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Li Y, Qu G, Dou G, Ren L, Dang M, Kuang H, Bao L, Ding F, Xu G, Zhang Z, Yang C, Liu S. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Driven by Erythrocytes Ameliorate Bacterial Sepsis by Iron Recycling, Toxin Clearing and Inflammation Regulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306884. [PMID: 38247172 PMCID: PMC10987154 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis poses a significant challenge in clinical management. Effective strategies targeting iron restriction, toxin neutralization, and inflammation regulation are crucial in combating sepsis. However, a comprehensive approach simultaneously targeting these multiple processes has not been established. Here, an engineered apoptotic extracellular vesicles (apoEVs) derived from macrophages is developed and their potential as multifunctional agents for sepsis treatment is investigated. The extensive macrophage apoptosis in a Staphylococcus aureus-induced sepsis model is discovered, unexpectedly revealing a protective role for the host. Mechanistically, the protective effects are mediated by apoptotic macrophage-released apoEVs, which bound iron-containing proteins and neutralized α-toxin through interaction with membrane receptors (transferrin receptor and A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10). To further enhance therapeutic efficiency, apoEVs are engineered by incorporating mesoporous silica nanoparticles preloaded with anti-inflammatory agents (microRNA-146a). These engineered apoEVs can capture iron and neutralize α-toxin with their natural membrane while also regulating inflammation by releasing microRNA-146a in phagocytes. Moreover, to exploit the microcosmic movement and rotation capabilities, erythrocytes are utilized to drive the engineered apoEVs. The erythrocytes-driven engineered apoEVs demonstrate a high capacity for toxin and iron capture, ultimately providing protection against sepsis associated with high iron-loaded conditions. The findings establish a multifunctional agent that combines natural and engineered antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyResearch Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesDepartment of Oral SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200011China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityShaanxi710032China
| | - Guanlin Qu
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyResearch Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesDepartment of Oral SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200011China
| | - Geng Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityShaanxi710032China
| | - Lili Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityShaanxi710032China
| | - Ming Dang
- School of DentistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Huijuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityShaanxi710032China
| | - Lili Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityShaanxi710032China
| | - Feng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityShaanxi710032China
| | - Guangzhou Xu
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyResearch Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesDepartment of Oral SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200011China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyResearch Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesDepartment of Oral SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200011China
| | - Chi Yang
- National Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyResearch Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesDepartment of Oral SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of StomatologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200011China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and RegenerationNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityShaanxi710032China
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Bondoc-Naumovitz KG, Laeverenz-Schlogelhofer H, Poon RN, Boggon AK, Bentley SA, Cortese D, Wan KY. Methods and Measures for Investigating Microscale Motility. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1485-1508. [PMID: 37336589 PMCID: PMC10755196 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Motility is an essential factor for an organism's survival and diversification. With the advent of novel single-cell technologies, analytical frameworks, and theoretical methods, we can begin to probe the complex lives of microscopic motile organisms and answer the intertwining biological and physical questions of how these diverse lifeforms navigate their surroundings. Herein, we summarize the main mechanisms of microscale motility and give an overview of different experimental, analytical, and mathematical methods used to study them across different scales encompassing the molecular-, individual-, to population-level. We identify transferable techniques, pressing challenges, and future directions in the field. This review can serve as a starting point for researchers who are interested in exploring and quantifying the movements of organisms in the microscale world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca N Poon
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK
| | - Alexander K Boggon
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK
| | - Samuel A Bentley
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK
| | - Dario Cortese
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK
| | - Kirsty Y Wan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK
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3
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Ou J, Dong H, Luan X, Wang X, Liu Q, Chen H, Cao M, Xu Z, Liu Y, Zhao W. iTRAQ-based differential proteomic analysis of high- and low-virulence strains of Spiroplasma eriocheiris. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106365. [PMID: 37741306 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris is one of the major pathogenic bacteria in crustaceans, featuring high infectivity, rapid transmission, and an absence of effective control strategies, resulting in significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Research into virulence-related factors provides an important perspective to clarify how Spiroplasma eriocheiris is pathogenic to shrimps and crabs. Therefore, in this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology was utilized to undertake a differential proteomic analysis of high- and low-virulence Spiroplasma eriocheiris strains at different growth phases. A total of 868 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, of which 31 novel proteins were identified by proteogenomic analysis. There were 62, 61, 175, and 235 DEPs between the log phase (YD) and non-log phase (YFD) of the high-virulence strain, between the log phase (CD) and non-log phase (CFD) of the low-virulence strain, between YD and CD, and between CFD and YFD, respectively. All the DEPs were compared with virulence protein databases (MvirDB and VFDB), and 68 virulence proteins of Spiroplasma eriocheiris were identified, of which 12 were involved in a total of 21 metabolic pathways, including motility, chemotaxis, growth, metabolism and virulence of the bacteria. The results of this study form the basis for further research into the molecular mechanism of virulence and physiological differences between high- and low-virulence strains of Spiroplasma eriocheiris, and provide a scientific basis for a detailed understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huizi Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheqi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
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4
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Ryan PM, Shaevitz JW, Wolgemuth CW. Bend or Twist? What Plectonemes Reveal about the Mysterious Motility of Spiroplasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:178401. [PMID: 37955476 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.178401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma is a unique, helical bacterium that lacks a cell wall and swims using propagating helix hand inversions. These deformations are likely driven by a set of cytoskeletal filaments, but how remains perplexing. Here, we probe the underlying mechanism using a model where either twist or bend drive spiroplasma's chirality inversions. We show that Spiroplasma should wrap into plectonemes at different values of the length and external viscosity, depending on the mechanism. Then, by experimentally measuring the bending modulus of Spiroplasma and if and when plectonemes form, we show that Spiroplasma's helix hand inversions are likely driven by bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Ryan
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Charles W Wolgemuth
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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5
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Nakane D. Rheotaxis in Mycoplasma gliding. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:389-395. [PMID: 37430383 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the upstream-directed movement in the small parasitic bacterium Mycoplasma. Many Mycoplasma species exhibit gliding motility, a form of biological motion over surfaces without the aid of general surface appendages such as flagella. The gliding motility is characterized by a constant unidirectional movement without changes in direction or backward motion. Unlike flagellated bacteria, Mycoplasma lacks the general chemotactic signaling system to control their moving direction. Therefore, the physiological role of directionless travel in Mycoplasma gliding remains unclear. Recently, high-precision measurements under an optical microscope have revealed that three species of Mycoplasma exhibited rheotaxis, that is, the direction of gliding motility is lead upstream by the water flow. This intriguing response appears to be optimized for the flow patterns encountered at host surfaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the morphology, behavior, and habitat of Mycoplasma gliding, and discusses the possibility that the rheotaxis is ubiquitous among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
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Takahashi D, Miyata M, Fujiwara I. Assembly properties of Spiroplasma MreB involved in swimming motility. J Biol Chem 2023:104793. [PMID: 37150324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial actin MreB forms filaments formed of antiparallel double strand units. The wall-less helical bacterium Spiroplasma has five MreB homologs (MreB1-5), some of which are involved in an intra-cellular ribbon for driving the bacterium's swimming motility. Although the interaction between MreB units is important for understanding Spiroplasma swimming, the interaction modes of each ribbon component are unclear. Here, we examined the assembly properties of Spiroplasma eriocheiris MreB5 (SpeMreB5), one of the ribbon component proteins that forms sheets. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed that sheet formation was inhibited under acidic conditions and bundle structures were formed under acidic and neutral conditions with low ionic strength. We also used solution assays and identified four properties of SpeMreB5 bundles as follows: (I) bundle formation followed sheet formation; (II) electrostatic interactions were required for bundle formation; (III) the positively charged and unstructured C-terminal region contributed to promoting lateral interactions for bundle formation; and (IV) bundle formation required Mg2+ at neutral pH but was inhibited by divalent cations under acidic pH conditions. During these studies, we also characterized two aggregation modes of SpeMreB5 with distinct responses to ATP. These properties will shed light on SpeMreB5 assembly dynamics at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; The OMU Advanced Research Center for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; The OMU Advanced Research Center for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan.
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7
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Snyder C, Centlivre JP, Bhute S, Shipman G, Friel AD, Viver T, Palmer M, Konstantinidis KT, Sun HJ, Rossello-Mora R, Nadeau J, Hedlund BP. Microbial Motility at the Bottom of North America: Digital Holographic Microscopy and Genomic Motility Signatures in Badwater Spring, Death Valley National Park. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:295-307. [PMID: 36625891 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Motility is widely distributed across the tree of life and can be recognized by microscopy regardless of phylogenetic affiliation, biochemical composition, or mechanism. Microscopy has thus been proposed as a potential tool for detection of biosignatures for extraterrestrial life; however, traditional light microscopy is poorly suited for this purpose, as it requires sample preparation, involves fragile moving parts, and has a limited volume of view. In this study, we deployed a field-portable digital holographic microscope (DHM) to explore microbial motility in Badwater Spring, a saline spring in Death Valley National Park, and complemented DHM imaging with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. The DHM identified diverse morphologies and distinguished run-reverse-flick and run-reverse types of flagellar motility. PICRUSt2- and literature-based predictions based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used to predict motility genotypes/phenotypes for 36.0-60.1% of identified taxa, with the predicted motile taxa being dominated by members of Burkholderiaceae and Spirochaetota. A shotgun metagenome confirmed the abundance of genes encoding flagellar motility, and a Ralstonia metagenome-assembled genome encoded a full flagellar gene cluster. This study demonstrates the potential of DHM for planetary life detection, presents the first microbial census of Badwater Spring and brine pool, and confirms the abundance of mobile microbial taxa in an extreme environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Snyder
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jakob P Centlivre
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Shrikant Bhute
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Gözde Shipman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ariel D Friel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Tomeu Viver
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Marike Palmer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Henry J Sun
- Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ramon Rossello-Mora
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jay Nadeau
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brian P Hedlund
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Swimming Motility Assays of Spiroplasma. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2646:373-381. [PMID: 36842131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3060-0_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma swim in liquids without the use of the bacterial flagella. This small helical bacterium propels itself by generating kinks that travel down the cell body. The kink translation is unidirectional, from the leading pole to the lagging pole, during cell swimming in viscous environments. This protocol describes a swimming motility assay of Spiroplasma eriocheiris for visualizing kink translations of the absolute handedness of the body helix with optical microscopy.
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9
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Purification and ATPase Activity Measurement of Spiroplasma MreB. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2646:359-371. [PMID: 36842130 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3060-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma is a genus of wall-less helical bacteria with swimming motility unrelated to conventional types of bacterial motility machinery, such as flagella and pili. The swimming of Spiroplasma is suggested to be driven by five classes of MreB (MreB1-MreB5), which are members of the actin superfamily. In vitro studies of Spiroplasma MreBs have recently been conducted to evaluate their activities, such as ATPase, which is essential for the polymerization dynamics among classic actin superfamily proteins. In this chapter, we describe methods of purification and Pi release measurement of Spiroplasma MreBs using column chromatography and absorption spectroscopy with the molecular probe, 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine riboside (MESG). Of note, the methods described here are applicable to other proteins that possess NTPase activity.
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10
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Takahashi D, Miyata M. Sequence analyses of a lipoprotein conserved with bacterial actins responsible for swimming motility of wall-less helical Spiroplasma. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000713. [PMID: 37033705 PMCID: PMC10074174 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma is a genus of pathogenic or commensal cell-wall-deficient helical bacterium. Spiroplasma -specific protein fibril and five classes of bacterial actins, MreB1-5, are involved in a helical ribbon structure responsible for helical-cell morphology and swimming motility. A gene for a hypothetical protein-SPE_1229, 7th protein-has been found in the locus coding mreB s. In this study, we characterized the 7th protein using in silico methods and found that it could be a lipoprotein whose gene is encoded downstream of mreB3 and conserved in a clade of Spiroplasma .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- The OMU Advanced Research Center for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence to: Makoto Miyata (
)
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11
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Kiyama H, Kakizawa S, Sasajima Y, Tahara YO, Miyata M. Reconstitution of a minimal motility system based on Spiroplasma swimming by two bacterial actins in a synthetic minimal bacterium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo7490. [PMID: 36449609 PMCID: PMC9710875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo7490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Motility is one of the most important features of life, but its evolutionary origin remains unknown. In this study, we focused on Spiroplasma, commensal, or parasitic bacteria. They swim by switching the helicity of a ribbon-like cytoskeleton that comprises six proteins, each of which evolved from a nucleosidase and bacterial actin called MreB. We expressed these proteins in a synthetic, nonmotile minimal bacterium, JCVI-syn3B, whose reduced genome was computer-designed and chemically synthesized. The synthetic bacterium exhibited swimming motility with features characteristic of Spiroplasma swimming. Moreover, combinations of Spiroplasma MreB4-MreB5 and MreB1-MreB5 produced a helical cell shape and swimming. These results suggest that the swimming originated from the differentiation and coupling of bacterial actins, and we obtained a minimal system for motility of the synthetic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kakizawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuya Sasajima
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yuhei O. Tahara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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Cytoskeletal components can turn wall-less spherical bacteria into kinking helices. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6930. [PMID: 36376306 PMCID: PMC9663586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell shape is generally determined through an interplay between the peptidoglycan cell wall and cytoplasmic filaments made of polymerized MreB. Indeed, some bacteria (e.g., Mycoplasma) that lack both a cell wall and mreB genes consist of non-motile cells that are spherical or pleomorphic. However, other members of the same class Mollicutes (e.g., Spiroplasma, also lacking a cell wall) display a helical cell shape and kink-based motility, which is thought to rely on the presence of five MreB isoforms and a specific fibril protein. Here, we show that heterologous expression of Spiroplasma fibril and MreB proteins confers helical shape and kinking ability to Mycoplasma capricolum cells. Isoform MreB5 is sufficient to confer helicity and kink propagation to mycoplasma cells. Cryoelectron microscopy confirms the association of cytoplasmic MreB filaments with the plasma membrane, suggesting a direct effect on membrane curvature. However, in our experiments, the heterologous expression of MreBs and fibril did not result in efficient motility in culture broth, indicating that additional, unknown Spiroplasma components are required for swimming.
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Liu P, Li Y, Ye Y, Chen J, Li R, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang W, Meng Q, Ou J, Yang Z, Sun W, Gu W. The genome and antigen proteome analysis of Spiroplasma mirum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:996938. [PMID: 36406404 PMCID: PMC9666726 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.996938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasma mirum, small motile wall-less bacteria, was originally isolated from a rabbit tick and had the ability to infect newborn mice and caused cataracts. In this study, the whole genome and antigen proteins of S. mirum were comparative analyzed and investigated. Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, arginine metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and citrate fermentation were found in S. mirum, while trichloroacetic acid, fatty acids metabolism, phospholipid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, lactose-specific PTS, and cofactors synthesis were completely absent. The Sec systems of S. mirum consist of SecA, SecE, SecDF, SecG, SecY, and YidC. Signal peptidase II was identified in S. mirum, but no signal peptidase I. The relative gene order in S. mirum is largely conserved. Genome analysis of available species in Mollicutes revealed that they shared only 84 proteins. S. mirum genome has 381 pseudogenes, accounting for 31.6% of total protein-coding genes. This is the evidence that spiroplasma genome is under an ongoing genome reduction. Immunoproteomics, a new scientific technique combining proteomics and immunological analytical methods, provided the direction of our research on S. mirum. We identified 49 proteins and 11 proteins (9 proteins in common) in S. mirum by anti-S. mirum serum and negative serum, respectively. Forty proteins in S. mirum were identified in relation to the virulence. All these proteins may play key roles in the pathogeny and can be used in the future for diagnoses and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Youyuan Ye
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Rong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qinyi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyu Ou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhujun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Harne S, Gayathri P. Characterization of heterologously expressed Fibril, a shape and motility determining cytoskeletal protein of the helical bacterium Spiroplasma. iScience 2022; 25:105055. [PMID: 36157586 PMCID: PMC9489929 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibril is a constitutive filament-forming cytoskeletal protein of unidentified fold, exclusive to members of genus Spiroplasma. It is hypothesized to undergo conformational changes necessary to bring about Spiroplasma motility through changes in cell helicity. However, the mechanism driving conformational changes in Fibril remains unknown. We expressed Fibril from S. citri in E. coli for its purification and characterization. Sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilized Fibril filaments and facilitated purification by affinity chromatography. An alternative protocol for obtaining enriched insoluble Fibril filaments was standardized using density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy of Fibril purified by these protocols revealed filament bundles. Probable domain boundaries of Fibril protein were identified based on mass spectrometric analysis of proteolytic fragments. Presence of α-helical and β-sheet signatures in FT-IR measurements suggests that Fibril filaments consist of an assembly of folded globular domains, and not a β-strand-based aggregation like amyloid fibrils. Codon-optimized Spiroplasma citri Fibril was expressed in E. coli SDS treatment does not denature Fibril filaments Fibril possesses α helices and β sheet and is not an amyloid-like protein Domain boundaries were predicted using mass spectrometry of proteolytic fragments
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Harne
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Pananghat Gayathri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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15
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Takahashi D, Fujiwara I, Sasajima Y, Narita A, Imada K, Miyata M. ATP-dependent polymerization dynamics of bacterial actin proteins involved in Spiroplasma swimming. Open Biol 2022; 12:220083. [PMID: 36285441 PMCID: PMC9597168 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MreB is a bacterial protein belonging to the actin superfamily. This protein polymerizes into an antiparallel double-stranded filament that determines cell shape by maintaining cell wall synthesis. Spiroplasma eriocheiris, a helical wall-less bacterium, has five MreB homologous (SpeMreB1-5) that probably contribute to swimming motility. Here, we investigated the structure, ATPase activity and polymerization dynamics of SpeMreB3 and SpeMreB5. SpeMreB3 polymerized into a double-stranded filament with possible antiparallel polarity, while SpeMreB5 formed sheets which contained the antiparallel filament, upon nucleotide binding. SpeMreB3 showed slow Pi release owing to the lack of an amino acid motif conserved in the catalytic centre of MreB family proteins. Our SpeMreB3 crystal structures and analyses of SpeMreB3 and SpeMreB5 variants showed that the amino acid motif probably plays a role in eliminating a nucleophilic water proton during ATP hydrolysis. Sedimentation assays suggest that SpeMreB3 has a lower polymerization activity than SpeMreB5, though their polymerization dynamics are qualitatively similar to those of other actin superfamily proteins, in which pre-ATP hydrolysis and post-Pi release states are unfavourable for them to remain as filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan,Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan,Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuya Sasajima
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan,Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Narita
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan,The OMU Advanced Research Center for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan,Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Mechanical limitation of bacterial motility mediated by growing cell chains. Biophys J 2022; 121:2461-2473. [PMID: 35591787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrasting most known bacterial motility mechanisms, a bacterial sliding motility discovered in at least two Gram-positive bacterial families does not depend on designated motors. Instead, the cells maintain end-to-end connections following cell divisions to form long chains and exploit cell growth and division to push the cells forward. To investigate the dynamics of this motility mechanism, we constructed a mechanical model that depicts the interplay of the forces acting on and between the cells comprising the chain. Due to the exponential growth of individual cells, the tips of the chains can, in principle, accelerate to speeds faster than any known single-cell motility mechanism can achieve. However, analysis of the mechanical model shows that the exponential acceleration comes at the cost of an exponential buildup in mechanical stress in the chain, making overly long chains prone to breakage. Additionally, the mechanical model reveals that the dynamics of the chain expansion hinges on a single non-dimensional parameter. Perturbation analysis of the mechanical model further predicts the critical stress leading to chain breakage and its dependence on the non-dimensional parameter. Finally, we developed a simplistic population expansion model that uses the predicted breaking behavior to estimate the physical limit of chain-mediated population expansion. Predictions from the models provide critical insights into how this motility depends on key physical properties of the cell and the substrate. Overall, our models present a generically applicable theoretical framework for cell chain-mediated bacterial sliding motility and provide guidance for future experimental studies on such motility.
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17
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Pande V, Mitra N, Bagde SR, Srinivasan R, Gayathri P. Filament organization of the bacterial actin MreB is dependent on the nucleotide state. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213108. [PMID: 35377392 PMCID: PMC9195046 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MreB, the bacterial ancestor of eukaryotic actin, is responsible for shape in most rod-shaped bacteria. Despite belonging to the actin family, the relevance of nucleotide-driven polymerization dynamics for MreB function is unclear. Here, we provide insights into the effect of nucleotide state on membrane binding of Spiroplasma citri MreB5 (ScMreB5). Filaments of ScMreB5WT and an ATPase-deficient mutant, ScMreB5E134A, assemble independently of the nucleotide state. However, capture of the filament dynamics revealed that efficient filament formation and organization through lateral interactions are affected in ScMreB5E134A. Hence, the catalytic glutamate functions as a switch, (a) by sensing the ATP-bound state for filament assembly and (b) by assisting hydrolysis, thereby potentially triggering disassembly, as observed in other actins. Glu134 mutation and the bound nucleotide exhibit an allosteric effect on membrane binding, as observed from the differential liposome binding. We suggest that the conserved ATP-dependent polymerization and disassembly upon ATP hydrolysis among actins has been repurposed in MreBs for modulating filament organization on the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Pande
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Ramanujam Srinivasan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
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18
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Yoon J, Myung JH, Kim Y, Jeon S, Sun J, Yu W. Synthesis of inherently helical nanofibers: Effects of solidification of electrified jet during electrospinning. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Myung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Min Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Yeol Jeon
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Wanju‐Gun Jeonbuk South Korea
| | - Jeong‐Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Woong‐Ryeol Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
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19
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Palma V, Gutiérrez MS, Vargas O, Parthasarathy R, Navarrete P. Methods to Evaluate Bacterial Motility and Its Role in Bacterial–Host Interactions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030563. [PMID: 35336138 PMCID: PMC8953368 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial motility is a widespread characteristic that can provide several advantages for the cell, allowing it to move towards more favorable conditions and enabling host-associated processes such as colonization. There are different bacterial motility types, and their expression is highly regulated by the environmental conditions. Because of this, methods for studying motility under realistic experimental conditions are required. A wide variety of approaches have been developed to study bacterial motility. Here, we present the most common techniques and recent advances and discuss their strengths as well as their limitations. We classify them as macroscopic or microscopic and highlight the advantages of three-dimensional imaging in microscopic approaches. Lastly, we discuss methods suited for studying motility in bacterial–host interactions, including the use of the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Palma
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (V.P.); (M.S.G.); (O.V.)
| | - María Soledad Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (V.P.); (M.S.G.); (O.V.)
- Millennium Science Initiative Program, Milenium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Moneda 1375, Santiago 8200000, Chile
| | - Orlando Vargas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (V.P.); (M.S.G.); (O.V.)
| | - Raghuveer Parthasarathy
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA;
- Department of Physics and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (V.P.); (M.S.G.); (O.V.)
- Millennium Science Initiative Program, Milenium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Moneda 1375, Santiago 8200000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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20
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Masson F, Pierrat X, Lemaitre B, Persat A. The wall-less bacterium Spiroplasma poulsonii builds a polymeric cytoskeleton composed of interacting MreB isoforms. iScience 2021; 24:103458. [PMID: 34888500 PMCID: PMC8634037 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rigid cell wall defines the morphology of most bacteria. MreB, a bacterial homologue of actin, plays a major role in coordinating cell wall biogenesis and defining cell shape. Spiroplasma are wall-less bacteria that robustly grow with a characteristic helical shape. Paradoxal to their lack of cell wall, the Spiroplasma genome contains five homologs of MreB (SpMreBs). Here, we investigate the function of SpMreBs in forming a polymeric cytoskeleton. We found that, in vivo, Spiroplasma maintain a high concentration of all MreB isoforms. By leveraging a heterologous expression system that bypasses the poor genetic tractability of Spiroplasma, we found that SpMreBs produced polymeric filaments of various morphologies. We characterized an interaction network between isoforms that regulate filament formation and patterning. Therefore, our results support the hypothesis where combined SpMreB isoforms would form an inner polymeric cytoskeleton in vivo that shapes the cell in a wall-independent manner. The five Spiroplasma MreB isoforms are extremely abundant proteins in vivo Each isoform produces filaments when expressed in a heterologous system SpMreBs form an interaction network that regulates filament length and shape
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Masson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
| | - Xavier Pierrat
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Persat
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
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21
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Abstract
Bacteria have developed a large array of motility mechanisms to exploit available resources and environments. These mechanisms can be broadly classified into swimming in aqueous media and movement over solid surfaces. Swimming motility involves either the rotation of rigid helical filaments through the external medium or gyration of the cell body in response to the rotation of internal filaments. On surfaces, bacteria swarm collectively in a thin layer of fluid powered by the rotation of rigid helical filaments, they twitch by assembling and disassembling type IV pili, they glide by driving adhesins along tracks fixed to the cell surface and, finally, non-motile cells slide over surfaces in response to outward forces due to colony growth. Recent technological advances, especially in cryo-electron microscopy, have greatly improved our knowledge of the molecular machinery that powers the various forms of bacterial motility. In this Review, we describe the current understanding of the physical and molecular mechanisms that allow bacteria to move around.
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22
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Sasajima Y, Miyata M. Prospects for the Mechanism of Spiroplasma Swimming. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706426. [PMID: 34512583 PMCID: PMC8432965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasma are helical bacteria that lack a peptidoglycan layer. They are widespread globally as parasites of arthropods and plants. Their infectious processes and survival are most likely supported by their unique swimming system, which is unrelated to well-known bacterial motility systems such as flagella and pili. Spiroplasma swims by switching the left- and right-handed helical cell body alternately from the cell front. The kinks generated by the helicity shift travel down along the cell axis and rotate the cell body posterior to the kink position like a screw, pushing the water backward and propelling the cell body forward. An internal structure called the "ribbon" has been focused to elucidate the mechanisms for the cell helicity formation and swimming. The ribbon is composed of Spiroplasma-specific fibril protein and a bacterial actin, MreB. Here, we propose a model for helicity-switching swimming focusing on the ribbon, in which MreBs generate a force like a bimetallic strip based on ATP energy and switch the handedness of helical fibril filaments. Cooperative changes of these filaments cause helicity to shift down the cell axis. Interestingly, unlike other motility systems, the fibril protein and Spiroplasma MreBs can be traced back to their ancestors. The fibril protein has evolved from methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine (MTA/SAH) nucleosidase, which is essential for growth, and MreBs, which function as a scaffold for peptidoglycan synthesis in walled bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sasajima
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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23
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The bank of swimming organisms at the micron scale (BOSO-Micro). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252291. [PMID: 34111118 PMCID: PMC8191957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular microscopic organisms living in aqueous environments outnumber all other creatures on Earth. A large proportion of them are able to self-propel in fluids with a vast diversity of swimming gaits and motility patterns. In this paper we present a biophysical survey of the available experimental data produced to date on the characteristics of motile behaviour in unicellular microswimmers. We assemble from the available literature empirical data on the motility of four broad categories of organisms: bacteria (and archaea), flagellated eukaryotes, spermatozoa and ciliates. Whenever possible, we gather the following biological, morphological, kinematic and dynamical parameters: species, geometry and size of the organisms, swimming speeds, actuation frequencies, actuation amplitudes, number of flagella and properties of the surrounding fluid. We then organise the data using the established fluid mechanics principles for propulsion at low Reynolds number. Specifically, we use theoretical biophysical models for the locomotion of cells within the same taxonomic groups of organisms as a means of rationalising the raw material we have assembled, while demonstrating the variability for organisms of different species within the same group. The material gathered in our work is an attempt to summarise the available experimental data in the field, providing a convenient and practical reference point for future studies.
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24
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Takahashi D, Fujiwara I, Miyata M. Phylogenetic origin and sequence features of MreB from the wall-less swimming bacteria Spiroplasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:638-644. [PMID: 33066960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma are wall-less bacteria which belong to the phylum Tenericutes that evolved from Firmicutes including Bacillus subtilis. Spiroplasma swim by a mechanism unrelated to widespread bacterial motilities, such as flagellar motility, and caused by helicity switching with kinks traveling along the helical cell body. The swimming force is likely generated by five classes of bacterial actin homolog MreBs (SMreBs 1-5) involved in the helical bone structure. We analyzed sequences of SMreBs to clarify their phylogeny and sequence features. The maximum likelihood method based on around 5000 MreB sequences showed that the phylogenetic tree was divided into several radiations. SMreBs formed a clade adjacent to the radiation of MreBH, an MreB isoform of Firmicutes. Sequence comparisons of SMreBs and Bacillus MreBs were also performed to clarify the features of SMreB. Catalytic glutamic acid and threonine were substituted to aspartic acid and lysine, respectively, in SMreB3. In SMreBs 2 and 4, amino acids involved in inter- and intra-protofilament interactions were significantly different from those in Bacillus MreBs. A membrane-binding region was not identified in most SMreBs 1 and 4 unlike many walled-bacterial MreBs. SMreB5 had a significantly longer C-terminal region than the other MreBs, which possibly forms protein-protein interactions. These features may support the functions responsible for the unique mechanism of Spiroplasma swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ikuko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
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25
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Harne S, Duret S, Pande V, Bapat M, Béven L, Gayathri P. MreB5 Is a Determinant of Rod-to-Helical Transition in the Cell-Wall-less Bacterium Spiroplasma. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4753-4762.e7. [PMID: 32976813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In most rod-shaped bacteria, the spatial coordination of cell wall synthesis machinery by MreBs is the main theme for shape determination and maintenance in cell-walled bacteria [1-9]. However, how rod or spiral shapes are achieved and maintained in cell-wall-less bacteria is currently unknown. Spiroplasma, a helical Mollicute that lacks cell wall synthesis genes, encodes five MreB paralogs and a unique cytoskeletal protein fibril [10, 11]. Here, we show that MreB5, one of the five MreB paralogs, contributes to cell elongation and is essential for the transition from rod-to-helical shape in Spiroplasma. Comparative genomic and proteomic characterization of a helical and motile wild-type Spiroplasma strain and a non-helical, non-motile natural variant helped delineate the specific roles of MreB5. Moreover, complementation of the non-helical strain with MreB5 restored its helical shape and motility by a kink-based mechanism described for Spiroplasma [12]. Earlier studies had proposed that length changes in fibril filaments are responsible for the change in handedness of the helical cell and kink propagation during motility [13]. Through structural and biochemical characterization, we identify that MreB5 exists as antiparallel double protofilaments that interact with fibril and the membrane, and thus potentially assists in kink propagation. In summary, our study provides direct experimental evidence for MreB in maintaining cell length, helical shape, and motility-revealing the role of MreB in sculpting the cell in the absence of a cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Harne
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sybille Duret
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vani Pande
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Mrinmayee Bapat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Laure Béven
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, Villenave d'Ornon, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Pananghat Gayathri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
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Harne S, Gayathri P, Béven L. Exploring Spiroplasma Biology: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:589279. [PMID: 33193251 PMCID: PMC7609405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasmas are cell-wall-deficient helical bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes. Their ability to maintain a helical shape in the absence of cell wall and their motility in the absence of external appendages have attracted attention from the scientific community for a long time. In this review we compare and contrast motility, shape determination and cytokinesis mechanisms of Spiroplasma with those of other Mollicutes and cell-walled bacteria. The current models for rod-shape determination and cytokinesis in cell-walled bacteria propose a prominent role for the cell wall synthesis machinery. These models also involve the cooperation of the actin-like protein MreB and FtsZ, the bacterial homolog of tubulin. However the exact role of the cytoskeletal proteins is still under much debate. Spiroplasma possess MreBs, exhibit a rod-shape dependent helical morphology, and divide by an FtsZ-dependent mechanism. Hence, spiroplasmas represent model organisms for deciphering the roles of MreBs and FtsZ in fundamental mechanisms of non-spherical shape determination and cytokinesis in bacteria, in the absence of a cell wall. Identification of components implicated in these processes and deciphering their functions would require genetic experiments. Challenges in genetic manipulations in spiroplasmas are a major bottleneck in understanding their biology. We discuss advancements in genome sequencing, gene editing technologies, super-resolution microscopy and electron cryomicroscopy and tomography, which can be employed for addressing long-standing questions related to Spiroplasma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Harne
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | | | - Laure Béven
- INRAE, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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27
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Transformation of the Drosophila Sex-Manipulative Endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii and Persisting Hurdles for Functional Genetic Studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00835-20. [PMID: 32444468 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00835-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are frequently infected by bacterial symbionts that greatly affect their physiology and ecology. Most of these endosymbionts are, however, barely tractable outside their native host, rendering functional genetics studies difficult or impossible. Spiroplasma poulsonii is a facultative bacterial endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster that manipulates the reproduction of its host by killing its male progeny at the embryonic stage. S. poulsonii, although a very fastidious bacterium, is closely related to pathogenic Spiroplasma species that are cultivable and genetically modifiable. In this work, we present the transformation of S. poulsonii with a plasmid bearing a fluorescence cassette, leveraging techniques adapted from those used to modify the pathogenic species Spiroplasma citri We demonstrate the feasibility of S. poulsonii transformation and discuss approaches for mutant selection and fly colonization, which are persisting hurdles that must be overcome to allow functional bacterial genetics studies of this endosymbiont in vivo IMPORTANCE Dozens of bacterial endosymbiont species have been described and estimated to infect about half of all insect species. However, only a few them are tractable in vitro, which hampers our understanding of the bacterial determinants of the host-symbiont interaction. Developing a transformation method for S. poulsonii is a major step toward genomic engineering of this symbiont, which will foster basic research on endosymbiosis. This could also open the way to practical uses of endosymbiont engineering through paratransgenesis of vector or pest insects.
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28
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Nazarov PA, Baleev DN, Ivanova MI, Sokolova LM, Karakozova MV. Infectious Plant Diseases: Etiology, Current Status, Problems and Prospects in Plant Protection. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:46-59. [PMID: 33173596 PMCID: PMC7604890 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of diseases caused by
bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Infections affect plants at different
stages of agricultural production. Depending on weather conditions and the
phytosanitary condition of crops, the prevalence of diseases can reach
70–80% of the total plant population, and the yield can decrease in some
cases down to 80–98%. Plants have innate cellular immunity, but specific
phytopathogens have an ability to evade that immunity. This article examined
phytopathogens of viral, fungal, and bacterial nature and explored the concepts
of modern plant protection, methods of chemical, biological, and agrotechnical
control, as well as modern methods used for identifying phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, 141701 Russia
- Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, VNIISSOK, Moscow region, 143080 Russia
| | - D. N. Baleev
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Moscow, 117216 Russia
| | - M. I. Ivanova
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing, Branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Vereya, Moscow region, 140153 Russia
| | - L. M. Sokolova
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing, Branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Vereya, Moscow region, 140153 Russia
| | - M. V. Karakozova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205 Russia
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29
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Miyata M, Robinson RC, Uyeda TQP, Fukumori Y, Fukushima SI, Haruta S, Homma M, Inaba K, Ito M, Kaito C, Kato K, Kenri T, Kinosita Y, Kojima S, Minamino T, Mori H, Nakamura S, Nakane D, Nakayama K, Nishiyama M, Shibata S, Shimabukuro K, Tamakoshi M, Taoka A, Tashiro Y, Tulum I, Wada H, Wakabayashi KI. Tree of motility - A proposed history of motility systems in the tree of life. Genes Cells 2020; 25:6-21. [PMID: 31957229 PMCID: PMC7004002 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Motility often plays a decisive role in the survival of species. Five systems of motility have been studied in depth: those propelled by bacterial flagella, eukaryotic actin polymerization and the eukaryotic motor proteins myosin, kinesin and dynein. However, many organisms exhibit surprisingly diverse motilities, and advances in genomics, molecular biology and imaging have showed that those motilities have inherently independent mechanisms. This makes defining the breadth of motility nontrivial, because novel motilities may be driven by unknown mechanisms. Here, we classify the known motilities based on the unique classes of movement‐producing protein architectures. Based on this criterion, the current total of independent motility systems stands at 18 types. In this perspective, we discuss these modes of motility relative to the latest phylogenetic Tree of Life and propose a history of motility. During the ~4 billion years since the emergence of life, motility arose in Bacteria with flagella and pili, and in Archaea with archaella. Newer modes of motility became possible in Eukarya with changes to the cell envelope. Presence or absence of a peptidoglycan layer, the acquisition of robust membrane dynamics, the enlargement of cells and environmental opportunities likely provided the context for the (co)evolution of novel types of motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Robert C Robinson
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Taro Q P Uyeda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumori
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Fukushima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Haruta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Homma
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chikara Kaito
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Laboratory of Mycoplasmas and Haemophilus, Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Kojima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Physics, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiyama
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibata
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Katsuya Shimabukuro
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masatada Tamakoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azuma Taoka
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tashiro
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Isil Tulum
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hirofumi Wada
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
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30
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Coexistence of Two Chiral Helices Produces Kink Translation in Spiroplasma Swimming. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00735-19. [PMID: 32041794 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00735-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying Spiroplasma swimming is an enigma. This small bacterium possesses two helical shapes with opposite-handedness at a time, and the boundary between them, called a kink, travels down, possibly accompanying the dual rotations of these physically connected helical structures, without any rotary motors such as flagella. Although the outline of dynamics and structural basis has been proposed, the underlying cause to explain the kink translation is missing. We here demonstrated that the cell morphology of Spiroplasma eriocheiris was fixed at the right-handed helix after motility was stopped by the addition of carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and the preferential state was transformed to the other-handedness by the trigger of light irradiation. This process coupled with the generation and propagation of the artificial kink, presumably without any energy input through biological motors. These findings indicate that the coexistence of two chiral helices is sufficient to propagate the kink and thus to propel the cell body.IMPORTANCE Many swimming bacteria generate a propulsion force by rotating helical filaments like a propeller. However, the nonflagellated bacteria Spiroplasma spp. swim without the use of the appendages. The tiny wall-less bacteria possess two chiral helices at a time, and the boundary called a kink travels down, possibly accompanying the dual rotations of the helices. To solve this enigma, we developed an assay to determine the handedness of the body helices at the single-wind level, and demonstrated that the coexistence of body helices triggers the translation of the kink and that the cell body moves by the resultant cell bend propagation. This finding provides us a totally new aspect of bacterial motility, where the body functions as a transformable screw to propel itself forward.
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Abstract
Compartmentalisation is recognised to be a primary step for the assembly of non-living matter towards the construction of life-like microensembles. To date, a host of hollow microcompartments with various functionalities have been widely developed. Within this respect, given that dynamic behaviour is one of the fundamental features to distinguish living ensembles from those that are non-living, the design and construction of microcompartments with various dynamic behaviours are attracting considerable interest from a wide range of research communities. Significantly, the created dynamic microcompartments could also be widely used as chassis for further bottom-up design towards building protocell models by integrating and booting up necessary biological information. Herein, strategies to install the various motility behaviours into microcompartments, including haptotaxis, chemotaxis and gravitaxis, are summarized in the anticipation of inspiring more designs towards creating various advanced active microcompartments, and contributing new techniques to the ultimate goal of constructing a basic living unit entirely from non-living components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Lin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology, for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology, for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology, for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
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32
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Roth J, Koch MD, Rohrbach A. Dynamics of a Protein Chain Motor Driving Helical Bacteria under Stress. Biophys J 2019; 114:1955-1969. [PMID: 29694872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall-less, helical bacterial genus Spiroplasma has a unique propulsion system; it is not driven by propeller-like flagella but by a membrane-bound, cytoplasmic, linear motor that consists of a contractile chain of identical proteins spanning the entire cell length. By a coordinated spread of conformational changes of the proteins, kinks propagate in pairs along the cell body. However, the mechanisms for the initiation or delay of kinks and their coordinated spread remain unclear. Here, we show how we manipulate the initiation of kinks, their propagation velocities, and the time between two kinks for a single cell trapped in an optical line potential. By interferometric three-dimensional shape tracking, we measured the cells' deformations in response to various external stress situations. We observed a significant dependency of force generation on the cells' local ligand concentrations (likely ATP) and ligand hydrolysis, which we altered in different ways. We developed a mechanistic, mathematical model based on Kramer's rates, describing the subsequent cooperative and conformational switching of the chain's proteins. The model reproduces our experimental observations and can explain deformation characteristics even when the motor is driven to its extreme. Nature has invented a set of minimalistic mechanical driving concepts. To understand or even rebuild them, it is essential to reveal the molecular mechanisms of such protein chain motors, which need only two components-coupled proteins and ligands-to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Roth
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias D Koch
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Alexander Rohrbach
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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33
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Boudet JF, Mathelié-Guinlet M, Vilquin A, Douliez JP, Béven L, Kellay H. Large variability in the motility of spiroplasmas in media of different viscosities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17138. [PMID: 30459324 PMCID: PMC6244147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasmas are bacteria that do not possess flagella and their motility is linked to kink propagation coupled to changes in the cell body helicity. While the motility of bacteria with flagellar motion has been studied extensively, less work has been devoted to the motility of spiroplasmas. We first show that the motility of such bacteria has large variability from individual to individual as well as large fluctuations in time. The Brownian motion of such bacteria both in orientation and translation is also highlighted. We propose a simple model to disentangle the different components of this motility by examining trajectories of single bacteria in different viscosity solvents. The mean velocity of the bacteria turns out to depend on the viscosity of the medium as it increases with viscosity. Further, the temporal fluctuations of the bacteria motility turn out to be very strong with a direct link to tumbling events particular to this bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Boudet
- U. Bordeaux, Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, UMR 5798 CNRS/U. Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - M Mathelié-Guinlet
- U. Bordeaux, Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, UMR 5798 CNRS/U. Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - A Vilquin
- U. Bordeaux, Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, UMR 5798 CNRS/U. Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - J P Douliez
- UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - L Béven
- UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Univ. Bordeaux, INRA, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - H Kellay
- U. Bordeaux, Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, UMR 5798 CNRS/U. Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France.
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Koens L, Zhang H, Moeller M, Mourran A, Lauga E. The swimming of a deforming helix. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2018; 41:119. [PMID: 30302671 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2018-11728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many microorganisms and artificial microswimmers use helical appendages in order to generate locomotion. Though often rotated so as to produce thrust, some species of bacteria such Spiroplasma, Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Spirochetes induce movement by deforming a helical-shaped body. Recently, artificial devices have been created which also generate motion by deforming their helical body in a non-reciprocal way (A. Mourran et al. Adv. Mater. 29, 1604825, 2017). Inspired by these systems, we investigate the transport of a deforming helix within a viscous fluid. Specifically, we consider a swimmer that maintains a helical centreline and a single handedness while changing its helix radius, pitch and wavelength uniformly across the body. We first discuss how a deforming helix can create a non-reciprocal translational and rotational swimming stroke and identify its principle direction of motion. We then determine the leading-order physics for helices with small helix radius before considering the general behaviour for different configuration parameters and how these swimmers can be optimised. Finally, we explore how the presence of walls, gravity, and defects in the centreline allow the helical device to break symmetries, increase its speed, and generate transport in directions not available to helices in bulk fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon Koens
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, CB3 0WA, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Hang Zhang
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeck str. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeck str. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeck str. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Lauga
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, CB3 0WA, Cambridge, UK
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35
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Liebchen B, Monderkamp P, Ten Hagen B, Löwen H. Viscotaxis: Microswimmer Navigation in Viscosity Gradients. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:208002. [PMID: 29864289 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.208002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The survival of many microorganisms, like Leptospira or Spiroplasma bacteria, can depend on their ability to navigate towards regions of favorable viscosity. While this ability, called viscotaxis, has been observed in several bacterial experiments, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We provide a framework to study viscotaxis of biological or synthetic self-propelled swimmers in slowly varying viscosity fields and show that suitable body shapes create viscotaxis based on a systematic asymmetry of viscous forces acting on a microswimmer. Our results shed new light on viscotaxis in Spiroplasma and Leptospira and suggest that dynamic body shape changes exhibited by both types of microorganisms may have an unrecognized functionality: to prevent them from drifting to low viscosity regions where they swim poorly. The present theory classifies microswimmers regarding their ability to show viscotaxis and can be used to design synthetic viscotactic swimmers, e.g., for delivering drugs to a target region distinguished by viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Liebchen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul Monderkamp
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Borge Ten Hagen
- Physics of Fluids Group and Max Planck Center Twente, Department of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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36
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Kinosita Y, Nishizaka T. Cross-kymography analysis to simultaneously quantify the function and morphology of the archaellum. Biophys Physicobiol 2018; 15:121-128. [PMID: 29955563 PMCID: PMC6018435 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.15.0_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many microorganisms helical structures are important for motility, e.g., bacterial flagella and kink propagation in Spiroplasma eriocheiris. Motile archaea also form a helical-shaped filament called the ‘archaellum’ that is functionally equivalent to the bacterial flagellum, but structurally resembles type IV pili. The archaellum motor consists of 6–8 proteins called fla accessory genes, and the filament assembly is driven by ATP hydrolysis at catalytic sites in FlaI. Remarkably, previous research using a dark-field microscopy showed that right-handed filaments propelled archaeal cells forwards or backwards by clockwise or counterclockwise rotation, respectively. However, the shape and rotational rate of the archaellum during swimming remained unclear, due to the low signal and lack of temporal resolution. Additionally, the structure and the motor properties of the archaellum and bacterial flagellum have not been precisely determined during swimming because they move freely in three-dimensional space. Recently, we developed an advanced method called “cross-kymography analysis”, which enables us to be a long-term observation and simultaneously quantify the function and morphology of helical structures using a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope. In this review, we introduce the basic idea of this analysis, and summarize the latest information in structural and functional characterization of the archaellum motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kinosita
- Department of Physics, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishizaka
- Department of Physics, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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37
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Silva PES, Vistulo de Abreu F, Godinho MH. Shaping helical electrospun filaments: a review. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:6678-6688. [PMID: 28858364 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nature abounds with helical filaments designed for specific tasks. For instance, some plants use tendrils to coil and attach to the surroundings, while Spiroplasma, a helical bacterium, moves by inverting the helical handedness along the filament axis. Therefore, developing methods to shape filaments on demand to exhibit a diversity of physical properties and shapes could be of interest to many fields, such as the textile industry, biomedicine or nanotechnology. Electrospinning is a simple and versatile technique that allows the production of micro and nanofibres with many different helical shapes. In this work, we review the different electrospinning procedures that can be used to obtain helical shapes similar to those found in natural materials. These techniques also demonstrate that the creation of helical shapes at the micro/nanoscale is not limited by the chirality of the building blocks at the molecular level, a finding which opens new horizons on filament shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E S Silva
- Departmento de Física/I3N - Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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38
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Tasci TO, Disharoon D, Schoeman RM, Rana K, Herson PS, Marr DWM, Neeves KB. Enhanced Fibrinolysis with Magnetically Powered Colloidal Microwheels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201700954. [PMID: 28719063 PMCID: PMC7927958 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thrombi that occlude blood vessels can be resolved with fibrinolytic agents that degrade fibrin, the polymer that forms between and around platelets to provide mechanical stability. Fibrinolysis rates however are often constrained by transport-limited delivery to and penetration of fibrinolytics into the thrombus. Here, these limitations are overcome with colloidal microwheel (µwheel) assemblies functionalized with the fibrinolytic tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) that assemble, rotate, translate, and eventually disassemble via applied magnetic fields. These microwheels lead to rapid fibrinolysis by delivering a high local concentration of tPA to induce surface lysis and, by taking advantage of corkscrew motion, mechanically penetrating into fibrin gels and platelet-rich thrombi to initiate bulk degradation. Fibrinolysis of plasma-derived fibrin gels by tPA-microwheels is fivefold faster than with 1 µg mL-1 tPA. µWheels following corkscrew trajectories can also penetrate through 100 µm sized platelet-rich thrombi formed in a microfluidic model of hemostasis in ≈5 min. This unique combination of surface and bulk dissolution mechanisms with mechanical action yields a targeted fibrinolysis strategy that could be significantly faster than approaches relying on diffusion alone, making it well-suited for occlusions in small or penetrating vessels not accessible to catheter-based removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonguc O Tasci
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Dante Disharoon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Rogier M Schoeman
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kuldeepsinh Rana
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David W M Marr
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Jeon SJ, Hayward RC. Reconfigurable Microscale Frameworks from Concatenated Helices with Controlled Chirality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606111. [PMID: 28221713 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The utility of helical structures in driving motion of microorganisms and plants has inspired efforts to develop synthetic stimuli-responsive helical architectures for self-motile and shape-morphing systems. While several approaches to responsive helices based on hydrogels and liquid crystalline polymers have been reported, they have so far been limited to macroscopic (cm scale) dimensions, and have not been applied to concatenated helices with more than two segments. Here, a robust method for microfabrication of helices inspired by Bauhinia seedpods, based on trilayer samples consisting of rigid plastic stripes sandwiching a swellable temperature-responsive hydrogel, is reported and the formation of responsive shape-controlled frameworks from concatenated multiple helices (multihelices) with controlled chirality is demonstrated. The block angle at each helical junction is controlled by the change in stripe direction, while the torsion angle defined by each segment of three helices is prescribed by the net twist of the middle segment, providing simple geometric design rules for the fabrication of complex 3D structures. This work opens new directions in programming 3D shapes by providing new insight into helical segments as building blocks, with potential applicability to the fabrication of scaffolds for cell culture, reconfigurable microfluidic channels, and microswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Jin Jeon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Terahara N, Tulum I, Miyata M. Transformation of crustacean pathogenic bacterium Spiroplasma eriocheiris and expression of yellow fluorescent protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:488-493. [PMID: 28363870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris, the cause of crab trembling disease, is a wall-less bacterium, related to Mycoplasmas, measuring 2.0-10.0 μm long. It features a helical cell shape and a unique swimming mechanism that does not use flagella; instead, it moves by switching the cell helicity at a kink traveling from the front to the tail. S. eriocheiris seems to use a novel chemotactic system that is based on the frequency of reversal swimming behaviors rather than the conventional two-component system, which is generally essential for bacterial chemotaxis. To identify the genes involved in these novel mechanisms, we developed a transformation system by using oriC plasmid harboring the tetracycline resistant gene, tetM, which is under the control of a strong promoter for an abundant protein, elongation factor-Tu. The transformation efficiency achieved was 1.6 × 10-5 colony forming unit (CFU) for 1 μg DNA, enabling the expression of the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuho Terahara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Isil Tulum
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Yanao T, Hino T. Geometric somersaults of a polymer chain through cyclic twisting motions. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:012409. [PMID: 28208442 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.012409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the significance of geometric angle shifts, which we call geometric somersaults, arising from cyclic twisting motions of a polymer chain. A five-bead polymer chain serves as a concise and minimal model of a molecular shaft throughout this study. We first show that this polymer chain can change its orientation about its longitudinal axis largely, e.g., 120^{∘}, under conditions of zero total angular momentum by changing the two dihedral angles in a cyclic manner. This phenomenon is an example of the so-called "falling cat" phenomenon, where a falling cat undergoes a geometric somersault by changing its body shape under conditions of zero total angular momentum. We then extend the geometric somersault of the polymer chain to a noisy and viscous environment, where the polymer chain is steered by external driving forces. This extension shows that the polymer chain can achieve an orientation change keeping its total angular momentum and total external torque fluctuating around zero in a noisy and viscous environment. As an application, we argue that the geometric somersault of the polymer chain by 120^{∘} may serve as a prototypical and coarse-grained model for the rotary motion of the central shaft of ATP synthase (F_{O}F_{1}-ATPase). This geometric somersault is in clear contrast to the standard picture for the rotary motion of the central shaft as a rigid body, which generally incurs nonzero total angular momentum and nonzero total external torque. The power profile of the geometric somersault implies a preliminary mechanism for elastic power transmission. The results of this study may be of fundamental interest in twisting and rotary motions of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yanao
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Taiko Hino
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Liu P, Zheng H, Meng Q, Terahara N, Gu W, Wang S, Zhao G, Nakane D, Wang W, Miyata M. Chemotaxis without Conventional Two-Component System, Based on Cell Polarity and Aerobic Conditions in Helicity-Switching Swimming of Spiroplasma eriocheiris. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 28217108 PMCID: PMC5289999 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris is a pathogen that causes mass mortality in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. S. eriocheiris causes tremor disease and infects almost all of the artificial breeding crustaceans, resulting in disastrous effects on the aquaculture economy in China. S. eriocheiris is a wall-less helical bacterium, measuring 2.0 to 10.0 μm long, and can swim up to 5 μm per second in a viscous medium without flagella by switching the cell helicity at a kink traveling from the front to the tail. In this study, we showed that S. eriocheiris performs chemotaxis without the conventional two-component system, a system commonly found in bacterial chemotaxis. The chemotaxis of S. eriocheiris was observed more clearly when the cells were cultivated under anaerobic conditions. The cells were polarized as evidenced by a tip structure, swimming in the direction of the tip, and were shown to reverse their swimming direction in response to attractants. Triton X-100 treatment revealed the internal structure, a dumbbell-shaped core in the tip that is connected by a flat ribbon, which traces the shortest line in the helical cell shape from the tip to the other pole. Sixteen proteins were identified as the components of the internal structure by mass spectrometry, including Fibril protein and four types of MreB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityJiangsu, China; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai Shanghai, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Jiangsu, China
| | - Natsuho Terahara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Osaka, Japan
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengyue Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai Shanghai, China
| | - Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Physics, Gakushuin University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Jiangsu, China
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
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Silva PES, Godinho MH. Helical Microfilaments with Alternating Imprinted Intrinsic Curvatures. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Emanuel Santos Silva
- Departmento de Física/I3N - Universidade de Aveiro; Campus Universitario de Santiago; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
- Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais and CENIMAT/I3N Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Godinho
- Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais and CENIMAT/I3N Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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Constantino MA, Jabbarzadeh M, Fu HC, Bansil R. Helical and rod-shaped bacteria swim in helical trajectories with little additional propulsion from helical shape. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601661. [PMID: 28138539 PMCID: PMC5262464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It has frequently been hypothesized that the helical body shapes of flagellated bacteria may yield some advantage in swimming ability. In particular, the helical-shaped pathogen Helicobacter pylori is often claimed to swim like a corkscrew through its harsh gastric habitat, but there has been no direct confirmation or quantification of such claims. Using fast time-resolution and high-magnification two-dimensional (2D) phase-contrast microscopy to simultaneously image and track individual bacteria in bacterial broth as well as mucin solutions, we show that both helical and rod-shaped H. pylori rotated as they swam, producing a helical trajectory. Cell shape analysis enabled us to determine shape as well as the rotational and translational speed for both forward and reverse motions, thereby inferring flagellar kinematics. Using the method of regularized Stokeslets, we directly compare observed speeds and trajectories to numerical calculations for both helical and rod-shaped bacteria in mucin and broth to validate the numerical model. Although experimental observations are limited to select cases, the model allows quantification of the effects of body helicity, length, and diameter. We find that due to relatively slow body rotation rates, the helical shape makes at most a 15% contribution to propulsive thrust. The effect of body shape on swimming speeds is instead dominated by variations in translational drag required to move the cell body. Because helical cells are one of the strongest candidates for propulsion arising from the cell body, our results imply that quite generally, swimming speeds of flagellated bacteria can only be increased a little by body propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Jabbarzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Henry C. Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Corresponding author. (H.C.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Rama Bansil
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Corresponding author. (H.C.F.); (R.B.)
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Wada H. Structural mechanics and helical geometry of thin elastic composites. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:7386-7397. [PMID: 27510457 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01090c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Helices are ubiquitous in nature, and helical shape transition is often observed in residually stressed bodies, such as composites, wherein materials with different mechanical properties are glued firmly together to form a whole body. Inspired by a variety of biological examples, the basic physical mechanism responsible for the emergence of twisting and bending in such thin composite structures has been extensively studied. Here, we propose a simplified analytical model wherein a slender membrane tube undergoes a helical transition driven by the contraction of an elastic ribbon bound to the membrane surface. We analytically predict the curvature and twist of an emergent helix as functions of differential strains and elastic moduli, which are confirmed by our numerical simulations. Our results may help understand shapes observed in different biological systems, such as spiral bacteria, and could be applied to novel designs of soft machines and robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Wada
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Shiga, Japan.
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46
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Direct observation of rotation and steps of the archaellum in the swimming halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16148. [PMID: 27564999 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motile archaea swim using a rotary filament, the archaellum, a surface appendage that resembles bacterial flagella structurally, but is homologous to bacterial type IV pili. Little is known about the mechanism by which archaella produce motility. To gain insights into this mechanism, we characterized archaellar function in the model organism Halobacterium salinarum. Three-dimensional tracking of quantum dots enabled visualization of the left-handed corkscrewing of archaea in detail. An advanced analysis method combined with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, termed cross-kymography, was developed and revealed a right-handed helical structure of archaella with a rotation speed of 23 ± 5 Hz. Using these structural and kinetic parameters, we computationally reproduced the swimming and precession motion with a hydrodynamic model and estimated the archaellar motor torque to be 50 pN nm. Finally, in a tethered-cell assay, we observed intermittent pauses during rotation with ∼36° or 60° intervals, which we speculate may be a unitary step consuming a single adenosine triphosphate molecule, which supplies chemical energy of 80 pN nm when hydrolysed. From an estimate of the energy input as ten or six adenosine triphosphates per revolution, the efficiency of the motor is calculated to be ∼6-10%.
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Meng Q, Liu P, Wang J, Wang Y, Hou L, Gu W, Wang W. Systematic analysis of the lysine acetylome of the pathogenic bacterium Spiroplasma eriocheiris reveals acetylated proteins related to metabolism and helical structure. J Proteomics 2016; 148:159-69. [PMID: 27498276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Post-translational modifications such as acetylation are an essential regulatory mechanism of protein function. Spiroplasma eriocheiris, with no cell wall and a helical structure, is a novel pathogen of freshwater crustacean. There is no other evidence of acylation (such as succinylation and propionylation) except acetylation genes in S. eriocheiris concise genome. So the acetylation may play an important role in S. eriocheiris. Here, we conducted the first lysine acetylome in S. eriocheiris. We identified 2567 lysine acetylation sites in 555 proteins, which account for 44.69% of the total proteins in this bacterium. To date, this is the highest ratio of acetylated proteins that have been identified in bacteria. Fifteen types of acetylated peptide sequence motifs were revealed from the acetylome. Forty-five lysine-acetylated proteins showed homology with acetylated proteins previously identified from Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahemolyticus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Notably, most proteins in glycolysis and all proteins in the arginine deiminase system were acetylated. Meanwhile, the cell skeleton proteins (Fibril and Mrebs) were all acetylated the observed acetylation also played an important role in cell skeleton formation. The results imply previously unreported hidden layers of post-translational regulation in lysine acetylation that define the functional state of Spiroplasma. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first time to analyze PTM of Spiroplasma. This is the highest ratio of acetylated proteins that have been identified in bacteria. S. eriocheiris lysine acetylome reveals acetylated proteins related to metabolism and helical structure. These data provide an important resource to elucidate the role of acetylation in Spiroplasma cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Libo Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Abstract
Spiroplasma bacteria are highly motile bacteria with no cell wall and a helical morphology. This clade includes many vertically transmitted insect endosymbionts, including Spiroplasma poulsonii, a natural endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster. S. poulsonii bacteria are mainly found in the hemolymph of infected female flies and exhibit efficient vertical transmission from mother to offspring. As is the case for many facultative endosymbionts, S. poulsonii can manipulate the reproduction of its host; in particular, S. poulsonii induces male killing in Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we analyze the morphology of S. poulsonii obtained from the hemolymph of infected Drosophila. This endosymbiont was not only found as long helical filaments, as previously described, but was also found in a Y-shaped form. The use of electron microscopy, immunogold staining of the FtsZ protein, and antibiotic treatment unambiguously linked the Y shape of S. poulsonii to cell division. Observation of the Y shape in another Spiroplasma, S. citri, and anecdotic observations from the literature suggest that cell division by longitudinal scission might be prevalent in the Spiroplasma clade. Our study is the first to report the Y-shape mode of cell division in an endosymbiotic bacterium and adds Spiroplasma to the so far limited group of bacteria known to utilize this cell division mode. Most bacteria rely on binary fission, which involves elongation of the bacteria and DNA replication, followed by splitting into two parts. Examples of bacteria with a Y-shape longitudinal scission remain scarce. Here, we report that Spiroplasma poulsonii, an endosymbiotic bacterium living inside the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, divide with the longitudinal mode of cell division. Observations of the Y shape in another Spiroplasma, S. citri, suggest that this mode of scission might be prevalent in the Spiroplasma clade. Spiroplasma bacteria are wall-less bacteria with a distinctive helical shape, and these bacteria are always associated with arthropods, notably insects. Our study raises the hypothesis that this mode of cell division by longitudinal scission could be linked to the symbiotic mode of life of these bacteria.
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Miyata M, Hamaguchi T. Integrated Information and Prospects for Gliding Mechanism of the Pathogenic Bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:960. [PMID: 27446003 PMCID: PMC4923136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae forms a membrane protrusion at a cell pole and is known to adhere to solid surfaces, including animal cells, and can glide on these surfaces with a speed up to 1 μm per second. Notably, gliding appears to be involved in the infectious process in addition to providing the bacteria with a means of escaping the host's immune systems. However, the genome of M. pneumoniae does not encode any of the known genes found in other bacterial motility systems or any conventional motor proteins that are responsible for eukaryotic motility. Thus, further analysis of the mechanism underlying M. pneumoniae gliding is warranted. The gliding machinery formed as the membrane protrusion can be divided into the surface and internal structures. On the surface, P1 adhesin, a 170 kDa transmembrane protein forms an adhesin complex with other two proteins. The internal structure features a terminal button, paired plates, and a bowl (wheel) complex. In total, the organelle is composed of more than 15 proteins. By integrating the currently available information by genetics, microscopy, and structural analyses, we have suggested a working model for the architecture of the organelle. Furthermore, in this article, we suggest and discuss a possible mechanism of gliding based on the structural model, in which the force generated around the bowl complex transmits through the paired plates, reaching the adhesin complex, resulting in the repeated catch of sialylated oligosaccharides on the host surface by the adhesin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
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