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Chen P, Li Y, Dai Y, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Li G. Advances in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Liver Disease-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:581-594. [PMID: 38525158 PMCID: PMC10960512 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s450460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer globally and the primary cause of death in cancer cases, with significant public health concern worldwide. Despite the overall decline in the incidence and mortality rates of HCC in recent years in recent years, the emergence of metabolic liver disease-related HCC is causing heightened concern, especially in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and P.R. China. The escalation of metabolic liver disease-related HCC is attributed to a combination of factors, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and changes in the living environment. However, the pathogenesis of metabolic liver disease-associated HCC remains imperfect. In this review, we encapsulate the latest advances and essential aspects of the pathogenesis of metabolic liver disease-associated HCC, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and inherited metabolic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinggui Chen
- Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoxuan Li
- Department of School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunyan Dai
- Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Zhou
- Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaopeng Li
- Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Li B, Rodrigo-Torres D, Pelz C, Innes B, Canaday P, Chai S, Zandstra P, Bader GD, Grompe M. Cell networks in the mouse liver during partial hepatectomy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.16.549116. [PMID: 37503083 PMCID: PMC10370080 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In solid tissues homeostasis and regeneration after injury involve a complex interplay between many different cell types. The mammalian liver harbors numerous epithelial and non-epithelial cells and little is known about the global signaling networks that govern their interactions. To better understand the hepatic cell network, we isolated and purified 10 different cell populations from normal and regenerative mouse livers. Their transcriptomes were analyzed by bulk RNA-seq and a computational platform was used to analyze the cell-cell and ligand-receptor interactions among the 10 populations. Over 50,000 potential cell-cell interactions were found in both the ground state and after partial hepatectomy. Importantly, about half of these differed between the two states, indicating massive changes in the cell network during regeneration. Our study provides the first comprehensive database of potential cell-cell interactions in mammalian liver cell homeostasis and regeneration. With the help of this prediction model, we identified and validated two previously unknown signaling interactions involved in accelerating and delaying liver regeneration. Overall, we provide a novel platform for investigating autocrine/paracrine pathways in tissue regeneration, which can be adapted to other complex multicellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brendan Innes
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sunghee Chai
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Peter Zandstra
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gary D. Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Acharya N, Singh KP. Recent advances in the molecular basis of chemotherapy resistance and potential application of epigenetic therapeutics in chemorefractory renal cell carcinoma. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1575. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Acharya
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Kamaleshwar P. Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
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Use of RNA-Seq and a Transgenic Mouse Model to Identify Genes Which May Contribute to Mutant p53-Driven Prostate Cancer Initiation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020218. [PMID: 35205085 PMCID: PMC8869245 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We use RNA-seq analysis to identify genes that may contribute to mutant p53-mediated prostate cancer initiation in a genetically engineered mouse model (B6.129S4-Trp53tm3.1Tyj/J). A total of 1378 differentially expressed genes, including wildtype p53 target genes (e.g. Cdkn1a, Bax, Bcl2, Kras, Mdm2), p53 gain-of-function-related genes (Mgmt, Id4), and prostate cancer-related genes (Cav-1, Raf1, Kras), were identified. Mice that were homozygous or heterozygous for the Trp53 R270H mutation developed grade one PIN lesions at 3 months and 5 months, respectively, whereas wildtype mice did not develop PIN. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased levels of irradiation-mediated apoptosis in homozygous and heterozygous mice when compared to wildtype counterparts, and this aligned with observed differences in apoptosis-related gene expression. Abstract We previously demonstrated that the Trp53-R270H mutation can drive prostate cancer (CaP) initiation using the FVB.129S4 (Trp53tm3Tyj/wt); FVB.129S (Nkx3-1tm3(cre)Mmswt) genetically engineered mouse model (GEM). We now validate this finding in a different model (B6.129S4-Trp53tm3.1Tyj/J mice) and use RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify genes which may contribute to Trp53 R270H-mediated prostate carcinogenesis. Wildtype (Trp53WT/WT), heterozygous (Trp53R270H/WT), and homozygous mice (Trp53R270H/R270H) were exposed to 5 Gy irradiation to activate and stabilize p53, and thereby enhance our ability to identify differences in transcriptional activity between the three groups of mice. Mouse prostates were harvested 6 h post-irradiation and processed for histological/immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis or were snap-frozen for RNA extraction and transcriptome profiling. IHC analyses determined that presence of the Trp53-R270H mutation impacts apoptosis (lower caspase 3 activity) but not cell proliferation (Ki67). RNA-Seq analysis identified 1378 differentially expressed genes, including wildtype p53 target genes (E.g., Cdkn1a, Bax, Bcl2, Kras, Mdm2), p53 gain-of-function (GOF)-related genes (Mgmt, Id4), and CaP-related genes (Cav-1, Raf1, Kras). Further understanding the mechanisms which contribute to prostate carcinogenesis could allow for the development of improved preventive methods, diagnostics, and treatments for CaP.
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López-Cortés A, Abarca E, Silva L, Velastegui E, León-Sosa A, Karolys G, Cabrera F, Caicedo A. Identification of key proteins in the signaling crossroads between wound healing and cancer hallmark phenotypes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17245. [PMID: 34446793 PMCID: PMC8390472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing (WH) and cancer seem to share common cellular and molecular processes that could work in a tight balance to maintain tissue homeostasis or, when unregulated, drive tumor progression. The "Cancer Hallmarks" comprise crucial biological properties that mediate the advancement of the disease and affect patient prognosis. These hallmarks have been proposed to overlap with essential features of the WH process. However, common hallmarks and proteins actively participating in both processes have yet to be described. In this work we identify 21 WH proteins strongly linked with solid tumors by integrated TCGA Pan-Cancer and multi-omics analyses. These proteins were associated with eight of the ten described cancer hallmarks, especially avoiding immune destruction. These results show that WH and cancer's common proteins are involved in the microenvironment modification of solid tissues and immune system regulation. This set of proteins, between WH and cancer, could represent key targets for developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés López-Cortés
- grid.412257.70000 0004 0485 6316Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador ,Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain ,grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535RNASA-IMEDIR, Computer Science Faculty, Universidad of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Estefanía Abarca
- grid.442129.8Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana UPS, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Leonardo Silva
- grid.442129.8Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana UPS, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Erick Velastegui
- grid.442129.8Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana UPS, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ariana León-Sosa
- grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Germania Karolys
- grid.442129.8Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana UPS, Quito, Ecuador ,grid.442129.8Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas a los Recursos Biológicos, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Cabrera
- grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador ,grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador ,grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador ,Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador ,grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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6
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Buitrago-Molina LE, Marhenke S, Becker D, Geffers R, Itzel T, Teufel A, Jaeschke H, Lechel A, Unger K, Markovic J, Sharma AD, Marquardt JU, Saborowski M, Saborowski A, Vogel A. p53-Independent Induction of p21 Fails to Control Regeneration and Hepatocarcinogenesis in a Murine Liver Injury Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1387-1404. [PMID: 33484913 PMCID: PMC8024980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A coordinated stress and regenerative response is important after hepatocyte damage. Here, we investigate the phenotypes that result from genetic abrogation of individual components of the checkpoint kinase 2/transformation-related protein 53 (p53)/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21) pathway in a murine model of metabolic liver injury. METHODS Nitisinone was reduced or withdrawn in Fah-/- mice lacking Chk2, p53, or p21, and survival, tumor development, liver injury, and regeneration were analyzed. Partial hepatectomies were performed and mice were challenged with the Fas antibody Jo2. RESULTS In a model of metabolic liver injury, loss of p53, but not Chk2, impairs the oxidative stress response and aggravates liver damage, indicative of a direct p53-dependent protective effect on hepatocytes. Cell-cycle control during chronic liver injury critically depends on the presence of both p53 and its downstream effector p21. In p53-deficient hepatocytes, unchecked proliferation occurs despite a strong induction of p21, showing a complex interdependency between p21 and p53. The increased regenerative potential in the absence of p53 cannot fully compensate the surplus injury and is not sufficient to promote survival. Despite the distinct phenotypes associated with the loss of individual components of the DNA damage response, gene expression patterns are dominated by the severity of liver injury, but reflect distinct effects of p53 on proliferation and the anti-oxidative stress response. CONCLUSIONS Characteristic phenotypes result from the genetic abrogation of individual components of the DNA damage-response cascade in a liver injury model. The extent to which loss of gene function can be compensated, or affects injury and proliferation, is related to the level at which the cascade is interrupted. Accession numbers of repository for expression microarray data: GSE156983, GSE156263, GSE156852, and GSE156252.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Marhenke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Becker
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Timo Itzel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jovana Markovic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens U. Marquardt
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Arndt Vogel, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. fax: (49) 5115328392.
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7
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Cubero FJ, Mohamed MR, Woitok MM, Zhao G, Hatting M, Nevzorova YA, Chen C, Haybaeck J, de Bruin A, Avila MA, Boekschoten MV, Davis RJ, Trautwein C. Loss of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 and 2 Function in Liver Epithelial Cells Triggers Biliary Hyperproliferation Resembling Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:834-851. [PMID: 32490320 PMCID: PMC7262317 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs) has shown therapeutic potential in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)‐related tumorigenesis. However, the cell‐type‐specific role and mechanisms triggered by JNK in liver parenchymal cells during CCA remain largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the relevance of JNK1 and JNK2 function in hepatocytes in two different models of experimental carcinogenesis, the dethylnitrosamine (DEN) model and in nuclear factor kappa B essential modulator (NEMO)hepatocyte‐specific knockout (Δhepa) mice, focusing on liver damage, cell death, compensatory proliferation, fibrogenesis, and tumor development. Moreover, regulation of essential genes was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblottings, and immunostainings. Additionally, specific Jnk2 inhibition in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice was performed using small interfering (si) RNA (siJnk2) nanodelivery. Finally, active signaling pathways were blocked using specific inhibitors. Compound deletion of Jnk1 and Jnk2 in hepatocytes diminished hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in both the DEN model and in NEMOΔhepa mice but in contrast caused massive proliferation of the biliary ducts. Indeed, Jnk1/2 deficiency in hepatocytes of NEMOΔhepa (NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa) animals caused elevated fibrosis, increased apoptosis, increased compensatory proliferation, and elevated inflammatory cytokines expression but reduced HCC. Furthermore, siJnk2 treatment in NEMOΔhepa/JNK1Δhepa mice recapitulated the phenotype of NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa mice. Next, we sought to investigate the impact of molecular pathways in response to compound JNK deficiency in NEMOΔhepa mice. We found that NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa livers exhibited overexpression of the interleukin‐6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in addition to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. The functional relevance was tested by administering lapatinib, which is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of erythroblastic oncogene B‐2 (ErbB2) and EGFR signaling, to NEMOΔhepa/JNKΔhepa mice. Lapatinib effectively inhibited cystogenesis, improved transaminases, and effectively blocked EGFR‐Raf‐MEK‐ERK signaling. Conclusion: We define a novel function of JNK1/2 in cholangiocyte hyperproliferation. This opens new therapeutic avenues devised to inhibit pathways of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology, and ENT Complutense University School of Medicine Madrid Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute Madrid Spain
| | - Mohamed Ramadan Mohamed
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany.,Department of Therapeutic Chemistry National Research Center Giza Egypt
| | - Marius M Woitok
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany.,Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology Faculty of Biology Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology, and ENT Complutense University School of Medicine Madrid Spain
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Germany.,Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria.,Department of Pathology, Neuropathology, and Molecular Pathology Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dutch Molecular Pathology Center Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Matias A Avila
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Hepatology Program Center for Applied Medical Research University of Navarra Pamplona Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany
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Loss of CDKN1A mRNA and Protein Expression Are Independent Predictors of Poor Outcome in Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020465. [PMID: 32079343 PMCID: PMC7072616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) patients have good prognosis. Only 5%-10% patients die of metastatic disease after tumorectomy, but tumor progression cannot be predicted by histopathological parameters alone. chRCC are characterized by losses of many chromosomes, whereas gene mutations are rare. In this study, we aim at identifying genes indicating chRCC progression. A bioinformatic approach was used to correlate chromosomal loss and mRNA expression from 15287 genes from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. All genes in TCGA chromophobe renal cancer dataset (KICH) for which a significant correlation between chromosomal loss and mRNA expression was shown, were identified and their associations with outcome was assessed. Genome-wide DNA copy-number alterations were analyzed by Affymetrix OncoScan® CNV FFPE Microarrays in a second cohort of Swiss chRCC. In both cohorts, tumors with loss of chromosomes 2, 6, 10, 13, 17 and 21 had signs of tumor progression. There were 4654 genes located on these chromosomes, and 13 of these genes had reduced mRNA levels, which was associated with poor outcome in chRCC. Decreased CDKN1A expression at mRNA (p = 0.02) and protein levels (p = 0.02) were associated with short overall survival and were independent predictors of prognosis (p <0.01 and <0.05 respectively). CDKN1A expression status is a prognostic biomarker independent of tumor stage. CDKN1A immunohistochemistry may be used to identify chRCC patients at greater risk of disease progression.
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9
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The extent of liver injury determines hepatocyte fate toward senescence or cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:575. [PMID: 29760381 PMCID: PMC5951829 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that induction of hepatocyte senescence could inhibit the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Until now, it is still unclear how the degree of liver injury dictates hepatocyte senescence and carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether the severity of injury determines cell fate decisions between hepatocyte senescence and carcinogenesis. After testing of different degrees of liver injury, we found that hepatocyte senescence is strongly induced in the setting of severe acute liver injury. Longer-term, moderate liver injury, on the contrary did not result into hepatocyte senescence, but led to a significant incidence of HCC instead. In addition, carcinogenesis was significantly reduced by the induction of severe acute injury after chronic moderate liver injury. Meanwhile, immune surveillance, especially the activations of macrophages, was activated after re-induction of senescence by severe acute liver injury. We conclude that severe acute liver injury leads to hepatocyte senescence along with activating immune surveillance and a low incidence of HCC, whereas chronic moderate injury allows hepatocytes to proliferate rather than to enter into senescence, and correlates with a high incidence of HCC. This study improves our understanding in hepatocyte cell fate decisions and suggests a potential clinical strategy to induce senescence to treat HCC.
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10
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Gene expression changes in the retina after systemic administration of aldosterone. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018; 62:499-507. [PMID: 29713904 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-018-0595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss associated with thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer without elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) occurs after the systemic administration of aldosterone. Since it is important to determine the mechanism of cell death independent of the IOP, we examined gene expression changes in the retina after the systemic administration of aldosterone. METHODS Following subcutaneous implantation of an osmotic minipump into the mid-scapular region of rats, we administered an 80 μg/kg/day dose of aldosterone. Differences in the gene expression in the retina between normal rats and aldosterone-treated rats were investigated using microarrays. Real-time PCR was used to confirm the differential expression. RESULTS Analysis of the microarray data sets revealed the upregulation of 24 genes and the downregulation of 24 genes of key apoptosis-specific genes. Real-time PCR revealed 4 genes (Cdkn1a, Tbox5, Pf4, Vdr) were upregulated while 12 genes (Acvr1c, Asns, Bard1, Card9, Crh, Fcgr1a, Inhba, Kcnh8, Lck, Phlda1, Ptprc, Sh3rf1) were downregulated. CONCLUSIONS Significant increases and decreases were noted in several genes after the systemic administration of aldosterone. Further studies will need to be undertaken in order to definitively clarify the role of these genes in the eyes of animals with normal-tension glaucoma.
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11
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Senescence and cell death in chronic liver injury: roles and mechanisms underlying hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 9:8772-8784. [PMID: 29492237 PMCID: PMC5823588 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury (CLI) is a complex pathological process typically characterized by progressive destruction and regeneration of liver parenchymal cells due to diverse risk factors such as alcohol abuse, drug toxicity, viral infection, and genetic metabolic disorders. When the damage to hepatocytes is mild, the liver can regenerate itself and restore to the normal state; when the damage is irreparable, hepatocytes would undergo senescence or various forms of death including apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis. These pathological changes not only promote the progression of the existing hepatopathies via various underlying mechanisms but are closely associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the pathological changes that hepatocytes undergo during CLI, and their roles and mechanisms in the progression of hepatopathies and hepatocarcinogenesis. We also give a brief introduction about some animal models currently used for the research of CLI and progress in the research of CLI.
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12
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Molecular Pathogenesis of Liver Injury in Hereditary Tyrosinemia 1. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 959:49-64. [PMID: 28755183 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55780-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Untreated HT1 rapidly degenerates into very severe liver complications often resulting in liver cancer. The molecular basis of the pathogenic process in HT1 is still unclear. The murine model of FAH-deficiency is a suitable animal model, which represents all phenotypic and biochemical manifestations of the human disease on an accelerated time scale. After removal of the drug 2-(2-N-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC), numerous signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and cancer are rapidly deregulated in FAH deficient mice. Among these, the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway, the heat stress response (HSR), the Nrf2, MEK and ERK pathways, are highly represented. The p21 and mTOR pathways critical regulators of proliferation and tumorigenesis have also been found to be dysregulated. The changes in these pathways are described and related to the development of liver cancer.
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13
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Liu M, Chen P. Proliferation‑inhibiting pathways in liver regeneration (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:23-35. [PMID: 28534998 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration, an orchestrated process, is the primary compensatory mechanism following liver injury caused by various factors. The process of liver regeneration consists of three stages: Initiation, proliferation and termination. Proliferation‑promoting factors, which stimulate the recovery of mitosis in quiescent hepatocytes, are essential in the initiation and proliferation steps of liver regeneration. Proliferation‑promoting factors act as the 'motor' of liver regeneration, whereas proliferation inhibitors arrest cell proliferation when the remnant liver reaches a suitable size. Certain proliferation inhibitors are also expressed and activated in the first two steps of liver regeneration. Anti‑proliferation factors, acting as a 'brake', control the speed of proliferation and determine the terminal point of liver regeneration. Furthermore, anti‑proliferation factors function as a 'steering‑wheel', ensuring that the regeneration process proceeds in the right direction by preventing proliferation in the wrong direction, as occurs in oncogenesis. Therefore, proliferation inhibitors to ensure safe and stable liver regeneration are as important as proliferation‑promoting factors. Cytokines, including transforming growth factor‑β and interleukin‑1, and tumor suppressor genes, including p53 and p21, are important members of the proliferation inhibitor family in liver regeneration. Certain anti‑proliferation factors are involved in the process of gene expression and protein modification. The suppression of liver regeneration led by metabolism, hormone activity and pathological performance have been reviewed previously. However, less is known regarding the proliferation inhibitors of liver regeneration and further investigations are required. Detailed information regarding the majority of known anti‑proliferation signaling pathways also remains fragmented. The present review aimed to understand the signalling pathways that inhbit proliferation in the process of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menggang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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Grompe M. Fah Knockout Animals as Models for Therapeutic Liver Repopulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 959:215-230. [PMID: 28755199 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55780-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several animal models of Fah deficiency have been developed, including mice, pigs and most recently rats. Initially, the murine models were developed with the intent to mirror the human disease for pathophysiologic and therapeutic studies. However, it soon became apparent that Fah-positive hepatocytes have a potent selective growth advantage in mutant liver and can extensively repopulate the diseased organ. For this reason, Fah mutant mice have become a workhorse for liver biology and are widely used in liver stem cell and hepatic gene therapy research. Immune deficient Fah-knockout mice can be repopulated with human hepatocytes, creating "mice with human livers". These chimeric animals have become an important preclinical model for infectious diseases, metabolism and gene therapy. The potent expansion of human hepatocytes in Fah knockout mice has given rise to the concept of using Fah mutants as living bioreactors to produce large quantities of fully mature hepatocytes. As a consequence, larger animal models of Fah deficiency have recently been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
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15
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Sullivan LB, Gui DY, Vander Heiden MG. Altered metabolite levels in cancer: implications for tumour biology and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:680-693. [PMID: 27658530 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Altered cell metabolism is a characteristic feature of many cancers. Aside from well-described changes in nutrient consumption and waste excretion, altered cancer cell metabolism also results in changes to intracellular metabolite concentrations. Increased levels of metabolites that result directly from genetic mutations and cancer-associated modifications in protein expression can promote cancer initiation and progression. Changes in the levels of specific metabolites, such as 2-hydroxyglutarate, fumarate, succinate, aspartate and reactive oxygen species, can result in altered cell signalling, enzyme activity and/or metabolic flux. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms that lead to changes in metabolite concentrations in cancer cells, the consequences of these changes for the cells and how they might be exploited to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Sullivan
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dan Y Gui
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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Wang Y, Kuramitsu Y, Baron B, Kitagawa T, Tokuda K, Akada J, Nakamura K. CGK733-induced LC3 II formation is positively associated with the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 through modulation of the AMPK and PERK/CHOP signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39692-701. [PMID: 26486079 PMCID: PMC4741855 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II is essential for autophagosome formation and is widely used to monitor autophagic activity. We show that CGK733 induces LC3 II and LC3-puncta accumulation, which are not involved in the activation of autophagy. The treatment of CGK733 did not alter the autophagic flux and was unrelated to p62 degradation. Treatment with CGK733 activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (PERK/CHOP) pathways and elevated the expression of p21Waf1/Cip1. Inhibition of both AMPK and PERK/CHOP pathways by siRNA or chemical inhibitor could block CGK733-induced p21Waf1/Cip1 expression as well as caspase-3 cleavage. Knockdown of LC3 B (but not LC3 A) abolished CGK733-triggered LC3 II accumulation and consequently diminished AMPK and PERK/CHOP activity as well as p21Waf1/Cip1 expression. Our results demonstrate that CGK733-triggered LC3 II formation is an initial event upstream of the AMPK and PERK/CHOP pathways, both of which control p21Waf1/Cip1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Byron Baron
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Takao Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tokuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Junko Akada
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Centre of Clinical Laboratories in Tokuyama Medical Association Hospital, Shunan, Japan
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17
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Efficient liver repopulation of transplanted hepatocyte prevents cirrhosis in a rat model of hereditary tyrosinemia type I. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31460. [PMID: 27510266 PMCID: PMC4980609 DOI: 10.1038/srep31460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1) is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah). Fah-deficient mice and pigs are phenotypically analogous to human HT1, but do not recapitulate all the chronic features of the human disorder, especially liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Rats as an important model organism for biomedical research have many advantages over other animal models. Genome engineering in rats is limited till the availability of new gene editing technologies. Using the recently developed CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we generated Fah(-/-) rats. The Fah(-/-) rats faithfully represented major phenotypic and biochemical manifestations of human HT1, including hypertyrosinemia, liver failure, and renal tubular damage. More importantly, the Fah(-/-) rats developed remarkable liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, which have not been observed in Fah mutant mice or pigs. Transplantation of wild-type hepatocytes rescued the Fah(-/-) rats from impending death. Moreover, the highly efficient repopulation of hepatocytes in Fah(-/-) livers prevented the progression of liver fibrosis to cirrhosis and in turn restored liver architecture. These results indicate that Fah(-/-) rats may be used as an animal model of HT1 with liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, Fah(-/-) rats may be used as a tool in studying hepatocyte transplantation and a bioreactor for the expansion of hepatocytes.
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18
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Endig J, Buitrago-Molina LE, Marhenke S, Reisinger F, Saborowski A, Schütt J, Limbourg F, Könecke C, Schreder A, Michael A, Misslitz AC, Healy ME, Geffers R, Clavel T, Haller D, Unger K, Finegold M, Weber A, Manns MP, Longerich T, Heikenwälder M, Vogel A. Dual Role of the Adaptive Immune System in Liver Injury and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:308-323. [PMID: 27478039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a classic example of inflammation-linked cancer. To characterize the role of the immune system in hepatic injury and tumor development, we comparatively studied the extent of liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis in immunocompromised versus immunocompetent Fah-deficient mice. Strikingly, chronic liver injury and tumor development were markedly suppressed in alymphoid Fah(-/-) mice despite an overall increased mortality. Mechanistically, we show that CD8(+) T cells and lymphotoxin β are central mediators of HCC formation. Antibody-mediated depletion of CD8(+) T cells as well as pharmacological inhibition of the lymphotoxin-β receptor markedly delays tumor development in mice with chronic liver injury. Thus, our study unveils distinct functions of the immune system, which are required for liver regeneration, survival, and hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Endig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Marhenke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Reisinger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Saborowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Schütt
- Department of Cardiology, Philipps University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Limbourg
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Könecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina Schreder
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina Michael
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ana Clara Misslitz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Eammonn Healy
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Geffers
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Milton Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Department of Cardiology, Philipps University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Wang Y, Chen CL, Pan QZ, Wu YY, Zhao JJ, Jiang SS, Chao J, Zhang XF, Zhang HX, Zhou ZQ, Tang Y, Huang XQ, Zhang JH, Xia JC. Decreased TPD52 expression is associated with poor prognosis in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6323-34. [PMID: 26575170 PMCID: PMC4868759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor protein D52 (TPD52) has been indicated to be involved in tumorigenesis of various malignancies. But its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. This study aimed to explore the expression of TPD52 in HCC samples and cell lines using real-time quantitative PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The prognostic value of TPD52 in HCC was also analysed. Meanwhile, the mechanism of TPD52 in hepatocarcinogenesis was further investigated by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, over-express and knockdown studies. We found that TPD52 expression was significantly decreased in the HCC tissues and HCC cell lines. TPD52 expression was significantly correlated with tumor-nodes-metastasis (TNM) stage. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that high TPD52 expression was associated with improved overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in HCC patients. Multivariate analysis indicated that TPD52 expression was an independent prognostic marker for the OS and DFS of patients. In addition, TPD52 expression was positively correlated with p21 and p53 expression, and was negatively correlated with MDM2, BCL2 and P-GSK-3β expression in HCC. In conclusions, our findings suggested that TPD52 is a potential tumor suppressor in HCC. It may be a novel prognostic biomarker and molecular therapy target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Long Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Zhong Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Yuan Wu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Panyu Branch of Armed Police Corps Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan-Shan Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Qiong Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Department of Health Service Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Leung TH, Snyder ER, Liu Y, Wang J, Kim SK. A cellular, molecular, and pharmacological basis for appendage regeneration in mice. Genes Dev 2016; 29:2097-107. [PMID: 26494786 PMCID: PMC4617975 DOI: 10.1101/gad.267724.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to restore normal tissue architecture and function. However, the basis of tissue regeneration in mammalian solid organs remains undefined. Remarkably, mice lacking p21 fully regenerate injured ears without discernable scarring. Here we show that, in wild-type mice following tissue injury, stromal-derived factor-1 (Sdf1) is up-regulated in the wound epidermis and recruits Cxcr4-expressing leukocytes to the injury site. In p21-deficient mice, Sdf1 up-regulation and the subsequent recruitment of Cxcr4-expressing leukocytes are significantly diminished, thereby permitting scarless appendage regeneration. Lineage tracing demonstrates that this regeneration derives from fate-restricted progenitor cells. Pharmacological or genetic disruption of Sdf1-Cxcr4 signaling enhances tissue repair, including full reconstitution of tissue architecture and all cell types. Our findings identify signaling and cellular mechanisms underlying appendage regeneration in mice and suggest new therapeutic approaches for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Leung
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Emily R Snyder
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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21
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Ding K, Wu S, Ying W, Pan Q, Li X, Zhao D, Li X, Zhao Q, Zhu Y, Ren H, Qian X. Leveraging a Multi-Omics Strategy for Prioritizing Personalized Candidate Mutation-Driver Genes: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17564. [PMID: 26631547 PMCID: PMC4668376 DOI: 10.1038/srep17564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of mutant forms of proteins (e.g., oncogenes and tumor suppressors) has implications in cancer biology and clinical practice. Initial efforts have been made to characterize the transcription of tumor-mutated alleles; however, few studies have been reported to link tumor-mutated alleles to proteomics. We aimed to characterize the transcriptional and translational patterns of tumor-mutated alleles. We performed whole-exome sequencing, RNA-seq, and proteome profiling in a hyper-mutated patient of hepatocellular carcinoma. Using the patient as a model, we show that only a small proportion of tumor-mutated alleles were expressed. In this case, 42% and 3.5% of the tumor-mutated alleles were identified to be transcribed and translated, respectively. Compared with genes with germline variations or without mutations, somatic mutations significantly reduced protein expression abundance. Using the transcriptional and translational patterns of tumor-mutated alleles, we classified the mutations into four types, and only one type may be associated with the liver cancer and lead to hepatocarcinogenesis in the patient. Our results demonstrate how tumor-mutated alleles are transcribed and translated, and how the expression enables the classification of somatic mutations that cause cancer. Leveraging multiple ‘omics’ datasets provides a new avenue for understanding patient-specific mutations that underlie carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyue Ding
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education of China; Depeartment of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400010
| | - Songfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Protein Science Beijing Center, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China, 102206
| | - Wantao Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Protein Science Beijing Center, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China, 102206
| | - Qi Pan
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education of China; Depeartment of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400010
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China, 100730
| | - Dachun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China, 100730
| | - Xianyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Protein Science Beijing Center, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China, 102206
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Protein Science Beijing Center, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China, 102206
| | - Yunping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Protein Science Beijing Center, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China, 102206
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education of China; Depeartment of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400010
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Protein Science Beijing Center, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China, 102206
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22
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Wangensteen KJ, Zhang S, Greenbaum LE, Kaestner KH. A genetic screen reveals Foxa3 and TNFR1 as key regulators of liver repopulation. Genes Dev 2015; 29:904-9. [PMID: 25934503 PMCID: PMC4421979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.258855.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wangensteen et al. employed a parallel screen to test the impact of 43 selected genes on liver repopulation in the Fah−/− mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia. The transcription factor Foxa3 was a strong promoter of liver regeneration, while tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) was the most significant suppressor of repopulation among all of the genes tested. The fundamental question of which genes are most important in controlling liver regeneration remains unanswered. We employed a parallel screen to test the impact of 43 selected genes on liver repopulation in the Fah−/− mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia. We discovered that the transcription factor Foxa3 was a strong promoter of liver regeneration, while tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) was the most significant suppressor of repopulation among all of the genes tested. Our approach enabled the identification of these factors as important regulators of liver repopulation and potential drug targets for the promotion of liver repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J Wangensteen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sophia Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Linda E Greenbaum
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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23
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Wang Y, Liu W, Du J, Yu Y, Liang N, Liang M, Yao G, Cui S, Huang H, Sun F. NGF promotes mouse granulosa cell proliferation by inhibiting ESR2 mediated down-regulation of CDKN1A. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 406:68-77. [PMID: 25737208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to play key roles in ovarian follicular development, such as the assembly of early follicles and follicular ovulation through its high-affinity receptor, tyrosine kinase receptor A (trkA). Herein, the molecular mechanism controlling NGF-induced granulosa cell (GC) proliferation was not clear. In this study, we found that NGF is abundant in preantral GCs and knockdown of trkA in GCs attenuated NGF-induced GC proliferation and further decreased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), also named p21, a factor which could be either a negative or a positive regulator via transformation related protein 53 (TRP53, also named p53)-dependent or independent pathways in cell proliferation, was up-regulated during the process of NGF-induced GC proliferation. Blockade of trkA (K252α) and ERK1/2 (U0126) in GCs decreased NGF-induced expression of CDKN1A and did not alter the expression of TRP53, indicating that NGF stimulates CDKN1A expression via the trkA-ERK1/2 pathway in a TRP53-independent manner. Meanwhile, ESR2, a tumor suppressor which is exclusively expressed in GCs, was suppressed in NGF-induced GC proliferation, and this effect was abrogated by U0126. Blockade of ESR2 (ICI182,780) caused the promotion of GC proliferation and CDKN1A expression, indicating that ESR2 may be downstream of the ERK1/2 pathway in mediating the effect of CDKN1A on NGF-induced GC proliferation. Therefore, ESR2 may be involved in the integration of intracellular signal cascades and cell cycle proteins in affecting GC proliferation. Here, we provide mechanistic insights into the roles of CDKN1A in NGF-induced GC proliferation. Understanding potential cross-points between CDKN1A and ESR2 affecting GC proliferation will help in the discovery of new therapeutic targets in some female infertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Juan Du
- Xinxiang Medical College, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Jinzhou Medical College, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Ning Liang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Meng Liang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guidong Yao
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fei Sun
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Haematopoietic cell-derived Jnk1 is crucial for chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis in an experimental model of liver injury. J Hepatol 2015; 62:140-9. [PMID: 25173965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic liver injury triggers complications such as liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which are associated with alterations in distinct signalling pathways. Of particular interest is the interaction between mechanisms controlled by IKKγ/NEMO, the regulatory IKK subunit, and Jnk activation for directing cell death and survival. In the present study, we aimed to define the relevance of Jnk in hepatocyte-specific NEMO knockout mice (NEMO(Δhepa)), a genetic model of chronic inflammatory liver injury. METHODS We generated Jnk1(-/-)/NEMO(Δhepa) and Jnk2(-/-)/NEMO(Δhepa) mice by crossing NEMO(Δhepa) mice with Jnk1 and Jnk2 global deficient animals, respectively, and examined the progression of chronic liver disease. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Jnk during acute liver injury, evaluated the role of Jnk1 in bone marrow-derived cells, and analysed the expression of NEMO and p-JNK in human diseased-livers. RESULTS Deletion of Jnk1 significantly aggravated the progression of liver disease, exacerbating apoptosis, compensatory proliferation and carcinogenesis in NEMO(Δhepa) mice. Conversely, Jnk2(-/-)/NEMO(Δhepa) displayed hepatic inflammation. By using bone marrow transfer, we observed that Jnk1 in haematopoietic cells had an impact on the progression of chronic liver disease in NEMO(Δhepa) livers. These findings are of clinical relevance since NEMO expression was downregulated in hepatocytes of patients with HCC whereas NEMO and p-JNK were expressed in a large amount of infiltrating cells. CONCLUSIONS A synergistic function of Jnk1 in haematopoietic cells and hepatocytes might be relevant for the development of chronic liver injury. These results elucidate the complex function of Jnk in chronic inflammatory liver disease.
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Arsenic trioxide amplifies cisplatin toxicity in human tubular cells transformed by HPV-16 E6/E7 for further therapeutic directions in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:953-61. [PMID: 25444910 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA integrations may affect therapeutic responses in cancers through ATM network-related DNA damage response (DDR). We studied whether cisplatin-induced DDR was altered in human HK-2 renal tubular cells immortalized by HPV16 E6/E7 genes. Cytotoxicity assays utilized thiazolyl blue dye and DDR was identified by gene expression differences, double-strand DNA breaks, ATM promoter activity, and analysis of cell cycling and side population cells. After cisplatin, HK-2 cells showed greater ATM promoter activity indicating activation of this network, but DDR was muted, since little γH2AX was expressed, DNA strand breaks were absent and cells continued cycling. When HK-2 cells were treated with the MDM2 antagonist inducing p53, nutlin-3, or p53 transcriptional activator, tenovin-1, cell growth decreased but cisplatin toxicity was unaffected. By contrast, arsenic trioxide, which by inhibiting wild-type p53-induced phosphatase-1 that serves responses downstream of p53, and by depolymerizing tubulin, synergistically enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity including loss of SP cells. Our findings demonstrated that HPV16 E6/E7 altered DDR through p53-mediated cell growth controls, which may be overcome by targeting of WIP1 and other processes, and thus should be relevant for treating renal cell carcinoma.
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Marhenke S, Buitrago-Molina LE, Endig J, Orlik J, Schweitzer N, Klett S, Longerich T, Geffers R, Sánchez Muñoz A, Dorrell C, Katz SF, Lechel A, Weng H, Krech T, Lehmann U, Dooley S, Rudolph KL, Manns MP, Vogel A. p21 promotes sustained liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis in chronic cholestatic liver injury. Gut 2014; 63:1501-12. [PMID: 24092862 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 has been implicated as a tumour suppressor. Moreover, recent genetic studies suggest that p21 might be a potential therapeutic target to improve regeneration in chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to delineate the role of p21 in chronic liver injury and to specify its role in hepatocarcinogenesis in a mouse model of chronic cholestatic liver injury. METHODS The degree of liver injury, regeneration and tumour formation was assessed in Mdr2(-/-) mice and compared with Mdr2/ p21(-/-) mice. Moreover, the role of p21 was evaluated in hepatoma cells in vitro and in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS Mdr2(-/-) mice developed HCCs as a consequence of chronic inflammatory liver injury. In contrast, tumour development was profoundly delayed in Mdr2/ p21(-/-) mice. Delayed tumour development was accompanied by markedly impaired liver regeneration in Mdr2/ p21(-/-) mice. Moreover, the regenerative capacity of the Mdr2/ p21(-/-) livers in response to partial hepatectomy declined with age in these mice. Hepatocyte transplantation experiments revealed that impaired liver regeneration was due to intrinsic factors within the cells and changes in the Mdr2/ p21(-/-) microenvironment. In human HCCs, a subset of tumours expressed p21, which was associated with a significant shorter patient survival. CONCLUSIONS We provide experimental evidence that p21 is required for sustained liver regeneration and tumour development in chronic liver injury indicating that p21 needs to be tightly regulated in order to balance liver regeneration and cancer risk. Moreover, we identify p21 as a negative prognostic marker in human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Marhenke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Endig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Orlik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Schweitzer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Klett
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez Muñoz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Craig Dorrell
- Department of Genetics, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Sarah-Fee Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Honglei Weng
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Department of Pathology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Department of Pathology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Tarlow BD, Finegold MJ, Grompe M. Clonal tracing of Sox9+ liver progenitors in mouse oval cell injury. Hepatology 2014; 60:278-89. [PMID: 24700457 PMCID: PMC4077948 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Proliferating ducts, termed "oval cells," have long been thought to be bipotential, that is, produce both biliary ducts and hepatocytes during chronic liver injury. The precursor to oval cells is considered to be a facultative liver stem cell (LSC). Recent lineage tracing experiments indicated that the LSC is SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 9 positive (Sox9(+) ) and can replace the bulk of hepatocyte mass in several settings. However, no clonal relationship between Sox9(+) cells and the two epithelial liver lineages was established. We labeled Sox9(+) mouse liver cells at low density with a multicolor fluorescent confetti reporter. Organoid formation validated the progenitor activity of the labeled population. Sox9(+) cells were traced in multiple oval cell injury models using both histology and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Surprisingly, only rare clones containing both hepatocytes and oval cells were found in any experiment. Quantitative analysis showed that Sox9(+) cells contributed only minimally (<1%) to the hepatocyte pool, even in classic oval cell injury models. In contrast, clonally marked mature hepatocytes demonstrated the ability to self-renew in all classic mouse oval cell activation injuries. A hepatocyte chimera model to trace hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells also demonstrated the prevalence of hepatocyte-driven regeneration in mouse oval cell injury models. CONCLUSION Sox9(+) ductal progenitor cells give rise to clonal oval cell proliferation and bipotential organoids, but rarely produce hepatocytes in vivo. Hepatocytes themselves are the predominant source of new parenchyma cells in prototypical mouse models of oval cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden D Tarlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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28
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Mouse liver repopulation with hepatocytes generated from human fibroblasts. Nature 2014; 508:93-7. [PMID: 24572354 PMCID: PMC4161230 DOI: 10.1038/nature13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the capability of revolutionizing research and therapy of liver diseases by providing a source of hepatocytes for autologous cell therapy and disease modelling. However, despite progress in advancing the differentiation of iPSCs into hepatocytes (iPSC-Heps) in vitro, cells that replicate the ability of human primary adult hepatocytes (aHeps) to proliferate extensively in vivo have not been reported. This deficiency has hampered efforts to recreate human liver diseases in mice, and has cast doubt on the potential of iPSC-Heps for liver cell therapy. The reason is that extensive post-transplant expansion is needed to establish and sustain a therapeutically effective liver cell mass in patients, a lesson learned from clinical trials of aHep transplantation. Here, as a solution to this problem, we report the generation of human fibroblast-derived hepatocytes that can repopulate mouse livers. Unlike current protocols for deriving hepatocytes from human fibroblasts, ours did not generate iPSCs but cut short reprogramming to pluripotency to generate an induced multipotent progenitor cell (iMPC) state from which endoderm progenitor cells and subsequently hepatocytes (iMPC-Heps) could be efficiently differentiated. For this purpose we identified small molecules that aided endoderm and hepatocyte differentiation without compromising proliferation. After transplantation into an immune-deficient mouse model of human liver failure, iMPC-Heps proliferated extensively and acquired levels of hepatocyte function similar to those of aHeps. Unfractionated iMPC-Heps did not form tumours, most probably because they never entered a pluripotent state. Our results establish the feasibility of significant liver repopulation of mice with human hepatocytes generated in vitro, which removes a long-standing roadblock on the path to autologous liver cell therapy.
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The Complex Relationship between Liver Cancer and the Cell Cycle: A Story of Multiple Regulations. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:79-111. [PMID: 24419005 PMCID: PMC3980619 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver acts as a hub for metabolic reactions to keep a homeostatic balance during development and growth. The process of liver cancer development, although poorly understood, is related to different etiologic factors like toxins, alcohol, or viral infection. At the molecular level, liver cancer is characterized by a disruption of cell cycle regulation through many molecular mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying the lack of regulation of the cell cycle during liver cancer, focusing mainly on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also provide a brief summary of novel therapies connected to cell cycle regulation.
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Buitrago-Molina LE, Marhenke S, Longerich T, Sharma AD, Boukouris AE, Geffers R, Guigas B, Manns MP, Vogel A. The degree of liver injury determines the role of p21 in liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Hepatology 2013; 58:1143-52. [PMID: 23526443 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently arises in the context of chronic injury that promotes DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is an important transcriptional target of several tumor suppressors, which promotes cell cycle arrest in response to many stimuli. The aim of this study was to further delineate the role of p21 in the liver during moderate and severe injury and to specify its role in the initiation and progression of HCC. Deletion of p21 led to continuous hepatocyte proliferation in mice with severe injury allowing animal survival but also facilitated rapid tumor development, suggesting that control of compensatory proliferation by high levels of p21 is critical to the prevention of tumor development. Unexpectedly, however, liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis was impaired in p21-deficient mice with moderate injury. Mechanistically, loss of p21 was compensated by activation of Sestrin2, which impaired mitogenic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and activated cytoprotective Nrf2 signaling. CONCLUSION The degree of liver injury and the strength of p21 activation determine its effects on liver regeneration and tumor development in the liver. Moreover, our data uncover a molecular link in the complex mTOR, Nrf2, and p53/p21-signaling network through activation of Sestrin2, which regulates hepatocyte proliferation and tumor development in mice with liver injury.
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Eggenschwiler R, Loya K, Wu G, Sharma AD, Sgodda M, Zychlinski D, Herr C, Steinemann D, Teckman J, Bals R, Ott M, Schambach A, Schöler HR, Cantz T. Sustained knockdown of a disease-causing gene in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells using lentiviral vector-based gene therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:641-54. [PMID: 23926210 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for studies on disease-related developmental processes and may serve as an autologous cell source for future treatment of many hereditary diseases. New genetic engineering tools such as zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nuclease allow targeted correction of monogenetic disorders but are very cumbersome to establish. Aiming at studies on the knockdown of a disease-causing gene, lentiviral vector-mediated expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) is a valuable option, but it is limited by silencing of the knockdown construct upon epigenetic remodeling during differentiation. Here, we propose an approach for the expression of a therapeutic shRNA in disease-specific iPSCs using third-generation lentiviral vectors. Targeting severe α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency, we overexpressed a human microRNA 30 (miR30)-styled shRNA directed against the PiZ variant of A1AT, which is known to cause chronic liver damage in affected patients. This knockdown cassette is traceable from clonal iPSC lines to differentiated hepatic progeny via an enhanced green fluorescence protein reporter expressed from the same RNA-polymerase II promoter. Importantly, the cytomegalovirus i/e enhancer chicken β actin (CAG) promoter-driven expression of this construct is sustained without transgene silencing during hepatic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. At low lentiviral copy numbers per genome we confirmed a functional relevant reduction (-66%) of intracellular PiZ protein in hepatic cells after differentiation of patient-specific iPSCs. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that lentiviral vector-mediated expression of shRNAs can be efficiently used to knock down and functionally evaluate disease-related genes in patient-specific iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Eggenschwiler
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Salehi S, Brereton HC, Arno MJ, Darling D, Quaglia A, O'Grady J, Heaton N, Aluvihare VR. Human liver regeneration is characterized by the coordinated expression of distinct microRNA governing cell cycle fate. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1282-95. [PMID: 23465054 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of adequate compensatory regeneration, overwhelming liver damage can cause acute liver failure (ALF) and death without emergent liver transplantation (LT). Auxiliary LT produces satisfactory outcomes in this setting, with the prospect of native liver regeneration sustaining long-term survival. Since animal models only partially recapitulate human liver regeneration, we investigated the molecular mechanisms controlling it in this unique LT setting, as an exemplar of human liver regeneration. We demonstrate coordinated changes in expression of microRNA (miRNA) during regeneration that drive proliferation, innate immunity and angiogenesis. In contrast, failed regeneration in a similar cohort is associated with distinct miRNA enforcing cell cycle inhibition and DNA methylation. The miRNA expression associated with successful or failed regeneration when recapitulated in vitro, triggered expression of cardinal regeneration-linked genes promoting cell cycle entry or inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition of miRNA 150, 663 and 503, whose downregulation is associated with successful regeneration, induced cell proliferation which a key determinant of successful regeneration. Our data indicate that human liver regeneration may be orchestrated by distinct miRNA controlling key regeneration-linked processes including hepatocyte proliferation. To our knowledge this is the first characterization of molecular processes associated with human liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salehi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Lehmann K, Tschuor C, Rickenbacher A, Jang JH, Oberkofler CE, Tschopp O, Schultze SM, Raptis DA, Weber A, Graf R, Humar B, Clavien PA. Liver failure after extended hepatectomy in mice is mediated by a p21-dependent barrier to liver regeneration. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1609-1619.e4. [PMID: 22960658 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Extended liver resection leads to hepatic failure because of a small remnant liver volume. Excessive parenchymal damage has been proposed as the principal cause of this failure, but little is known about the contribution of a primary deficiency in liver regeneration. We developed a mouse model to assess the regenerative capacity of a critically small liver remnant. METHODS Extended (86%) hepatectomy (eHx) was modified to minimize collateral damage; effects were compared with those of standard (68%) partial hepatectomy (pHx) in mice. Markers of liver integrity and survival were evaluated after resection. Liver regeneration was assessed by weight gain, proliferative activity (analyses of Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, phosphorylated histone 3, mitosis, and ploidy), and regeneration-associated molecules. Knockout mice were used to study the role of p21. RESULTS Compared with pHx, survival of mice was reduced after eHx, and associated with cholestasis and impaired liver function. However, no significant differences in hepatocyte death, sinusoidal injury, oxidative stress, or energy depletion were observed between mice after eHx or pHx. No defect in the initiation of hepatocyte proliferation was apparent. However, restoration of liver mass was delayed after eHx and associated with inadequate induction of Foxm1b and a p21-dependent delay in cell-cycle progression. In p21(-/-) mice, the cell cycle was restored, the gain in liver weight was accelerated, and survival improved after eHx. CONCLUSIONS Significant parenchymal injury is not required for liver failure to develop after extended hepatectomy. Rather, liver dysfunction after eHx results from a transient, p21-dependent block before hepatocyte division. Therefore, a deficiency in cell-cycle progression causes liver failure after extended hepatectomy and can be overcome by inhibition of p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuno Lehmann
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kosaka M, Kang MR, Yang G, Li LC. Targeted p21WAF1/CIP1 activation by RNAa inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 22:335-43. [PMID: 22909100 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA activation (RNAa) is a mechanism of gene activation triggered by promoter-targeted small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), also known as small activating RNA (saRNA). p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21) is a putative tumor suppressor gene due to its role as a key negative regulator of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. It is frequently downregulated in cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but is rarely mutated or deleted, making it an ideal target for RNAa-based overexpression to restore its tumor suppressor function. In the present study, we investigated the antigrowth effects of p21 RNAa in HCC cells. Transfection of a p21 saRNA (dsP21-322) into HepG2 and Hep3B cells significantly induced the expression of p21 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and inhibited cell proliferation and survival. Further analysis of dsP21-322 transfected cells revealed that dsP21-322 arrested the cell cycle at the G(0)/G(1) phase in HepG2 cells but at G(2)/M phase in Hep3B cells which lack functional p53 and Rb genes, and induced both early and late stage apoptosis by activating caspase 3 in both cell lines. These results demonstrated that RNAa of p21 has in vitro antigrowth effects on HCC cells via impeding cell cycle progression and inducing apoptotic cell death. This study suggests that targeted activation of p21 by RNAa may be explored as a novel therapy for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kosaka
- Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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In vivo selection of transplanted hepatocytes by pharmacological inhibition of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase in wild-type mice. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1981-7. [PMID: 22871666 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) deficiency is unique in that healthy gene-corrected hepatocytes have a strong growth advantage and can repopulate the diseased liver. Unfortunately, similar positive selection of gene-corrected cells is absent in most inborn errors of liver metabolism and it is difficult to reach the cell replacement index required for therapeutic benefit. Therefore, methods to transiently create a growth advantage for genetically modified hepatocytes in any genetic background would be advantageous. To mimic the selective pressure of Fah deficiency in normal animals, an efficient in vivo small molecule inhibitor of FAH, 4-[(2-carboxyethyl)-hydroxyphosphinyl]-3-oxobutyrate (CEHPOBA) was developed. Microarray analysis demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of FAH produced highly similar gene expression changes to genetic deficiency. As proof of principle, hepatocytes lacking homogentisic acid dioxygenase (Hgd) and hence resistant to FAH inhibition were transplanted into sex-mismatched wild-type recipients. Time course analyses of 4-6 weeks of CEHPOBA administration after transplantation showed a linear relationship between treatment length and replacement index. Compared to controls, recipients treated with the FAH-inhibitor had 20-100-fold increases in liver repopulation. We conclude that pharmacological inhibition of FAH is a promising approach to in vivo selection of hepatocytes.
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Ma H, Zhou Z, Wei S, Wei Q. Association between p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:254-63. [PMID: 21439247 PMCID: PMC4013352 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
P21 (CDKN1A), a key cell cycle regulatory protein that governs cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase, can regulate cell proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. The Ser31Arg polymorphism is located in the highly conserved region of p21 and may encode functionally distinct proteins. Although many epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer risk, the findings remain conflicting. This meta-analysis with 33 077 cases and 45 013 controls from 44 published case-control studies showed that the variant homozygous 31Arg/Arg genotype was associated with an increased risk of numerous types of cancers in a random-effect model (homozygote comparison: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.37, P = 0.0002 for the heterogeneity test; recessive model comparison: OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.33, P = 0.0001 for the heterogeneity test). Stratified analysis revealed that increased cancer risk associated with the 31Arg/Arg genotype remained significant in subgroups of colorectal cancer, estrogen-related cancer, Caucasians, population-based studies, studies with matching information or a larger sample size. Heterogeneity analysis showed that tumor type contributed to substantial between-study heterogeneity (recessive model comparison: Χ(2) = 21.83, df = 7, P = 0.003). The results from this large-sample sized meta-analysis suggest that the p21 31Arg/Arg genotype may serve as a potential marker for increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Greenow K, Clarke AR. Controlling the stem cell compartment and regeneration in vivo: the role of pluripotency pathways. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:75-99. [PMID: 22298652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the realization that embryonic stem cells are maintained in a pluripotent state through the interplay of a number of key signal transduction pathways, it is becoming increasingly clear that stemness and pluripotency are defined by the complex molecular convergence of these pathways. Perhaps this has most clearly been demonstrated by the capacity to induce pluripotency in differentiated cell types, so termed iPS cells. We are therefore building an understanding of how cells may be maintained in a pluripotent state, and how we may manipulate cells to drive them between committed and pluripotent compartments. However, it is less clear how cells normally pass in and out of the stem cell compartment under normal and diseased physiological states in vivo, and indeed, how important these pathways are in these settings. It is also clear that there is a potential "dark side" to manipulating the stem cell compartment, as deregulation of somatic stem cells is being increasingly implicated in carcinogenesis and the generation of "cancer stem cells." This review explores these relationships, with a particular focus on the role played by key molecular regulators of stemness in tissue repair, and the possibility that a better understanding of this control may open the door to novel repair strategies in vivo. The successful development of such strategies has the potential to replace or augment intervention-based strategies (cell replacement therapies), although it is clear they must be developed with a full understanding of how such approaches might also influence tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Greenow
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Stoyanova T, Roy N, Bhattacharjee S, Kopanja D, Valli T, Bagchi S, Raychaudhuri P. p21 cooperates with DDB2 protein in suppression of ultraviolet ray-induced skin malignancies. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3019-28. [PMID: 22167187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.295816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet rays (UV) in sunlight is the main cause of skin cancer. Here, we show that the p53-induced genes DDB2 and p21 are down-regulated in skin cancer, and in the mouse model they functionally cooperate to prevent UV-induced skin cancer. Our previous studies demonstrated an antagonistic role of DDB2 and p21 in nucleotide excision repair and apoptosis. Surprisingly, we find that the loss of p21 restores nucleotide excision repair and apoptosis in Ddb2(-/-) mice, but it does not protect from UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis. In contrast, Ddb2(-/-)p21(-/-) mice are significantly more susceptible to UV-induced skin cancer than the Ddb2(-/-) or the p21(-/-) mice. We provide evidence that p21 deletion in the Ddb2(-/-) background causes a strong increase in cell proliferation. The increased proliferation in the Ddb2(-/-)p21(-/-) background is related to a severe deficiency in UV-induced premature senescence. Also, the oncogenic pro-proliferation transcription factor FOXM1 is overexpressed in the p21(-/-) background. Our results show that the anti-proliferative and the pro-senescence pathways of DDB2 and p21 are critical protection mechanisms against skin malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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A gestational low-protein diet represses p21(WAF1/Cip1) expression in the mammary gland of offspring rats through promoter histone modifications. Br J Nutr 2011; 108:998-1007. [PMID: 22152918 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to environmental agents throughout pregnancy may change certain metabolic processes during the offspring's mammary gland development and alter the epigenome. This may predispose the offspring to breast cancer later in life. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of maternal protein restriction on the regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) gene expression in the mammary gland of rat offspring. Timed-mated Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of the two isoenergetic diets, control (C, 18 % casein) or low protein (LP, 9 % casein), during gestation. Compared with the C group, LP offspring showed a decrease of p21 in the mammary gland at both the mRNA and protein levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that the down-regulation of p21 transcription in LP offspring was associated with reduced acetylation of histone H3 and dimethylation of H3K4 within the p21 promoter region, but was not associated with acetylation of histone H4 or histone methylation. DNA methylation analysis using bisulphite sequencing did not detect differences in methylation at the p21 promoter between the offspring of the C and LP groups. We conclude that maternal protein restriction inhibits p21 gene expression in the mammary gland of offspring through histone modifications at the promoter region of the p21 gene.
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Hickey RD, Lillegard JB, Fisher JE, McKenzie TJ, Hofherr SE, Finegold MJ, Nyberg SL, Grompe M. Efficient production of Fah-null heterozygote pigs by chimeric adeno-associated virus-mediated gene knockout and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Hepatology 2011; 54:1351-9. [PMID: 21674562 PMCID: PMC3184202 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1) results in hepatic failure, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) early in childhood and is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). In a novel approach we used the chimeric adeno-associated virus DJ serotype (AAV-DJ) and homologous recombination to target and disrupt the porcine Fah gene. AAV-DJ is an artificial chimeric AAV vector containing hybrid capsid sequences from three naturally occurring serotypes (AAV2, 8, and 9). The AAV-DJ vector was used to deliver the knockout construct to fetal pig fibroblasts with an average knockout targeting frequency of 5.4%. Targeted Fah-null heterozygote fibroblasts were used as nuclear donors for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to porcine oocytes and multiple viable Fah-null heterozygote pigs were generated. Fah-null heterozygotes were phenotypically normal, but had decreased Fah transcriptional and enzymatic activity compared to wildtype animals. CONCLUSION This study is the first to use a recombinant chimeric AAV vector to knockout a gene in porcine fibroblasts for the purpose of SCNT. In using the AAV-DJ vector we observed targeting frequencies that were higher than previously reported with other naturally occurring serotypes. We expect that the subsequent generation of FAH-null homozygote pigs will serve as a significant advancement for translational research in the areas of metabolic liver disease, cirrhosis, and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D. Hickey
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute & Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA, Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Joseph B. Lillegard
- Department of Surgery Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Medical Center, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - James E. Fisher
- Department of Surgery Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Medical Center, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Travis J. McKenzie
- Department of Surgery Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Medical Center, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Sean E. Hofherr
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Milton J. Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Medical Center, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute & Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Lee KM, Choi WI, Koh DI, Kim YJ, Jeon BN, Yoon JH, Lee CE, Kim SH, Oh J, Hur MW. The proto-oncoprotein KR-POK represses transcriptional activation of CDKN1A by MIZ-1 through competitive binding. Oncogene 2011; 31:1442-58. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gao EJ, Lin L, Zhang Y, Wang RS, Zhu MC, Liu SH, Sun TD, Jiao W, Andrey VZ. Synthesis, characterization, and study on HeLa cells activity of a dinuclear complex [Cu4(phen)4(H2O)2]·(pyri)·3H2O. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2546-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sharma AD, Narain N, Händel EM, Iken M, Singhal N, Cathomen T, Manns MP, Schöler HR, Ott M, Cantz T. MicroRNA-221 regulates FAS-induced fulminant liver failure. Hepatology 2011; 53:1651-61. [PMID: 21400558 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Death receptor-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes contributes to hepatitis and fulminant liver failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 19-25 nucleotide-long noncoding RNAs, have been implicated in the posttranscriptional regulation of the various apoptotic pathways. Here we report that global loss of miRNAs in hepatic cells leads to increased cell death in a model of FAS/CD95 receptor-induced apoptosis. miRNA profiling of murine liver identified 11 conserved miRNAs, which were up-regulated in response to FAS-induced fulminant liver failure. We show that ectopic expression of miR-221, one of the highly up-regulated miRNAs in response to apoptosis, protects primary hepatocytes and hepatoma cells from apoptosis. Importantly, in vivo overexpression of miR-221 by adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) delays FAS-induced fulminant liver failure in mice. We additionally demonstrate that miR-221 regulates hepatic expression of p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma), a well-known proapoptotic member of the Bcl2 protein family. CONCLUSION We identified miR-221 as a potent posttranscriptional regulator of FAS-induced apoptosis. miR-221 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatitis and liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Deep Sharma
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Application of magnetic resonance imaging in transgenic and chemical mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:94. [PMID: 20429921 PMCID: PMC2868806 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying hepatocarcinogenesis are still poorly understood. Genetically modified mice are powerful tools to further investigate the mechanisms of HCC development. However, this approach is limited due to the lack of non-invasive detection methods in small rodents. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for the non-invasive analysis of hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice using a clinical 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner. RESULTS As a model system we used hepatocyte-specific c-myc transgenic mice developing hepatocellular carcinoma at the age of 12-15 months. The scans of the murine livers included axial T2-weighted turbo-spin echo (TSE) images, axial T1-weighted and contrast enhanced T1-weighted gradient echo (fast field echo, FFE) and sagittal true Fast Imaging with Steady state Precession (true-FISP) images. Application of contrast agent was performed via tail vein-catheter and confirmed by evaluation of the altered longitudinal relaxation T1 time before and after application. Through technical adaptation and optimization we could detect murine liver lesions with a minimum diameter of approximately 2 mm and provided histopathological evidence that these MR findings correspond to hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumor growth was repeatedly measured using sequential MRI with intervals of 5 weeks and subsequent volumetric analysis facilitating direct comparison of tumor progression between individual animals. We finally demonstrated that our protocol is also applicable in the widely- used chemical model of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. CONCLUSION Our protocol allows the non-invasive, early detection of HCC and the subsequent continuous monitoring of liver tumorgenesis in transgenic mice thereby facilitating future investigations of transgenic tumor mouse models of the liver.
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Lack of p21 expression links cell cycle control and appendage regeneration in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5845-50. [PMID: 20231440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000830107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals capable of regenerating multiple tissue types, organs, and appendages after injury are common yet sporadic and include some sponge, hydra, planarian, and salamander (i.e., newt and axolotl) species, but notably such regenerative capacity is rare in mammals. The adult MRL mouse strain is a rare exception to the rule that mammals do not regenerate appendage tissue. Certain commonalities, such as blastema formation and basement membrane breakdown at the wound site, suggest that MRL mice may share other features with classical regenerators. As reported here, MRL fibroblast-like cells have a distinct cell-cycle (G2/M accumulation) phenotype and a heightened basal and wound site DNA damage/repair response that is also common to classical regenerators and mammalian embryonic stem cells. Additionally, a neutral and alkaline comet assay displayed a persistent level of intrinsic DNA damage in cells derived from the MRL mouse. Similar to mouse ES cells, the p53-target p21 was not expressed in MRL ear fibroblasts. Because the p53/p21 axis plays a central role in the DNA damage response and cell cycle control, we directly tested the hypothesis that p21 down-regulation could functionally induce a regenerative response in an appendage of an otherwise nonregenerating mouse strain. Using the ear hole closure phenotype, a genetically mapped and reliable quantitative indicator of regeneration in the MRL mouse, we show that the unrelated Cdkn1a(tmi/Tyj)/J p21(-/-) mouse (unlike the B6129SF2/J WT control) closes ear holes similar to MRL mice, providing a firm link between cell cycle checkpoint control and tissue regeneration.
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Aurora kinase inhibitor PHA-739358 suppresses growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Neoplasia 2009; 11:934-44. [PMID: 19724687 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) face a poor prognosis. Although encouraging clinical results have been obtained with multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, the development of improved therapeutic strategies for HCC remains an urgent goal. Aurora kinases are key regulators of the cell cycle, and their uncontrolled expression promotes aneuploidy and tumor development. In tissue microarray analyses, we detected aurora-A kinase expression in all of the examined 93 human HCC samples, whereas aurora-B kinase expression levels significantly correlated with the proliferation index of HCCs. In addition, two human HCC cell lines (Huh-7 and HepG2) were tested positive for aurora-A and -B and revealed Ser10 phosphorylation of histone H3, indicating an increased aurora-B kinase activity. The antiproliferative features of a novel aurora kinase inhibitor, PHA-739358, currently under investigation in phase 2 clinical trials for other solid tumors, were examined in vitro and in vivo. At concentrations exceeding 50 nM, PHA-739358 completely suppressed tumor cell proliferation in cell culture experiments and strongly decreased histone H3 phosphorylation. Cell cycle inhibition and endoreduplication were observed at 50 nM, whereas higher concentrations led to a complete G(2)/M-phase arrest. In vivo, administration of PHA-739358 resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition at a well-tolerated dose. In combination with sorafenib, additive effects were observed. Remarkably, when tumors restarted to grow under sorafenib monotherapy, subsequent treatment with PHA-739358 induced tumor shrinkage by up to 81%. Thus, targeting aurora kinases with PHA-739358 is a promising therapeutic strategy administered alone or in combination with sorafenib for patients with advanced stages of HCC.
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Buitrago-Molina LE, Pothiraju D, Lamlé J, Marhenke S, Kossatz U, Breuhahn K, Manns MP, Malek N, Vogel A. Rapamycin delays tumor development in murine livers by inhibiting proliferation of hepatocytes with DNA damage. Hepatology 2009; 50:500-9. [PMID: 19642171 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, everolimus (RAD001) was used to determine the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in hepatocarcinogenesis. We show that RAD001 effectively inhibits proliferation of hepatocytes during chronic liver injury. Remarkably, the ability of RAD001 to impair cell cycle progression requires activation of the DNA damage response; loss of p53 significantly attenuates the antiproliferative effects of mTOR inhibition. RAD001 modulates the expression of specific cell cycle-related proteins and the assembly of cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase complexes to prevent cell cycle progression. Furthermore, RAD001 sustains the apoptosis sensitivity of hepatocytes during chronic liver injury by inhibiting p53-induced p21 expression. Long-term treatment with RAD001 markedly delays DNA damage-induced liver tumor development. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that mTOR inhibition has a substantial effect on sequential carcinogenesis and may offer an effective strategy to delay liver tumor development in patients at risk.
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Loss of p53 induces tumorigenesis in p21-deficient mesenchymal stem cells. Neoplasia 2009; 11:397-407. [PMID: 19308294 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence about the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as cancer stem cells in many sarcomas. Nevertheless, little is still known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying MSCs transformation. We aimed at investigating the role of p53 and p21, two important regulators of the cell cycle progression and apoptosis normally involved in protection against tumorigenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells from wild-type, p21(-/-)p53(+/+), and p21(-/-)p53(+/-) mice were cultured in vitro and analyzed for the appearance of tumoral transformation properties after low, medium, and high number of passages both in vitro and in vivo. Wild-type or p21(-/-)p53(+/+) MSCs did not show any sign of tumoral transformation. Indeed, after short-term in vitro culture, wild-type MSCs became senescent, and p21(-/-)p53(+/+) MSCs showed an elevated spontaneous apoptosis rate. Conversely, MSCs carrying a mutation in one allele of the p53 gene (p21(-/-)p53(+/-) MSCs) completely lost p53 expression after in vitro long-term culture. Loss of p53 was accompanied by a significant increase in the growth rate, gain of karyotypic instability, loss of p16 expression, and lack of senescence response. Finally, these cells were able to form fibrosarcomas partially differentiated into different mesenchymal lineages when injected in immunodeficient mice both after subcutaneous and intrafemoral injection. These findings show that MSCs are very sensitive to mutations in genes involved in cell cycle control and that these deficiencies can be at the origin of some mesodermic tumors.
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Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) is a key mediator of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and may play the role of a tumor suppressor in cancer. However, it has been shown that p21 may also act as an oncogene, because it inhibits apoptosis and may promote cell proliferation in some tumors. These data point out to "antagonistic duality" of p21, because it possesses anticancer and procancer properties at the same time. New data suggest that more and more proteins also may play contradictory roles in cancer thus challenging current paradigm of established oncogenes and tumor suppressors. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei L Gartel
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Mammary tumors initiated by constitutive Cdk2 activation contain an invasive basal-like component. Neoplasia 2008; 10:1240-52. [PMID: 18953433 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal-like subtype of breast cancer is associated with invasiveness, high rates of postsurgical recurrence, and poor prognosis. Aside from inactivation of the BRCA1 tumor-suppressor gene, little is known concerning the mechanisms that cause basal breast cancer or the mechanisms responsible for its invasiveness. Here, we show that the heterogeneous mouse mammary tumor virus-cyclin D1-Cdk2 (MMTV-D1K2) transgenic mouse mammary tumors contain regions of spindle-shaped cells expressing both luminal and myoepithelial markers. Cell lines cultured from these tumors exhibit the same luminal/myoepithelial mixed-lineage phenotype that is associated with human basal-like breast cancer and express a number of myoepithelial markers including cytokeratin 14, P-cadherin, alpha smooth muscle actin, and nestin. The MMTV-D1K2 tumor-derived cell lines form highly invasive tumors when injected into mouse mammary glands. Invasion is associated with E-cadherin localization to the cytoplasm or loss of E-cadherin expression. Cytoplasmic E-cadherin correlates with lack of colony formation in vitro and beta-catenin and p120(ctn) localization to the cytoplasm. The data suggest that the invasiveness of these cell lines results from a combination of factors including mislocalization of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and p120(ctn) to the cytoplasm. Nestin expression and E-cadherin mislocalization were also observed in human basal-like breast cancer cell lines, suggesting that these results are relevant to human tumors. Together, these results suggest that abnormal Cdk2 activation may contribute to the formation of basal-like breast cancers.
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