1
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Zárate-Ruíz A, Seoane S, Peluso-Iltis C, Peters S, Gregorio C, Guiberteau T, Maestro M, Pérez-Fernández R, Rochel N, Mouriño A. Further Studies on the Highly Active Des-C-Ring and Aromatic-D-Ring Analogues of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (Calcitriol): Refinement of the Side Chain. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15326-15339. [PMID: 37910811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Current efforts in the vitamin D field are directed toward the development of highly antiproliferative yet noncalcemic analogues of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3). We have recently reported the design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and crystal structures of a series of novel analogues that both lack the steroidal C-ring and have an m-phenylene ring replacing the steroidal cyclopentane D-ring. We have now investigated the potentiating effects of incorporating selected modifications (hexafluorination and/or an internal triple bond) within the steroidal side chain in our series. An alternative synthetic strategy (Wittig-Horner approach instead of our previously used Pd-catalyzed tandem cyclization/cross-coupling) for the construction of the vitamin D triene system was found convenient for the target compounds 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c of this report. These modifications enhance vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR) interactions and consequently VDR-associated biological properties compared to parental PG-136 compound while maintaining normal calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Zárate-Ruíz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Stefan Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos Gregorio
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Thierry Guiberteau
- Laboratoire ICube─Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Miguel Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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2
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Seoane S, Gogoi P, Zárate-Ruíz A, Peluso-Iltis C, Peters S, Guiberteau T, Maestro MA, Pérez-Fernández R, Rochel N, Mouriño A. Design, Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Structural Analysis of Novel Des-C-Ring and Aromatic-D-Ring Analogues of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13112-13124. [PMID: 36166643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The toxic calcemic effects of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) in the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases demand the development of highly active and noncalcemic vitamin D analogues. We report the development of two highly active and noncalcemic analogues of 1,25D3 that lack the C-ring and possess an m-phenylene ring that replaces the natural D-ring. The new analogues (3a, 3b) are characterized by an additional six-carbon hydroxylated side chain attached either to the aromatic nucleus or to the triene system. Both compounds were synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed tandem cyclization/cross coupling approach starting from alkyne 6 and diphenol 8. Key steps include a stereoselective Cu-assisted addition of a Grignard reagent to an aromatic alkyne and a Takai olefination of an aromatic aldehyde. The new compounds are noncalcemic and show transcriptional and antiproliferative activities similar to 1,25D3. Structural analysis revealed that they induce a large conformational rearrangement of the vitamin D receptor around helix 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Pranjal Gogoi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Araceli Zárate-Ruíz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Stefan Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Thierry Guiberteau
- Laboratoire ICube─Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Miguel A Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Uthaiah CA, Beeraka NM, Rajalakshmi R, Ramya CM, Madhunapantula SV. Role of Neural Stem Cells and Vitamin D Receptor (VDR)-Mediated Cellular Signaling in the Mitigation of Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4065-4105. [PMID: 35476289 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific stem cell-based therapies for treating Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia are gaining importance in recent years. Accumulating data is providing further support by demonstrating the efficacy of neural stem cells in enhancing the neurogenesis in the aging brain. In addition to stem cells, recent studies have shown the efficacy of supplementing vitamin D in promoting neurogenesis and neuronal survival. Studies have also demonstrated the presence of mutational variants and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in neurological disorders; however, implications of these mutations in the pathophysiology and response to drug treatment are yet to be explored. Hence, in this article, we have reviewed recent reports pertaining to the role of neural stem cells and VDR-mediated cellular signaling cascades that are involved in enhancing the neurogenesis through Wnt/β-catenin and Sonic Hedgehog pathways. This review benefits neurobiologists and pharmaceutical industry experts to develop stem cell-based and vitamin D-based therapies to better treat the patients suffering from neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR, DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR, DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - R Rajalakshmi
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - C M Ramya
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR, DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.
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4
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Easty DJ, Farr CJ, Hennessy BT. New Roles for Vitamin D Superagonists: From COVID to Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:644298. [PMID: 33868174 PMCID: PMC8045760 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.644298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a potent steroid hormone that induces widespread changes in gene expression and controls key biological pathways. Here we review pathophysiology of vitamin D with particular reference to COVID-19 and pancreatic cancer. Utility as a therapeutic agent is limited by hypercalcemic effects and attempts to circumvent this problem have used vitamin D superagonists, with increased efficacy and reduced calcemic effect. A further caveat is that vitamin D mediates multiple diverse effects. Some of these (anti-fibrosis) are likely beneficial in patients with COVID-19 and pancreatic cancer, whereas others (reduced immunity), may be beneficial through attenuation of the cytokine storm in patients with advanced COVID-19, but detrimental in pancreatic cancer. Vitamin D superagonists represent an untapped resource for development of effective therapeutic agents. However, to be successful this approach will require agonists with high cell-tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Easty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, Ireland
| | - Christine J. Farr
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan T. Hennessy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Oncology, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, Ireland
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5
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Abstract
![]()
For many individuals,
in particular during winter, supplementation
with the secosteroid vitamin D3 is essential for the prevention
of bone disorders, muscle weakness, autoimmune diseases, and possibly
also different types of cancer. Vitamin D3 acts via its
metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]
as potent agonist of the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR).
Thus, vitamin D directly affects chromatin structure and gene regulation
at thousands of genomic loci, i.e., the epigenome and transcriptome
of its target tissues. Modifications of 1,25(OH)2D3 at its
side-chain, A-ring, triene system, or C-ring, alone and in combination,
as well as nonsteroidal mimics provided numerous potent VDR agonists
and some antagonists. The nearly 150 crystal structures of VDR’s
ligand-binding domain with various vitamin D compounds allow a detailed
molecular understanding of their action. This review discusses the
most important vitamin D analogs presented during the past 10 years
and molecular insight derived from new structural information on the
VDR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidade da Coruña , ES-15071 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biology , Nazarbayev University , KZ-010000 Astana , Kazakhstan
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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6
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Sigüeiro R, Maestro MA, Mouriño A. Synthesis of Side-Chain Locked Analogs of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Bearing a C17 Methyl Group. Org Lett 2018; 20:2641-2644. [PMID: 29652161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of side-chain locked vitamin D analogs 3 and 4, which bind strongly in silico to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), is described. The synthetic approach features an SN2'- syn displacement of carbamates by cuprates to set the challenging quaternary stereogenic center at C17 and a Pd-catalyzed construction of the triene system in the presence of a diyne moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sigüeiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Avda das Ciencias s/n , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidad de A Coruña , Campus da Zapateira s/n , 15701 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Avda das Ciencias s/n , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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7
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Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds the secosteroid hormone 1,25(OH)2D3 with high affinity and regulates gene programs that control a serum calcium levels, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. A significant focus has been to exploit the VDR in cancer settings. Although preclinical studies have been strongly encouraging, to date clinical trials have delivered equivocal findings that have paused the clinical translation of these compounds. However, it is entirely possible that mining of genomic data will help to refine precisely what are the key anticancer actions of vitamin D compounds and where these can be used most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Donald L Trump
- Department of Medicine, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 3221 Gallows Road, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA
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8
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Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:365-408. [PMID: 26681795 PMCID: PMC4839493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1043] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH)2D3 activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Watarai Y, Ishizawa M, Ikura T, Zacconi FCM, Uno S, Ito N, Mouriño A, Tokiwa H, Makishima M, Yamada S. Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9510-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Watarai
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Ishizawa
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1
Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Medical
Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Flavia C. M. Zacconi
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación
Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Shigeyuki Uno
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1
Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical
Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación
Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1
Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamada
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1
Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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10
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Leyssens C, Marien E, Verlinden L, Derua R, Waelkens E, Swinnen JV, Verstuyf A. Remodeling of phospholipid composition in colon cancer cells by 1α,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:172-8. [PMID: 25625664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in cellular phospholipid composition are emerging as important traits in the development and progression of cancer. In this study we investigated the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and two of its more antiproliferative analogs on the cellular phospholipid composition of various human colon cancer cell lines. Treatment of Caco-2, SW1417 and SW480-ADH cells with 3×10(-8)M 1,25(OH)2D3, CD578 or WU515 evoked significant changes in phospholipid composition, with the analogs being more potent than the natural compound. Observed effects included changes in acyl chain elongation and acyl chain saturation, and were substantially different in the various cell lines. Consistent with the alterations in phospholipid profiles, 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs provoked changes in several lipogenic enzymes such as fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) and fatty acid elongases (ELOVLs). These effects were also cell line dependent. Taken together these findings indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs have divergent effects on the phospholipid composition of different colon cancer cell lines and warrant further investigation of the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs on lipid metabolism in various subtypes of primary human colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Leyssens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Eyra Marien
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Carlberg C, Molnár F. Vitamin D receptor signaling and its therapeutic implications: Genome-wide and structural view. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:311-8. [PMID: 25741777 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is one of the few natural compounds that has, via its metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR), a direct effect on gene regulation. For efficiently applying the therapeutic and disease-preventing potential of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its synthetic analogs, the key steps in vitamin D signaling need to be understood. These are the different types of molecular interactions with the VDR, such as (i) the complex formation of VDR with genomic DNA, (ii) the interaction of VDR with its partner transcription factors, (iii) the binding of 1,25(OH)2D3 or its synthetic analogs within the ligand-binding pocket of the VDR, and (iv) the resulting conformational change on the surface of the VDR leading to a change of the protein-protein interaction profile of the receptor with other proteins. This review will present the latest genome-wide insight into vitamin D signaling, and will discuss its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Abstract
Crystal structures represent the static picture in the life of a molecule giving a sneak preview what it might be in reality. Hence, it is very hard to extrapolate from these photos toward dynamic processes such as transcriptional regulation. Mechanistically VDR may be considered as molecular machine able to perform ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and interaction in a multi-task manner. Taking this into account the functional net effect will be the combination of all these processes. The long awaited answer to explain the differences in physiological effects for various ligands was one of the biggest disappointment that crystal structures provided since no substantial distinction could be made for the conformation of the active VDR-ligand complexes. This may have come from the limitation on the complexity of the available ligand-VDR structures. The recent studies with full length VDR-RXRα showed somewhat more comprehensive perspective for the 3D organization and possible function of the VDR-RXRα-cofactor complex. In addition to in vitro approaches, also computational tools had been introduced with the aim to get understanding on the mechanic and dynamic properties of the VDR complexes with some success. Using these methods and based on measurable descriptors such as pocket size and positions of side chains it is possible to note subtle differences between the structures. The meaning of these differences has not been fully understood yet but the possibility of a “butterfly effect” may have more extreme consequences in terms of VDR signaling. In this review, the three functional aspects (ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and binding) will be discussed with respect to available data as well as possible implication and questions that may be important to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Molnár
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Yamada S, Makishima M. Structure-activity relationship of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:324-37. [PMID: 24865943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR), a receptor for the secosteroid 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], is a promising drug target in the treatment of bone and mineral disorders, cancer, autoimmune disease, infection, and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, approximately 100 nonsecosteroidal VDR modulators (VDRMs) have been developed. Analysis of X-ray crystal structures reveals: (i) nonsecosteroidal VDRMs bind to VDR in a position similar to 1,25(OH)2D3; (ii) hydrogen bond interactions between ligands and VDR are the most important for VDR binding; (iii) hydrophobic interactions and CH-π interactions in aromatic ligands are also important for VDR binding; and (iv) exchange of C-O-C linkage to C-CH2-C linkage in VDRMs increases transactivation activity, probably as a result of an entropic effect of solvation/desolvation of molecules. Several VDRMs have better therapeutic efficacy when compared to 1,25(OH)2D3 in experimental models of cancer and osteoporosis with less induction of hypercalcemia, a major potential adverse effect in the clinical application of VDR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yamada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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14
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Kudo T, Ishizawa M, Maekawa K, Nakabayashi M, Watarai Y, Uchida H, Tokiwa H, Ikura T, Ito N, Makishima M, Yamada S. Combination of Triple Bond and Adamantane Ring on the Vitamin D Side Chain Produced Partial Agonists for Vitamin D Receptor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4073-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiyasu Ishizawa
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Nakabayashi
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | | | - Hikaru Uchida
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Makishima
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamada
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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15
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Leyssens C, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A. The future of vitamin D analogs. Front Physiol 2014; 5:122. [PMID: 24772087 PMCID: PMC3982071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is a major regulator of bone and calcium homeostasis. In addition, this hormone also inhibits the proliferation and stimulates the differentiation of normal as well as malignant cells. Supraphysiological doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are required to reduce cancer cell proliferation. However, these doses will lead in vivo to calcemic side effects such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. During the last 25 years, many structural analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been synthesized by the introduction of chemical modifications in the A-ring, central CD-ring region or side chain of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the hope to find molecules with a clear dissociation between the beneficial antiproliferative effects and adverse calcemic side effects. One example of such an analog with a good dissociation ratio is calcipotriol (Daivonex®), which is clinically used to treat the hyperproliferative skin disease psoriasis. Other vitamin D analogs were clinically approved for the treatment of osteoporosis or secondary hyperparathyroidism. No vitamin D analog is currently used in the clinic for the treatment of cancer although several analogs have been shown to be potent drugs in animal models of cancer. Transcriptomics studies as well as in vitro cell biological experiments unraveled basic mechanisms involved in the antineoplastic effects of vitamin D and its analogs. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and analogs act in a cell type- and tissue-specific manner. Moreover, a blockade in the transition of the G0/1 toward S phase of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of migration and invasion of tumor cells together with effects on angiogenesis and inflammation have been implicated in the pleiotropic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs. In this review we will give an overview of the action of vitamin D analogs in tumor cells and look forward how these compounds could be introduced in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Leyssens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Ono Y. Multifunctional and potent roles of the 3-hydroxypropoxy group provide eldecalcitol's benefit in osteoporosis treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:88-97. [PMID: 24139874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eldecalcitol (1α,25-dihydroxy-2β-(3-hydroxypropoxy)vitamin D3, [developing code: ED-71]), a new osteoporosis treatment drug that was recently approved in Japan, is a best-in-class drug in the class of calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and its prodrug alfacalcidol (1α-hydroxyvitamin D3), which have been used to treat osteoporosis for 30 years. In a comparative Phase III clinical study with alfacalcidol in osteoporosis patients, eldecalcitol demonstrated superior efficacy in the endpoints of increment of bone mineral density and reduction of bone fracture with equivalent safety to alfacalcidol. Eldecalcitol was discovered by searching synthetic analogs of calcitriol and alfacalcidol, and its main structural characteristic is having the 3-hydroxypropoxy group at the 2β-position. This review discusses why introducing the group leads to excellent efficacy and safety in osteoporosis treatment and elucidates the functional roles of the 3-hydroxypropoxy group. Briefly, the functional roles of the group are, first, realizing the metabolism switching in which eldecalcitol shows resistance to CYP24A1 and is metabolized in the liver; second, increasing the affinity to the serum carrier protein and prolonging the half-life to 53h; and third, stabilizing the eldecalcitol-receptor complex. Taken together, these functional roles of the 3-hydroxypropoxy group are beneficial in osteoporosis treatment. This review attempts to give a detailed account of the mode of action of eldecalcitol by clarifying these multifunctional roles of the 3-hydroxypropoxy group from the medicinal chemist's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ono
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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17
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Vitamin D Is a Multilevel Repressor of Wnt/b-Catenin Signaling in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2013. [PMID: 24202444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers 5041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway is abnormally activated in most colorectal cancers and in a proportion of other neoplasias. This activation initiates or contributes to carcinogenesis by regulating the expression of a large number of genes in tumor cells. The active vitamin D metabolite 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) inhibits Wnt/b-catenin signaling by several mechanisms at different points along the pathway. Additionally, paracrine actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 on stromal cells may also repress this pathway in neighbouring tumor cells. Here we review the molecular basis for the various mechanisms by which 1,25(OH)2D3 antagonizes Wnt/b-catenin signaling, preferentially in human colon carcinoma cells, and the consequences of this inhibition for the phenotype and proliferation rate. The effect of the vitamin D system on Wnt/b-catenin signaling and tumor growth in animal models will also be commented in detail. Finally, we revise existing data on the relation between vitamin D receptor expression and vitamin D status and the expression of Wnt/b-catenin pathway genes and targets in cancer patients.
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18
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Vitamin D Is a Multilevel Repressor of Wnt/b-Catenin Signaling in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1242-60. [PMID: 24202444 PMCID: PMC3875938 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is abnormally activated in most colorectal cancers and in a proportion of other neoplasias. This activation initiates or contributes to carcinogenesis by regulating the expression of a large number of genes in tumor cells. The active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling by several mechanisms at different points along the pathway. Additionally, paracrine actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 on stromal cells may also repress this pathway in neighbouring tumor cells. Here we review the molecular basis for the various mechanisms by which 1,25(OH)2D3 antagonizes Wnt/β-catenin signaling, preferentially in human colon carcinoma cells, and the consequences of this inhibition for the phenotype and proliferation rate. The effect of the vitamin D system on Wnt/β-catenin signaling and tumor growth in animal models will also be commented in detail. Finally, we revise existing data on the relation between vitamin D receptor expression and vitamin D status and the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes and targets in cancer patients.
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19
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Pietraszek A, Malińska M, Chodyński M, Krupa M, Krajewski K, Cmoch P, Woźniak K, Kutner A. Synthesis and crystallographic study of 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol analogs. Steroids 2013; 78:1003-14. [PMID: 23811018 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hybrid analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol (PRI-5201 and PRI-5202) were synthesized as potential anticancer agents using a convergent strategy. The analogs were designed by combining a 19-nor modification of the A-ring with the homologated and rigidified ergocalciferol-like side-chain of the previously obtained analogs PRI-1906 and PRI-1907. The strategy also allowed the novel efficient synthesis of 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol (paricalcitol, PRI-5100) and its (24R)-diastereomer (PRI-5101). The single crystal X-ray structures of the 19-nor analogs (PRI-5100 and PRI-5101) were solved and refined. The A-ring of both analogs adopts exclusively chair β-conformation in the solid state. The side-chain of these analogs is coplanar with the CD-ring plane, while it is perpendicular in 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
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20
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Clinckspoor I, Verlinden L, Mathieu C, Bouillon R, Verstuyf A, Decallonne B. Vitamin D in thyroid tumorigenesis and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 48:65-98. [PMID: 23890557 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Besides its classical role in bone and calcium homeostasis, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the active form of vitamin D, has many non-classical effects; antiproliferative, anti-apoptotic and prodifferentiating effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 have been described in several tumour types in preclinical models. This review focuses on the insights gained in the elucidation of the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the normal thyroid and in the pathogenesis, progression and treatment of thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine malignancy. An increasing amount of observations points towards a role for impaired 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR signalling in the occurrence and progression of thyroid cancer, and a potential for structural analogues in the multimodal treatment of dedifferentiated iodine-resistant thyroid cancer. A role for vitamin D in thyroid-related autoimmunity is less convincing and needs further study. Altered 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR signalling does not influence normal thyroid development nor thyrocyte function, but does affect C-cell function, at least in rodents. If these findings also apply to humans deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Clinckspoor
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Bus 902, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Effects of fluorines on nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:712-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Carballa DM, Rumbo A, Torneiro M, Maestro M, Mouriño A. Synthesis of (1α)-1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3with aβ-Positioned Seven-Carbon Side Chain at C(12). Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Carballa DM, Seoane S, Zacconi F, Pérez X, Rumbo A, Alvarez-Díaz S, Larriba MJ, Pérez-Fernández R, Muñoz A, Maestro M, Mouriño A, Torneiro M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues with a Long Side Chain at C12 and Short C17 Side Chains. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8642-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3008272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Carballa
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xenxo Pérez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Rumbo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Alvarez-Díaz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Maestro
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidad de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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24
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Ciesielski F, Sato Y, Chebaro Y, Moras D, Dejaegere A, Rochel N. Structural Basis for the Accommodation of Bis- and Tris-Aromatic Derivatives in Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8440-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300858s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Ciesielski
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Yoshiteru Sato
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Yassmine Chebaro
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Dino Moras
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Annick Dejaegere
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut
de Génétique et de Biologie
Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé
et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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25
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Carlberg C, Molnár F, Mouriño A. Vitamin D receptor ligands: the impact of crystal structures. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:417-35. [PMID: 22449247 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.673590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the past years, the biologically active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)), has received large appreciation due to the broad physiological impact of the hormone and its nuclear receptor, the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). Recently, the understanding of VDR actions has progressed greatly, due to VDR crystal structures with various ligands. AREAS COVERED This review will present and discuss new synthetic agonistic and antagonistic 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs in the context of the recent insights provided by VDR crystal structures. EXPERT OPINION During the last 5 years, a large number of new 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, many of which have an interesting functional profile, have been patented. Moreover, for a surprisingly high number of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, the crystal structure data of their complex with the VDR is available. This structural information provides important insight into the functional potential of the VDR ligands and explains their agonistic and antagonistic action. However, so far, only for a few VDR ligands, a rational design, based on crystal structure information, has been applied. The design of future analogs may also take the specificity of co-factor interaction into account, in order to create selective VDR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland.
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26
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27
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Lee MM, French JM, Disney MD. Influencing uptake and localization of aminoglycoside-functionalized peptoids. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2441-51. [PMID: 21611644 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule therapeutics that target RNA remains a promising field but one hampered with considerable challenges that include programming high affinity, specificity, cell permeability, and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Previously, we employed the use of peptoids to modularly display RNA-binding modules to enhance binding affinity and specificity by altering valency and the distance between ligand modules. Herein, factors that affect uptake, localization, and toxicity of peptoids that display a kanamycin derivative into a variety of mammalian cells lines are reported. A series of peptoids that display various spacing modules was synthesized to determine if the spacing module affects permeability and localization. The spacing module does affect cellular permeability into C2C12, A549, HeLa, and MCF7 cell lines but not into Jurkat cells. Moreover, the modularly assembled peptoids carrying the kanamycin cargo localize in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region of C2C12 and A549 cells and throughout HeLa cells, including the nucleus. These studies could contribute to the development of general strategies to afford cell permeable, modularly assembled small molecules that specifically target RNAs present in a variety of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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28
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1α,25(OH)2-3-epi-vitamin D3, a natural physiological metabolite of vitamin D3: its synthesis, biological activity and crystal structure with its receptor. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18124. [PMID: 21483824 PMCID: PMC3069065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 1α,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin-D3 (1α,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3), a natural metabolite of the seco-steroid vitamin D3, exerts its biological activity through binding to its cognate vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR), a ligand dependent transcription regulator. In vivo action of 1α,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 is tissue-specific and exhibits lowest calcemic effect compared to that induced by 1α,25(OH)2D3. To further unveil the structural mechanism and structure-activity relationships of 1α,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 and its receptor complex, we characterized some of its in vitro biological properties and solved its crystal structure complexed with human VDR ligand-binding domain (LBD). Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we report the more effective synthesis with fewer steps that provides higher yield of the 3-epimer of the 1α,25(OH)2D3. We solved the crystal structure of its complex with the human VDR-LBD and found that this natural metabolite displays specific adaptation of the ligand-binding pocket, as the 3-epimer maintains the number of hydrogen bonds by an alternative water-mediated interaction to compensate the abolished interaction with Ser278. In addition, the biological activity of the 1α,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 in primary human keratinocytes and biochemical properties are comparable to 1α,25(OH)2D3. Conclusions/Significance The physiological role of this pathway as the specific biological action of the 3-epimer remains unclear. However, its high metabolic stability together with its significant biologic activity makes this natural metabolite an interesting ligand for clinical applications. Our new findings contribute to a better understanding at molecular level how natural metabolites of 1α,25(OH)2D3 lead to significant activity in biological systems and we conclude that the C3-epimerization pathway produces an active metabolite with similar biochemical and biological properties to those of the 1α,25(OH)2D3.
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29
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Clinckspoor I, Verlinden L, Overbergh L, Korch C, Bouillon R, Mathieu C, Verstuyf A, Decallonne B. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and a superagonistic analog in combination with paclitaxel or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid have potent antiproliferative effects on anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 124:1-9. [PMID: 21182945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer represents one of the most aggressive cancers. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), has been shown to have antiproliferative and/or redifferentiating properties in several malignancies, including thyroid cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and the superagonistic analog CD578 in anaplastic thyroid cancer, alone or in combination with paclitaxel, a taxane, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor with promising effects in undifferentiated thyroid cancer. Four human thyroid cancer cell lines (FTC-133, C643, 8505C and HTh74) were treated with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or CD578, alone or in combination with paclitaxel or SAHA. Effects on cell growth and differentiation were evaluated. Clear effects on growth arrest were observed in a clonogenic assay, and absolute cell counts demonstrated a 24-36% reduction in all cell lines after 72h treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (10(-6)M) and a 60% inhibition after 120h in the most sensitive cell line HTh74. A similar growth inhibition was shown after treatment with a 1000-fold lower concentration of analog CD578. This growth arrest was explained by antiproliferative effects, further supported by an increased % of cells in the G(0)-G(1) phase of the cell cycle and by a decreased transcription factor E2F1 mRNA expression. Combination treatments of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or CD578 with paclitaxel or SAHA resulted in an additive and in some conditions a synergistic effect on the inhibition of proliferation. Redifferentiation analysis revealed only a modest increase in sodium iodide symporter and thyroglobulin mRNA expression after treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), without additive effect after combination treatment. No effects were observed on TSH-receptor or thyroid peroxidase mRNA expression. Our in vitro findings demonstrate that the superagonistic vitamin D analog CD578 holds promise as adjuvant antiproliferative therapy of anaplastic thyroid cancer, especially in combination with other drugs such as paclitaxel or SAHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Clinckspoor
- Laboratorium voor experimentele geneeskunde en endocrinologie (LEGENDO), Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Huet T, Maehr H, Lee HJ, Uskokovic MR, Suh N, Moras D, Rochel N. Structure-function study of gemini derivatives with two different side chains at C-20, Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011; 2:424-429. [PMID: 22180837 DOI: 10.1039/c1md00059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of vitamin D(3) containing a second side-chain emanating at C-20 are known as gemini and act as vitamin D receptor agonists. Recently, two of these, namely Gemini-0072 and the epimeric Gemini-0097, were selected for further studies in view of their high biological activities and lack of hypercalcemic effects. We now show that the two analogs recruit coactivator SRC-1 better than the parental gemini and act as VDR superagonists. The crystal structures of complexes of zVDR with Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097 indicate that these ligands induce an extra cavity within the ligand-binding pocket similar to gemini and that their superagonistic activity is due to an increased stabilization of helix H12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Huet
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Méedicale, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
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Eelen G, Verlinden L, Bouillon R, De Clercq P, Muñoz A, Verstuyf A. CD-ring modified vitamin D3 analogs and their superagonistic action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:417-9. [PMID: 20132886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] represent a most particular class of analogs because they are either not directly derived from the core 1,25(OH)2D3-structure or they have modifications in the core structure that are so drastic that the steroidal structure is lost. Non-steroidal CD-ring analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 have been developed to study the role of the central rigid CD-ring system in the biological activity of 1,25(OH)2D3. Here we review the different classes of CD-ring analogs and highlight some representative analogs such as the fluorinated D-ring analogs CD578, WU515 and WY1113 which show markedly increased differentiating activity on human SW480-ADH colon cancer cells, characterized by a stronger induction of the invasion suppressor E-cadherin and a stronger repression of the beta-catenin/TCF target oncogene c-Myc. Correspondingly, CD578, WU515 and WY1113 are more potent inhibitors of beta-catenin/TCF signaling than 1,25(OH)2D3 and induce stronger VDR-coactivator interactions. Underlying the increased biological potency of analog CD578 are additional contacts between the side chain fluorine atoms of the analog with specific residues of helix 12 (H12) of the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) and subsequent stronger VDR-coactivator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratorium voor Experimentele Geneeskunde en Endocrinologie (LEGENDO), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Vitamin D has gone through a renaissance with the association of vitamin D deficiency with a wide array of common diseases including breast, colorectal and prostate cancers, cardio-vascular disease, autoimmune conditions and infections. Vitamin D analogs constitute a valuable group of compounds which can be used to regulate gene expression in functions as varied as calcium and phosphate homeostasis, as well as cell growth regulation and cell differentiation of a wide spectrum of cell types. This review will discuss the full range of vitamin D compounds currently available, some of their possible uses, and potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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Xu H, Posner GH, Stevenson M, Campbell FC. Apc(MIN) modulation of vitamin D secosteroid growth control. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1434-41. [PMID: 20488884 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A central paradox of vitamin D biology is that 1alpha,25-(OH)(2) D(3) exposure inversely relates to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk despite a capacity for activation of both pro- and anti-oncogenic mediators including osteopontin (OPN)/CD44 and E-cadherin, respectively. Most sporadic CRCs arise from adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutation but understanding of its effects on vitamin D growth control is limited. Here we investigate effects of the Apc(Min/+) genotype on 1alpha,25-(OH)(2) D(3) regulation of OPN/CD44/E-cadherin signalling and intestinal tumourigenesis, in vivo. In untreated Apc(Min/+) versus Apc(+/+) intestines, expression levels of OPN and its CD44 receptor were increased, whereas E-cadherin tumour suppressor signalling was attenuated. Treatment by 1alpha,25-(OH)(2) D(3) or rationally designed analogues (QW or BTW) enhanced OPN but inhibited expression of CD44, the OPN receptor implicated in cell growth. These treatments also enhanced E-cadherin tumour suppressor activity, characterized by inhibition of beta-catenin nuclear localization, T-cell factor 1 and c-myelocytomatosis protein expression in Apc(Min/+) intestine. All secosteroids suppressed Apc(Min/+)-driven tumourigenesis although QW and BTW had lower calcium-related toxicity. Taken together, these data indicate that the Apc(Min/+) genotype modulates vitamin D secosteroid actions to promote functional predominance of E-cadherin tumour suppressor activity within antagonistic molecular networks. APC heterozygosity may promote favourable tissue- or tumour-specific conditions for growth control by vitamin D secosteroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xu
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Recent Papers on Zebrafish and Other Aquarium Fish Models. Zebrafish 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2008.9980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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