4 deletion mutant lacking N-type inactivation. Finally, steady-state activation and the time course of Kv1.4 current activation were not strongly influenced by Kv beta 3; however, deactivation was slowed in the presence of Kv beta 3. This study suggests that Kv beta 3 alters channel states which follow activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Castellino
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham 27710, USA
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Rasmusson RL, Zhang Y, Campbell DL, Comer MB, Castellino RC, Liu S, Strauss HC. Bi-stable block by 4-aminopyridine of a transient K+ channel (Kv1.4) cloned from ferret ventricle and expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol 1995; 485 ( Pt 1):59-71. [PMID: 7658383 PMCID: PMC1157972 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Using the two-microelectrode, 'cut open' oocyte, and 'torn off' macropatch voltage clamp techniques, we studied the blocking effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on two cloned K+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes, an inactivating K+ channel isolated from ferret ventricle (FK1), and its NH2-terminal deletion mutant (delta NCO) which lacks fast N-type inactivation. 2. Experiments with a permanently charged, impermeant 4-AP derivative, 4-aminopyridine-methyliodide, indicated that the cationic form of 4-AP blocks at an intracellular site. 3. Block accumulated from pulse to pulse and was sensitive to the applied potential during hyperpolarizing deactivating pulses, indicating trapping of 4-AP in deactivated channels. For long trains of depolarizing pulses (-90 to +50 mV, 0.1 Hz), 4-AP block increased with decreasing pulse duration. Block of FK1 was much more sensitive to pulse duration than was block of delta NCO, consistent with competition between N-type inactivation and 4-AP binding. 4. To elucidate these mechanisms further, in the absence of fast N-type inactivation the following results were obtained on delta NCO channels: (1) application of 4-AP caused the appearance of apparent inactivation; (2) 4-AP, however, did not cause cross-over of deactivating tail currents; (3) 4-AP block developed with time for potentials positive to -40 mV; and (4) trapping of 4-AP by delta NCO was insensitive to the degree of C-type inactivation. 5. We conclude that the kinetics of 4-AP block of FK1 and delta NCO channels cannot be accounted for by either a pure open channel or closed channel blocking scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rasmusson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Morales MJ, Castellino RC, Crews AL, Rasmusson RL, Strauss HC. A novel beta subunit increases rate of inactivation of specific voltage-gated potassium channel alpha subunits. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:6272-7. [PMID: 7890764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.11.6272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium channel beta subunits are cytoplasmic proteins that co-purify with the pore-forming alpha subunits. One of these subunits, Kv beta 1 from rat brain, was previously demonstrated to increase the rate of inactivation of Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 when co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We have cloned and characterized a novel voltage-gated K+ channel beta subunit. The cDNA, designated Kv beta 3, has a 408-amino acid open reading frame. It possesses a unique 79-amino acid N-terminal leader, but is identical with rat Kv beta 1 over the 329 C-terminal amino acids. The Kv beta 3 transcript was found in many tissues, but was most abundant in aorta and left ventricle of the heart. Co-expression of Kv beta 3 with K+ channel alpha subunits shows that this beta subunit can increase the rate of inactivation from 4- to 7-fold in a Kv1.4 or Shaker B channel. Kv beta 3 had no effect on Kv1.1, unlike Kv beta 1 which can increase rate of inactivation of this alpha subunit more than 100-fold. Other kinetic parameters were unaffected. This study shows that voltage-gated K+ channel beta subunits are present outside the central nervous system, and that at least one member of this family selectively modulates inactivation of K+ channel alpha subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Rasmusson RL, Zhang Y, Campbell DL, Comer MB, Castellino RC, Liu S, Morales MJ, Strauss HC. Molecular mechanisms of K+ channel blockade: 4-aminopyridine interaction with a cloned cardiac transient K+ (Kv1.4) channel. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 382:11-22. [PMID: 8540388 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1893-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the blocking effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on a Kv1.4 K+ channel. A permanently charged 4-AP derivative only produced block when applied intracellularly. 4-AP block accumulated from pulse to pulse indicating trapping of 4-AP in deactivated channels. For long trains of depolarizing pulses, 4-AP block increased with decreasing pulse duration. This increase took many pulses (> 10) to accumulate and was relieved by two to three subsequent pulses of 500 msec duration. We conclude that the time- and voltage-dependence of 4-AP block can not be accounted for solely by either simple pure open channel or pure closed channel blocking schemes. We propose that the data can be explained by a model in which 4-AP binding is most stable when the channel has a symmetric arrangement in the binding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rasmusson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medicine Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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