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Spencer RKW, Smirnova YG, Soleimani A, Müller M. Transient pores in hemifusion diaphragms. Biophys J 2024; 123:2455-2475. [PMID: 38867448 PMCID: PMC11365115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exchange of material across two membranes, as in the case of synaptic neurotransmitter release from a vesicle, involves the formation and poration of a hemifusion diaphragm (HD). The nontrivial geometry of the HD leads to environment-dependent control, regarding the stability and dynamics of the pores required for this kind of exocytosis. This work combines particle simulations, field-based calculations, and phenomenological modeling to explore the factors influencing the stability, dynamics, and possible control mechanisms of pores in HDs. We find that pores preferentially form at the HD rim, and that their stability is sensitive to a number of factors, including the three line tensions, membrane tension, HD size, and the ability of lipids to "flip-flop" across leaflets. Along with a detailed analysis of these factors, we discuss ways that vesicles or cells may use them to open and close pores and thereby quickly and efficiently transport material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K W Spencer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Yuliya G Smirnova
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alireza Soleimani
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Omari S, Roded A, Eisenberg M, Ali H, Fukuda M, Galli SJ, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Mast cell secretory granule fusion with amphisomes coordinates their homotypic fusion and release of exosomes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114482. [PMID: 38985670 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Secretory granule (SG) fusion is an intermediate step in SG biogenesis. However, the precise mechanism of this process is not completely understood. We show that Golgi-derived mast cell (MC) SGs enlarge through a mechanism that is dependent on phosphoinositide (PI) remodeling and fusion with LC3+ late endosomes (amphisomes), which serve as hubs for the fusion of multiple individual SGs. Amphisome formation is regulated by the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN9, while the subsequent SG fusion event is additionally regulated by the tetraspanin protein CD63 and by PI4K. We also demonstrate that fusion with amphisomes imparts to SGs their capacity of regulated release of exosomes. Finally, we show that conversion of PI(3,4,5)P3 to PI(4,5)P2 and the subsequent recruitment of dynamin stimulate SG fission. Our data unveil a key role for lipid-regulated interactions with the endocytic and autophagic systems in controlling the size and number of SGs and their capacity to release exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewar Omari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Amit Roded
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Maggie Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Departments of Pathology and of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5176, USA
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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3
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Dashkova AS, Kovalev VI, Chaplygina AV, Zhdanova DY, Bobkova NV. Unique Properties of Synaptosomes and Prospects for Their Use for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1031-1044. [PMID: 38981699 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924060051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative condition affecting millions worldwide. Prevalence of AD correlates with increased life expectancy and aging population in the developed countries. Considering that AD is a multifactorial disease involving various pathological processes such as synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and improper protein folding, a comprehensive approach targeting multiple pathways may prove effective in slowing the disease progression. Cellular therapy and its further development in the form of cell vesicle and particularly mitochondrial transplantation represent promising approaches for treating neurodegeneration. The use of synaptosomes, due to uniqueness of their contents, could mark a new stage in the development of comprehensive therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD. Synaptosomes contain unique memory mitochondria, which differ not only in size but also in functionality compared to the mitochondria in the neuronal soma. These synaptosomal mitochondria actively participate in cellular communication and signal transmission within synapses. Synaptosomes also contain other elements such as their own protein synthesis machinery, synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters, synaptic adhesion molecules, and microRNAs - all crucial for synaptic transmission and, consequently, cognitive processes. Complex molecular ensemble ensures maintenance of the synaptic autonomy of mitochondria. Additionally, synaptosomes, with their affinity for neurons, can serve as an optimal platform for targeted drug delivery to nerve cells. This review discusses unique composition of synaptosomes, their capabilities and advantages, as well as limitations of their suggested use as therapeutic agents for treating neurodegenerative pathologies, particularly AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla S Dashkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Kovalev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Alina V Chaplygina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Daria Yu Zhdanova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Natalia V Bobkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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4
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Zhang L, Wahab OJ, Jallow AA, O’Dell ZJ, Pungsrisai T, Sridhar S, Vernon KL, Willets KA, Baker LA. Recent Developments in Single-Entity Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8036-8055. [PMID: 38727715 PMCID: PMC11112546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - O. J. Wahab
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - A. A. Jallow
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Z. J. O’Dell
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - T. Pungsrisai
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - S. Sridhar
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - K. L. Vernon
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - K. A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - L. A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
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5
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Gu C, Philipsen MH, Ewing AG. Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acids Alter the Membrane Lipid Composition and Vesicle Size to Regulate Exocytosis and Storage of Catecholamines. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:816-826. [PMID: 38344810 PMCID: PMC10884999 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The two essential fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, and the higher unsaturated fatty acids synthesized from them are critical for the development and maintenance of normal brain functions. Deficiencies of these fatty acids have been shown to cause damage to the neuronal development, cognition, and locomotor function. We combined electrochemistry and imaging techniques to examine the effects of the two essential fatty acids on catecholamine release dynamics and the vesicle content as well as on the cell membrane phospholipid composition to understand how they impact exocytosis and by extension neurotransmission at the single-cell level. Incubation of either of the two fatty acids reduces the size of secretory vesicles and enables the incorporation of more double bonds into the cell membrane structure, resulting in higher membrane flexibility. This subsequently affects proteins regulating the dynamics of the exocytotic fusion pore and thereby affects exocytosis. Our data suggest a possible pathway whereby the two essential fatty acids affect the membrane structure to impact exocytosis and provide a potential treatment for diseases and impairments related to catecholamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mai H. Philipsen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tomagra G, Re A, Varzi V, Aprà P, Britel A, Franchino C, Sturari S, Amine NH, Westerink RHS, Carabelli V, Picollo F. Enhancing the Study of Quantal Exocytotic Events: Combining Diamond Multi-Electrode Arrays with Amperometric PEak Analysis (APE) an Automated Analysis Code. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1033. [PMID: 38131793 PMCID: PMC10741388 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
MicroGraphited-Diamond-Multi Electrode Arrays (μG-D-MEAs) can be successfully used to reveal, in real time, quantal exocytotic events occurring from many individual neurosecretory cells and/or from many neurons within a network. As μG-D-MEAs arrays are patterned with up to 16 sensing microelectrodes, each of them recording large amounts of data revealing the exocytotic activity, the aim of this work was to support an adequate analysis code to speed up the signal detection. The cutting-edge technology of microGraphited-Diamond-Multi Electrode Arrays (μG-D-MEAs) has been implemented with an automated analysis code (APE, Amperometric Peak Analysis) developed using Matlab R2022a software to provide easy and accurate detection of amperometric spike parameters, including the analysis of the pre-spike foot that sometimes precedes the complete fusion pore dilatation. Data have been acquired from cultured PC12 cells, either collecting events during spontaneous exocytosis or after L-DOPA incubation. Validation of the APE code was performed by comparing the acquired spike parameters with those obtained using Quanta Analysis (Igor macro) by Mosharov et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy; (G.T.); (C.F.); (V.C.)
| | - Alice Re
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy (P.A.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (N.-H.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Veronica Varzi
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy (P.A.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (N.-H.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Pietro Aprà
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy (P.A.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (N.-H.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Adam Britel
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy (P.A.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (N.-H.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy; (G.T.); (C.F.); (V.C.)
| | - Sofia Sturari
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy (P.A.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (N.-H.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Nour-Hanne Amine
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy (P.A.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (N.-H.A.); (F.P.)
| | - Remco H. S. Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy; (G.T.); (C.F.); (V.C.)
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy (P.A.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (N.-H.A.); (F.P.)
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7
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Zakirjanova GF, Giniatullin AR, Gafurova CR, Malomouzh AI, Fedorov NS, Khaziev AN, Tsentsevitsky AN, Petrov AM. Effects of cholesterol oxidase on neurotransmission and acetylcholine levels at the mice neuromuscular junctions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 749:109803. [PMID: 37955112 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane cholesterol oxidation is a hallmark of redox and metabolic imbalance, and it may accompany neurodegenerative disorders. Using microelectrode recordings of postsynaptic responses as well as fluorescent dyes for monitoring synaptic vesicle cycling and membrane properties, the action of enzymatic cholesterol oxidation on neuromuscular transmission was studied in the mice diaphragms. Cholesterol oxidase (ChO) at low concentration disturbed lipid-ordering specifically in the synaptic membranes, but it did not change markedly spontaneous exocytosis and evoked release in response to single stimuli. At low external Ca2+ conditions, analysis of single exocytotic events revealed a decrease in minimal synaptic delay and the probability of exocytosis upon plasmalemmal cholesterol oxidation. At moderate- and high-frequency activity, ChO treatment enhanced both neurotransmitter and FM-dye release. Furthermore, it precluded a change in exocytotic mode from full-fusion to kiss-and-run during high-frequency stimulation. Accumulation of extracellular acetylcholine (without stimulation) dependent on vesamicol-sensitive transporters was suppressed by ChO. The effects of plasmalemmal cholesterol oxidation on both neurotransmitter/dye release at intense activity and external acetylcholine levels were reversed when synaptic vesicle membranes were also exposed to ChO (i.e., the enzyme treatment was combined with induction of exo-endocytotic cycling). Thus, we suggest that plasmalemmal cholesterol oxidation affects exocytotic machinery functioning, enhances synaptic vesicle recruitment to the exocytosis and decreases extracellular neurotransmitter levels at rest, whereas ChO acting on synaptic vesicle membranes suppresses the participation of the vesicles in the subsequent exocytosis and increases the neurotransmitter leakage. The mechanisms underlying ChO action can be related to the lipid raft disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzalia F Zakirjanova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia; Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, 420012, RT, Russia
| | - Arthur R Giniatullin
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia; Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, 420012, RT, Russia
| | - Chulpan R Gafurova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia; Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, 420012, RT, Russia
| | - Artem I Malomouzh
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia; Kazan National Research Technical University, 10, K. Marx Street, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Nikita S Fedorov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia
| | - Arthur N Khaziev
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia
| | - Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, RT, Russia; Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, 420012, RT, Russia; Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan, 420008, Russia.
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8
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Zorec R, Wu LG. Barriers to exocytotic vesicle discharge. Cell Calcium 2023; 112:102737. [PMID: 37099857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis, a universal process of eukaryotic cells, involves the merging between the vesicle membrane and the plasma membrane, plays a key role in cell-to-cell communication, particularly in the release of hormones and neurotransmitters. There are a number of barriers a vesicle needs to pass to discharge vesicle content to the extracellular space. At the pre-fusion site vesicles need to be transported to the sites on the plasma membrane where the merger may begin. Classically cytoskeleton was considered an important barrier for vesicle translocation and was thought to be disintegrated to allow vesicle access to the plasma membrane [1]. However, it was considered later that cytoskeletal elements may also play a role at the post-fusion stage, promoting the vesicle merger with the plasma membrane and fusion pore expansion [4,22,23]. In this Special Issue of Cell Calcium entitled "Regulated Exocytosis", the authors address outstanding issues related to vesicle chemical messenger release by regulated exocytosis, including that related to the question whether vesicle content discharge is complete or only partial upon the merging of the vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane triggered by Ca2+. Among processes that limit vesicle discharge at the post-fusion stage is the accumulation of cholesterol in some vesicles [19], a process that has recently been associated with cell aging [20].
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ling-Gang Wu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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