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Alonso M, Petit AC, Lledo PM. The impact of adult neurogenesis on affective functions: of mice and men. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:2527-2542. [PMID: 38499657 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In most mammals, new neurons are not only produced during embryogenesis but also after birth. Soon after adult neurogenesis was discovered, the influence of recruiting new neurons on cognitive functions, especially on memory, was documented. Likewise, the late process of neuronal production also contributes to affective functions, but this outcome was recognized with more difficulty. This review covers hypes and hopes of discovering the influence of newly-generated neurons on brain circuits devoted to affective functions. If the possibility of integrating new neurons into the adult brain is a commonly accepted faculty in the realm of mammals, the reluctance is strong when it comes to translating this concept to humans. Compiling data suggest now that new neurons are derived not only from stem cells, but also from a population of neuroblasts displaying a protracted maturation and ready to be engaged in adult brain circuits, under specific signals. Here, we discuss the significance of recruiting new neurons in the adult brain circuits, specifically in the context of affective outcomes. We also discuss the fact that adult neurogenesis could be the ultimate cellular process that integrates elements from both the internal and external environment to adjust brain functions. While we must be critical and beware of the unreal promises that Science could generate sometimes, it is important to continue exploring the potential of neural recruitment in adult primates. Reporting adult neurogenesis in humankind contributes to a new vision of humans as mammals whose brain continues to develop throughout life. This peculiar faculty could one day become the target of treatment for mental health, cognitive disorders, and elderly-associated diseases. The vision of an adult brain which never stops integrating new neurons is a real game changer for designing new therapeutic interventions to treat mental disorders associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and social costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alonso
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Petit
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire Psychiatrie Paris 15, GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France.
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Simard S, Matosin N, Mechawar N. Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in the Human Brain: Updates, Challenges, and Perspectives. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241252581. [PMID: 38757781 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241252581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The existence of neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus has been under considerable debate within the past three decades due to the diverging conclusions originating mostly from immunohistochemistry studies. While some of these reports conclude that hippocampal neurogenesis in humans occurs throughout physiologic aging, others indicate that this phenomenon ends by early childhood. More recently, some groups have adopted next-generation sequencing technologies to characterize with more acuity the extent of this phenomenon in humans. Here, we review the current state of research on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the human brain with an emphasis on the challenges and limitations of using immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing technologies for its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Simard
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Natalie Matosin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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3
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Liu X, Novak B, Namendorf C, Steigenberger B, Zhang Y, Turck CW. Long-lived proteins and DNA as candidate predictive biomarkers for tissue associated diseases. iScience 2024; 27:109642. [PMID: 38632996 PMCID: PMC11022098 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein turnover is an important mechanism to maintain proteostasis. Long-lived proteins (LLPs) are vulnerable to lose their function due to time-accumulated damages. In this study we employed in vivo stable isotope labeling in mice from birth to postnatal day 89. Quantitative proteomics analysis of ten tissues and plasma identified 2113 LLPs, including widespread and tissue-specific ones. Interestingly, a significant percentage of LLPs was detected in plasma, implying a potential link to age-related cardiovascular diseases. LLPs identified in brains were related to neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, the relative quantification of DNA-derived deoxynucleosides from the same tissues provided information about cellular DNA renewal and showed good correlation with LLPs in the brain. The combined data reveal tissue-specific maps of mouse LLPs that may be involved in pathology due to a low renewal rate and an increased risk of damage. Tissue-derived peripheral LLPs hold promise as biomarkers for aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bozidar Novak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Proteomics and Biomarkers, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Namendorf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Laboratory, Core Unit Analytics and Mass Spectrometry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Steigenberger
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried/Munich, Germany
| | - Yaoyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Christoph W. Turck
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Proteomics and Biomarkers, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Yunnan Province, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-human Primates, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
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4
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Soheili-Nezhad S, Ibáñez-Solé O, Izeta A, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Stoeger T. Time is ticking faster for long genes in aging. Trends Genet 2024; 40:299-312. [PMID: 38519330 PMCID: PMC11003850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies of aging organisms have identified a systematic phenomenon, characterized by a negative correlation between gene length and their expression in various cell types, species, and diseases. We term this phenomenon gene-length-dependent transcription decline (GLTD) and suggest that it may represent a bottleneck in the transcription machinery and thereby significantly contribute to aging as an etiological factor. We review potential links between GLTD and key aging processes such as DNA damage and explore their potential in identifying disease modification targets. Notably, in Alzheimer's disease, GLTD spotlights extremely long synaptic genes at chromosomal fragile sites (CFSs) and their vulnerability to postmitotic DNA damage. We suggest that GLTD is an integral element of biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourena Soheili-Nezhad
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Ibáñez-Solé
- Stem Cells & Aging Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University and University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ander Izeta
- Stem Cells & Aging Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Tecnun-University of Navarra, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Cluster of Excellence for Aging Research, Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Cologne, Germany; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Stoeger
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Potocsnak Longevity Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science, Chicago, IL, USA.
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5
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Wang Y, Grant OA, Zhai X, Mcdonald-Maier KD, Schalkwyk LC. Insights into ageing rates comparison across tissues from recalibrating cerebellum DNA methylation clock. GeroScience 2024; 46:39-56. [PMID: 37597113 PMCID: PMC10828477 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00871-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm)-based age clocks have been studied extensively as a biomarker of human ageing and a risk factor for age-related diseases. Despite different tissues having vastly different rates of proliferation, it is still largely unknown whether they age at different rates. It was previously reported that the cerebellum ages slowly; however, this claim was drawn from a single clock using a relatively small sample size and so warrants further investigation. We collected the largest cerebellum DNAm dataset (N = 752) to date. We found the respective epigenetic ages are all severely underestimated by six representative DNAm age clocks, with the underestimation effects more pronounced in the four clocks whose training datasets do not include brain-related tissues. We identified 613 age-associated CpGs in the cerebellum, which accounts for only 14.5% of the number found in the middle temporal gyrus from the same population (N = 404). From the 613 cerebellum age-associated CpGs, we built a highly accurate age prediction model for the cerebellum named CerebellumClockspecific (Pearson correlation=0.941, MAD=3.18 years). Ageing rate comparisons based on the two tissue-specific clocks constructed on the 201 overlapping age-associated CpGs support the cerebellum has younger DNAm age. Nevertheless, we built BrainCortexClock to prove a single DNAm clock is able to unbiasedly estimate DNAm ages of both cerebellum and cerebral cortex, when they are adequately and equally represented in the training dataset. Comparing ageing rates across tissues using DNA methylation multi-tissue clocks is flawed. The large underestimation of age prediction for cerebellums by previous clocks mainly reflects the improper usage of these age clocks. There exist strong and consistent ageing effects on the cerebellar methylome, and we suggest the smaller number of age-associated CpG sites in cerebellum is largely attributed to its extremely low average cell replication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Olivia A Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
- Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Xiaojun Zhai
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Klaus D Mcdonald-Maier
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
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Lai J, Demirbas D, Kim J, Jeffries AM, Tolles A, Park J, Chittenden TW, Buckley PG, Yu TW, Lodato MA, Lee EA. ATM-deficiency-induced microglial activation promotes neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113622. [PMID: 38159274 PMCID: PMC10908398 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
While ATM loss of function has long been identified as the genetic cause of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), how it leads to selective and progressive degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje and granule neurons remains unclear. ATM expression is enriched in microglia throughout cerebellar development and adulthood. Here, we find evidence of microglial inflammation in the cerebellum of patients with A-T using single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Pseudotime analysis revealed that activation of A-T microglia preceded upregulation of apoptosis-related genes in granule and Purkinje neurons and that microglia exhibited increased neurotoxic cytokine signaling to granule and Purkinje neurons in A-T. To confirm these findings experimentally, we performed transcriptomic profiling of A-T induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia, which revealed cell-intrinsic microglial activation of cytokine production and innate immune response pathways compared to controls. Furthermore, A-T microglia co-culture with either control or A-T iPSC-derived neurons was sufficient to induce cytotoxicity. Taken together, these studies reveal that cell-intrinsic microglial activation may promote neurodegeneration in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lai
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Didem Demirbas
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Junho Kim
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ailsa M Jeffries
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Allie Tolles
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Junseok Park
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas W Chittenden
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Computational Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Genuity AI Research Institute, Genuity Science, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Timothy W Yu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael A Lodato
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Eunjung Alice Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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7
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Mooldijk SS, Lu T, Waqas K, Chen J, Vernooij MW, Ikram MK, Zillikens MC, Ikram MA. Skin autofluorescence, reflecting accumulation of advanced glycation end products, and the risk of dementia in a population-based cohort. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1256. [PMID: 38218902 PMCID: PMC10787742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Conditions such as hyperglycemia and oxidative stress lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are harmful compounds that have been implicated in dementia. Within the Rotterdam Study, we measured skin AGEs as skin autofluorescence, reflecting long-term accumulation of AGEs, and determined their association with the risk of dementia and with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. Skin autofluorescence was measured between 2013 and 2016 in 2922 participants without dementia. Of these, 1504 also underwent brain MRI, on which measures of brain atrophy and cerebral small vessel disease were assessed. All participants were followed for the incidence of dementia until 2020. Of 2922 participants (mean age 72.6 years, 57% women), 123 developed dementia. Higher skin autofluorescence (per standard deviation) was associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio 1.21 [95% confidence interval 1.01-1.46]) and Alzheimer's disease (1.19 [0.97-1.47]), independently of age and other studied potential confounders. Stronger effects were seen in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers (1.34 [0.98-1.82]) and in participants with diabetes (1.35 [0.94-1.94]). Participants with higher skin autofluorescence levels also had smaller total brain volumes and smaller hippocampus volumes on MRI, and they had more often lacunes. These results suggest that AGEs may be involved in dementia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne S Mooldijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Komal Waqas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jinluan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Chien SC, Chen CP. Genetic Counseling of Fetal Microcephaly. J Med Ultrasound 2024; 32:1-7. [PMID: 38665355 PMCID: PMC11040482 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_18_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetal microcephaly is a small head with various losses of cerebral cortical volume. The affected cases may suffer from a wide range in severity of impaired cerebral development from slight to severe mental retardation. It can be an isolated finding or with other anomalies depending on the heterogeneous causes including genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, congenital infectious diseases, maternal alcohol consumption, and metabolic disorders during pregnancy. It is often a lifelong and incurable condition. Thus, early detection of fetal microcephaly and identification of the underlying causes are important for clinical staff to provide appropriate genetic counseling to the parents and accurate management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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9
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Palacios-Marin I, Serra D, Jiménez-Chillarón JC, Herrero L, Todorčević M. Childhood obesity: Implications on adipose tissue dynamics and metabolic health. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13627. [PMID: 37608466 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the leading risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Childhood obesity represents an alarming health challenge because children with obesity are prone to remain with obesity throughout their life and have an increased morbidity and mortality risk. The ability of adipose tissue to store lipids and expand in size during excessive calorie intake is its most remarkable characteristic. Cellular and lipid turnovers determine adipose tissue size and are closely related with metabolic status. The mechanisms through which adipose tissue expands and how this affects systemic metabolic homeostasis are still poorly characterized. Furthermore, the mechanism through which increased adiposity extends from childhood to adulthood and its implications in metabolic health are in most part, still unknown. More studies on adipose tissue development in healthy and children with obesity are urgently needed. In the present review, we summarize the dynamics of white adipose tissue, from developmental origins to the mechanisms that allows it to grow and expand throughout lifetime and during obesity in children and in different mouse models used to address this largely unknown field. Specially, highlighting the role that excessive adiposity during the early life has on future's adipose tissue dynamics and individual's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Palacios-Marin
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep C Jiménez-Chillarón
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marijana Todorčević
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Xing J, Xie L, Qi X, Liu G, Akhtar MF, Li X, Bou G, Bai D, Zhao Y, Dugarjaviin M, Zhang X. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and proteome for exploring mechanism of promoting proliferation of equine satellite cells associated with leucine. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 48:101118. [PMID: 37633218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) are necessary for the development of mature skeletal muscle. Leucine (Leu) is both an essential amino acid (EAA) and a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which has attracted worldwide attention due to its ability to repair and become new fibers. We separated the equine SCs into the control group (CON) and the Leu-supplemented group (LEU), which the cells were cultured in Leu-deprived and Leu-supplemented media respectively. We combined the transcriptome (RNA-Seq) and quantitative proteome (TMT) profiling analyses on proliferation of equine SCs associated with Leu. 1839 up-regulated and 631 down-regulated genes made up the 2470 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the 253 differentially abundant proteins (DEPs) included 118 up-regulated and 135 down-regulated proteins. 110 overlapping genes were verified based on the mRNA and protein translation relationship. Moreover, by comparing overlapped pathways through enrichment analysis, we found 13 genes not only appeared among 110 key DEGs/DEPs but also enriched in the KEGG overlapping signaling pathway, including CCL26, STAT2, PCK2, ASNS, GPT2, SHMT2, PHGDH, PGAM2, PSAT1, FTL, HMOX1, STEAP1 and STEAP2. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the world to systematically show how Leu regulated the growth of equine SCs. Leu deficiency inhibits the proliferation of equine SCs and development of fresh muscle fibers was proved in this paper. The main genes in charge of the Leu-induced proliferation of horse SCs have been found. These genes will make it easier to understand the mechanism at work and offer new information for enhancing the performance of sport horses and alleviating the equine muscle damage during exercise in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Xing
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-const ruction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; College of animal science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lan Xie
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Ecological Feeding of Black Donkey, Shandong Donkey Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xingzhen Qi
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Ecological Feeding of Black Donkey, Shandong Donkey Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Ecological Feeding of Black Donkey, Shandong Donkey Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Muhammad Faheem Akhtar
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Ecological Feeding of Black Donkey, Shandong Donkey Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-const ruction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-const ruction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Dongyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-const ruction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-const ruction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Manglai Dugarjaviin
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-const ruction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xinzhuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Equus Germplasm Innovation (Co-const ruction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equus Research Center, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
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11
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Granic A, Suetterlin K, Shavlakadze T, Grounds M, Sayer A. Hallmarks of ageing in human skeletal muscle and implications for understanding the pathophysiology of sarcopenia in women and men. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1721-1751. [PMID: 37986616 PMCID: PMC10665130 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a complex biological process associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Nine classic, interdependent hallmarks of ageing have been proposed involving genetic and biochemical pathways that collectively influence ageing trajectories and susceptibility to pathology in humans. Ageing skeletal muscle undergoes profound morphological and physiological changes associated with loss of strength, mass, and function, a condition known as sarcopenia. The aetiology of sarcopenia is complex and whilst research in this area is growing rapidly, there is a relative paucity of human studies, particularly in older women. Here, we evaluate how the nine classic hallmarks of ageing: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication contribute to skeletal muscle ageing and the pathophysiology of sarcopenia. We also highlight five novel hallmarks of particular significance to skeletal muscle ageing: inflammation, neural dysfunction, extracellular matrix dysfunction, reduced vascular perfusion, and ionic dyshomeostasis, and discuss how the classic and novel hallmarks are interconnected. Their clinical relevance and translational potential are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, U.K
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Karen Suetterlin
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, U.K
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Tea Shavlakadze
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Miranda D. Grounds
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Avan A. Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, U.K
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K
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12
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Jeffries AM, Yu T, Ziegenfuss JS, Tolles AK, Kim Y, Weng Z, Lodato MA. Single-cell transcriptomic and genomic changes in the aging human brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566050. [PMID: 37986960 PMCID: PMC10659272 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Aging brings dysregulation of various processes across organs and tissues, often stemming from stochastic damage to individual cells over time. Here, we used a combination of single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and single-cell whole-genome sequencing to identify transcriptomic and genomic changes in the prefrontal cortex of the human brain across life span, from infancy to centenarian. We identified infant-specific cell clusters enriched for the expression of neurodevelopmental genes, and a common down-regulation of cell-essential homeostatic genes that function in ribosomes, transport, and metabolism during aging across cell types. Conversely, expression of neuron-specific genes generally remains stable throughout life. We observed a decrease in specific DNA repair genes in aging, including genes implicated in generating brain somatic mutations as indicated by mutation signature analysis. Furthermore, we detected gene-length-specific somatic mutation rates that shape the transcriptomic landscape of the aged human brain. These findings elucidate critical aspects of human brain aging, shedding light on transcriptomic and genomics dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa M. Jeffries
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tianxiong Yu
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Ziegenfuss
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Allie K. Tolles
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yerin Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael A. Lodato
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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13
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Roeder SS, Bonnin EA, Wu TD, Guerquin-Kern JL, Jabari S, Brandner S, Eyüpoglu IY, Gollwitzer S, Hamer HM, Gerner ST, Doeppner TR, Rummel C, Englund E, Heimke-Brinck R, Borst T, Daniel C, Amann K, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Tonchev AB, Roessler K, Schwab S, Bergmann O, Rizzoli SO, Huttner HB. Tracking cell turnover in human brain using 15N-thymidine imaging mass spectrometry. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1274607. [PMID: 37869505 PMCID: PMC10585107 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1274607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly is often caused by an impairment of the generation of neurons in the brain, a process referred to as neurogenesis. While most neurogenesis in mammals occurs during brain development, it thought to continue to take place through adulthood in selected regions of the mammalian brain, notably the hippocampus. However, the generality of neurogenesis in the adult brain has been controversial. While studies in mice and rats have provided compelling evidence for neurogenesis occurring in the adult rodent hippocampus, the lack of applicability in humans of key methods to demonstrate neurogenesis has led to an intense debate about the existence and, in particular, the magnitude of neurogenesis in the adult human brain. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of a powerful method to address this debate, that is, the in vivo labeling of adult human patients with 15N-thymidine, a non-hazardous form of thymidine, an approach without any clinical harm or ethical concerns. 15N-thymidine incorporation into newly synthesized DNA of specific cells was quantified at the single-cell level with subcellular resolution by Multiple-isotype imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) of brain tissue resected for medical reasons. Two adult human patients, a glioblastoma patient and a patient with drug-refractory right temporal lobe epilepsy, were infused for 24 h with 15N-thymidine. Detection of 15N-positive leukocyte nuclei in blood samples from these patients confirmed previous findings by others and demonstrated the appropriateness of this approach to search for the generation of new cells in the adult human brain. 15N-positive neural cells were easily identified in the glioblastoma tissue sample, and the range of the 15N signal suggested that cells that underwent S-phase fully or partially during the 24 h in vivo labeling period, as well as cells generated therefrom, were detected. In contrast, within the hippocampus tissue resected from the epilepsy patient, none of the 2,000 dentate gyrus neurons analyzed was positive for 15N-thymidine uptake, consistent with the notion that the rate of neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus is rather low. Of note, the likelihood of detecting neurogenesis was reduced because of (i) the low number of cells analyzed, (ii) the fact that hippocampal tissue was explored that may have had reduced neurogenesis due to epilepsy, and (iii) the labeling period of 24 h which may have been too short to capture quiescent neural stem cells. Yet, overall, our approach to enrich NeuN-labeled neuronal nuclei by FACS prior to MIMS analysis provides a promising strategy to quantify even low rates of neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus after in vivo15N-thymidine infusion. From a general point of view and regarding future perspectives, the in vivo labeling of humans with 15N-thymidine followed by MIMS analysis of brain tissue constitutes a novel approach to study mitotically active cells and their progeny in the brain, and thus allows a broad spectrum of studies of brain physiology and pathology, including microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S Roeder
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisa A Bonnin
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting-Di Wu
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UAR2016, Inserm US-43, Multimodal Imaging Center, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guerquin-Kern
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UAR2016, Inserm US-43, Multimodal Imaging Center, Paris, France
| | - Samir Jabari
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilker Y Eyüpoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hajo M Hamer
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Rummel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Tobias Borst
- Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anton B Tonchev
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Stem Cell Biology Research Institute, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Karl Roessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwab
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
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14
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Cirzi C, Dyckow J, Legrand C, Schott J, Guo W, Perez Hernandez D, Hisaoka M, Parlato R, Pitzer C, van der Hoeven F, Dittmar G, Helm M, Stoecklin G, Schirmer L, Lyko F, Tuorto F. Queuosine-tRNA promotes sex-dependent learning and memory formation by maintaining codon-biased translation elongation speed. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112507. [PMID: 37609797 PMCID: PMC10548180 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Queuosine (Q) is a modified nucleoside at the wobble position of specific tRNAs. In mammals, queuosinylation is facilitated by queuine uptake from the gut microbiota and is introduced into tRNA by the QTRT1-QTRT2 enzyme complex. By establishing a Qtrt1 knockout mouse model, we discovered that the loss of Q-tRNA leads to learning and memory deficits. Ribo-Seq analysis in the hippocampus of Qtrt1-deficient mice revealed not only stalling of ribosomes on Q-decoded codons, but also a global imbalance in translation elongation speed between codons that engage in weak and strong interactions with their cognate anticodons. While Q-dependent molecular and behavioral phenotypes were identified in both sexes, female mice were affected more severely than males. Proteomics analysis confirmed deregulation of synaptogenesis and neuronal morphology. Together, our findings provide a link between tRNA modification and brain functions and reveal an unexpected role of protein synthesis in sex-dependent cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Cirzi
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Julia Dyckow
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for NeurosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Carine Legrand
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, Biologie Cellulaire et Thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Johanna Schott
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Mannheim Cancer Center (MCC), Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Wei Guo
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Mannheim Cancer Center (MCC), Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | | | - Miharu Hisaoka
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Mannheim Cancer Center (MCC), Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational NeurosciencesHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Claudia Pitzer
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core (INBC), Medical Faculty HeidelbergHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Department of Infection and ImmunityLuxembourg Institute of HealthStrassenLuxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science (IPBS)Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Georg Stoecklin
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Mannheim Cancer Center (MCC), Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for NeurosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Frank Lyko
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Francesca Tuorto
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Mannheim Cancer Center (MCC), Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
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15
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Derks W, Rode J, Collin S, Rost F, Heinke P, Hariharan A, Pickel L, Simonova I, Lázár E, Graham E, Jashari R, Andrä M, Jeppsson A, Salehpour M, Alkass K, Druid H, Kyriakopoulos CP, Taleb I, Shankar TS, Selzman CH, Sadek H, Jovinge S, Brusch L, Frisén J, Drakos S, Bergmann O. A latent cardiomyocyte regeneration potential in human heart disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557681. [PMID: 37745322 PMCID: PMC10515906 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes in the adult human heart show a regenerative capacity, with an annual renewal rate around 0.5%. Whether this regenerative capacity of human cardiomyocytes is employed in heart failure has been controversial. Using retrospective 14C birth dating we analyzed cardiomyocyte renewal in patients with end-stage heart failure. We show that cardiomyocyte generation is minimal in end-stage heart failure patients at rates 18-50 times lower compared to the healthy heart. However, patients receiving left ventricle support device therapy, who showed significant functional and structural cardiac improvement, had a >6-fold increase in cardiomyocyte renewal relative to the healthy heart. Our findings reveal a substantial cardiomyocyte regeneration potential in human heart disease, which could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Derks
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Rode
- Center of Information Services and High-Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sofia Collin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabian Rost
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center of Information Services and High-Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Technology Platform at the Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paula Heinke
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anjana Hariharan
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lauren Pickel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irina Simonova
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Enikő Lázár
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evan Graham
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michaela Andrä
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Klinikum Klagenfurt and Section for Surgical Research Medical University Graz, 9020 Graz, Austria
| | - Anders Jeppsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mehran Salehpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm and National Board of Forensic Medicine, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm and National Board of Forensic Medicine, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christos P. Kyriakopoulos
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Iosif Taleb
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Thirupura S. Shankar
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Craig H. Selzman
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Hesham Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- Spectrum Health Frederik Meijer Heart & Vascular Institute and Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Center of Information Services and High-Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stavros Drakos
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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16
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Zaki ZMM, Kuroda A, Morimura N, Hayashi Y, Hitoshi S. Depletion of transit amplifying cells in the adult brain does not affect quiescent neural stem cell pool size. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:19. [PMID: 37704979 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are maintained in the adult mammalian brain throughout the animal's lifespan. NSCs in the subependymal zone infrequently divide and generate transit amplifying cells, which are destined to become olfactory bulb neurons. When transit amplifying cells are depleted, they are replenished by the quiescent NSC pool. However, the cellular basis for this recovery process remains largely unknown. In this study, we traced NSCs and their progeny after transit amplifying cells were eliminated by intraventricular infusion of cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside. We found that although the number of neurosphere-forming NSCs decreased shortly after the treatment, they were restored to normal levels 3 weeks after the cessation of treatment. More importantly, the depletion of transit amplifying cells did not induce a significant expansion of the NSC pool by symmetric divisions. Our data suggest that the size of the NSC pool is hardly affected by brain damage due to antimitotic drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiyyah Munirah Mohd Zaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Anri Kuroda
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Naoko Morimura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Seiji Hitoshi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
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17
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Dos Santos C, Shrestha S, Cottam M, Perkins G, Lev-Ram V, Roy B, Acree C, Kim KY, Deerinck T, Cutler M, Dean D, Cartailler JP, MacDonald PE, Hetzer M, Ellisman M, E Drigo RA. Caloric restriction promotes beta cell longevity and delays aging and senescence by enhancing cell identity and homeostasis mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.23.554369. [PMID: 37662336 PMCID: PMC10473730 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.23.554369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) extends organismal lifespan and health span by improving glucose homeostasis mechanisms. How CR affects organellar structure and function of pancreatic beta cells over the lifetime of the animal remains unknown. Here, we used single nucleus transcriptomics to show that CR increases the expression of genes for beta cell identity, protein processing, and organelle homeostasis. Gene regulatory network analysis link this transcriptional phenotype to transcription factors involved in beta cell identity (Mafa) and homeostasis (Atf6). Imaging metabolomics further demonstrates that CR beta cells are more energetically competent. In fact, high-resolution light and electron microscopy indicates that CR reduces beta cell mitophagy and increases mitochondria mass, increasing mitochondrial ATP generation. Finally, we show that long-term CR delays the onset of beta cell aging and senescence to promote longevity by reducing beta cell turnover. Therefore, CR could be a feasible approach to preserve compromised beta cells during aging and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Dos Santos
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Shristi Shrestha
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Matthew Cottam
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Guy Perkins
- National Center for Imaging and Microscopy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Varda Lev-Ram
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine. La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Birbickram Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christopher Acree
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- National Center for Imaging and Microscopy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Thomas Deerinck
- National Center for Imaging and Microscopy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Melanie Cutler
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Danielle Dean
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN USA
| | | | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Martin Hetzer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Ellisman
- National Center for Imaging and Microscopy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Rafael Arrojo E Drigo
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN USA
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18
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Ripoll C, Poulen G, Chevreau R, Lonjon N, Vachiery-Lahaye F, Bauchet L, Hugnot JP. Persistence of FoxJ1 + Pax6 + Sox2 + ependymal cells throughout life in the human spinal cord. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:181. [PMID: 37329342 PMCID: PMC11072198 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ependymal cells lining the central canal of the spinal cord play a crucial role in providing a physical barrier and in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. These cells express the FOXJ1 and SOX2 transcription factors in mice and are derived from various neural tube populations, including embryonic roof and floor plate cells. They exhibit a dorsal-ventral expression pattern of spinal cord developmental transcription factors (such as MSX1, PAX6, ARX, and FOXA2), resembling an embryonic-like organization. Although this ependymal region is present in young humans, it appears to be lost with age. To re-examine this issue, we collected 17 fresh spinal cords from organ donors aged 37-83 years and performed immunohistochemistry on lightly fixed tissues. We observed cells expressing FOXJ1 in the central region in all cases, which co-expressed SOX2 and PAX6 as well as RFX2 and ARL13B, two proteins involved in ciliogenesis and cilia-mediated sonic hedgehog signaling, respectively. Half of the cases exhibited a lumen and some presented portions of the spinal cord with closed and open central canals. Co-staining of FOXJ1 with other neurodevelopmental transcription factors (ARX, FOXA2, MSX1) and NESTIN revealed heterogeneity of the ependymal cells. Interestingly, three donors aged > 75 years exhibited a fetal-like regionalization of neurodevelopmental transcription factors, with dorsal and ventral ependymal cells expressing MSX1, ARX, and FOXA2. These results provide new evidence for the persistence of ependymal cells expressing neurodevelopmental genes throughout human life and highlight the importance of further investigation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Ripoll
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaetan Poulen
- Neurosurgery Department, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Chevreau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Lonjon
- Neurosurgery Department, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Vachiery-Lahaye
- Department of Donation and Transplantation, Coordination Unit, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Bauchet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34091, Montpellier, France
- Neurosurgery Department, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34091, Montpellier, France.
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19
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Jiang M, Jang SE, Zeng L. The Effects of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors on Neurogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091285. [PMID: 37174685 PMCID: PMC10177620 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, neurogenesis is maintained throughout adulthood primarily in two typical niches, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in other nonclassic neurogenic areas (e.g., the amygdala and striatum). During prenatal and early postnatal development, neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiate into neurons and migrate to appropriate areas such as the olfactory bulb where they integrate into existing neural networks; these phenomena constitute the multistep process of neurogenesis. Alterations in any of these processes impair neurogenesis and may even lead to brain dysfunction, including cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Here, we first summarize the main properties of mammalian neurogenic niches to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that neurogenesis plays an integral role in neuronal plasticity in the brain and cognition in the postnatal period. Given that neurogenesis can be highly modulated by a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, we discuss the impact of extrinsic (e.g., alcohol) and intrinsic (e.g., hormones) modulators on neurogenesis. Additionally, we provide an overview of the contribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to persistent neurological sequelae such as neurodegeneration, neurogenic defects and accelerated neuronal cell death. Together, our review provides a link between extrinsic/intrinsic factors and neurogenesis and explains the possible mechanisms of abnormal neurogenesis underlying neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Se Eun Jang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technology University, Novena Campus, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
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20
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Tkemaladze J. Reduction, proliferation, and differentiation defects of stem cells over time: a consequence of selective accumulation of old centrioles in the stem cells? Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2751-2761. [PMID: 36583780 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All molecules, structures, cells in organisms are subjected to destruction during the process of vital activities. In the organisms of most multicellular animals and humans, the regeneration process always takes place: destruction of old cells and their replacement with the new. The replacement of cells happens even if the cells are in perfect condition. The sooner the organism destroys the cells that emerged a certain time ago and replaces them with the new (i.e., the higher is the regeneration tempo), the younger the organism is. DISCUSSION Stem cells are progenitor cells of the substituting young cells. Asymmetric division of a mother stem cell gives rise to one, analogous to the mother, daughter cell, and to a second daughter cell that takes the path of further differentiation. Despite such asymmetric divisions, the pool of stem cells diminishes in its quantity over time. Moreover, intervals between stem cell divisions increase. The combination of these two processes causes the decline of regeneration tempo and aging of the organism. CONCLUSION During asymmetric stem cell divisions daughter cells, with preserved potency of the stem cell, selectively conserve mother (old) centrioles. In contrast with molecules of nuclear DNA, reparations do not take place in centrioles. Hypothetically, old centrioles are more subjected to destruction than other structures of a cell-which makes centrioles potentially the main structure of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaba Tkemaladze
- Free University of Tbilisi, 240 David Aghmashenebeli Alley, 0159, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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21
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Senolytic effect of high intensity interval exercise on human skeletal muscle. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:765-776. [PMID: 36779839 PMCID: PMC9970302 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
p16INK4a expression is a robust biomarker of senescence for stem cells in human tissues. Here we examined the effect of exercise intensity on in vivo senescence in skeletal muscle, using a randomized counter-balanced crossover design. Biopsied vastus lateralis of 9 sedentary men (age 26.1 ± 2.5 y) were assessed before and after a single bout of moderate steady state exercise (SSE, 60% maximal aerobic power) and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE, 120% maximal aerobic power) on a cycloergometer accumulating same amount of cycling work (in kilojoule). Increases in cell infiltration (+1.2 folds), DNA strand break (+1.3 folds), and γ-H2AX+ myofibers (+1.1 folds) occurred immediately after HIIE and returned to baseline in 24 h (p < 0.05). Muscle p16Ink4a mRNA decreased 24 h after HIIE (-57%, p < 0.05). SSE had no effect on cell infiltration, p16Ink4a mRNA, and DNA strand break in muscle tissues. Senescence-lowering effect of HIIE was particularly prominent in the muscle with high pre-exercise p16INK4a expression, suggesting that exercise intensity determines the level of selection pressure to tissue stem cells at late senescent stage in human skeletal muscle. This evidence provides an explanation for the discrepancy between destructive nature of high intensity exercise and its anti-aging benefits.
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22
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Yuan R, Hahn Y, Stempel MH, Sidibe DK, Laxton O, Chen J, Kulkarni A, Maday S. Proteasomal inhibition preferentially stimulates lysosome activity relative to autophagic flux in primary astrocytes. Autophagy 2023; 19:570-596. [PMID: 35722992 PMCID: PMC9851260 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2084884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons and astrocytes face unique demands on their proteome to enable proper function and survival of the nervous system. Consequently, both cell types are critically dependent on robust quality control pathways such as macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). We previously reported that autophagy is differentially regulated in astrocytes and neurons in the context of metabolic stress, but less is understood in the context of proteotoxic stress induced by inhibition of the UPS. Dysfunction of the proteasome or autophagy has been linked to the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, in this study, we explored the connection between autophagy and the proteasome in primary astrocytes and neurons. Prior studies largely in non-neural models report a compensatory relationship whereby inhibition of the UPS stimulates autophagy. To our surprise, inhibition of the proteasome did not robustly upregulate autophagy in astrocytes or neurons. In fact, the effects on autophagy are modest particularly in comparison to paradigms of metabolic stress. Rather, we find that UPS inhibition in astrocytes induces formation of Ub-positive aggregates that harbor the selective autophagy receptor, SQSTM1/p62, but these structures were not productive substrates for autophagy. By contrast, we observed a significant increase in lysosomal degradation in astrocytes in response to UPS inhibition, but this stimulation was not sufficient to reduce total SQSTM1 levels. Last, UPS inhibition was more toxic in neurons compared to astrocytes, suggesting a cell type-specific vulnerability to proteotoxic stress.Abbreviations: Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; CQ: chloroquine; Epox: epoxomicin; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; p-ULK1: phospho-ULK1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; Ub: ubiquitin; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Yuan
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Younghee Hahn
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Max H. Stempel
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David K. Sidibe
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olivia Laxton
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Maday
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Cook D, Manchel A, Ogunnaike BA, Vadigepalli R. Elucidating the Mechanisms of Dynamic and Robust Control of the Liver Homeostatic Renewal Process: Cell Network Modeling and Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:2275-2287. [PMID: 36787103 PMCID: PMC9912253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental investigations of liver homeostatic renewal have identified high replication capacity hepatocyte populations as the primary maintainers of liver mass. However, the molecular and cellular processes controlling liver homeostatic renewal remain unknown. To address this problem, we developed and analyzed a mathematical model describing cellular network interactions underlying liver homeostatic renewal. Model simulation results demonstrate that without feedback control, basic homeostatic renewal is not robust to disruptions, leading to tissue loss under persistent/repetitive insults. Consequently, we extended our basic model to incorporate putative regulatory interactions and investigated how such interactions may confer robustness on the homeostatic renewal process. We utilized a Design of Experiments approach to identify the combination of feedback interactions that yields a cell network model of homeostatic renewal capable of maintaining liver mass robustly during persistent/repetitive injury. Simulations of this robust model indicate that repeated injury destabilizes liver homeostasis within several months, which differs from epidemiological observations of a much slower decay of liver function occurring over several years. To address this discrepancy, we extended the model to include feedback control by liver nonparenchymal cells. Simulations and analysis of the final multicellular feedback control network suggest that achieving robust liver homeostatic renewal requires intrinsic stability in a hepatocellular network combined with feedback control by nonparenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States,Daniel
Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology,
Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19107, United States,SimBioSys,
Inc., Chicago, Illinois60601, United
States
| | - Alexandra Manchel
- Daniel
Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology,
Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19107, United States
| | - Babatunde A. Ogunnaike
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel
Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology,
Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19107, United States,Rajanikanth
Vadigepalli E-mail:
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24
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Chen J, Ying L, Zeng L, Li C, Jia Y, Yang H, Yang G. The novel compound heterozygous rare variants may impact positively selected regions of TUBGCP6, a microcephaly associated gene. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1059477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe microcephaly is a rare and severe disease probably under purifying selection due to the reduction of human brain-size. In contrast, the brain-size enlargement is most probably driven by positive selection, in light of this critical phenotypical innovation during primates and human evolution. Thus, microcephaly-related genes were extensively studied for signals of positive selection. However, whether the pathogenic variants of microcephaly-related genes could affect the regions of positive selection is still unclear.MethodsHere, we conducted whole genome sequencing (WGS) and positive selection analysis.ResultsWe identified novel compound heterozygous variants, p.Y613* and p.E1368K in TUBGCP6, related to microcephaly in a Chinese family. The genotyping and the sanger sequencing revealed the maternal and the paternal origin for the first and second variant, respectively. The p.Y613* occurred before the second and third domain of TUBGCP6 protein, while p.E1368K located within the linker region of the second and third domain. Interestingly, using multiple positive selection analyses, we revealed the potential impacts of these variants on the regions of positive selection of TUBGCP6. The truncating variant p.Y613* could lead to the deletions of two positively selected domains DUF5401 and Spc97_Spc98, while p.E1368K could impose a rare mutation burden on the linker region between these two domains.DiscussionOur investigation expands the list of candidate pathogenic variants of TUBGCP6 that may cause microcephaly. Moreover, the study provides insights into the potential pathogenic effects of variants that truncate or distribute within the positively selected regions.
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25
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Eftestøl E, Ochi E, Juvkam IS, Hansson KA, Gundersen K. A juvenile climbing exercise establishes a muscle memory boosting the effects of exercise in adult rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 236:e13879. [PMID: 36017589 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Investigate whether juvenile exercise could induce a long-term muscle memory, boosting the effects of exercise in adults. METHODS We devised a 5-week climbing exercise scheme with food reward administered to male juvenile rats (post-natal week 4-9). Subsequently, the animals were subjected to 10 weeks of detraining (week 9-19) without climbing and finally retraining during week 19-21. RESULTS The juvenile exercise increased fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) by 21% (p = 0.0035), boosted nuclear accretion by 13% (p = 0.057), and reduced intraperitoneal fat content by 28% (p = 0.007) and body weight by 9% (p = 0.001). During detraining, the fCSA became similar in the animals that had been climbing compared to naive controls, but the elevated number of myonuclei induced by the climbing were maintained (15%, p = 0.033). When the naive rats were subjected to 2 weeks of adult exercise there was little effect on fCSA, while the previously trained rats displayed an increase of 19% (p = 0.0007). Similarly, when the rats were subjected to unilateral surgical overload in lieu of the adult climbing exercise, the increase in fCSA was 20% (p = 0.0039) in the climbing group, while there was no significant increase in naive rats when comparing to the contralateral leg. CONCLUSION This demonstrates that juvenile exercise can establish a muscle memory boosting the effects of adult exercise. The juvenile climbing exercise with food reward also led to leaner animals with lower body weight. These differences were to some extent maintained throughout the adult detraining period in spite of all animals being fed ad libitum, indicating a form of body weight memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Eftestøl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Inga S Juvkam
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Hughes SM, Escaleira RC, Wanders K, Koth J, Wilkinson DG, Xu Q. Clonal behaviour of myogenic precursor cells throughout the vertebrate lifespan. Biol Open 2022; 11:276275. [PMID: 35972050 PMCID: PMC9399818 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To address questions of stem cell diversity during skeletal myogenesis, a Brainbow-like genetic cell lineage tracing method, dubbed Musclebow2, was derived by enhancer trapping in zebrafish. It is shown that, after initial formation of the primary myotome, at least 15 muscle precursor cells (mpcs) seed each somite, where they proliferate but contribute little to muscle growth prior to hatching. Thereafter, dermomyotome-derived mpc clones rapidly expand while some progeny undergo terminal differentiation, leading to stochastic clonal drift within the mpc pool. No evidence of cell-lineage-based clonal fate diversity was obtained. Neither fibre nor mpc death was observed in uninjured animals. Individual marked muscle fibres persist across much of the lifespan indicating low rates of nuclear turnover. In adulthood, early-marked mpc clones label stable blocks of tissue comprising a significant fraction of either epaxial or hypaxial somite. Fusion of cells from separate early-marked clones occurs in regions of clone overlap. Wounds are regenerated from several local mpcs; no evidence for specialised stem mpcs was obtained. In conclusion, our data indicate that most mpcs in muscle tissue contribute to local growth and repair and suggest that cellular turnover is low in the absence of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Roberta C Escaleira
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Kees Wanders
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Jana Koth
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Qiling Xu
- Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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27
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Lendahl U. 100 plus years of stem cell research-20 years of ISSCR. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1248-1267. [PMID: 35705014 PMCID: PMC9213821 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) celebrates its 20th anniversary in 2022. This review looks back at some of the key developments in stem cell research as well as the evolution of the ISSCR as part of that field. Important discoveries from stem cell research are described, and how the improved understanding of basic stem cell biology translates into new clinical therapies and insights into disease mechanisms is discussed. Finally, the birth and growth of ISSCR into a leading stem cell society and a respected voice for ethics, advocacy, education and policy in stem cell research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Heinke P, Rost F, Rode J, Trus P, Simonova I, Lázár E, Feddema J, Welsch T, Alkass K, Salehpour M, Zimmermann A, Seehofer D, Possnert G, Damm G, Druid H, Brusch L, Bergmann O. Diploid hepatocytes drive physiological liver renewal in adult humans. Cell Syst 2022; 13:499-507.e12. [PMID: 35649419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physiological liver cell replacement is central to maintaining the organ's high metabolic activity, although its characteristics are difficult to study in humans. Using retrospective radiocarbon (14C) birth dating of cells, we report that human hepatocytes show continuous and lifelong turnover, allowing the liver to remain a young organ (average age <3 years). Hepatocyte renewal is highly dependent on the ploidy level. Diploid hepatocytes show more than 7-fold higher annual birth rates than polyploid hepatocytes. These observations support the view that physiological liver cell renewal in humans is mainly dependent on diploid hepatocytes, whereas polyploid cells are compromised in their ability to divide. Moreover, cellular transitions between diploid and polyploid hepatocytes are limited under homeostatic conditions. With these findings, we present an integrated model of homeostatic liver cell generation in humans that provides fundamental insights into liver cell turnover dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Heinke
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabian Rost
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Rode
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Palina Trus
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Irina Simonova
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Enikő Lázár
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua Feddema
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thilo Welsch
- Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehran Salehpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics, Ion Physics, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Zimmermann
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Göran Possnert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics, Ion Physics, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Associated Changes in Neocortical Metabolites in Major Depression: A Systematic Review. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103049. [PMID: 35738081 PMCID: PMC9233277 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed 12 studies that measured metabolites pre and post rTMS in MDD. Frontal lobe Glu, Gln, NAA, and GABA increased after rTMS. Increases in metabolites were often associated with MDD symptom improvement. We propose novel intracellular mechanisms by which metabolites are altered by rTMS.
Introduction Repetitive Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an FDA approved treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, neural mechanisms contributing to rTMS effects on depressive symptoms, cognition, and behavior are unclear. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a noninvasive neuroimaging technique measuring concentrations of biochemical compounds within the brain in vivo, may provide mechanistic insights. Methods This systematic review summarized published MRS findings from rTMS treatment trials to address potential neurometabolic mechanisms of its antidepressant action. Using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and JSTOR, we identified twelve empirical studies that evaluated changes in MRS metabolites in a within-subjects, pre- vs. post-rTMS treatment design in patients with MDD. Results rTMS protocols ranged from four days to eight weeks duration, were applied at high frequency to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in most studies, and were conducted in patients aged 13-to-70. Most studies utilized MRS point resolved spectroscopy acquisitions at 3 Tesla in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and DLPFC. Symptom improvements were correlated with rTMS-related increases in the concentration of glutamatergic compounds (glutamate, Glu, and glutamine, Gln), GABA, and N-acetylated compounds (NAA), with some results trend-level. Conclusions This is the first in-depth systematic review of metabolic effects of rTMS in individuals with MDD. The extant literature suggests rTMS stimulation does not produce changes in neurometabolites independent of clinical response; increases in frontal lobe glutamatergic compounds, N-acetylated compounds and GABA following high frequency left DLPFC rTMS therapy were generally associated with clinical improvement. Glu, Gln, GABA, and NAA may mediate rTMS treatment effects on MDD symptomatology through intracellular mechanisms.
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Mercau ME, Patwa S, Bhat KPL, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Cell death in development, maintenance, and diseases of the nervous system. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:725-738. [PMID: 35508671 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death, be it of neurons or glial cells, marks the development of the nervous system. Albeit relatively less so than in tissues such as the gut, cell death is also a feature of nervous system homeostasis-especially in context of adult neurogenesis. Finally, cell death is commonplace in acute brain injuries, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and in some central nervous system tumors such as glioblastoma. Recent studies are enumerating the various molecular modalities involved in the execution of cells. Intimately linked with cell death are mechanisms of disposal that remove the dead cell and bring about a tissue-level response. Heretofore, the association between these methods of dying and physiological or pathological responses has remained nebulous. It is envisioned that careful cartography of death and disposal may reveal novel understandings of disease states and chart new therapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Mercau
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Siraj Patwa
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krishna P L Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology-Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Abstract
Recent technological developments have allowed determination of the age of fat cells and their lipids in adult humans. In contrast to prior views, this has demonstrated a high turnover rate of the fat cells (10%/year) and their unilocular lipid droplets (six times/10 years). Fat cell turnover is increased in obesity and when adipose tissue is composed of many but small adipocytes (hyperplasia, a benign adipose phenotype). While fat mass gain increases adipocyte number and size, only the latter is altered (decreased) after weight loss, which may facilitate weight regain. Fat cell lipid turnover is attenuated in subjects with excess body fat. In the subcutaneous region, this dysregulation occurs already in the overweight state while in the visceral depot, it is only observed in severe obesity. This may explain why the latter depot is particularly pernicious in the overweight/obese state as it allows for more rapid lipid fluxes between visceral fat and the liver. Adipose lipid turnover decreases during ageing due to impaired breakdown (lipolysis) of stored triglycerides. If this decline is not compensated by reduced adipocyte lipid uptake, bodyweight will increase over time. In concordance with this, low lipolysis rates are a risk factor for future weight gain and glucose intolerance. Adipose lipid turnover is also decreased in insulin resistance and certain forms of dyslipidemia. Altogether, adult human adipose tissue is in a highly dynamic state. Alterations in the turnover of fat cells and their lipids are therefore novel factors to consider in the pathophysiology of common metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Arbeithuber B, Cremona MA, Hester J, Barrett A, Higgins B, Anthony K, Chiaromonte F, Diaz FJ, Makova KD. Advanced age increases frequencies of de novo mitochondrial mutations in macaque oocytes and somatic tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118740119. [PMID: 35394879 PMCID: PMC9169796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118740119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contribute to multiple diseases. However, how new mtDNA mutations arise and accumulate with age remains understudied because of the high error rates of current sequencing technologies. Duplex sequencing reduces error rates by several orders of magnitude via independently tagging and analyzing each of the two template DNA strands. Here, using duplex sequencing, we obtained high-quality mtDNA sequences for somatic tissues (liver and skeletal muscle) and single oocytes of 30 unrelated rhesus macaques, from 1 to 23 y of age. Sequencing single oocytes minimized effects of natural selection on germline mutations. In total, we identified 17,637 tissue-specific de novo mutations. Their frequency increased ∼3.5-fold in liver and ∼2.8-fold in muscle over the ∼20 y assessed. Mutation frequency in oocytes increased ∼2.5-fold until the age of 9 y, but did not increase after that, suggesting that oocytes of older animals maintain the quality of their mtDNA. We found the light-strand origin of replication (OriL) to be a hotspot for mutation accumulation with aging in liver. Indeed, the 33-nucleotide-long OriL harbored 12 variant hotspots, 10 of which likely disrupt its hairpin structure and affect replication efficiency. Moreover, in somatic tissues, protein-coding variants were subject to positive selection (potentially mitigating toxic effects of mitochondrial activity), the strength of which increased with the number of macaques harboring variants. Our work illuminates the origins and accumulation of somatic and germline mtDNA mutations with aging in primates and has implications for delayed reproduction in modern human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Arbeithuber
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Experimental Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Kepler University Hospital Linz, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Marzia A. Cremona
- Department of Operations and Decision Systems, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V4G2, Canada
- Center for Medical Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - James Hester
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Alison Barrett
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Bonnie Higgins
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kate Anthony
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Francesca Chiaromonte
- Center for Medical Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Institute of Economics and EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Francisco J. Diaz
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kateryna D. Makova
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Center for Medical Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Oleic acid regulates hippocampal neurogenesis as a TLX ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203038119. [PMID: 35344400 PMCID: PMC9169763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203038119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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34
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Schwartz L, Gundersen K. Cross Talk rebuttal: Schwartz and Gundersen. J Physiol 2022; 600:2087-2088. [PMID: 35388912 DOI: 10.1113/jp283001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Mahmoudi A, Moadab F, Safdarian E, Navashenaq JG, Rezaee M, Gheibihayat SM. MicroRNAs and Efferocytosis: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2641-2660. [PMID: 35362375 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220330150937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
About 10-100 billion cells are generated in the human body in a day, and accordingly, 10-100 billion cells predominantly die for maintaining homeostasis. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are also rapidly engulfed by macrophages (Mθs) to be degraded. In case of the inefficient engulfment of apoptotic cells (ACs) via Mθs, they experience secondary necrosis and thus release intracellular materials, which display damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and result in diseases. Over the last decades, researchers have also reflected on the significant contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to autoimmune diseases through the regulation of Mθs functions. Moreover, miRNAs have shown intricate involvement with completely adjusting basic Mθs functions, such as phagocytosis, inflammation, efferocytosis, tumor promotion, and tissue repair. In this review, the mechanism of efferocytosis containing "Find-Me", "Eat-Me", and "Digest-Me" signals is summarized and the biogenesis of miRNAs is briefly described. Finally, the role of miRNAs in efferocytosis is discussed. It is concluded that miRNAs represent promising treatments and diagnostic targets in impaired phagocytic clearance, which leads to different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of medical biotechnology and nanotechnology, faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical science, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadab
- Medical student, Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Esmat Safdarian
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran;
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Muhuri M, Levy DI, Schulz M, McCarty D, Gao G. Durability of transgene expression after rAAV gene therapy. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1364-1380. [PMID: 35283274 PMCID: PMC9077371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) gene therapy has the potential to transform the lives of patients with certain genetic disorders by increasing or restoring function to affected tissues. Following the initial establishment of transgene expression, it is unknown how long the therapeutic effect will last, although animal and emerging human data show that expression can be maintained for more than 10 years. The durability of therapeutic response is key to long-term treatment success, especially since immune responses to rAAV vectors may prevent re-dosing with the same therapy. This review explores the non-immunological and immunological processes that may limit or improve durability and the strategies that can be used to increase the duration of the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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37
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Khaidakov M, Troshina V, Menglet D, Yusef Yusef, Plotkin A. The Annoying Flaws of Gerontological Research. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:95-100. [PMID: 35084271 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2035393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Gerontological research has accelerated dramatically in the last few decades. However, despite increased public interest, federal funding, an army of researchers, and many notable discoveries and high-impact publications, the goal of achieving even a modest extension of human lifespan seems to be as far away as ever or, at best, remains within the realm of lifestyle and diet optimization efforts. Humanity has already benefited from a lifespan revolution in the first half of 20th Century, which was brought about by improved sanitation and hygiene, clean water, and our successful war on infectious diseases. Thanks to all these developments, in which gerontologists played no part, our expected lifespan increased by about 40% and our primary causes of death decidedly shifted from extrinsic to intrinsic causality. The next step is not that simple as it implies tackling intrinsic mechanisms of aging, and the lack of working human-specific antiaging solutions likely stems from flawed research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Troshina
- Institute of Applied Medical Research, Dubna, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Menglet
- Institute of Applied Medical Research, Dubna, Russian Federation
| | - Yusef Yusef
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
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38
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Goyal A, Gardner M, Mayer BT, Jerome KR, Farzan M, Schiffer JT, Cardozo-Ojeda EF. Estimation of the in vivo neutralization potency of eCD4Ig and conditions for AAV-mediated production for SHIV long-term remission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj5666. [PMID: 35020436 PMCID: PMC8754410 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The engineered protein eCD4Ig has emerged as a promising approach to achieve HIV remission in the absence of antiviral therapy. eCD4Ig neutralizes nearly all HIV-1 isolates and induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro. To characterize the in vivo antiviral neutralization and possible ADCC effects of eCD4Ig, we fit mathematical models to eCD4Ig, anti–eCD4Ig-drug antibody (ADA), and viral load kinetics from healthy and simian-human immunodeficiency virus AD8 (SHIV-AD8) infected nonhuman primates that were treated with single or sequentially dosed eCD4Ig passive administrations. Our model predicts that eCD4Ig transiently decreases SHIV viral loads due to neutralization only with an in vivo IC50 of ~25 μg/ml but with limited effect due to ADA. Simulations suggest that endogenous, continuous expression of eCD4Ig at levels greater than 105 μg/day, as is possible with Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based production, could overcome the diminishing effects of ADA and allow for long-term remission of SHIV viremia in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goyal
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, Florida Campus, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E. Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Edara VV, Manning KE, Ellis M, Lai L, Moore KM, Foster SL, Floyd K, Davis-Gardner ME, Mantus G, Nyhoff LE, Bechnak S, Alaaeddine G, Naji A, Samaha H, Lee M, Bristow L, Hussaini L, Ciric CR, Nguyen PV, Gagne M, Roberts-Torres J, Henry AR, Godbole S, Grakoui A, Sexton M, Piantadosi A, Waggoner JJ, Douek DC, Anderson EJ, Rouphael N, Wrammert J, Suthar MS. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34981056 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.09.459619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines generate potent neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, the principal antigenic target of these vaccines, has raised concerns over the neutralizing activity of vaccine-induced antibody responses. The Omicron variant, which emerged in November 2021, consists of over 30 mutations within the spike protein. Here, we used an authentic live virus neutralization assay to examine the neutralizing activity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant against mRNA vaccine-induced antibody responses. Following the 2nd dose, we observed a 30-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the omicron variant. Through six months after the 2nd dose, none of the sera from naïve vaccinated subjects showed neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant. In contrast, recovered vaccinated individuals showed a 22-fold reduction with more than half of the subjects retaining neutralizing antibody responses. Following a booster shot (3rd dose), we observed a 14-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the omicron variant and over 90% of boosted subjects showed neutralizing activity against the omicron variant. These findings show that a 3rd dose is required to provide robust neutralizing antibody responses against the Omicron variant.
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Zhou XA, Blackmore DG, Zhuo J, Nasrallah FA, To X, Kurniawan ND, Carlisle A, Vien KY, Chuang KH, Jiang T, Bartlett PF. Neurogenic-dependent changes in hippocampal circuitry underlie the procognitive effect of exercise in aging mice. iScience 2021; 24:103450. [PMID: 34877505 PMCID: PMC8633984 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that the improvement in hippocampal-based learning in aged mice following physical exercise observed is dependent on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) and is regulated by changes in growth hormone levels. The changes in neurocircuitry, however, which may underlie this improvement, remain unclear. Using in vivo multimodal magnetic resonance imaging to track changes in aged mice exposed to exercise, we show the improved spatial learning is due to enhanced DG connectivity, particularly the strengthening of the DG-Cornu Ammonis 3 and the DG-medial entorhinal cortex connections in the dorsal hippocampus. Moreover, we provide evidence that these changes in circuitry are dependent on neurogenesis since they were abrogated by ablation of newborn neurons following exercise. These findings identify the specific changes in hippocampal circuitry that underlie the cognitive improvements resulting from physical activity and show that they are dependent on the activation of neurogenesis in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Alice Zhou
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel G. Blackmore
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Junjie Zhuo
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fatima A. Nasrallah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - XuanVinh To
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nyoman D. Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alison Carlisle
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - King-Year Vien
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Perry F. Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Ogawa T, Onaga A, Oshiro N, Oshiro A, Kitagawa Y, Taira Y, Nakahodo S, Oshiro K. Older patients with less skeletal muscle mass gain more skeletal muscle in rehabilitation wards after fractures. Eur Geriatr Med 2021; 13:615-622. [PMID: 34850373 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-021-00596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that old patients could increase skeletal muscle mass after fractures by exercise rehabilitation, even if they have a low initial muscle mass. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle changes in older patients after fractures. METHODS This case-control study took place in rehabilitation wards and included 807 patients aged ≥ 65 years with fractures. Patients were divided into two groups based on the skeletal muscle index (SMI) on admission by the sarcopenia cut-off points: low SMI group included patients with SMI < 7.0 for men and < 5.7 for women and high SMI group included patients with SMI ≥ 7.0 for men and ≥ 5.7 for women. Analysis of comparison between the two groups and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS The SMI gain was significantly higher in the low SMI group (0.20) than in the high SMI group (0.00, p < 0.001). There were also the differences in age, BMI, mini nutritional assessment short form, Charlson comorbidity index, length of hospital stay, and protein intake. The SMI on admission was significantly associated with increased SMI after rehabilitation (odds ratio 0.569, 95% confidence interval 0.455‒0.710). Length from onset to transfer to the hospital, hospital stay, and period of exercise therapy were also significantly associated with increased SMI. CONCLUSIONS We found that older patients with low SMI after fracture gained more skeletal muscle mass than those with high SMI following exercise rehabilitation. In addition, SMI on admission was one of the factors independently associated with increased SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ogawa
- Chuzan Hospital Clinical Education and Research Center, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa city, Okinawa, 904-2151, Japan.
| | - Anri Onaga
- Chuzan Hospital Clinical Education and Research Center, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa city, Okinawa, 904-2151, Japan
| | - Nami Oshiro
- Chuzan Hospital Clinical Education and Research Center, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa city, Okinawa, 904-2151, Japan
| | - Ayumi Oshiro
- Chuzan Hospital Clinical Education and Research Center, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa city, Okinawa, 904-2151, Japan
| | - You Kitagawa
- Chuzan Hospital Clinical Education and Research Center, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa city, Okinawa, 904-2151, Japan
| | - Yasuko Taira
- Chuzan Hospital Clinical Education and Research Center, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa city, Okinawa, 904-2151, Japan
| | - Shiori Nakahodo
- Chuzan Hospital Clinical Education and Research Center, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa city, Okinawa, 904-2151, Japan
| | - Kurumi Oshiro
- Chuzan Hospital Clinical Education and Research Center, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa city, Okinawa, 904-2151, Japan
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
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Abstract
β-Cells in the islet of Langerhans have a central role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Understanding the physiology of β-cells and other islet cells requires a deep understanding of their structural and functional organization, their interaction with vessels and nerves, the layout of paracrine interactions, and the relationship between subcellular compartments and protein complexes inside each cell. These elements are not static; they are dynamic and exert their biological actions at different scales of time. Therefore, scientists must be able to investigate (and visualize) short- and long-lived events within the pancreas and β-cells. Current technological advances in microscopy are able to bridge multiple spatiotemporal scales in biology to reveal the complexity and heterogeneity of β-cell biology. Here, I briefly discuss the historical discoveries that leveraged microscopes to establish the basis of β-cell anatomy and structure, the current imaging platforms that allow the study of islet and β-cell biology at multiple scales of resolution, and their challenges and implications. Lastly, I outline how the remarkable longevity of structural elements at different scales in biology, from molecules to cells to multicellular structures, could represent a previously unrecognized organizational pattern in developing and adult β-cells and pancreas biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arrojo E Drigo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Penna E, Cunningham CL, Saylor S, Kreutz A, Tarantal AF, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Noctor SC. Greater Number of Microglia in Telencephalic Proliferative Zones of Human and Nonhuman Primate Compared with Other Vertebrate Species. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab053. [PMID: 34647030 PMCID: PMC8501267 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the innate immune cells of the brain, are derived from yolk sac precursor cells, begin to colonize the telencephalon at the onset of cortical neurogenesis, and occupy specific layers including the telencephalic proliferative zones. Microglia are an intrinsic component of cortical germinal zones, establish extensive contacts with neural precursor cells (NPCs) and developing cortical vessels, and regulate the size of the NPC pool through mechanisms that include phagocytosis. Microglia exhibit notable differences in number and distribution in the prenatal neocortex between rat and old world nonhuman primate telencephalon, suggesting that microglia possess distinct properties across vertebrate species. To begin addressing this subject, we quantified the number of microglia and NPCs in proliferative zones of the fetal human, rhesus monkey, ferret, and rat, and the prehatch chick and turtle telencephalon. We show that the ratio of NPCs to microglia varies significantly across species. Few microglia populate the prehatch chick telencephalon, but the number of microglia approaches that of NPCs in fetal human and nonhuman primate telencephalon. These data demonstrate that microglia are in a position to perform important functions in a number of vertebrate species but more heavily colonize proliferative zones of fetal human and rhesus monkey telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Penna
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Christopher L Cunningham
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Current Affiliation: Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephanie Saylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Anna Kreutz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Aronowitz JV, Perez A, O’Brien C, Aziz S, Rodriguez E, Wasner K, Ribeiro S, Green D, Faruk F, Pytte CL. Unilateral vocal nerve resection alters neurogenesis in the avian song system in a region-specific manner. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256709. [PMID: 34464400 PMCID: PMC8407570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons born in the adult brain undergo a critical period soon after migration to their site of incorporation. During this time, the behavior of the animal may influence the survival or culling of these cells. In the songbird song system, earlier work suggested that adult-born neurons may be retained in the song motor pathway nucleus HVC with respect to motor progression toward a target song during juvenile song learning, seasonal song restructuring, and experimentally manipulated song variability. However, it is not known whether the quality of song per se, without progressive improvement, may also influence new neuron survival. To test this idea, we experimentally altered song acoustic structure by unilateral denervation of the syrinx, causing a poor quality song. We found no effect of aberrant song on numbers of new neurons in HVC, suggesting that song quality does not influence new neuron culling in this region. However, aberrant song resulted in the loss of left-side dominance in new neurons in the auditory region caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), and a bilateral decrease in new neurons in the basal ganglia nucleus Area X. Thus new neuron culling may be influenced by behavioral feedback in accordance with the function of new neurons within that region. We propose that studying the effects of singing behaviors on new neurons across multiple brain regions that differentially subserve singing may give rise to general rules underlying the regulation of new neuron survival across taxa and brain regions more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake V. Aronowitz
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
| | - Alice Perez
- Psychology Department, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Christopher O’Brien
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
| | - Siaresh Aziz
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
| | - Erica Rodriguez
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
| | - Kobi Wasner
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
| | - Sissi Ribeiro
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
| | - Dovounnae Green
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
| | - Farhana Faruk
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolyn L. Pytte
- Psychology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States of America
- Psychology Department, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- Biology Department, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
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46
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White TL, Gonsalves MA. Dignity neuroscience: universal rights are rooted in human brain science. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1505:40-54. [PMID: 34350987 PMCID: PMC9291326 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Universal human rights are defined by international agreements, law, foreign policy, and the concept of inherent human dignity. However, rights defined on this basis can be readily subverted by overt and covert disagreements and can be treated as distant geopolitical events rather than bearing on individuals’ everyday lives. A robust case for universal human rights is urgently needed and must meet several disparate requirements: (1) a framework that resolves tautological definitions reached solely by mutual, revocable agreement; (2) a rationale that transcends differences in beliefs, creed, and culture; and (3) a personalization that empowers both individuals and governments to further human rights protections. We propose that human rights in existing agreements comprise five elemental types: (1) agency, autonomy, and self‐determination; (2) freedom from want; (3) freedom from fear; (4) uniqueness; and (5) unconditionality, including protections for vulnerable populations. We further propose these rights and protections are rooted in fundamental properties of the human brain. We provide a robust, empirical foundation for universal rights based on emerging work in human brain science that we term dignity neuroscience. Dignity neuroscience provides an empirical foundation to support and foster human dignity, universal rights, and their active furtherance by individuals, nations, and international law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L White
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,University of Cambridge, England, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meghan A Gonsalves
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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47
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Franklin RJM, Frisén J, Lyons DA. Revisiting remyelination: Towards a consensus on the regeneration of CNS myelin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:3-9. [PMID: 33082115 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biology of CNS remyelination has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of its translational potential to yield regenerative therapies for the treatment of chronic and progressive demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Critical to devising myelin regenerative therapies is a detailed understanding of how remyelination occurs. The accepted dogma, based on animal studies, has been that the myelin sheaths of remyelination are made by oligodendrocytes newly generated from adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in a classical regenerative process of progenitor migration, proliferation and differentiation. However, recent human and a growing number of animal studies have revealed a second mode of remyelination in which mature oligodendrocytes surviving within an area of demyelination are able to regenerate new myelin sheaths. This discovery, while opening up new opportunities for therapeutic remyelination, has also raised the question of whether there are fundamental differences in myelin regeneration between humans and some of the species in which experimental remyelination studies are conducted. Here we review how this second mode of remyelination can be integrated into a wider and revised framework for understanding remyelination in which apparent species differences can be reconciled but that also raises important questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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48
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Genotype-dependent epigenetic regulation of DLGAP2 in alcohol use and dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4367-4382. [PMID: 31745236 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse is a major public health problem originating from genetic and environmental risk factors. Alterations in the brain epigenome may orchestrate changes in gene expression that lead to alcohol misuse and dependence. Through epigenome-wide association analysis of DNA methylation from human brain tissues, we identified a differentially methylated region, DMR-DLGAP2, associated with alcohol dependence. Methylation within DMR-DLGAP2 was found to be genotype-dependent, allele-specific and associated with reward processing in brain. Methylation at the DMR-DLGAP2 regulated expression of DLGAP2 in vitro, and Dlgap2-deficient mice showed reduced alcohol consumption compared with wild-type controls. These results suggest that DLGAP2 may be an interface for genetic and epigenetic factors controlling alcohol use and dependence.
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49
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Morgan J, Muntoni F. Changes in Myonuclear Number During Postnatal Growth -Implications for AAV Gene Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 8:S317-S324. [PMID: 34334413 PMCID: PMC8673494 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-210683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle is a relatively stable tissue, as the multinucleated muscle fibres contain post-mitotic myonuclei. During early postnatal life, muscle growth occurs by the addition of skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) or their progeny to growing muscle fibres. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which we shall use as an example of muscular dystrophies, the muscle fibres lack dystrophin and undergo necrosis. Satellite-cell mediated regeneration occurs, to repair and replace the necrotic muscle fibres, but as the regenerated muscle fibres still lack dystrophin, they undergo further cycles of degeneration and regeneration.AAV gene therapy is a promising approach for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. But for a single dose of, for example, AAV coding for dystrophin, to be effective, the treated myonuclei must persist, produce sufficient dystrophin and a sufficient number of nuclei must be targeted. This latter point is crucial as AAV vector remains episomal and does not replicate in dividing cells. Here, we describe and compare the growth of skeletal muscle in rodents and in humans and discuss the evidence that myofibre necrosis and regeneration leads to the loss of viral genomes within skeletal muscle. In addition, muscle growth is expected to lead to the dilution of the transduced nuclei especially in case of very early intervention, but it is not clear if growth could result in insufficient dystrophin to prevent muscle fibre breakdown. This should be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Morgan
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
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50
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Rauch A, Mandrup S. Transcriptional networks controlling stromal cell differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:465-482. [PMID: 33837369 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stromal progenitors are found in many different tissues, where they play an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis owing to their ability to differentiate into parenchymal cells. These progenitor cells are differentially pre-programmed by their tissue microenvironment but, when cultured and stimulated in vitro, these cells - commonly referred to as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) - exhibit a marked plasticity to differentiate into many different cell lineages. Loss-of-function studies in vitro and in vivo have uncovered the involvement of specific signalling pathways and key transcriptional regulators that work in a sequential and coordinated fashion to activate lineage-selective gene programmes. Recent advances in omics and single-cell technologies have made it possible to obtain system-wide insights into the gene regulatory networks that drive lineage determination and cell differentiation. These insights have important implications for the understanding of cell differentiation, the contribution of stromal cells to human disease and for the development of cell-based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rauch
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity, Functional Genomics & Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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